Chapter 10

[57] _Me falsum habuit_ for _me fefellit_. We remarked before (Cat. 51) [note 253 above] that Sallust is fond of using _habere_ in certain phrases. [58] _Amicissimos._ See Zumpt, S 410. [59] _Per regni fidem_, 'by the conscientiousness which is observed in governing, and must be observed;' so that it is almost the same as _per regiam fidem_, or _per fidem regum_, which kings owe to one another. [60] _Adjungere_; supply _tibi_, 'connect yourself with strangers,' as opposed to supporting and maintaining friendly relations with his friends and kinsmen. [61] Sallust here changes his expression. He might have said _parantur_, but _parere_ also occurs in other authors in the sense of _parare_, or 'to acquire.' [62] _Ante hos_, 'in preference to these.' [63] _Observare_ has a sense similar to that of _colere_, 'to honour' and refers to the observance of all the duties of devotedness, especially in the external relations of social life.

11. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum intellegebat et ipse longe aliter animo agitabat, tamen pro tempore benigne respondit. Micipsa paucis post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa magnifice fecerant, reguli[64] in unum convenerunt, ut inter se de cunctis negotiis disceptarent. Sed Hiempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura ferox et jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurthae, quia materno genere impar erat, despiciens, dextera Adherbalem assedit,[65] ne medius ex tribus, quod apud Numidas honori ducitur, Jugurtha foret. Dein tamen ut aetati concederet fatigatus[66] a fratre, vix in partem alteram transductus est. Ibi quum mulla de administrando imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia rescindi; nam per ea tempora confectum annis Micipsam parum animo valuisse. Tum idem Hiempsal placere sibi respondit; nam ipsum illum tribus proximis annis[67] adoptatione in regnum pervenisse. Quod verbum in pectus Jugurthae altius, quam quisquam ratus erat, descendit. Itaque ex eo tempore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare atque ea modo cum animo habere,[68] quibus Hiempsal per dolum caperetur. Quae ubi tardius procedunt neque lenitur animus ferox, statuit quovis modo inceptum perficere.

[64] _Reguli_ may be petty kings with small dominions as well as young kings--that is, princes. We here take the latter to be the meaning. [65] _Adherbalem assedit_, or _Adherbali assedit_, 'he sat himself down at the right-hand side of Adherbal.' See Zumpt, S 386, note. There accordingly remained for Jugurtha only the place on the left of Adherbal--that is, the least honourable of the three places. [66] _Fatigatus_ is commonly construed with an ablative, which is here to be supplied (_precibus_); but without such an addition, _fatigare_ signifies 'to importune a person with prayers and requests.' [67] 'Within the last three years;' but as the author is here speaking of the time at which something happened, it is used instead of _ante triennium_, or _triennio ante_. [68] _Cum animo habere_, the same as _cum_, or _in animo agitare_, _volvere_, _reputare_. Here, again, we must attend to the use of _habere_.

12. Primo conventu, quem ab regulis factum supra memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi thesauros finesque imperii singulis constitui. Itaque tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius ad pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca propinqua thesauris alius alio[69] concessere. Sed Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo utebatur, qui proximus lictor[70] Jugurthae carus acceptusque ei semper fuerat; quem ille casu ministrum oblatum promissis onerat impellitque, uti tamquam suam visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas[71] paret (nam verae ad Hiempsalem referebantur); ceterum, ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna manu venturum. Numida mandata brevi conficit atque, uti doctus erat, noctu Jugurthae milites introducit. Qui postquam in aedes irrupere, diversi regem quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes interficere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa effringere, strepitu et tumultu omnia miscere; quum[72] interim Hiempsal reperitur occultans sese tugurio mulieris ancillae, quo initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. Numidae caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt.

[69] _Alius alio_, 'one in one direction, and the other in another.' See Zumpt, S 289. [70] _Proximus lictor_ is the one of the lictors who, when they precede the praetors or consuls, walks last, and is therefore nearest to his commander; and this lictor, according to Roman custom, had the highest rank among his fellow-lictors. The customs of the Romans were imitated at the courts of allied princes. [71] _Claves adulterinae_, 'imitation keys.' [72] Respecting the _quum_ in descriptions, where it is commonly preceded by _interea_, or _interim_, see Zumpt, S 580.

13. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur; Adherbalem omnesque, qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit; in duas partes discedunt Numidae; plures Adherbalem sequuntur, sed illum alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat, urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, omni Numidiae imperare parat.[73] Adherbal, tametsi Romam legatos miserat, qui senatum docerent de caede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudine militum, parabat armis contendere. Sed ubi res ad certamen venit, victus ex proelio profugit in provinciam[74] ac deinde Romam contendit. Tum Jugurtha patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiae potiebatur, in otio facinus suum cum animo reputans, timere populum Romanum neque adversus iram ejus usquam nisi in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua spem habere. Itaque paucis diebus[75] cum auro et argento multo legatos Romam mittit, quis praecepit, primum uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, deinde novos acquirant, postremo quaecunque possint largiundo parare ne cunctentur. Sed ubi Romam legati venere et ex praecepto regis hospitibus aliisque, quorum ea tempestate in senatu auctoritas pollebat, magna munera misere, tanta commutatio incessit, uti ex maxima invidia in gratiam et favorem nobilitatis Jugurtha veniret; quorum pars spe, alii praemio inducti, singulos ex senatu ambiundo[76] nitebantur, ne gravius in eum consuleretur.[77] Igitur ubi legati satis confidunt, die constituto senatus utrisque datur. Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum accepimus:

[73] _Parat_, in the sense of _se parat_, 'he prepares himself,' or 'sets about;' and thus _parare_ is not unfrequently used by Sallust absolutely in the sense of _statuere_ and _instituere_. [74] _Provincia_ here is the Roman province of Africa, consisting of the territory of Carthage which had been destroyed, and containing the towns of Leptis, Hadrumetum, Utica, and Carthage, which was gradually rising again as a Roman town. That territory now belongs to the dey of Tunis, a vassal prince of the Turkish sultan. Numidia, in the west of the Roman province, was bounded in the west by the kingdom of Mauretania, and comprised the modern Algeria which is possessed by the French. [75] _Paucis diebus_, 'within a few days;' that is, a few days after. See Zumpt, S 480. [76] _Singulos ambire_, 'to go about addressing individual persons,' has at the same time the meaning of 'attempting to gain them over by intreaties or promises.' [77] 'That no severe decree might be passed against him,' _ne gravius consilium in eum caperetur_.

14. 'Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus moriens mihi praecepit, uti regni Numidiae tantummodo procurationem[78] existimarem meam, ceterum jus et imperium ejus penes vos esse; simul eniterer domi militiaeque quam maximo usui esse populo Romano; vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium[79] loco ducerem: si ea fecissem, in vestra amicitia exercitum, divitias, munimenta regni me habiturum. Quae quum praecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo omnium, quos terra sustinet,[80] sceleratissimus contempto imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem et jam ab stirpe socium atque amicum populi Romani regno fortunisque omnibus expulit. Atque ego, patres conscripti, quoniam eo miseriarum venturus eram,[81] vellem potius ob mea quam ob majorum meorum beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxime deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non egerem; secundum ea, si desideranda erant, uti debitis uterer.[82] Sed quoniam parum tuta per se ipsa probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit,[83] Jugurtha qualis foret, ad vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, quod mihi misserimum est, cogor prius oneri quam usui esse. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amicitiam a vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus societatem vestram appetiverunt; familia nostra cum populo Romano bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam instituit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna petenda erat.[84] Quorum progeniem vos, patres conscripti, nolite pati me nepotem Masinissae[85] frustra a vobis auxilium petere. Si ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praeter miserandam fortunam, quod paulo ante rex genere, fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes expecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi[86] prohibere injuriam neque pati cujusquam regnum per scelus crescere. Verum ego iis finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus meus una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra beneficia mihi erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vos in mea injuria despecti estis. Eheu me miserum! Hucine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere,[87] ut, quem tu parem cum liberis tuis regnique participem fecisti, is potissimum stirpis tuae extinctor sit? Nunquam ergo familia nostra quieta erit![88] semperne in sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? Dum Carthaginienses incolumes fuere, jure omnia saeva patiebamur; hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes omnis in armis erat. Postquam illa pestis ex Africa ejecta est, laeti pacem agitabamus, quippe quis hostis nullus erat, nisi forte quem vos jussissetis.[89] Ecce autem ex improviso Jugurtha, intoleranda audacia, scelere atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem propinquo suo[90] interfecto, primum regnum ejus sceleris sui praedam fecit, post, ubi me iisdem dolis non quit[91] capere, nihil minus quam vim aut bellum expectantem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrem patria,[92] domo, inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis tutius[93] quam in meo regno essem. Ego sic existimabam, patres conscripti, uti praedicantem audiveram patrem meum, qui vestram amicitiam diligenter colerent, eos multum laborem suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxime tutos[94] esse. Quod in familia nostra fuit,[95] praestitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis; nos uti per otium tuti simus, in vestra manu est, patres conscripti. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit; tertium, Jugurtham, beneficiis suis ratus est conjunctum nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego manus impias vix effugi. Quid agam? aut quo potissimum infelix accedam? Generis praesidia omnia extincta sunt; pater, uti necesse erat, naturae concessit; fratri, quem minime decuit,[96] propinquus per scelus vitam eripuit; affines, amicos, propinquos ceteros alium alia clades oppressit; capti ab Jugurtha pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt;[97] pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris cum maerore et luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt.[98] Si omnia, quae aut amisi aut ex necessariis adversa facta sunt,[99] incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex improviso mali accidisset, vos implorarem, patres conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperii jus et injurias omnes curae esse decet. Nunc vero exul patria, domo, solus atque omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?[100] nationesne an reges, qui omnes familiae nostrae ob vestram amicitiam infesti sunt?[101] An quoquam mihi adire licet, ubi non majorum meorum hostilia monumenta plurima sint? aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui aliquando vobis hostis fuit? Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres conscripti, ne quem coleremus nisi populum Romanum, ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus; abunde magna praesidia nobis in vestra amicitia fore; si huic imperio[102] fortuna mutaretur, una occidendum nobis esse. Virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti; omnia secunda[103] et obedientia sunt; quo facilius sociorum injurias curare licet. Tantum illud vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurthae parum cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima ope niti, ambire, fatigare[104] vos singulos, ne quid de absente incognita causa statuatis, fingere me verba et fugam simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere. Quodutinam[105] illum cujus impio facinore in has miserias projectus sum, eadem haec simulantem videam, et aliquando aut apud vos aut apud deos immortales rerum humanarum cura oriatur; nae ille, qui nunc sceleribus suis ferox atque praeclarus est, omnibus malis excruciatus impietatis in parentem nostrum, fratris mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas reddat.[106] Jamjam frater, animo meo carissime, quamquam tibi immaturo et unde minime decuit vita erepta est,[107] tamen laetandum magis quam dolendum puto casum tuum;[108] non enim regnum, sed fugam, exilium, egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, aerumnas cum anima simul amisisti. At ego infelix, in tanta mala praecipitatus ex patrio regno, rerum humanarum spectaculum praebeo, incertus quid agam, tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitae necisque potestas ex opibus alienis[109] pendet. Utinam emori fortunis meis honestus exitus esset! neu vivere contemptus viderer, si defessus malis injuriae concessissem.[110] Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet sine dedecore. Patres conscripti, per vos liberos[111] atque parentes vestros, per majestatem populi Romani subvenite misero mihi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et sanguinem familiae nostrae tabescere.'[112]

[78] Adherbal says that only the administration of Numidia belongs to him, but that the legal title and supremacy belong to Rome--the language of abject servility, by which he wishes to recommend himself to the protection of the senate. [79] _Affines_ are those connected with one another by marriage, whereas _cognati_ are relations by blood. [80] _Sustinere_ is here the same as _ferre_. [81] 'As I was to come to such misery;' that is, as it had been ordained by fate that I should come to such misery. See Zumpt, S 498. [82] Adherbal wishes to be able to solicit the aid of the Romans, in consequence of his own services, rather than those of his ancestors; he then again divides that wish, considering it as most desirable that the Roman people should owe him services without his being in want of them, and next in desirableness that the services which he requires should be performed as services due to him. By this latter sentiment he returns to the point from which he set out--namely, his wish to have done good services (_beneficia_) to the Romans. _Vellem_ in this sentence is followed twice by the accusative with the infinitive (_posse_, to which _me_ is to be supplied, and _beneficia deberi_), and then by a clause with _ut_ (_uti;_ that is, _ut--uterer_). _Secundum ea_, 'next to,' or 'next after this,' according to the etymology of _secundum_ from _sequor_. [83] _In manu fuit_, an expression not uncommon in the comic poets; _in manu alicujus est_, 'it is in a person's power.' [84] 'At a time when the good fortune of the Romans did not render it so desirable to enter into connection with them as their fidelity and trustworthiness.' [85] 'Do not allow me in vain to pray for your assistance.' _Me_ in this sentence is accompanied by two accusatives in apposition, first _progeniem_, and then _nepotem Masinissae_. [86] Observe the unusual combination _Romani populi_ for _populi Romani_, which is to be explained by the fact, that here _Romani_ is the more emphatic word, placing the Roman people in contrast with other nations. [87] 'O I, unfortunate man! to what result, father Micipsa, have thy good services led!' For the accusative _me miserum_, see Zumpt, S 402; and for the double suffix in _hucine_, S 132. [88] 'Never, then, will our family be at peace!' an exclamation to which afterwards an interrogative sentence with _ne_ is appended. The former also might have been expressed by _numquamne ergo_, &c. [89] The subjunctive _jussissetis_ indicates a repeated action. See Zumpt, S 569. The senate and people of Rome had the right to make war and peace throughout the extent of the Roman dominion, so that the allied nations and kings were obliged to regard those against whom the Romans declared war as their own enemies; as, for example, not long since, the Numantines. [90] 'Who being a brother, was at the same time a relation.' Respecting this use of the pronoun _idem_, when the two predicates are added to one subject, see Zumpt, S 697. [91] _Non queo_; that is, _nequeo_, or _non possum_. [92] _Extorris_ (from _terra_), as _exsul_ from _solum_, 'homeless.' Respecting the ablative denoting separation or privation, see Zumpt, S 468. [93] _Tutius_; the adjective _tutior_ also might have been used. Respecting the use of adverbs with esse, see Zumpt, S 365. [94] _Maxime tutos_; that is, _omnium tutissimos_. [95] 'Whatever was in the power of our family;' _quod per familiam nostram stetit_. [96] This inserted clause belongs to the following _propinquus_. The demonstrative _id_ (or _is_) is omitted, and the relative clause precedes the word to which it refers. See Zumpt, SS 765, 813. [97] _Pars--pars_; that is, _alii--alii_; whence the verb is in the plural. [98] _Exigere vitam_ for _agere vitam_, but implying a long and sorrowful life. [99] 'Which out of friendly things (circumstances), have become hostile.' The neuter _necessaria_ also comprises the persons who are termed _necessarii_, 'persons connected by ties of relationship or friendship;' such as in particular Jugurtha, the adoptive brother of the speaker. [100] 'Whither shall I turn myself? whom shall I call to my assistance?' Donatus, an ancient grammarian, in his commentary on Terence, quotes from Sallust _quo accidam?_ 'whither shall I turn myself for assistance?' but none of the manuscripts has that reading in this passage. [101] He alludes to the nations and kings who were still independent and had not yet been incorporated with the Roman empire, especially the kings of Syria and Egypt, and perhaps also the king of Mauritania. [102] Sallust might have said _hujus imperii_, but he prefers the dative, which is a dativus incommodi. [103] _Secundus_, 'favourable,' according to its derivation from _sequor_, is especially used of a favourable wind, but also in the general sense of 'assisting,' or 'devoted to.' [104] _Fatigare_, 'to importune a person with prayers.' See note chap. 3. [105] _Quodutinam_ connects this sentence in an animated manner with the preceding, otherwise _utinam_ alone might be used. 'Yes, would that I could but see Jugurtha feigning these very things.' [106] _Nae ille--reddat_; as far as the sense is concerned, this sentence forms the apodosis to the preceding wish: 'would that I could see him in like circumstances, and would that at length the gods opened their eyes; then he would surely have to pay a heavy penalty for his impiety, for the death of my brother and for my sufferings.' The present subjunctive in the apodosis corresponds with the same tense in the protasis, and differs very little from the future indicative. See Zumpt, S 524, note. [107] 'Although life has been taken from thee before the age of maturity, and by a person who should have done it least of all.' _Unde_, the more general relative, is here used for _a quo homine_. In like manner the Romans, in legal phraseology, called the defendant _unde petitur_; that is, the person of whom payment is demanded. [108] _Doleo_, 'I grieve at,' is construed with _de_, as _de casu tuo_, with the ablative alone, _casu tuo_, and also as a transitive verb with the accusative, _doleo casum tuum_. _Laetari_ here follows the construction of _doleo_, for it is generally followed by _de_, or the ablative alone. See Zumpt, S 383. [109] Namely, the life and death of the persecuted Adherbal depends upon the power of Jugurtha. [110] Adherbal wishes two things: first, that a speedy death may terminate his misfortunes; and second, not to be obliged to live in contempt, if he should yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these things, says he, can be done. Jugurtha will continue to lay snares for him, and if he yields, and gives up to him his kingdom, he must live despised. These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts of the senators, expressed as they are by a king. [111] _Per vos liberos atque parentes vestros_. The words _per liberos_ belong together; to _vos_ supply _oro_. See Zumpt, S 794. Adherbal intreats the senators by their children and parents, because Jugurtha has so criminally trampled on the sacred rights of the family. Others read _per vos per liberos vestros_; but this is wrong, and the repetition of _per_ is bad: we never intreat persons by themselves, but by something that is dear to them. [112] _Tabescere_, 'to waste away,' 'perish;' the proper meaning is, 'to be consumed by some disease.'

15. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati Jugurthae, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis respondent: 'Hiempsalem ob saevitiam suam ab Numidis interfectum; Adherbalem ultro bellum inferentem, postquara superatus sit, queri, quod injuriam facere nequivisset: Jugurtham ab senatu petere, ne se alium putarent, ac Numantiae cognitus esset, neu verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.'[113] Deinde utrique curia egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur: fautores legatorum, praeterea magna pars gratia depravata,[114] Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurthae virtutem extollere laudibus; gratia, voce, denique omnibus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio sua quasi pro gloria nitebantur. At contra pauci, quibus bonum et aequum divitiis carius erat, subveniundum Adherbali et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam censebant; sed ex omnibus maxime Aemelius Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans. Is postquam videt regis largitionem famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in tali re solet, ne polluta licentia[115] invidiam accenderet, animum a consueta libidine continuit.