Chapter 14
95-2: =agareno=: _Mohammedan_. Originally applied to those who were supposed to descend from _Hagar_, as opposed to Saracen, a superior class, claiming descent from _Sarah_, the wife of _Abraham_. _Vide_ Book of _Genesis_.
96-1: =se viene=: _he will come along_. The reflexive pronoun, so common with verbs of motion, is redundant. For tense cf. note _me matan_, p. 3, 1.
96-2: =alcuzcuz=: cf. same note, p. 88, 5.
96-3: =muy recocido=: _thoroughly cooked_.
96-4: =a ver=: (= _para ver_). The preposition _a_, introducing an infinitive expressing purpose, is regularly used after verbs of motion like _ir, venir_, etc.
96-5: =dorado a fuego=: _bronzed_.
97-1: =Orán=: an Algerian province, bordering on Morocco.
97-2: =Marruecos=: _Morocco_.
97-3: =Supe=: cf. note _supe_, p. 63, 2.
97-4: =por resultas de=: cf. note _de resultas de_, p. 93, 5.
97-5: =a fuerza de=: _by dint of, at the price of_.
98-1: =visto lo cual=: cf. _escrita la carta_, p. 83, 5.
98-2: =te has hecho cargo=: _you have taken note of, you have understood_.
98-3: =cuando menos=: _at least_.
98-4: =después de descubierto=: cf. note _después de muerto_, p. 5, 8.
98-5: =subir... hasta rey=: _rise even to the dignity of king_.
98-6: =¿Qué te parece mi proyecto?=: _how does my plan strike you_?
99-1: =Tú no has caído en una cuenta=: _there is one thing you have failed to understand. Caigo en_..., I understand.
99-2: =tonto de capirote=: _utterly foolish_.
99-3: =Ni=: _and_. This peculiarly idiomatic use of the negative may be explained as being carried into the expression of the thought by suggestion from its essentially negative nature. Cf. note _ni_, p. 16, 6.
100-1: =el veintitantos=: _between the 20th and 28th_. The word is compounded in the same manner as _veintiseis_, etc. Cf. note _veintiún_, p. 22, 2.
100-2: =nevaba si había que nevar=: _(freely) it snowed if it ever did_.
100-3: =sierra andaluza=: i.e. _Sierra Nevada_.
100-4: =señá=: provincialism for _señora_.
100-5: =cata aquí=: cf. same note, p. 84, 6.
100-6: =todo de un solo golpe=: _all at once_.
100-7: =se harán ustedes cargo=: cf. note _te has hecho cargo_, p. 98, 2.
100-8: =cruzándose la mantilla=: _crossing the ends of her mantilla over her breast_.
100-9: =Estaría de Dios=: _it must have been God's will_. Cf. note _no habría andado_, p. 8, 6.
100-10: =echases la misa en el puchero=: (should throw the mass into the kettle) _should stay at home and not go to mass_.
100-11: =sobre si=: _on (the question) whether; as to whether_.
101-1: =Marchado que se hubo=: cf. note _echado que hubo_, p. 1, 3.
101-2: =manta de muestra=: a showy wrap or blanket.
101-3: =maestro de obras=: _master-mason_.
101-4: =hizo como que se marchaba=: _acted as if he were going off_, i.e. _pretended to go_.
101-5: =ni tan siquiera=: cf. same note, p. 78, 9.
101-6: =en cuanto fué de día=: _as soon as it was day_.
101-7: =los tales ruidos=: cf. note _la tal efigie_, p. 65, 4.
101-8: =cuartucho=: (fr. _cuarto_, room) _mean little room_. The diminutive ending _ucho_ is depreciative.
102-1: =Alcalde de monterilla=: _an ignorant rustic magistrate_.
102-2: =catalán=: of _Cataluña_, province in northwestern Spain.
102-3: =Yo me pinto solo=: _I excel_.
103-1: =Es que=: _but the fact is that_. Cf. note _y era que_, p. 69, 3.
103-2: =paró mientes=: _considered attentively_.
103-3: =Tampoco dejaría de agradarme=: _nor would it displease me_ (lit. _fail of pleasing me_).
103-4: =echó los brazos a la espalda=: _folded his arms behind his back_.
104-1: =me lo sé=: cf. note _lo que me digo_, p. 7, 5.
104-2: =al pie de la letra=: _literally, word for word_.
104-3: =No me da por ahí=: _I have no interest in those parts_.
105-1: =chino=: the Chinese were formerly reputed to be very guileless.
105-2: =Melilla=: Mediterranean seaport of Morocco.
105-3: =un sobrino que tiene de músico=: _a nephew of his, a musician_.
105-4: =compadre=: cf. note _compadre_, p. 80, 2.
105-5: =dado que=: _inasmuch as_.
105-6: =en seguidita que almorcemos=: _just as soon as we have breakfasted_. This diminutive form in _ita_ emphasizes the ordinary _en seguida_.
106-1: =entre si parece o no parece=: _while we are waiting to learn if it will appear or not appear_.
106-2: =De lo contrario=: _(in the contrary case), if you do not_.
107-1: =Juzgado de primera instancia=: an inferior court for trying civil cases; primary court of claims.
107-2: =(q.D.g.)=: _que Dios guarde_, whom may God preserve.
108-1: =echarle mano=: _lay hands on him_.
108-2: =Chancillería de Granada=: formerly one of the two supreme courts of Spain.
108-3: =Compadre=: cf. same note, p. 80, 2.
108-4: =Ni la Caridad=: _not Heaven itself_.
108-5: =salva=: cf. note _me matan_, p. 3, 1.
108-6: =o sea=: cf. note _o sean_, p. 39, 4.
108-7: =por lo pronto=: cf. note _por de pronto_, p. 81, 2.
108-8: =ha prescrito=: _has been outlawed_ or _rendered null_.
109-1: =Vaya si me lo llevaré=: _why! of course I will carry it away with me_. For _vaya_ cf. note _vamos_, p. 5, 11; for _si_ cf. note _si son de alegría_, p. 4, 2; and for _me_ cf, note _lo que me digo_, p. 7, 5.
109-2: =me he de vengar=: cf. note _había de conocer_, p. 3, 4.
109-3: =¡Vamos andando!=: _Let's be a-going_!
109-4: =habidos y por haber=: _(that have been and that shall be) past and future_.
109-5: =el Viernes de Dolores=: _the Friday before Palm Sunday_.
109-6: =regresado que hubo=: cf. note _echado que hubo_, p. 1, 3.
109-7: =Domingo de Ramos=: _Palm Sunday_.
109-8: =Miércoles Santo=: _Wednesday of Holy Week_.
109-9: =Sábado de Gloria=: _Easter Sunday_.
110-1: =mandó poner una carta=: _he directed that a letter be dispatched_.
110-2: =no volvió a echar más luz=: _Echar luz_, to recover health and strength. For _volvió a_ cf. note _se volvió a reír_, p. 2, 3.
110-3: =Por manera que=: _so that_.
110-4: =con posterioridad a=: _subsequent to_.
110-5: =andando el tiempo=: cf. note _escrita la carta_, p. 83, 5.
111-1: =Spitzberg=: Spitzbergen, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean north of Norway.
111-2: =al hacha=: cf. note _al ave_, p. 25, 3.
111-3: =lo que sí sé=: _sí (yes)_ is often redundantly used to emphasize a verb.
111-4: =emigrarían=: cf. note _no habría andado_, p. 8, 6.
112-1: =a fines de Agosto=: the plural forms _fines, mediados_, and _principios_ are used in indefinite reference to end, middle, and beginning of the month, year, etc.
112-2: =Siquiera=: _at least_.
112-3: =por si quería=: _in case I wished_.
112-4: =Parry=: the English explorer who made various Arctic exploring expeditions between 1811 and 1827.
112-5: =Robinsón=: _Robinson Crusoe_.
113-1: =recorrer su ocaso=: _revolve around its setting point_.
113-2: =esculpidos=: cf. note _estupefacto_, p. 9, 1.
114-1: =posterior a su Apocalipsis=: _after the Apocalypse_ (the end of the world). This is the Greek title of the Book of Revelation.
115-1: =lo mata todo=: _kills everything_. _Lo... todo_ as object of a verb is often equivalent to _everything_.
116-1: =mi no ser=: _the non ego_.
116-2: =Groenlandia=: _Greenland_.
116-3: =Nueva Zembla=: _Nova Zembla_, a group of two islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Russia.
ll6-4: =descorrió=: _infused_.
116-5: =Oceanía=: _Oceanica_, the collective name of the islands of the Pacific.
116-6: =Atila=: _Attila_, king of the Huns, who devastated Europe about the middle of the fifth century.
117-1: =¿De que pecan?=: _in what respect are they wrong_ (lit. _do they sin_)?
117-2: =de exagerados=: (i.e. _pecan de exagerados_) _they have the fault of being exaggerated_.
118-1: =pro indiviso=: (Latin) _undivided_.
118-2: =habrá=: cf. note _no habría andado_, p. 8, 6.
119-1: =Lázaro=: for the story of the resurrection of Lazarus, see the Gospel of John, xi.
120-1: =capella ardente=: (Italian) place where a dead body lies in state amid burning tapers.
121-1: =frente a=: _in front of_.
121-2: =Ya... ya=: _now... now_.
123-1: =Noé=: _Noah_ (cf. Genesis, viii).
124-1: =Día 5=: (sc. _de Febrero_).
125-1: =a la Creación=: this is the direct object of _he aquí_ (= behold). The preposition _a_, regularly used before the personal direct object, may be used before things also when personified. Cf. p. 61, last line.
126-1: =Círculo polar=: _Arctic Circle_ (66-2/3° N. latitude).
126-2: =mallemak=, etc.: retain the original name in translating.
126-3: =Escocia=: _Scotland_. Cf. note _estupefacto_, p. 9, 1.
127-1: =Prometeo=: _Prometheus_, who was chained to a rock by order of Jove for stealing fire from heaven.
127-2: =¡Necio de mí!=: cf. same note, p. 13, 1.
129-1: =de consiguiente=: the usual phrase is _por consiguiente_.
EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION (p173)
These exercises are based on the text of the preceding stories. The passage indicated, consisting usually of only fifteen or twenty lines, should be thoroughly studied before translating the exercise. The special subject illustrated by the exercise should also be studied in the grammar.
I. THE PRESENT TENSE
PAGE 2, LINES 20-34
1. He does not know what he is saying. 2. For a year I have been pursuing these gypsies. 3. We know that they rob travelers every day. 4. But the officers of the law never hit upon them. 5. The gypsies laugh again. 6. We laugh again. 7. What we can not do no one can do [it]. 8. We repeat that not only have they robbed him but they have assassinated him.
II. PAGE 5, LINES 27-8 (page 6)
1. The day passes, three days pass, a week passes, and the captain does not appear thereabouts. 2. I can not understand it. 3. We can not understand it. 4. Don't you know that the chiefs go away from time to time? 5. I know nothing of their absence. 6. In the afternoon we take them out of the cave, for the heat stifles them. 7. They are tying them to the trees.
III. THE IMPERFECT AND THE PRETERIT
PAGE 10, LINES 7-19
1. Two weeks after that he set out at nine o'clock in the morning. 2. The count finally ascertained his whereabouts as well as those of his companion. 3. He was to set out in search of the count. 4. He took leave of his family. 5. He was taking leave of his friends. 6. He was going to set out. 7. We set out. 8. It appeared that they were setting out.
IV
PAGE 14, LINES 1-20
1. He was playing on the cornet and I was dancing. 2. It was not warm under the trees. 3. I was carrying the cornet to him. 4. Why did he not play? 5. The hypocrite said[1] that he did not know how to play. 6. Nobody used to play like him. 7. We heard that you used to have a pension. 8. I heard so (=it.) 9. Come! come! I had no pension.
[Footnote 1: _decir_.]
V. FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL
PAGE 17, LINES 30-12 (page 18)
1. We will attack them at nightfall. 2. The battle will last from three till five o'clock in the afternoon. 3. I will command. 4. I would give orders to them to fire. 5. They will be victorious and we shall have to flee. 6. I would kill the colonel. 7. We would not try to defend ourselves. 8. They would try in vain to defend him.
VI
PAGE 21, LINES 29-15 (page 22)
1. The colonel will not know. 2. We shall not know. 3. He would remember us. 4. We will wait for Nicholas until one o'clock. 5. I shall not fall asleep. 6. He would not awake. 7. He would look around and would find himself alone. 8. It will strike two. 9. It would strike three. 10. He would not appear. 11. Day will dawn.
VII. DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS
PAGE 26, LINES 1-16
1. The painters, accompanied by their pupils, entered the church with me. 2. In it we found little to admire. 3. I was already going away with them. 4. I noticed a chapel and approached it. 5. They noticed a picture and approached it. 6. To the pupils, who were approaching with him, he said: "This youth will go away with us." 7. We pointed at the canvas which we had in front of us.
VIII. CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS
PAGE 29, LINES 32-7 (page 30)
1. I knew him. 2. He knew me. 3. I am selling him the picture. 4. He was selling us the pictures. 5. "You have not understood him," answered the friars. 6. I tell you that the authors of those paintings have died. 7. Will you tell us when they died? 8. You ask for the pictures--I sold them to him. 9. Do they want the picture? We will sell it to them.
IX. THE REFLEXIVE. THE PASSIVE [_With reflexive substitute_]
PAGE 32, LINES 14-25
1. The artist approached. 2. We were approaching. 3. The prior was surrounded by all (of) them. 4. The coffins were seen[1] on the ground. 5. The face of the dead woman was seen. 6. It will be seen that he will be like his work. 7. Now his works will be seen. 8. The great painter found himself in the temple. 9. It was seen that the face was like the work of the dead prior.
[Footnote 1: Avoid the passive in similar constructions.]
X. ADJECTIVES [_Declension, apocopation_]
PAGE 35, LINES 3-16
1. His skin was dry and yellow. 2. They (m.) were yellow as a mummy. 3. Their skin was black. 4. Many years ago his sunken eyes were black and shining. 5. The supper was good, but we had not any wine. 6. The wines were good and abundant. 7. I seek good wine and good conversation. 8. Wine! we have none. 9. I am seeking some one. 10. We are seeking some good wine. 11. Some wines are good, some are not good.
XI. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
PAGE 39, LINES 22-5 (page 40)
1. His words and mine. 2. My voice and his. 3. The Frenchman's words and yours alarmed me. 4. My bottles are new, his are not new. 5. They have drunk five bottles of our wine, and five and a half of his. 6. This is her wine. 7. This is the door of their drug-store. 8. The door of my drug-store and of his. 9. This chair is not theirs, it is mine. 10. These chairs are not ours, but hers.
XII. USE OF _usted_
PAGE 43, LINES 1-11
1. He is going to relate to you a historic episode. 2. You are going to relate the episode to him. 3. The episode is not historic and it is not we who will relate it to you. 4. It is not you who related it to her. 5. We do not ask of you that you relate it to us. 6. You will not ask of us that we relate it to you. 7. You will not take upon yourself the trouble to tell it to them.
XIII. COMPOUND TENSES
PAGE 46, LINES 34-9 (page 47)
1. We have gone out of the café. 2. As he has told you, they had left the café. 3. Two dusty carriages have stopped before the house. 4. They will have stopped in front of your house. 5. I would have stopped in front of her house. 6. The carriage has stopped. 7. As I have said, they had approached the door of the house. 8. We had alighted and would have approached the house.
XIV. PERSONAL _a_
PAGE 50, LINES 28-14 (page 51)
1. The people saw the priest. 2. He saw them and he saw the captives also. 3. The captives did not see the strangers. 4. The captive will behold Napoleon. 5. She has seen our two companions. 6. He had abandoned his companion. 7. We have not abandoned our companions. 8. I saw the captives and the stranger. 9. I saw the guitar and the captive who was playing it. 10. We left Catalonia.
XV. DEMONSTRATIVES
PAGE 58, LINES 13-23
1. That book which you are reading is better than this one. 2. These books which I am reading are better than those. 3. We did not believe what you were reading in those books. 4. These people believed what that rogue said. 5. The Poles would not come to this country. 6. These Poles were serving under the orders of that wretch. 7. Those who died were Poles, but this one is not a Pole. 8. What is that?
XVI. RELATIVES AND INTERROGATIVES
PAGE 62, LINES 22-2 (page 63)
N.B. Observe carefully the distinction between _cuál_ and _el_, _la_, _lo cual_, _quien_ and _quién_, _que_ and _qué_, etc.
1. What are you doing? 2. What was your companion doing? 3. Which one? 4. The companion at whom you were looking. 5. "What will you do?" asked the others, who were much moved. 6. The others, to whom they did not give time to fire a shot, were giving their guns to the soldiers who had killed the Poles. 7. Which ones? 8. The ones who had robbed the soldier. 9. Which soldiers stole the portraits that we wore? 10. Which soldier killed the stranger at whom I was looking?
XVII. COMPARISON
PAGE 67, LINES 1-11
[See Grammar for the various formulas of comparison.]
1. This bay forms a more ample circle than that one. 2. The smaller of these bays is more charming than that of Cádiz. 3. The most celebrated castle is that of the duke. 4. It is less celebrated than that of the Dukes of Osuna. 5. The gardener is not as humble as his uncle. 6. The duke had as many castles as his uncle. 7. The uncle's name was more celebrated than the duke's. 8. The most celebrated name is that of the duke, who was, a very long time ago, the most humble of horticulturists.
XVIII. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_After impersonal verbs_]
PAGE 70, LINES 18-33
1. It is impossible that he should recognize me. 2. It is impossible that they should understand. 3. It was not possible that they should see me. 4. It will be a marvel should he see his daughters. 5. It is impossible that we should stay in the place. 6. It was impossible for them to stay in Cádiz. 7. Is it a wonder that he should not set out for Cádiz to-day? 8. Was it necessary (_preciso_) that you should set out? 9. It is infamous that he should say those things to-day.
XIX. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_After conjunctions, adverbs, etc._]
PAGE 73, LINES 30-6 (page 74)
1. He left the receipt in order that you might see that he had paid. 2. He will leave a receipt so that you may see that you have paid him. 3. I will bring you the receipt before you pay me. 4. He said that he would bring me a receipt before I paid him. 5. We will bring him the books when (_cuando_) he pays you. 6. He brought me a book so I might pay him. 7. They bring me the books so I may not say that they are robbing me.
XX
PAGE 80, LINES 20-30
1. I will offer him a part of what I may find, although (_aunque_) it may not be a very large one. 2. Although he may offer me a part of what he finds, it will not be a very large one. 3. When you find out what it is necessary to offer to him, we will explain it to him. 4. If I knew this, I would talk of it. 5. If you would explain this to your sons, when they learn all they would aid you. 6. I will take that land, although there may be some fraud in this same business.
XXI. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_After verbs expressing inherent doubt, i.e. verbs of fear, hope, disbelief, anticipation, purpose, etc._]
PAGE 84, LINES 18-29
1. I made an effort to keep him from reading the parchment. 2. He will make an effort to keep me from reading the postscript. 3. I fear (_temer_) that they may read the letter which Pepa sent me. 4. I feared they might send Pepa to me. 5. Make an effort to have them inform me. 6. I warned them to respect my letters. 7. I warn you to respect my letters. 8. I fear that you may see and read the letter and may try to keep Pepa from sending me the forty bank-notes.
XXII. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_After verbs of volition: desire, command, concession, prohibition_]
PAGE 88, LINES 4-20
1. I desire that you translate the parchment. 2. He wished us to translate it. 3. We wished them to remain. 4. He did not wish the orphans to ask alms. 5. He gave orders[1] that they should burn the parchment. 6. We will give orders that they translate the Arabic verses which my uncle has just sent to me. 7. I will give orders to Josefa (so) that she may have the Arabic parchment translated by (some) competent person. 8. I wish you to send some help to the orphans.
[Footnote 1: To order, _mandar_.]
XXIII. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_With the imperative value_]
PAGE 93, LINES 5-17
1. God grant that he may not die! 2. Let them not die! 3. Let not your daughters escape from your house! 4. Let all go out! 5. Go out. 6. Let us go out. 7. Let him not know it. 8. Let us know it. 9. Let us escape from their house. 10. Let him not escape from my house. 11. Do not escape. 12. Do not go out. 13. Know that the coins are mine. 14. Do it. 15. Do not do it.
XXIV. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_In relative clauses_]
PAGE 98, LINES 21-34
1. We need a man (_hombre_) who may be faithful and loyal. 2. The king of Spain needs men who may prove faithful and loyal. 3. Kings need men of whose lives they may be masters and who may labor loyally. 4. The man needs a master whom he may accompany. 5. We need millions of which we may be masters. 6. I need a man to work faithfully. 7. He wants a document which he may read. 8. They wanted documents which they might read.
XXV. SUBJUNCTIVE
[_After emotional verbs_]
PAGE 102, LINES 23-7 (page 103)
1. I am sorry[1] that you have not come. 2. He was sorry that we had not come yesterday afternoon. 3. We are sorry that it should be necessary to tear down this wall. 4. I am glad[2] that it is not necessary to build a tower. 5. We were glad that it was not necessary to demolish the foundations. 6. They are sorry that the contract does not suit you. 7. I was sorry that it did not suit them to do this work. 8. I am glad that the contract has suited you. 9. He is sorry the contract does not suit you.
[Footnote 1: To be sorry, _pesarle a uno_; I am sorry, _me pesa_.]
[Footnote 2: To be glad, _gustarle a uno_.]
XXVI. COMPOSITION
PAGE 112, LINES 16-3 (page 113)
Two days passed. He found six bits of cedar and obtained a fire. He killed some reindeer and preserved the torn flesh in the ice. It was preserved thus all the year. Having no axe he transported to his grotto the splinters of the trees torn to pieces by the frost. Every morning he began again[3] the struggle with the cold and the solitude, because he desired to live and to return some day to his hearth. He adored life.
[Footnote 3: Use _volver a_ (with infinitive).]
XXVII
PAGE 119, LINES 6-23
He was mistaken. He will not see the spring this month. I believe he can not suffer longer. What will become of him? When will he see the sun appear in the dark firmament, where only the stars and the moon are seen? It is night here; it is January. We see only frozen seas. The snow covers the valleys and mountains. One would believe that the Creator has forgotten this world and that spring will not come to visit it as it visits other lands.
XXVIII
PAGE 128, LINES 12-26
The fourth of August, on board of the boat which had just picked him up, he saw the island of Spitzbergen recede. He lost sight of the great mountains. He was journeying toward home. A sailor, whose life he had saved, accompanied him. He had remained nine years on the island. When he arrived at X and disembarked those who saw his white hair and his dull eyes did not believe that he was the same sailor whom they had accompanied to the ship at the age of nineteen years.
VOCABULARY (p183)
N.B. Words alike or nearly alike have in general been omitted.
For all adverbs ending in _mente_, the corresponding adjective form has been given.
_Ch_ follows _c_, _ll_ follows _l_, differing from the English order.
The gender has not been indicated for nouns ending in _o_ which are masculine, nor for those in _a_ which are feminine, nor for those nouns whose gender is inherent. The feminine ending in _a_ has not been indicated for adjectives ending in _o_. In other cases the feminine has been indicated except in invariable adjectives.
The following abbreviations occur:
_adj._ adjective _aug._ augmentative _dim._ diminutive _part._ participle _vr._ reflexive verb _prep._ preposition _m._ masculine _f._ feminine _n._ neuter
=VOCABULARY=
=A=