Chapter 12

_38_ 31 _tron de ler:_ more properly _tron de l'er_, a Provençal oath = _tonnerre de l'air_, 'thunder of the air!' A Provençal newspaper with the name _Lou Tron de l'Er_ appeared in Marseilles in 1877-1878.

_38_ 32 _longtemps:_ cf. note to _40_ 17.--_en:_ anticipates _des pirates_; cf. note to _32_ 5.

_39_ 4 _un brave garçon:_ cf. note to _3_ 12.

_39_ 8 _tire-vieille:_ 'man-rope,' one of the side ropes on the gangway of a ship. _Tire-vieille_ (_tirer_ + _vieille_,' that which helps old women to mount') is often misspelled _tire-veille_ (_tirer_ + _veille_, 'pull and take care').

_39_ 17 _tourmentait:_ 'tormented,' 'twisted and turned.'

_39_ 23 _barbaresque:_ 'Barbary.' _La Barbarie_ ('Barbary') = _États barbaresques_ is a general term formerly applied to the North African states: Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli.

_39_ 24 _Michel Cervantes:_ in 1575 Cervantes was captured by Barbary pirates and carried to Algiers. His five years of slavery afforded him materials for "Don Quixote" and other works; cf. note to _10_ 13.

_39_ 20 _sous le bâton de:_ 'under the cudgel used upon.'

_39_ 26 _devait:_ cf. note to _18_ 2.

_40_ 1 _Saavedra:_ upon his return from Algiers in 1580 Cervantes assumed the additional surname of _Saavedra_ from one of his ancestors, always signing himself thenceforth _Cervantes Saavedra_.

_40_ 4 _dut tressaillir:_ 'must have leaped', cf. note to _2_ 10.

_40_ 14 _à peine Tartarin eut-il mis:_ cf. note to _5_ 32.

_40_ 17 _Arabes ... M'zabites:_ the aborigines of Algeria, three quarters of the population even now, are the Berber race, including the Kabyles (_19_ 14) in the north, the Mzabites, purest Berbers of all, in the south, and the marauding Tuaregs (_11_ 6) in the Sahara. The Mzabites, the heretical Puritans of Algerian Mohammedanism, are seen everywhere as honest petty traders and workers in street industries. The Arab conquest about 700 A.D. made Arabic the dominant language of all North Africa to this day--an important fact to remember--and introduced the Arabs as a permanent population along the north edge of the Sahara. The conquest by Turkish pirates about 1500 A.D., with subordination to the Sultan of Turkey till 1669, brought in very few Turks; the pirates were a mixture of various Mohammedan nations with renegades from the Christian nations. The "Moors" of to-day in Algeria are their descendants; the ancient Moors were Berbers. During the centuries of pirate rule, and earlier, negroes were brought in as slaves; Mohammedan custom favored setting them free in a few years if they became Mohammedans. The overthrow of the pirates by the French in 1830, and the French conquest during the next thirty years, caused most of the few Turks to leave the country, and started an influx of Europeans from the Mediterranean countries; Daudet notices especially the Minorcans (_Mahonnais_ from the city of Port Mahon).

_40 22 _charabia:_ borrowed from the Spanish _algarabía_, which means properly 'Arabic,' then, by extension, any unintelligible 'jargon.' The French word is usually applied contemptuously to the dialect of Auvergne (cf. note to _27_ 14).

_40_ 23 _invraisemblables:_ lit. 'unlike the truth,' 'improbable', then 'strange,' 'outlandish', of German _unwahrscheinlich_.

_40_ 26 _se faire comprendre:_ cf. note to _7_ 25.--_barbares:_ 'barbarians,' the word used by Greeks and Romans to designate uncivilized peoples. Not to be confused with barbaresque.

_40_ 28 _du latin de Pourceaugnac:_ 'Pourceaugnac Latin,' meaningless Latin such as that which Molière introduces into some of his plays. "Monsieur de Pourceaugnac" is the name of one of Molière's farces, and there is some Latin in it; but Daudet probably had in mind "Le Médecin malgré lui," II, 6. He uses the name _Pourceaugnac_ here because he likes the sound. _Rosa, rosae,_ is the type-noun of the first declension in French grammars of to-day, where we have ordinarily _mensa_ or _stella_. In Molière's time, as suggested by the passage of "Le Médecin malgré lui" referred to, _musa, musae_, was the noun commonly used.

_41_ 2 _Heureusement qu':_ _que_ is redundant, cf. _58_ 23.

_41_ 3 _canne de compagnon:_ 'stout cane.' When the young artisan (_compagnon_) set out on his travels (_tour de France_) to learn his trade, he carried a stout cane which is one of the principal attributes of _compagnonnage_.

_41_ 4 _dieu d'Homère:_ in the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" the gods often intervene in the affairs of men.

_41_ 11 _tenant le milieu entre:_ 'a cross between.'

_41_ 12 _Zanzibar:_ capital, since 1832, of the Mohammedan power in East Africa, and place of entry for travelers to Central Africa in the middle of the nineteenth century; hence here representing the idea of an African capital, as Constantinople that of a Turkish capital.

_41_ 13 _en plein Tarascon:_ cf. note to _5_ 7.

_41_ 15 _la ligne:_ in the French and English armies the term la _ligne_, 'the line,' is applied ordinarily to the infantry of the regular army as opposed to the militia, cavalry, artillery, etc. In America _the line_ includes all that part of the regular army whose business is actual fighting.--_Offenbach:_ Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880), born at Cologne, a naturalized Frenchman, composer of light operas.

_41_ 24 _Crusoé:_ the final _e_ of English proper names terminating in -oe is ordinarily pronounced in French; cf. _Edgard Poé_ or _Poë_.

_41_ 28 _monter:_ the active use of this verb, 'carry up', cf. promener _74_ 26.

_42_ 1 _Gouvernement:_ the building in which are the offices of the provincial government. Cf. _70_ 8.

_42_ 4 _en avait vu de rudes:_ 'had had a hard time of it', with rudes supply some such noun as _choses_, anticipated by _en_; cf. note to _32_ 5.

_42_ 14 _il se fit servir:_ cf. note to _7_ 25.--_grande ouverte:_ 'wide open'; cf. _51_ 7.

_42_ 15 _Crescia:_ a wine-producing district near Algiers.

_42_ 21 _déjeuner:_ verb.

_42_ 22 _fréter:_ 'to charter,' a nautical term used here mock-heroically.

_42_ 26 _montait d'un bon pied:_ note the _de_ with expressions of measure, _haute de cinq doigts_ (_71_ 14) 'five fingers high,' _il est plus grand_ (_plus âgé_) _de deux pouces_ (_deux ans_) 'he is two inches (two years) taller (older)'; cf. _95_ 8.

_42_ 28 _enfila:_ _enfiler_ = 'to thread (a needle, pearls, etc.)', then, 'to thread (one's way through arcades, crowded streets, etc).'

_43_ 2 _prit le faubourg:_ 'took the street which leads through the suburb.' _Faubourg_ meant originally the portion of a city outside the walled town (_bourg_); then also the street leading through this district. Cf. note to _49_ 7.--_route de Mustapha:_ 'Mustapha road', cf. note to _1_ 5. Mustapha is a suburb of Algiers, on the sea.

_43_ 4 _corricolos:_ _corricolo_ is the Neapolitan word (Latin 'curriculum, 'chariot'; see _curricle_ in Engl. dict.) for a sort of gig. --_fourgons du train:_ 'army wagons', _train_ = _train des équipages_, 'the train,' an army's equipment for the transportation of provisions and other necessities.

_43_ 5 _chasseurs d'Afrique:_ French light cavalry serving in Algeria; transl. 'Africa cavalry.'

_43_ 7 _Alsaciens émigrants:_ 'emigrating Alsatians'; contrast _émigrés alsaciens_ 'Alsatian emigrants.' After the Franco-Prussian war (1870-871), as a result of which Alsace became a German province, many Alsatians emigrated rather than submit to German domination. In 1871 about 11,000 natives of Alsace-Lorraine were granted land in Algeria. Daudet visited Algeria in 1861, before the Alsatians immigrated in large numbers.

_43_ 8 _spahis:_ 'spahis,' native cavalry in the French service, commanded by French officers.

_43_ 12-13 _bouchers:_ 'butchers.'--_équarrisseurs:_ 'slaughterers.' _Équarisseur_, probably because of a falsely imputed connection with Latin _equus_, is ordinarily used to mean 'horse slaughterer,' 'knacker.' The root of the word is, however, Latin _quadratus_, French _carré_, and an _équarisseur_ is properly 'one who cuts a beast into quarters,' one whose chief interest is in the by-products--hide, bones, fat, etc.

_43_ 20 _ne devaient pas être:_ 'ought not to be,' 'surely were not,' 'could not be', see note to _2_ 10.

_43_ 29 _crut devoir:_ 'thought he had better'; see note to _2_ 10.

_43_ 31 _Et autrement:_ cf. note to _21_ 10.

_44_ 1 _Vous avez tué? ... voyez plutôt:_ 'killed any? Oh, yes --some--just take a look for yourself.' With _pas mal 'not badly' cf. _j'ai tué pas mal de bécasses_ 'I killed quite a number of woodcocks.'

4_4_ 7 _c'est des tout petits:_ popular for _ce sont_, cf. _90_ 26.

_44_ 11 _en resta planté:_ 'stood rooted (to the spot)', cf. note to _12_ 31 _En_ = _de cela_, 'at all this', cf. note to _8_ 19.

_44_ 15 _se faisaient:_ 'were becoming', cf. note to _5_ 23.

_44_ 28 _Sous ... étoiles:_ 'in the dim starlight'--_leur ombre_ cf. note to _29_ 11.

_45_ 8 _en 1ui tirant la patte:_ _en tirant la patte au chevreau_, cf. _lui faisant battre le coeur_ _53_ 16.

_45_ 13 _que le lion l'entendît:_ colloquial omission of _ne_, which is regularly used with verbs of fearing, avoiding, etc, eg _j'ai peur qu'il ne vienne_ 'I fear that he may come.'

_45 15 _de plus belle:_ cf. note to _8_ 18.

_45_ 19 _Cela se baissait ... s'arrêtait net:_ an admirable description

_45_ 21 _a n'en pas douter:_ 'no doubt of it!' cf. note to _2_ 2.

_45_ 24 _En joue! feu!_ 'aim! fire!' _Mettre_ (_coucher_) _en joue un fusil_ = 'to aim a gun' _Mettre_ (_coucher_) _en joue quelque chose_ = 'to aim at a thing.'

_45_ 29 _Il en a!_ 'he has (caught) it!' 'he's hit!' LIT. 'he has some.'

_45_ 30 _en avait ... compte:_ 'had more than it wanted.'

_46_ 7 _venir a bout de:_ 'come to (the) end of' 'succeed '.

_46_ 8 _Il eut beau s'escrimer:_ on _avoir beau_ cf. note to _11_ 9. _Escrimer_ = 'to fence,' _s'escrimer_ = 'to exert oneself.'

_46_ 9 _ne s'ouvrit pas:_ cf. note to _5_ 23.

_46_ 11 _De guerre lasse:_ for _de guerre las_ 'tired of struggling.' Final _s_ was pronounced in Old French, after it was no longer pronounced in most words it still continued to be sounded in _las_ in the expression _de guerre las_ because of the presence of the feminine _guerre whence the erroneous spelling _lasse_.

_46_ 12 _dessus:_ adverb, cf. note to _1_ 6.

_46_ 19 _artichauts:_ the true or globe artichoke (not to be confounded with the Jerusalem artichoke) resembles a large thistle, and hence is well adapted to give the impression described in _44_ 26-27.

_46_ 24 _bastides, bastidons:_ Provençal _bastido_ = 'country house,' 'villa', Provençal _bastidoun_ is the diminutive, = 'little villa,' 'cottage.'

_47_ 6 _parbleu!_ euphemistic for _pardieu_, transl. 'of course!'

_47_ 8 _bourriquots:_ cf. Engl. _burro_, which is borrowed from the Spanish French _bourrique_ 'she ass' comes from the Provençal _bourric_ 'donkey' (Latin _burricus_ a kind of small horse.)

_47_ 11 _tout à la pitié:_ 'entirely one of pity', cf. _79_ 30.

_47_ 16 _tout ce que ... touchant:_ 'the most touching thing you could imagine.'

_47_ 18 _avait ... vie:_ 'had two farthings' worth of life left in him', _liard_, an ancient coin worth a quarter of a sou (i.e. of a cent), is usually translated 'farthing.'

_47_ 23 _Noiraud:_ 'Blacky,' a pet name often given to animals.

_47_ 28 _en marmotte:_ 'with a kerchief tied over her head.' This use of the word _marmotte_ is derived from the fact that Savoyard women who formerly traveled about the country with marmots (cf. note to _74_ 27) employed this form of head covering.

_48_ 1 _réclamant ... Mustapha:_ 'shouting for her donkey till all the echos of Mustapha rang.' _Réclamer a_ = 'to demand from.'

_48_ 6 _tarterfle:_ corruption of German _der Teufel_ 'the devil.' German was the language generally used by the Alsatian peasants before the war, though their sympathies were French (cf. note to _43_ 7) See "La Dernière Classe" and some of the other stories in "Contes du lundi."

_48_ 11 _Va te promener!_ lit. 'go take a walk!' transl. 'much good it did him!'--_sa vigueur le prouvait bien _'her vigor proved it (that she was deaf) conclusively.' 'To strike like a deaf person,' _frapper comme un sourd_, is said of one who uses the cudgel energetically and wildly, as if he did not hear the laments of his victim.

_48_ 17 _l'on s'entendit:_ cf. note to _16_ 29.

_48_ 21 _douros:_ say 'dollars' or 'cash.' A duro is a Spanish coin whose par value is now five francs, before 1871, a trifle more.

_48_ 20 _a deux lieues:_ cf. note to _4_ 8.

_49_ 1 _Ah! ben! merci:_ 'ah, indeed! no, thank you!' _Ben_ (pronounced like _bain_) is popular for _bien Merci_ in answer to a question (e.g. "will you have some more meat?") means "no, thank you!" Contrast English 'thank you,' which usually expresses assent--_pourquoi faire?_ cf. note to _38_ 21.

_49 7 _banlieue:_ distinguish _banlieue_, 'suburbs' in the sense now usual, the district of country surrounding a city and full of dependent villages, from _faubourgs_, 'suburbs' in the older sense, forming a continuous mass of houses with the main city, and _un village_ (or _une ville_) _de_ (_la_) _banlieue_ from _un faubourg_. Cf. note to _43_ 2.

_49_ 8 _comme on en voit:_ cf. note to _32 17--_rameau:_ a branch hung out was used formerly and is still used to a certain extent as the sign of a country inn, of the English proverb "good wine needs no bush."

_49_ 11 _Au Rendez-vous des lapins:_ 'The Rabbits' Headquarters.' The original expression _à l'enseigne de_, 'at the sign of,' became by ellipsis _a_ plus the article, which takes the gender and number of the noun following e.g. _à la Belle jardinière, aux Armes de France._

_49_ 12 _O Bravida, quel souvenir!_ cf. _9_ 7.

_49_ 13 _de quoi:_ cf. note to _10_ 7.

_49_ 14 _ne se laissent pas abattre:_ cf. note to _7_ 25.

_49_ 24 _il faisait un soleil, une poussière:_ _faire_ may be used in almost any expression concerning the weather; _faire chaud, du soleil, du vent, de la poussière,_ etc. Here, 'it was so terribly hot, so dusty.'

_49_ 25 _d'un lourd:_ 'frightfully heavy', adjective used as an abstract noun, of such English usages as 'of a decided red.' On the suppression cf. note to _15_ 21.

_50_ 7 _fusils rayés à doubles canons:_ cf. note to _14_ 32. To rifle (_rayer_) a gun is to cut spiral grooves in the barrel.

_50_ 8 _complet:_ French law requires that only a certain number of passengers be carried on omnibuses. When this number is reached the omnibus is said to be _complet_, 'filled.'

_50_ 14 _Abd-el-Kader:_ the great leader of Algerian resistance to the French conquest. He surrendered in 1847, was carried to France as a prisoner by a breach of faith, was released in 1852 on his oath to make no more trouble, went to Damascus and lived there till his death in 1883, using his influence in favor of the French. (Note that he was alive when "Tartarin" was published.)

_50_ 19 _de toute la route:_ 'during the whole ride,' 'all the way.'

_50_ 21 _k'hol:_ 'kohl,' a powder used in the Orient from ancient times, particularly to darken the eyes, thus making them seem larger and more oblong.

_50_ 32 _Que faire?_ 'what was he to do?'

_51_ 3 _aux mains des:_ 'into the hands of the.'

_51_ 7 _s'ouvraient tout grands:_ 'opened wide', cf. _42_ 14.

_51_ 10 _à l'entrée de:_ 'at the beginning of.'

_51_ 14 _en se levant:_ 'as she rose.'

_51_ 15 _qu'il l'effleura de son haleine:_ lit. 'that it (_le visage_) touched him lightly with its breath', transl. 'that he felt her breath sweep lightly over him.'

_51_ 17 _prêt à tout:_ 'ready for anything.'

_51_ 18 _buffleteries:_ 'belts' (of a soldier's outfit), 'strappings.' _Buffle_, masculine, = 'buffalo' or 'buff leather.'

_51 20 _de:_ 'with', _jeter de_ = 'to throw with', cf. _69_ 10.

_51_ 28 _De quelques jours encore:_ 'for a few days yet.'

_52_ 7 _pied de trappeur:_ transl. 'hunting boot.'

_52_ 8 _se parfume:_ cf. note to _5_ 23.

_52_ 9 _quoi qu'il fasse:_ 'whatever he does,' i.e. despite all his efforts.

_52_ 10 _Maugrabine:_ 'Maghrebi girl' Maghreb is the Arabic name of the western part of the north coast of Africa.

_52_ 13 _il n'y a qu'un Tarasconnais ... capable:_ lit. 'there is only a Tarasconian capable', transl. 'only a Tarasconian would be capable.'

_52_ 17 _se ressemblent:_ 'look alike', cf. note to _7_ 2--_ces dames:_ cf. note to _16_ 13--_ne sortent guère:_ 'rarely leave their homes', _sortir_ = 'to go out,' 'to leave the house.'

_52_ 18 _ville haute:_ cf. note to _37_ 27.

_52_ 25 _Teurs ... forbans:_ 'fierce Turks with pirate like heads', cf. note to _1_ 5.

_52_ 29 _cité:_ 'city.' This term, in English as well as in French, is applied in some cases to the oldest portion of a city, eg 'the City' of London, 'the City' of Paris.

_53_ 3 _janissaires:_ 'janizaries,' the standing army of Turkey till 1826; a corps of most turbulent history, full of lawless arrogance toward civilians and Christians. The janizaries of Algiers became independent in 1669, and dominated the pirate commonwealth.

_53_ 5 _Huit jours durant:_ 'for a whole week.' _Durant_, 'during,' is emphatic when it follows its noun, cf. _61_ 7.

_53_ 6 _faire le pied de grue:_ 'stand and wait,' lit. to stand like a crane (i.e. on one foot.)

_53_ 7 _ces dames:_ cf. note to _16_ 13.

_53_ 9 _quitter ... bottes:_ shoes must be taken off (which is easy with Oriental shoes) before one enters a Mohammedan sacred place. Cf. Exodus III, 5.

_53_ 11 _s'en revenait:_ Cf. _s'en aller_ _17_ 4, _s'en retourner_ _2_ 8.

_53_ 15 _tambours de basque:_ 'tambourines,' called 'Biscayan drums' because generally seen in the northern (Biscayan, Basque) provinces of Spain.

_53_ 19 _poterne:_ 'postern,' a back door, and then, by extension, any small door.

_53_ 23 _Tenons-nous bien:_ a phrase of warning to be on guard and ready, transl. 'ware Turks!'--_Il_: cf. note to _4_ 23.

_54_ 1 _Il y avait ... cherchait:_ 'for two long weeks the luckless Tartarin had been seeking.'

_54_ 4 _Voici:_ 'here is (how it happened).'

_54_ 6 _ni plus ni moins que l'Opéra:_ 'just as the Opera does.' The _Opéra_ is the famous Opera House in Paris, where a great masked ball is given every year.

_54_ 7 _de province:_ 'provincial' All France outside of Paris is disdainfully designated by Parisians as _la province_. With _province do not confuse _Provence_ (cf. note to _13 27)--_Peu de monde:_ 'few people.'

_54_ 8 _Bullier ... Casino:_ Parisian dance-halls--_vierges folles:_ 'frail sisters.' In the French version of the parable of the Ten Virgins (Matthew xxv, 1-12) the foolish virgins are called _vierges folles_.

_54_ 9 _chicards:_ 'dandies'--_debardeurs:_ men who unload wood, 'stevedores.' Conventionalized dandy and stevedore costumes were made popular as early as the thirties by the clever cartoonist Gavarni and were seen at all masked balls. The reference here is to frequenters of Parisian masked balls who have found it advisable to leave France (_en déroute_) and have carried their costumes with them.

_54_ 10 _se lancent:_ 'are launching out,' ='are getting started,' i.e. in a disreputable life.

_54_ 12 _Le vrai coup d'oeil:_ 'the real spectacle', _coup d'oeil_ = 'glance,' and hence 'view' such as may be taken in all at once.

_54_ 15 _tapis verts:_ the green coverings of the gaming tables--turcos: 'Turcos,' native soldiers of the French army in Algeria.

_54_ 16 _prêt:_ 'pay' of non commissioned officers and soldiers, called _prêt_ (cf. _prêter_ 'to lend') because advanced to them before it is due.

_54_ 18 _l'argent d'une charrue:_ 'the price of a plow.'

_54_ 20 _trouble:_ adjective.

_54_ 29 _à barbe de Père éternel:_ _le Père étetnel_ is, of course, God. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance did not scruple to represent him in sculpture and painting. Transl. 'with a long white beard.'

_55_ 7 _la garde qui monte:_ 'the guard coming up.' Note that a French relative clause is often to be rendered by a present participle in English e g, _je l'entends qui frappe_ 'I hear him knocking.' Cf. _6_ 10, _64_ 18, _68_ 9.

_55_ 8 _ces saturnales:_ 'this saturnalia' The Roman festival of Saturn was a penod of riotous license--_était venu s'égarer: 'had come straying', cf. _93_ 19.

_55_ 10 _s'en allait:_ for _allait_, cf. note to _17_ 4.

_55_ 13 _M'sieu:_ indicates by the spelling the usual pronunciation of _Monsieur_.

_55_ 15 _Après?_ 'Well, what have you to say?'

_55_ 17 _Je ne demande pas mieux:_ 'I don't ask (anything) better,' 'that's exactly what I should like to know.'

_55_ 25 _algarade:_ a word borrowed from the Spanish, the root being Arabic. It was originally a military expression meaning a raid, but now is used more or less jocularly for a wordy attack. Transl. 'dispute.'

_55_ 26 _Me voilà bien avancé:_ 'I'm much farther along,' 'I'm much the wiser' (sarcastically).

_55_ 28 _ça:_ = _cela_, 'that,' 'the thing Gregory du Montenegro,' contemptuous when used of persons, cf. _69_ 32.

_55_ 30 _préince:_ Tartarin's Southern pronunciation of _prince_.

_56_ 1 _Allons!_ 'well!' cf. note to _36_ 18--_Partagez-vous ... question:_ the officer in disgust bids the prince and Tartarin to divide between them the twenty francs that are missing and let the matter drop.

_56_ 2 _qu'il n'en soit plus question:_ 'let's have no more talk about it', cf. note to _4 23_.

_56_ 6 _j'en fais mon affaire:_ 'I'll attend to this.'

_56_ 12 _Barbarin:_ when this work first appeared in serial form Tartarin was called "Barbarin." The name was changed when Daudet discovered that a family named Barbarin was living at Tarascon. See Introduction. The word _tartarin_ means the sacred or Arabian baboon.

_56_ 13 _souffla:_ 'prompted.' _Souffler_, 'to blow,' 'to breathe,' in theatrical parlance means 'to prompt.' _Le souffleur_ is 'the prompter.'

_56_ 14 _Entre ... mort:_ 'between us now it's a compact for life and death!'

_56_ 17 _Vous pensez:_ cf. note to _4_ 6.

_56_ 21 _terrasses:_ cf. note to _64_ 2.

_56_ 22 _salade russe:_ 'Russian salad,' a heavy fish and vegetable salad.

_56_ 25 _frisé au petit fer:_ 'with fineîy curled hair.' _Friser au fer_ = 'to curl with an iron.'

_56_ 26 _rasé à la pierre ponce:_ 'very closely shaven.' Pumice stone has from ancient times been used by the effeminate for smoothing the skin.

_56_ 27 _lui donnait un faux air de:_ 'made him look like', lit 'gave him a false air of.'

_56_ 28 _Mazarin:_ Giulio Mazarini (1602-1661), an Italian who became cardinal, and prime minister under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, talked French with an Italian accent. He wore the mustache and slight beard usual at that period.

_56_ 29 _les langues latines:_ pompously for _la langue latine_--_à tout propos:_ 'apropos of everything,' 'at every opportunity'--_Tacite:_ 'Tacitus' (54-140 A.D.), the famous latin historian.

_56_ 30 _Horace_ (64-8 B.C.) the Latin lyric poet--_Commentaires:_ the histories of the wars of Julius Caesar written by himself, with supplements by his officers, bear the Latin title _Commentarii_, i.e. 'Notebooks.'

_56_ 31 _héréditaire:_ transl. 'noble.'

_56_ 32 _depuis:_ adverb, 'since then', cf. note to _1_ 6.

_56_ 33 _en Altesse philosophe:_ 'in the role of philosophizing noble'; cf. note to _5_ 20.

_57_ 7 _bon:_ 'good natured,' 'kindly,' not 'good.'

_57_ 11 _On but sec:_ 'they drank hard.' _Boire sec_ means to drink pure wine, without the usual admixture of water.