Chapter 1

TARTARIN DE TARASCON

PAR

ALPHONSE DAUDET

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND EXERCISES

BY

BARRY CERF

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

PREFACE

The test of this edition is reprinted without alteration from that of the "Collection Guillaume" (E. Flammarion, Paris, publisher).

"Tartarin de Tarascon" should be read by high-school students at the end of their second or in their third year and by college students at the end of the first or in the second year.

It is with great pleasure that I express my indebtedness for many suggestions to my friend Professor W.F. Giese of the University of Wisconsin.

B.C.

MADISON, WISCONSIN

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE TEXT PREMIER ÉPISODE: A TARASCON I. Le jardin du baobab. II. Coup d'oeil général jeté sur la bonne ville de Tarascon; les chasseurs de Casquettes. III. Nan! nan! nan! Suite du coup d'oeil général jeté sur la bonne ville de Tarascon. IV. Ils!!! V. Quand Tartarin de Tarascon allait au cercle. VI. Les deux Tartarins. VII. Les Européens à Shang-haï. Le Haut Commerce. Les Tartares. Tartarin de Tarascon serait-il un imposteur? Le mirage. VIII. La ménagerie Mitaine. Un lion de l'Atlas à Tarascon. Terrible et solennelle entrevue! IX. Singuliers effets du mirage. X. Avant le départ. XI. Des coups d'épée, messieurs, des coups d'épée, mais pas de coups d'épingle! XII. De ce qui fut dit dans la petite maison du baobab. XIII. Le départ. XIV. Le port de Marseille. Embarque! embarque!

DEUXIÈME ÉPISODE CHEZ LES TEURS

I. La traversée. Les cinq positions de la chéchia. Le soir du troisième jour. Miséricorde! II. Aux armes! aux armes! III. Invocation à Cervantes. Débarquement. Où sont les Teurs? Pas de Teurs. Désillusion. IV. Le premier affût. V. Pan! Pan! VI. Arrivée de la femelle. Terrible combat. Le Rendez-vous des Lapins. VII. Histoire d'un omnibus, d'une Mauresque et d'un chapelet de fleurs De Jasmin. VIII. Lions de l'Atlas, dormez! IX. Le prince Grégory du Monténégro. X. Dis-moi le nom de ton père, et je te dirai le nom de cette fleur. XI. Sidi Tart'ri ben Tart'ri. XII. On nous écrit de Tarascon.

TROISIÈME ÉPISODE: CHEZ LES LIONS

I. Les diligences déportées. II. Où l'on voit passer un petit monsieur. III. Un couvent de lions. IV. La caravane en marche. V. L'affût du soir dans un bois de lauriers-roses. VI. Enfin! VII. Catastrophes sur catastrophes. VIII. Tarascon! Tarascon!

NOTES EXERCISES

INTRODUCTION

ALPHONSE DAUDET

(_Nîmes, May 13, 1840; Paris, December 16, 1897_)

Alphonse Daudet was born in the ancient Provençal city of Nîmes, near the Rhône, May 13, 1840. In this same year Émile Zola, destined like Daudet to pass his youth in Provence, was born at Paris.

As a result of the commercial upheaval which attended the revolution of 1848, Daudet's father, a wealthy silk manufacturer, was ruined. After a hard struggle he was forced to give up his business at Nîmes and moved to Lyons (1849). He was not successful here, and finally, in 1856, the family was broken up. The sons now had to shift for themselves.

These first sixteen years of Alphonse Daudet's life were far from unhappy. He had found delight in exploring the abandoned factory at Nîmes. His school days at Lyons were equally agreeable to the young vagabond. His studies occupied him little; he loved to wander through the streets of the great city, finding everywhere food for fanciful speculation. He would follow a person he did not know, scrutinizing his every movement, and striving to lose his own identity in that of the other, to live the other's life. His frequent days of truancy he spent in these idle rambles, or in drifting down the river. Literary ambition had already seized him; he had written a novel (of which no trace remains) and numerous verses. Notwithstanding his lack of application to study, he had succeeded in completing the course of the _lycée_.

In 1856 when it became certain that the father could no longer care for the family, the mother and daughter took refuge in the home of relatives; Ernest, the older of the two surviving sons, sought his fortune in the literary circles of Paris; and Alphonse accepted a position as "master of the study hall" (_maître d'études, pion_) at the college of Alais in the Cévennes. The boy was too young, too delicate, and too sensitive to be able to endure the mental suffering and humiliation to which he was subjected at the hands of the bullies of this school.[1] After a year of martyrdom he set out on his terrible journey to Paris. Here he was welcomed by his brother Ernest.

[Footnote 1: See "Le Petit Chose," "Little What's-His-Name."]

The two brothers had always felt and always continued to feel the closest sympathy for each other. Ernest believed in Alphonse's genius more than in his own, and bestowed on his younger brother the motherly devotion which Alphonse so gratefully and tenderly acknowledges in "Le Petit Chose," his romantic autobiography, where Ernest appears as "ma mère Jacques."

The first years in Paris were the darkest in the brothers' lives. They could earn scarcely enough to satisfy their most pressing needs, but both were happy, since they were in Paris. Before Alphonse's arrival Ernest had secured regular employment on a newspaper. Alphonse was longing for recognition as a poet, but to earn his living he was forced to turn to prose. His contributions to _Le Figaro_ and other newspapers soon made him known. He wrote little and carefully, nor did he forget his literary ideals even when poverty might have excused hurried productions in the style best calculated to sell. His literary conscience was as strong under the trying circumstances of his debut as later when success brought independence.[2]

[Footnote 2: See E. Daudet, "_Mon Frère et moi_," pp. 151-152. Daudet frequently says of himself that he was by nature an improviser, that the labor of meticulous composition to which he forced himself was a torture, yet he remained always true to his ideal.]

During this period he lived among the Bohemians of the Parisian world of letters; but, though he shared their joys and sorrows, he seems to have emerged unscathed from the dangers of such an existence. Zola met Daudet at this time and has left us an attractive picture of him: "He was in the employ of a successful newspaper, he used to bring in his article, receive his remuneration, and disappear with the nonchalance of a young god, sunk in poetry, far from the petty cares of this world. He was living, I think, outside of the city, in a remote corner with other poets, a band of joyous Bohemians. He was beautiful, with the delicate, nervous beauty of an Arabian horse, an ample mane, a silky divided beard, large eyes, a thin nose, a passionate mouth, and, to crown all that, a certain flash of light, a breath of tender voluptuousness, which bathed his whole face in a smile that was both roguish and sensual. There was in him something of the Parisian Street gamin and something of the Oriental woman."[1]

[Footnote 1: "Les Romanciers naturalistes," pp. 256-257.]

Daudet's first volume was a collection of verse, "Les Amoureuses" (1858, published by Tardieu, a Provençal). These simple poems are charming in their freshness and naïveté, and established Daudet's reputation as a writer of light verse. The whole volume, and especially "Les Prunes," attracted the attention of the Empress Eugénie. At her solicitation Daudet was made one of the secretaries of the powerful Duke of Morny, president of the _corps législatif_ (1860). His duties were purely nominal. He now had money enough to keep the wolf from his door and was free to devote himself to literature.

It was at this time that the stage began to attract him. His first play, "La Dernière Idole," was produced at the Odéon in 1862. Almost every other year between 1862 and 1892 a new play, on untried themes, or adapted from one of his novels and usually written in collaboration, appeared at a Parisian theater. Of all these only one, "L'Arlésienne" (1872), is worthy of its author.

Already in 1859, as a result of the suffering of the preceding years and lack of precautions, his health had begun to fail. He spent the winters of 1861-1864 in Algeria, Corsica, and Provence. These voyages were of vital importance in his development. He learned something of the world and became better fitted to study conditions in his own narrow sphere; at the same time he acquired the power of vigorous description and collected material for some of his finest short stories and for the Tartarin series.

A portion of the summer of 1861 he dreamed away in an abandoned mill[1] near Fontvieille, between Tarascon and Arles. From here he sent to the Parisian newspapers _L'Evènement_ and _Le Figaro_ those delightful stories and sketches which were gathered and published in 1869 under the title "Lettres de mon moulin." Of all the many volumes of Daudet's collected works this is the most satisfying: it is here that the distinctive products of his genius are to be sought; and it is on these stories, with a few from later collections, and on "Tartarin de Tarascon," that his claim to immortality will finally rest. It is here that we find several of his most excellent stories: "Le Secret de maître Cornille", "La Chèvre de M. Seguin", "La Mule du pape", "Le Curé de Cucugnan", "L'Élixir du révérend père Gaucher" and others.

[Footnote 1: Daudet did not live in the mill which he has made famous, but he spent there "de longues journées"; he never owned it, but the deed which serves so picturesquely as preface to his book is not entirely apocryphal. See "Trente Ans de Paris," p. 164.]

In 1865, at the death of Morny, he gave up his secretaryship and applied himself exclusively to literature.

In 1866 he met Julie Allard, and early the next year they were married. To his wife, a lady of exquisite taste, Daudet owed unfailing encouragement and competent, sympathetic criticism.

"Le Petit Chose," his first long work, had been begun in 1866 during his stay in Provence; it was published in 1868. The first part, which is of great interest, is largely autobiographical and covers the childhood and youth of the writer up to his first years in Paris; the second part is a colorless romance of no particular merit. Daudet himself confessed that the work had been written too soon and with too little reflection. "I wish I had waited," he said; "something good might have been written on my youth".[1]

[Footnote 1: See "Trente Ans de Paris," pp. 75, 85, and Sherard, "Alphonse Daudet," p. 301.]

"Tartarin de Tarascon" was written in 1869.

Success and happiness had crowned Daudet's efforts. He was spending his time in all tranquility, now at Paris, now at Champrosay, where he occupied the house of the painter Delacroix. Suddenly in July, 1870, the war cloud burst. Daudet lay stretched out on his bed fretfully nursing a broken leg. On his recovery he shouldered his gun and joined in the hopeless defense of Paris.

It was the war that killed the old Daudet and brought into existence the new. Before the war, Daudet himself confesses it, he had lived free from care, singing and trifling, heedless of the vexing problems of society and the world, his heart aglow with the fire of the sun of his native Provence. The war awakened in our sensitive poet a seriousness of purpose which harmonized but little with his native genius. Among his friends he never lost his old-time buoyant gaiety; but his works from now on show only a trace of it. The charming "Belle-Nivernaise" (1886), a few "tarasconades," a gleam here and there in all his works, remind us of our old friend and plead for our sympathy with the new.

During the next few years he added to his reputation as a writer of short stories; to this period belong several collections of tales and sketches: "Lettres à un absent" (1871), "Contes du lundi" (1873), "Les Femmes d'artistes" (1874), "Robert Helmont" (1874). A few of the stories are still more or less in the manner of the "Lettres de mon moulin" ("Le Pape est mort," "Un Réveillon dans le marais," "Les Émotions d'un perdreau rouge"), but all these volumes, except "Les Femmes d'artistes," are inspired by the war. The playfulness of the youthful Daudet is still apparent here and there in the war stories ("La Pendule de Bougival," "Les Petits Pâtés"), but a sterner tone is prevalent.

The great novels which now follow are the fruit of meditation, the ripening process which the war precipitated, and which was fed from the flame of Flaubert, Goncourt, Zola, and others. Neglecting almost entirely those elements of his genius which came to him as his birthright, he devotes himself henceforth to a study of the problems of life. Our Provençal cicada has a purpose now: nothing else than the reformation of all social abuses. He does not single out one and attack it time after time, but he springs restlessly from one to another, directing high and low his relentless inquiry.

"Fromont jeune et Risler aîné" (1874) is the first of Daudet's great novels and one of his strongest studies. Sidonie, the daughter of humble bourgeois parents, is filled with a longing for luxury and social prominence. She succeeds in becoming the wife of Fromont, a simple, honest workman whose talent and industry have brought him wealth. Sidonie's unscrupulousness in the pursuit of her object spreads ruin. Risler, the partner of Fromont, withdraws large sums from the common treasury to satisfy the extravagant desires of Sidonie whom he loves. Fromont's eyes are at last opened; he finds the firm, which had always been his pride, on the verge of bankruptcy; he discovers the perfidy of Sidonie and attempts to force her to beg on her knees the forgiveness of Risler's long-suffering wife. Sidonie flees and becomes a concert-hall singer. Her revenge is complete when by means of a letter she proves to Fromont that she has corrupted his much-loved younger brother. Fromont hangs himself.

Outside the main current of the plot Daudet sketches one of the little dramas of humble life of which he was so fond: the story of Delobelle, an impoverished actor who lives for his art while his devoted wife and daughter Désirée patiently ply the needle to earn bread.

Daudet up to this time had been recognized as the greatest of French short-story writers. The success of "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné" was immediate, and in his succeeding novels he confirmed more and more surely his right to a place in the front rank of French novelists.

From this story of the life of the _petite bourgeoisie_ he turns to a wider field. The Bohemia of Paris, a glimpse of the country, and especially the life of the artisan, fill "Jack" (1876). Daudet had known the real Jack at Champrosay in 1868. In the novel Jack is the illegitimate son of Ida de Barency, a shallow demi-mondaine who is passionately devoted to the boy but brings to him nothing but misfortune. Jack begins his suffering in a wretched school where his mother has placed him after the Jesuits had refused to receive him. This school is supported by the tuition fees of boys from tropical countries, _petits pays chauds_, as Moronval, the villainous director, calls them. The teachers belong to that class of _ratés_, artistic and literary failures, whom Daudet learned to know well during his first years in Paris. One of these _ratés_ captivates Ida de Barency, and Jack's life of misery continues. Despite his physical unfitness, he is sent to labor in the shipbuilding yards at Indret, suffers tortures in the stoking room of an ocean steamer, is wrecked, and returns to France in a piteous condition. His love for Cécile, granddaughter of a gentle country doctor, is rapidly making a man of him, when his mother enters again into his life and the poor boy dies miserably in a hospital, killed by despair rather than by disease.

This is perhaps the most powerful of Daudet's novels; it is certainly the most harrowing. The tragedy of the whole is only slightly relieved by the interweaving of the romance of good Bélisaire, the hawker, one of Jack's few friends.

"Le Nabab" (1878) is concerned with politics, the richer bourgeoisie, and the aristocracy. Jansoulet, the "nabob," returns from Tunis with a large fortune and immediately becomes the prey of parasites. He is made the enemy of the banker Hemerlingue through the social rivalry of their wives. He is elected _député_ from Corsica. The legality of the election is questioned. Jansoulet is supported by the prime minister, the duc de Mora, but the latter dies suddenly, Jansoulet's election is declared invalid, and he dies from a stroke of apoplexy.

Despite the protest of the author, contemporaries found originals for a number of the characters of this novel. The duc de Mora is Morny, and several others have been identified with greater or less certainty. Félicia Ruys is perhaps Sarah Bernhardt.

The purely romantic element of the work is found in the story of Paul de Géry and the Joyeuse family, a secondary plot having no vital connection with the main story.

In "Les Rois en exil" (1880) Daudet explores a new vein in contemporary society. He explains that the idea of the work occured to him one October evening when, standing in the Place du Carrousel, he was contemplating the ruins of the Tuileries. The wreck of the Empire brought to his mind a vision of the dethroned monarchs whom he had seen spending their exile in Paris: the Duke of Brunswick, the blind King of Hanover and the devoted Princess Frederica, Queen Isabella of Spain, and others. "This is the work which cost me most effort," Daudet says, and the reason is not far to seek. He had always painted "from life," and the difficulties incident to gaining an entrance into the intimacy of even dethroned monarchs were almost insurmountable. The novelist's acquaintances were appealed to, from house-furnishers to diplomats. The story of the composition of "Les Rois en exil" is an interesting study of Daudet's methods, his inexorable insistence on truth, even to the most minute details.

As usual, the characters are sharply contrasted. Christian, the exiled king of Illyria, is detestably weak; Frédérique, his wife devoting herself completely to the interests of her son, Zara, struggles with the aid of the faithful preceptor, Méraut, to prepare the prince for a throne which he is never to ascend. Of all the characters that appear in Daudet's novels it is perhaps Frédérique whose appeal to the reader is strongest, and Frédérique is almost entirely the product of the author's imagination. We cannot but regret the many visions such as Frédérique which were refused admittance to Daudet's essentially romantic mind by the uncompromising laws of a realism which he had mistakenly accepted as his guide.

The composition of "Les Rois en exil" is defective, but its charm is great. In "Numa Roumestan" (1881) the technique is better. Daudet's first intention was to entitle this work "Nord et midi," his idea being to contrast the north with the south, a theme for which he always had a predilection. Numa is a refined Tartarin; Daudet sends him to Paris, and studies the result. Numa carries all before him by his robust vigor and geniality. The "mirage" effects of the southern sun pursue him to Paris; quick to promise out of the fullness of his hearty enthusiasm, he encourages and disappoints those who trust themselves to him. He deceives his wife, begs her forgiveness with abundant tears, and in a disgusting manner deceives her a second time. The book ends with the picture of Rosalie Roumestan bending over her new-born son. "Will you be a liar too?" She asks. "Will you be a Roumestan, tell me?"

"L'Évangéliste" (1883), a psychological study rather than a novel, is a heartbreaking picture of the inhumanity of religious fanaticism. "Sapho" (1884) is so essentially French in spirit that it can hardly be understood by American readers. Daudet dedicates it "To my sons when they are twenty." It is intended as a lesson, and if naturalistic works ever can carry a lesson this one certainly does. It is a striking picture of the evils of _faux ménages_. On the whole "Sapho" is disagreeable, yet of the novels it seems to be Daudet's masterpiece, perhaps because it is the most romantic. The truth may be photographed in its most minute realistic details, as in Zola, or it may be colored by poetic fancy; this has happened in "Numa Roumestan" and especially in "Sapho," the two novels of Daudet which appear most likely to live. In "Sapho" there is a tender note which is lacking in "Jack" and in "Fromont jeune et Risler aîné"; Daudet's nature fitted him to inspire pity rather than indignation. And we must remember that while writing "Sapho" he had in mind the future of his own sons. He looks forward, and in hope of a fortunate issue tells frankly, in a kindly manner, a true story which he hopes may be fruitful of good results. If, instead of assuming the role of inquisitorial censor, naturalists would show sympathy for erring mankind, if they would look forward with hope instead of fixing their horrified eyes on the present or the past, their judgments would not tend to make us give up in despair, but might encourage and instruct. "Sapho" is the last of the great novels.

"L'Immortel" (1888) is a weak and unjust satire directed against the French Academy. "Rose et Ninette" (1892) is a study of the evils of divorce; "La Petite Paroisse" (1895), the only one of the novels with a happy outcome, is a study of jealousy. In "Soutien de famille" (1898, posthumous) two brothers are contrasted; the older, as a matter of course recognized as the head of the family, is weak, and the younger is the real "prop of the family."

Just after "Sapho" (1884) Daudet's health had begun to decline. Long years of suffering follow, but, although in almost constant pain, the indefatigable worker remains at his desk.

In "Souvenirs d'un homme de lettres" (1888) and "Trente Ans de Paris" (1888) Daudet tells the story of his life and literary activity. It is through these works that we become intimately acquainted with our author, and we are not disillusioned. "Entre les frises et la rampe" (1893) contains studies of the stage and its people.

* * * * *

Daudet claimed to be an independent,[1] and was indignant when an attempt was made to class him with any school. He was certainly independent in his youth, but in his second period, after the war, he became a realist with Flaubert and Zola and an impressionist with Goncourt.

[Footnote 1: He consistently refused to have his name placed in candidacy before the Academy. In a foreword prefixed to "L'Immortel" he declares: "Je ne me présente pas, je ne me suis jamais présenté, je ne me présenterai jamais à l'Académie."]

It is, however, the southerner in Daudet that remains most pleasing. It is in those works which are directly inspired by his native land of dreams that he is most completely himself, and therefore most charming. It is here that he discloses his kinship with Musset. With all the delicacy of Musset and at the same time a saneness which Musset did not always possess, what might he not have accomplished if he had only continued as he began? Even as it is, the best Daudet is the young Daudet, the brother of Musset. In his so-called great works, the long novels where questions of the day are fearlessly treated yet never solved, the works which are frequently considered his surest claim to immortality, we have an entirely different Daudet, excellent of course, and strong too if you like, but not the Daudet that nature had intended to produce.