Part 1

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EPHEMERIDES Barometricæ MUTINENSES _ANNI 1694_.

EPHEMERIDES BAROMETRICÆ MUTINENSES _ANNI M.DC.XCIV._

Unà

Cum Disquisitione Causæ ascensus, ac descensus Mercurii in Torricellianâ fistulâ iuxta diversum Aeris statum.

BERNARDINI RAMAZZINI M. P.

_Ad Illustrissimum, & Celeberrimum Virum_

D. LUCAM SCHROCKIUM

Academiæ Cæsareo-Leopoldinæ Naturę Curiosorum Præsidem.

_His accessere Epistolæ Excellentissimorum DD._

D. JO: BAPTISTÆ BOCCABADATI J. U. D.

ET D. FRANCISCI TORTI M. P.

______MUTINÆ,)(1695.)(______

Formis Antonii Capponi, ac HH. Pontiroli. _Superiorum Permissu_

ILLUSTRISSIME PRÆSES·

_Literatis Viris, imò Literatorum Principibus, Studiorum meorum conatus devovere mihi solenne est, non quòd putem scribere me_ Varo, vel Consule digna, _sed ut Virtuti famæ celebritate conspicuæ id quod possum obsequii genus exhibeam, & simul aliquod Operæ pretium adsciscam. Cum itaque binas Dissertationes meas de Constitutionibus Annorum 1690, & 91 duobus Celeberrimis Viris inscriptas jam ediderim, priorem quidem D. Malliabequio, alteram verò D. Leibnitio, reliquas trium sequentium Annorum Tibi, Præses Sapientissime, animo jam dudum voveram, sed variis occupationibus implicitus, id quod fueram meditatus ad Umbilicum deducere non potui; modò igitur has Observationes meas de Mercurii Motionibus, in Barometro sub Tui Nominis auspicio prodire volui, Vir Doctissime, verè, & extra omnem assentationis aleam, Literatorum Princeps, qui dignus habitus, ut in S.R.I. Cæsareo-Leopoldina Academia Naturæ Curiosorum Præsidis locum pro Celeberrimo Volkamero vita functo occupares. Novi equidem quàm tenue sit id quod Amplitudini Nominis Tui sistere audeo, sed animo voluens qualis sim Debitor, dum succurrit Te Literis Tuis humanissimis me prorsus immeritum, & nil tale cogitantem ad Nobilissimam Academiam istam invitasse, ac postmodum honorifico Diplomate decorasse, non potui quin aliquod grati animi Specimen palàm proferrem. Qua soles igitur humanitate meum hoc Opusculum excipe, ac Tuo favore prosequere, ob id etenim forsan legetur. Vale tam celebris Academiæ, & totius Literariæ Reipublicæ Ornamentum._

_Mutinæ Idibus Jan. 1695._

_Illustrissimi, ac Amplissimi Nominis Tui_

_Studiosissimus, & Observantissimus Cultor_ Bernardinus Ramazzinus.

IMPRIMATUR

_Inquisitor Generalis Mutinæ._

VIDIT

_Joannes Gallianus de Coccapanis._

Neminem ferè ex Rerum Naturalium Professoribus hac nostrâ Ætate, & Sæculo tàm erudito esse video qui duo illa famosa Instrumenta, Barometrum scilicet, ac Thermometrum ad varias Aeris vicissitudines dignoscendas, ac si lubet etiàm dimetiendas, in suo Musæo non servet, perpaucos tamen adhuc fuisse existimo qui ad quotidianas Observationes circà hæc Instrumenta animum intenderint, vel illas, quòd sciam, ediderint; ex quo forsan non levia Errata, & falsas Suppositiones irrepsisse (saltem circà Motiones quæ in Barometro fiunt) quin & Doctissimos Viros hisce hallucinationibus ansam præbuisse meritò suspicari licet. Iisdem erroribus aliorum Scripta me quoque per aliquod tempus transversum egisse fateri non pudet; Ratiocinio enim Celeberrimi Viri Jo: Alphonsi Borelli in Opere tam commēdato de Motionibus Naturalibus à Gravitate pēdentibus nimis fidens putabam, imò cum tanto Præceptore jurassem quòd nebuloso Cœlo, & impendente pluviâ ob auctam (saltem probabiliter) Aeris gravitatem altiùs in fistulâ debuisset elevari Mercurius, sicuti post pluviam, Aere repurgato, & redeunte Serenitate, deprimi; verùm ex Observationibus singulis diebus in hac Urbe per integrum Annum accuratè mihi habitis deprehendi me non leviter deceptum, ac toto Cœlo errasse; constanter enim post diuturnam Serenitatem, Cœlo nubibus obducto, ac imminente pluviâ, cum Aerem quilibet graviorem crederet, _Mercurium_ in fistula descendere observavi, attolli autem post pluviarum descensum Aere serenato. Validissima equidem sunt rationum momenta quibus Vir Clarissimus statuminare satagit Propositionem suam 515. quæ sic habet. _Mercurius in fistula Torricelliana altiùs elevatur dum Aer nebulis pluviosis impręgnatur, at postquam pluvia delapsa est, denuò Mercurius in fistula deprimitur._ Ast in contrarium ìpsa reclamat Experientia, quę Ratiociniis nostris persæpè illudit, & ingeniosè conficta, sed falsis fundamentis superstructa, facillimè diruît.

Mirabitur forsan quispiam quòd duorum Annorum Observationibus, quas Pisis Vir Clarissimus An̄is 1657, & 58 _Serenissimi Ferdinandi Secundi M. Hetruriæ Ducis_ jussu fecisse ait, unius Anni Observationes tam audacter opponam; is tamen sciat me dubium aliquandiu hæsisse, num ipsius Borelli sensum rectè attigissem, vel locorum distantia, sivè Instrumētorum diversitas incongruentiam hanc, & Observationum diversitatem parere potuisset; verùm Propositionis verba satis perspicua, & appositas figuras observās in quibus de simplici Barometro Borellum intellexisse satis liquet, unàque nuperas Doctissimorum Virorum Observationes, qui in remotissimis Regionibus de Barometro, vel ex professo, vel datâ opportunitate scripsere, perpendens, illorumque Observationibus meis in hac Civitate factis valdè conformibus compertis, de veritate Borellianę Propositionis cœpi non parum hæsitare. Prodiit sex ab hinc Annis Libellus Auctoris Anonymi, cui titulus. _Traittez des Baromètres, Thermomètres, & Notiomètres. Par M.D. A Amsterdam Chez Henry Vvestein._ Hic Auctor diversas Barometrorum formas, & varias regulas ipsos cōstruendi tradit, quod autem ad id de quo ambigitur spectat, apertè asserit, quòd cum supra quendam limitem in fistulâ _Mercurius_ assurgit, Serenitas significatur, & cum infrà ipsum descendit, pluviosa Tempestas prænunciatur; lubet autem ejusdem verba hic apponere. _Il est certaen, que lors qu’il montera au dessus des vingtsept pouces, & un quart il marquera le beau temps sera serain, calme, & confirmè au beau; & ne changera pas que le vif-argent n’ait descendu au dessous des 27 pouces, & un quart. S’il descend lentement, & peu a peu le mauvàis temps viendra lentement, & par degrèz; mais s’il descend subitement le temps changera tout à coup du beau au vilain._

Haud secus sentit Vallemontius, Vir rerum naturalium Sagacissimus Explorator in Opere suo curiosissimo Anno elapso Parisiis impresso, cui titulus. _La Physique occulte, ou Traitè de la Baguette Divinatoire. Par M. L. L. de Vallemont Prètre, & Docteur en Theologie_; nam cap. 11. hęc habet verba. _Lors que le temps est calme, & qu’il semble que il va pluvoir le Mercure decende ordinairement. Quand il fait beau temps, & qu’ l’air est serein le Mercure est ordinairement assez haut_; & paulò post cujusdam Machinæ constructionem ex inventione Othonis Guerichii describens, quam ipse Inventor Hominem Anemoscopium, seu Prophetam Physicum appellat, qui nihil aliud est quam homunculus ligneus qui in tubo vitreo Mercurio incumbens modò erigitur, modò deprimitur prout gravior, vel levior est Aer, hæc habet verba. _C’est un petit homme de bois, qui monte dans un tuyau de verre à misure que l’air devient plus pesant, & qui dècend à proportion que l’air se decharge comme il arrive lorsqu’il pleut._

Hoc idem se Bononiæ observasse mihi non semel asservit Vir Clarissimus, & Doctissimus Jo: Galeatius Manzius in Bononiensi Archigymnasio Medicinæ, & Chirurgiæ Professor, quin plurium Mensium Observationes, quas penès me servo, humanitèr ad me transmisit, quas meis Observationibus eodem tempore Mutinæ factis valdè conformes deprehendi. Typum itaque motionum _Mercurii_ in Barometro singulis diebus hujus Anni hic apposui, ubi videre est in quo gradu, quolibet die _Mercurius_ steterit, qui dies pluvii fuerint, qui sereni, qui Venti perflarint, Naturalium rerum Scrutatores interim adhortans, ac præcipuè Academiæ Naturæ Curiosorum Venerandos Collegas, ut iis in locis ubi degunt laborem hunc non injucundum suscipiant; sic enim forsan collatis Experimentis, & Observationibus aliquid certi in re ancipiti haberi poterit, & genuina ratio hujus Phęnomeni clariùs innotescet.

Si tamèn plures rerum Naturaliū Studiosi erudito commercio inter se ità convenirent, suasor essem ut Barometris uterētur eodem modo quātùm fieri posset, fabrefactis, & eodem _Mercurio_ oppletis, quandò constat _Mercurium_ Officinarum non ubique ejusdem esse puritatis, & specificę gravitatis; quamvis enìm credibile videatur vulgarem _Mercurium_ substantiam esse homogeneam, cum omnia, Auro dempto, illi supernatent, multis tamen impuritatibus scatere satis patet. Barometros itaq; Uniformes in hanc rem valdè laudarem; propterea nunquam satis commendanda Industria Doctissimi Viri D. Salomonis Reiselii Archiatri Vvurtēbergensis, qui, ut constat ex Ephemeridibus Germanicis hoc Anno editis, modum proponit Thermometrum Correspōdentem fabricandi, ut variis in locis diversitas in calore, & frigore haberi queat, quod idem per Barometros Correspondentes ad diversam Aeris gravitatem secundum locorum diversitatem explorandam mutuâ Amicorum communicatione obtineri posset.

Cum autem penes eos qui de Barometro scripsere variæ extent Mensuræ totius altitudinis quam _Mercurius_ in fistulâ suspensus obtinet, itaut nonnulli ad pollices 27, & 28 extendant, alii etiam ad 29, quidam ad cubitum unum, & quadrantem, aliqui ad Pedes duos Romanos antiquos cum unciis quinque, & aliquot minutiis, ac reverà una, & eadē mensura universalis statui nequeat, tum ob locorum diversitatem, tum ob variam _Mercurii_ conditionem, prout purior, vel impurior esse potest, & alia accidentia, quæ in ipso Experimento, dum Vacuum fit, possunt contingere, proptereà totam altitudinem perpendicularem, quam hoc Anno _Mercurius_ in meo Barometro obtinuit, in 30 partes, seu pollices suppono divisam; & quia meus Barometer ad altitudinem pollicum 28 ad latus inflectitur, & brachium exporrigit à plano horizontali mediocriter assurgens, in quo _Mercurius_ vagatur, ut magis sensibiliter illius motiones dignoscātur, reliquos duos pollices altitudinis perpendicularis, qui per latus inflexum fistulæ longiori tractu sunt distributi, in 90 lineas placuit esse divisos.

_Typus Motionum Mercurii in Barometro singulis diebus Anni 1694. Numeri indicabunt gradus altitudinis ipsius Mercurii; littera P. Pluviam significabit; N. nebulosum Tempus sine pluvia; S. Serenitatem. Littera B. Ventum Borealem; A. Australem Ventum designabit, qui duo Venti majores alterationes in Barometro pariunt quàm reliqui. Litteræ or. & oc. Ventum Orientalem, & Occidentalem denotabunt._

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Ian._|_Feb._|_Mar._|_Ap._ |_Ma._ |_Iun._| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 1 | 87 | 85 | 88 | 84 | 83 | 81 | | | SB | S | SB | S | S | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 2 | 86 | 85 | 88 | 84 | 83 | 78 | | | N | S | S | S | SB | NA | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 3 | 82 | 85 | 88 | 84 | 83 | 78 | | | NA | S | S | S | SB | N.or.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 4 | 80 | 84 | 86 | 84 | 83 | 78 | | | NA | N | S | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 5 | 83 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 83 | 80 | | | SB | SB | N | S | PB | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 6 | 84 | 87 | 86 | 78 | 82 | 80 | | | SB | S | S | A | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 7 | 82 | 87 | 85 | 80 | 83 | 80 | | | NA | SB | N | SB | S | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 8 | 83 | 88 | 85 | 82 | 80 | 81 | | | SA | S | N | PB | PA | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 9 | 83 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 79 | 81 | | | S | SB | N | SB | P.or.| S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 10 | 84 | 87 | 85 | 80 | 79 | 82 | | | S | S | NB | P | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 11 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 82 | 78 | 81 | | | S | S | P | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Iul._|_Au._ |_Sep._|_Oct._|_No._ |_De._ | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 1 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 83 | 88 | | | S | S | S | S | S | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 2 | 84 | 84 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 85 | | | S | S | S | SB | SB | P.oc.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 3 | 84 | 83 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 84 | | | S | A | S | SB | SB | P.oc.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 4 | 84 | 85 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 84 | | | S | SB | S | NB | S | P.oc.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 5 | 85 | 87 | 84 | 87 | 88 | 87 | | | S | S | SB | SB | N | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 6 | 84 | 87 | 84 | 90 | 86 | 87 | | | S | S | S | SB | S | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 7 | 84 | 87 | 84 | 90 | 86 | 90 | | | S | S | S | S | S | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 8 | 85 | 87 | 84 | 90 | 86 | 90 | | | S | S | S | S | S | PB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 9 | 84 | 86 | 84 | 90 | 86 | 90 | | | S | S | N | P | S | PB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 10 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 90 | 86 | 89 | | | PB | S | S | S | S | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 11 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 90 | 86 | 89 | | | PB | S | P | S | S | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Ian._|_Feb._|_Mar._|_Ap._ |_Ma._ |_Iun._| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 12 | 83 | 84 | 86 | 82 | 78 | 81 | | | S | N | S | SB | P.or.| S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 13 | 84 | 85 | 86 | 82 | 78 | 82 | | | S | S | S | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 14 | 83 | 84 | 83 | 78 | 77 | 80 | | | N | N | P | P.or.| P | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 15 | 83 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 76 | 80 | | | N | S | P.or.| N | P | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 16 | 82 | 84 | 83 | 80 | 76 | 80 | | | N | S | S | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 17 | 83 | 84 | 84 | 80 | 80 | 79 | | | S | N | S | S | N | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 18 | 83 | 84 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 83 | | | S | S | P | S | P | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 19 | 85 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 83 | | | S | N | P | N | P.or.| N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 20 | 84 | 81 | 82 | 82 | 80 | 82 | | | S | N | PA | PB | P | NA | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 21 | 76 | 85 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 83 | | | N.or.| SB | PA | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 22 | 81 | 85 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 84.86| | | S | S | P | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Iul._|_Au._ |_Sep._|_Oct._|_No._ |_De._ | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 12 | 80 | 85 | 87 | 82 | 86 | 89 | | | N | S | S | P.oc.| N | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 13 | 80 | 84 | 87 | 84 | 85 | 89 | | | N | N | S | P.oc.| N | PB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 14 | 84 | 84 | 87 | 86 | 85 | 89 | | | S | S | S | PB | PA | PB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 15 | 85 | 83 | 87 | 86 | 79 | 89 | | | S | N | S | PB | PA | PB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 16 | 85 | 85 | 86 | 83 | 80 | 90 | | | S | S | S | P.oc.| N | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 17 | 85 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 90 | | | S | S | P.or.| S.oc.| S | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 18 | 85 | 85 | 83 | 85 | 85 | 90 | | | S | S | P | N | N | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 19 | 84 | 85 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 90 | | | S | S | P.or.| P | N.or.| NB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 20 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 88 | 78 | 90 | | | N | NA | SA | S | PA | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 21 | 84 | 84 | 86 | 88 | 84 | 89 | | | N | S | NB | S | SB | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 22 | 84 | 87 | 83 | 88 | 84 | 88 | | | N | SB | NA | S | N | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Ian._|_Feb._|_Mar._|_Ap._ |_Ma._ |_Iun._| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 23 | 83 | 85 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 85 | | | S | S | P | S | S | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 24 | 84 | 82 | 80 | 83 | 80 | 85 | | | N | NA | P | S | P | S | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 25 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 86 | | | N | SB | PA | SB | P | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 26 | 83 | 84 | 81 | 84 | 81 | 84 | | | S | SB | P | S | S | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 27 | 84 | 84 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | | | SB | S | S | S | S | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 28 | 87 | 85 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 84 | | | S | SB | S | S | S | N | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 29 | 87 | | 83 | 83 | 80 | 84 | | | S | | SB | S | S | P | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 30 | 86 | | 83 | 84 | 80 | 84 | | | N | | P | SB | S | SB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 31 | 85 | | 84 | | 82 | | | | N | | S | | S | | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+

+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | |_Iul._|_Au._ |_Sep._|_Oct._|_No._ |_De._ | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 23 | 85 | 87 | 85 | 83 | 84 | 81 | | | S | S | SB | N | SB | Nix | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 24 | 87 | 84 | 86 | 83 | 82 | 84 | | | S | N.oc.| S.or.| PB | P.oc.| NB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 25 | 87 | 85 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 82 | | | S | S | S | SB | P | B ni.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 26 | 87 | 85 | 85 | 87 | 84 | 81 | | | S | S | N | S | SB | B ni.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 27 | 86 | 84 | 84 | 89 | 85 | 81 | | | S | S | S | S | S | B ni.| +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 28 | 86 | 84 | 84 | 88 | 88 | 83 | | | S | S | N | N | S | NB | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 29 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 88 | 90 | 83 | | | S | N | S.oc.| S | S | Nix | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 30 | 84 | 87 | 83 | 83 | 90 | 83 | | | P | S | S.oc.| P | S | Nix | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+ | 31 | 84 | 85 | | 80 | | 83 | | | S | S | | N.or.| | Nix | +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+