Chapter 18

85. 'Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi contra ea videtur; nam[443] quo pluris est universa res publica quam consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio[444] negotii sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.[445] Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene facta rei publicae procedunt,[446] nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex consuetudine in naturam vertit.[447] Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapiae[448] ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.[449] Comparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.[450] Ac si jam ex patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant[451] idem majoribus suis, quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei[452] ego inopiam fateor. Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet[453] facta mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.[454] Nam me quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona,[455] praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt composita mea verba; parum id facio;[456] ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt.[457] At illa multo optima rei publicae doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,[458] nihil metuere nisi turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam,[459] me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,[460] id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque publicam celebravere.[461] Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.[462] Quae mihi libet confiteri, Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;[463] ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum praemia ereptum eunt.[464] Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae cladi sunt.[465] Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,[466] avaritiam, imperitiam atque superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est.[467] Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini mecum et capessite rem publicam,[468] neque quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio consultor idem[469] et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.[470] Et profecto dis juvantibus omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.[471] Etenim nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis abunde dictum puto.'

[443] From what precedes, supply _mihi videtur_. [444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, calls his appointment to the consulship a _beneficium_, 'a favour,' of the Roman people. [445] 'Is more difficult;' namely, than is commonly believed, quam _opinio_ est. [446] _Procedunt_, 'benefit the state,' 'promote the general good.' [447] _Vertit_, intransitively, 'has become changed;' the same as _vertit se_, or _versum est_. See Zumpt, S 145. [448] _Prosapia_ for _familia_, an ancient and obsolete word, and intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the pretensions of the nobility. [449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, _praeposteri homines_; that is, 'men who do afterwards that which they ought to do before;' for, he adds, it is true one must first be appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active preparation ought to precede. [450] 'I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.' By _quamquam_, Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, S 341); _sed_ introduces a new distinction between men; namely that of merit. [451] _Faciant idem_, 'let them despise their own ancestors likewise.' [452] _Hujusce rei_; that is, _commemorationis majorum meorum_, 'I cannot speak of my ancestors.' [453] _Meamet_, commonly with the addition of _ipse_. Zumpt, S 139, note. [454] 'That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious of my own weakness and want of ability.' Modesty often shows itself mainly in silence. _Conscientia_ is the consciousness of a person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. _Ducere in aliquid_, 'to consider a thing as;' 'to interpret a thing as:' compare chap. 82: _vertere in superbiam_. [455] _Militaria dona_ are presents which a general gives publicly to brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn round the neck (_torques_), bracelets (_armillae_), pins or brooches (_fibulae_) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (_coronae_). It was less common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (_vexillum_) attached to a pole. [456] 'I consider this as something too unimportant.' _Parum_ is used substantively. [457] 'Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:' inasmuch as the Greek states had been unable to protect their political liberty either against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. _Virtus_ signifies especially 'bravery,' 'valour;' but it has also a more general meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's own advantages. [458] _Praesidia agitare_, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of enemies. [459] _Arte colere_, 'to keep close;' _opulenter colere_, 'to treat liberally.' [460] 'To compel by bodily punishment.' [461] _Celebravere_; that is, _extulerunt_, _auxerunt_. _Celebrare_ properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other objects. [462] 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the _villicus_ was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged in agriculture on the estate (_villa_) of a Roman noble. _Coquus_ is also spelled _cocus_. See Zumpt, S 5. [463] _Quin ergo--faciant_, 'why, then, will they not do?' This form of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon _quin_, but upon the optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, S 542. [464] _Ereptum eunt_, 'they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch away.' [465] _Cladi sunt_, 'they are a destruction;' the same as _calamitosae, perniciosae sunt_. [466] That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, Albinus, and Metellus. [467] _Attrito_, 'worn away,' 'annihilated,' 'sacrificed.' [468] 'Serve the republic,' 'devote yourselves to the public good.' [469] 'Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' _Idem_ indicates the union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, S 697. [470] 'I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.' [471] _Decebat_, a peculiarity of the Latin language for _deceret_. See Zumpt, S 518.

86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido erat, capite censos plerosque.[472] Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,[473] quippe quae nulla sunt, et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto[474] majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus Uticam[475] advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus tolerare nequiverat.

[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the legions. They were _capite censi_, because, when the censors made out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, _classis_ signifies only 'a property class.' As the number of persons of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life, and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. [473] _Sua curae_; another reading is _cura sunt_, the sense of which is nearly the same. _Sua_, 'a person's own property,' or 'all that belongs to him,' including the state itself. [474] 'With a considerably larger army.' About this meaning of _aliquanto_ with a comparative, see Zumpt, SS 108, 488. [475] _Utica_, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is Biserta, north-west of Tunis.

87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum[476] proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnae adesse,[477] videre fugientes capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.[478]

[476] 'Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken as booty. [477] _Pugnae adesse_ belong together, 'to take part in the battle.' Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with courage before leading them to labour and hardship. [478] _Futuros_; supply _esse_, 'they would behave;' hence the adverbs. See Zumpt, S 365.

88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem[479] suam laetissimis animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.[480] Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi[481] cognovit, statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae erant,[482] singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum,[483] si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab se hostile timeret. [484] Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum est.

[479] 'Contrary to his expectation;' for _spes_ is often used in the general sense of 'expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything, whether good or bad. [480] _Armis exuere,_ 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or 'defeat;' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their arms behind. [481] 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, S 662. [482] _Adversum se erant_ is a combination of two constructions --_adversum se essent_ and _adversum eum erant_--of which we have already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122, note 1 [note 326]. [483] To _nudatum_ supply _fore_, which is to be taken out of the following _esse_; 'he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.' [484] _Ne quid--timeret_, '(requesting him) not to fear anything;' the imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by the subjunctive. See Zumpt, S 603.

89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum.[485] Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.[486] Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,[487] cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes,[488] levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum[489] vis sicuti omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi aqua;[490] cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae procul a mari incultius agebat,[491] eo facilius tolerabatur, quia Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat.

[485] _In manus venire_, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close combat;' for _manus conserere_, which is much more frequent. [486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive _aggredi_. Zumpt, S 659, note. [487] _Capsa_, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. [488] _Immunis_, 'exempt from taxes.' [489] Other editions have _quarum_ instead of _quorum_. See Zumpt, S 78, note. [490] _Jugis aqua_, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.' The other water which they used was rain water, and to _pluvia_ we must supply _aqua_. [491] _Africa--incultius agebat_, 'Africa, which was in a state of greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb _agere_ (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the country itself.

90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.

[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.' [493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.' [494] _Exornat_; supply _rem, expeditionem_, 'the undertaking or campaign.'