Chapter 19

=servir=, 29, to serve; =---- de=, to serve as; =---- para=, to be useful for; =----se de=, to make use of.

=sesión=, _f._, session.

=severidad=, _f._, severity.

=severo=, severe.

=Sevilla=, Seville, a city of south-western Spain.

=sevillano=, of Seville.

=sexto=, sixth.

=si=, if; =---- bien=, although.

=sí=, yes.

=sí=, himself, herself, itself, yourself, themselves, yourselves.

=siembra=, _f._, crop.

=siempre=, always; =para ----=, forever.

=siete=, seven.

=siga=, _from_ =seguir=.

=siglo=, _m._, century.

=significado=, _m._, meaning.

=signo=, _m._, sign, mark; =---- de admiración=, exclamation point; =---- de interrogación=, question mark.

=sigue=, _from_ =seguir=.

=siguiente=, following, next.

=sílaba=, _f._, syllable.

=silencio=, _m._, silence.

=silla=, _f._, chair.

=sillón=, _m. aug._ =silla=, rocking chair.

=simiente=, _f._, seed.

=simple=, simple.

=sin=, without; =---- que=, without.

=sinfonía=, _f._, symphony.

=sinnúmero=, _m._, numberless quantity.

=sino=, but (used as an adversative); =---- que= (_conj._), but.

=sinónimo=, synonymous.

=sinopsis=, _f._, synopsis.

=sintaxis=, _f._, syntax.

=sintiendo=, _from_ =sentir=.

=siquiera=, even, not even.

=sistema=, _m._, system.

=sistemático=, systematic.

=sitio=, place.

=situación=, _f._, situation.

=situar=, 42, to locate, situate.

=soberano=, _m._, sovereign, ruler.

=sobrado=, excessive.

=sobre=, on, upon, about.

=sobrenadar=, to float.

=sobreseer=, to dismiss an action in law _or_ to stay a writ.

=sobretodo=, especially.

=social=, social.

=sociedad=, _f._, society.

=sociología=, _f._, sociology.

=socorrer=, to help.

=socorro=, _m._, help.

=soga=, _f._, rope.

=sol=, _m._, sun; a Peruvian silver coin worth 48 cents.

=solamente=, only.

=solemnemente=, solemnly.

=soler=, 26, to be accustomed, wont.

=sólido=, solid.

=Solís, Juan de= (1470-1516), a Spanish explorer. Passed by the bay of Río de Janeiro and the Río de la Plata.

=solitario=, solitary.

=solo=, sole, only.

=sólo=, only; =no ----... sino también=, not only... but also.

=soltar=, 23, to loosen, drop; =---- una carcajada=, to burst out laughing.

=sollozar=, 34, to sob.

=sollozo=, _m._, sob, sobbing.

=sombra=, _f._, shade, shadow.

=sombrero=, _m._, hat.

=someter=, to submit.

=son=, _from_ =ser=.

=sonar=, 23, to sound, to be heard.

=sonata=, _f._, sonata.

=sonido=, _m._, sound.

=sonreír(se)=, 30, to smile.

=sonriendo=, _from_ =sonreír=.

=soñador=, dreamy, languid.

=soñar (con, en)=, 23, to dream (of).

=sopa=, _f._, soup.

=soplar=, to blow.

=sordera=, _f._, deafness.

=sordo=, deaf, dull.

=sorprender=, to surprise.

=sorpresa=, _f._, surprise.

=sospecha=, _f._, suspicion.

=sospechar=, to suspect.

=sospechoso=, suspicious, suspected _or_ suspect.

=sostener=, 18, to sustain.

=sotana=, _f._, cassock, priest's robe.

=Southampton=, a port of southern England.

=Souza, Tomás de= (1510-1563), the first governor general of Brazil, founded São Salvador, April, 1549.

=soy=, _from_ =ser=.

=Speedwell=, name of a boat of the Puritans.

=su=, his, her, its, their, your.

=suave=, smooth, gentle.

=súbdito=, _m._, subject.

=subir=, to ascend, rise, raise.

=subjuntivo=, subjunctive.

=sublevarse=, to rise in rebellion.

=sublime=, sublime.

=substancia=, _f._, substance.

=substantivo=, _m._, substantive, noun.

=substracción=, _f._, subtraction, theft.

=subterráneo=, underground.

=suceder=, to happen.

=sucesivamente=, in succession; =y así ----=, and so forth.

=sucesivo: en lo ----=, in the future.

=suceso=, _m._, event, happening.

=sucio=, dirty.

=sucre=, _m._, monetary unit of Ecuador, worth 48.7 cents.

=Sucre= (1793-1840), born in Venezuela; general in the wars for independence; a trusted lieutenant of Bolívar; first president of Bolivia.

=Sud América=, _f._, South America.

=sudamericano=, South American.

=sudeste=, _m._, southeast.

=sudoeste=, _m._, southwest.

=sudor=, _m._, perspiration, sweat.

=Suecia=, _f._, Sweden.

=sueco=, Swedish; _m._, Swede.

=sueldo=, _m._, salary.

=suelo=, _m._, ground, floor.

=suelto=, loose, unconfined.

=suerte=, _f._, lot, luck.

=suficiente=, sufficient.

=sufrir=, to suffer.

=sugestivo=, suggestive.

=Suiza (La)=, Switzerland.

=suizo=, Swiss.

=sujetar=, to hold fast, to fasten.

=sujeto=, _m._, subject.

=suma=, _f._, sum.

=sumamente=, exceedingly.

=sumergirse=, 36, to plunge.

=sumisión=, _f._, submission.

=sumo=, greatest, highest.

=supe=, _etc._, _from_ =saber=.

=superficie=, _f._, surface.

=superior=, superior, better.

=súplica=, _f._, request.

=suplicar=, 31, to supply, make up for.

=suponer=, 13, to suppose.

=suprimir=, to omit, suppress.

=sur=, _m._, south.

=suramericano=, South American.

=surgir=, 36, to rise, to come from.

=surtir (de)=, to supply (with).

=suspender=, to suspend, postpone.

=suspirar=, to sigh.

=suspiro=, _m._, sigh.

=sustentar=, to support, sustain.

=suyo=, (_adj._), his, her, its, your; =el ----, la suya=, _etc._, (_pron._), his, hers, its, theirs, yours.

=tabaco=, _m._, tobacco.

=taberna=, _f._, tavern.

=tal=, such, such a; =---- vez=, perhaps; =el ----=, the aforesaid.

=talar=, to lay waste.

=taller=, _m._, workshop.

=tamaño=, _m._, size.

=también=, also.

=tambor=, _m._, drum.

=tampoco=, neither, nor, either.

=tan=, so, as.

=tanto=, so much, as much; =por lo ----=, therefore; =otros ----s=, as many more.

=tapar=, to stop up.

=tardar=, to delay; =---- en=, _plus inf._, to be long about.

=tarde=, late; _f._, afternoon; =---- o temprano=, sooner or later.

=Tarqui=, a mountain peak of Ecuador.

=Tarragona=, a province and city of Catalonia.

=Tasso, Torquato= (1544-1595), an Italian poet born at Sorrento.

=taza=, _f._, cup.

=teatro=, _m._, theatre.

=tejer=, to weave.

=tela=, _f._, cloth; =---- metálica=, wire screening.

=telaraña=, _f._, spider-web.

=Telémaco=, a play of Fénelon, a French writer. It is called "Télémaque" in French.

=tema=, _m._, theme, subject, composition.

=temblar=, 24, to tremble.

=tembloroso=, trembling, shaking.

=temer=, to fear.

=temeroso=, fearful.

=temible=, fearful.

=temor=, _m._, fear.

=tempestad=, _f._, storm.

=templado=, temperate.

=temple=, _m._, temper, quality.

=templo=, _m._, temple.

=temporada=, _f._, season.

=temprano=, early.

=tender=, 25, to stretch out.

=tenebroso=, shady.

=tener=, 18, to have, to possess; =---- a cargo=, to have charge of; =---- a la vista=, to have in sight; =---- calor=, to be warm (persons); =---- cariño a=, to have affection for; =---- costumbre de=, to be accustomed to; =---- fama de=, to have the reputation of; =---- frío=, to be cold (persons); =---- hambre=, to be hungry; =---- la culpa=, to be to blame; =---- lugar=, to take place; =---- miedo=, to be afraid; =---- noticia de=, to learn of, to be informed of; =---- que= _plus inf._, to have to _plus inf._; =¿qué tienes?= what is the matter with you? =---- razón=, to be right; =---- respeto a=, to have respect for; =----se por=, to consider oneself as; =----se sobre los pies=, to stand.

=teniente=, _m._, lieutenant.

=tenga=, _from_ =tener=.

=tentar=, 23, to tempt.

=tentativa=, _f._, attempt.

=teólogo=, _m._, theologian, priest, clergyman.

=teoría=, _f._, theory.

=tercero=, third.

=tercio=, third.

=terciopelo=, _m._, velvet.

=terminación=, _f._, end, ending.

=terminar=, to finish.

=ternura=, _f._, tenderness.

=terquedad=, _f._, stubbornness.

=Terra de Santa Cruz=, former name of Brazil (in Portuguese).

=terreno=, _m._, land, earth, soil.

=terrestre=, pertaining to the land.

=terrible=, terrible.

=territorio=, _m._, territory.

=terro-indefinible=, of an uncertain earth color (a manufactured word).

=tesoro=, _m._, treasure.

=testarudo=, headstrong.

=tiempo=, _m._, time, epoch, weather, tense; =al poco ----=, soon; =de ---- en ----=, from time to time.

=tienda=, _f._, shop.

=tiene=, _from_ =tener=.

=tientas: a ----=, _see_ =andar=.

=tierra=, _f._, land.

=timorato=, God-fearing.

=tinglado=, _m._, shed.

=tinta=, _f._, ink.

=tinte=, _m._, dye.

=tintero=, _m._, inkstand.

=tipo=, _m._, type.

=tira=, _f._, strip, tatter.

=tirar=, to throw, pull; =---- de=, to pull at.

=título=, _m._, title, degree.

=tiza=, _f._, chalk.

=tocante= a, concerning.

=tocar=, 31, to touch, play; =---- a=, to be one's turn _or_ duty, to concern; =---- su vez a uno=, to be one's turn.

=todavía=, yet, still.

=todo=, all, every, everything.

=tomar=, to take, drink; =---- incremento=, to increase.

=tonelada=, _f._, ton.

=tono=, _m._, tone.

=tonto=, foolish.

=torno: en ---- de=, around.

=toro=, _m._, bull.

=torre=, _f._, tower.

=tórrido=, torrid.

=tos=, _f._, cough.

=toscamente=, rudely, roughly.

=Toscanelli=, an Italian cartographer.

=tosco=, rude, crude.

=toser=, to cough.

=total=, _m._, total, sum.

=trabajador-a=, industrious; _m._, worker.

=trabajar=, to work; =---- de firme=, to work steadily.

=trabajo=, _m._, work, difficulty.

=trabajosamente=, laboriously.

=tradición=, _f._, tradition.

=traducir=, 4, 40, to translate.

=traduje=, _etc._, _from_ =traducir=.

=traduzca=, _from_ =traducir=.

=traer=, 19, to bring; =---- a la rastra=, to drag along.

=tráfico=, traffic.

=tragedia=, _f._, tragedy.

=traje=, _m._, clothes, suit.

=traje=, _etc._, _from_ =traer=.

=trajese=, _from_ =traer=.

=tranca=, _f._, crossbar.

=tranquilo=, quiet, tranquil.

=tranquilamente=, quietly, tranquilly.

=transacción=, _f._, transaction.

=transcurrir=, to pass.

=tránsito=, _m._, transit; =de ----=, in transit.

=transportar=, to transport.

=transporte=, _m._, transportation.

=tranvía=, _m._, street-car.

=trapo=, _m._, rag.

=tras=, after, behind.

=trasatlántico=, transatlantic.

=trascontinental=, transcontinental.

=trasladar=, to transfer; =----se a=, to remove to.

=tratamiento cortesano=, polite manner of address, using =usted= and corresponding forms of the object pronoun, possessives, _etc._

=tratar (de)=, to try; =----se de=, to be a question of.

=través: a ---- de=, across.

=travesía=, _f._, trip across.

=trayendo=, _from_ =traer=.

=traza=, _f._, plan, scheme.

=trazar=, 34, to design.

=trece=, thirteen.

=tremendo=, immense, huge.

=tren=, _m._, train.

=trenzar=, 34, to braid.

=tres=, three.

=tribu=, _f._, tribe.

=tribuno=, _m._, tribune, political orator.

=tributario=, _m._, tributary.

=trigo=, _m._, wheat.

=Trinidad=, island off the eastern coast of Venezuela, a British possession.

=triste=, sad.

=tristemente=, sadly.

=tristeza=, _f._, sadness.

=triunfal=, triumphant.

=triunfo=, _m._, triumph.

=trono=, _m._, throne.

=tropel=, _m._, crowd.

=tropezar=, 34, 24, to stumble; =---- con=, to stumble upon.

=tropical=, tropical.

=trópico=, _m._, tropic.

=trovador=, _m._, minstrel.

=trozo=, _m._, selection, piece.

=tubo=, _m._, tube.

=tu=, =tuyo=, thy; =el tuyo=, thine.

=Tucumán=, city (and province) of northwestern Argentina.

=tumba=, _f._, tomb, grave.

=tumbo=, _m._, stumble.

=Tumibamba=, a city of Ecuador.

=turco=, Turk.

=turista=, _m._, tourist.

=turno=, _m._, turn.

=Turquía=, _f._, Turkey.

=tuve=, _etc._, _from_ =tener=.

=tuviera=, _from_ =tener=.

=tuviese=, _from_ =tener=.

=u=, or, used for =o= before =o= or =ho=.

=últimamente=, recently.

=último=, last; =por ----=, finally.

=umbral=, _m._, threshold.

=único=, only, unique.

=unidad=, _f._, unit, unity.

=uniforme=, _m._, uniform.

=unión=, _f._, union.

=unir=, to join, unite.

=universidad=, _f._, university.

=uno=, a, an; =----s=, some, a few, any, a pair of, about; =---- que otro=, one here and there.

=Uruguay (El)=, Uruguay.

=uruguayo=, Uruguayan.

=usar=, to use.

=uso=, _m._, use, usage.

=usted=, you.

=usual=, usual.

=usurero=, usurer.

=útil=, useful.

=útiles=, _m. pl._, serviceable, useful things (familiar).

=uva=, _f._, grape.

=va=, _from_ =ir=.

=vaca=, _f._, cow.

=vacilar=, to hesitate.

=vacío=, empty.

=vacuno=, bovine.

=vagón=, _m._, car, coach.

=valenciano=, Valentian.

=valer=, 20, to be worth, help, be of avail; =----se de=, to make use of.

=valerosamente=, bravely.

=valiente=, brave.

=valioso=, valuable.

=valor=, _m._, courage, value.

=Valparaíso=, a city and chief port of Chile.

=valla=, _f._, fence.

=valle=, _m._, valley.

=vallecito=, _dim. of_ =valle=.

=Valladolid=, a city of northwestern Spain.

=vano=, vain, useless; =en ----=, in vain.

=vapor=, _m._, steam, steamship; =---- correo=, mail boat.

=vaquero=, _m._, cowboy.

=vara=, _f._, stick, pole.

=variado=, varied.

=variar=, 41, to vary.

=variedad=, _f._, variety.

=varilla=, _dim. of_ =vara=.

=vario=, various; _pl._, several.

=vasallo=, _m._, vassal.

=vaya=, _from_ =ir=; =¡----!= well! come! indeed! nonsense!

=Vd.=, _abbr. for_ =usted=, you.

=ve=, _from_ =ir=.

=vecindad=, _f._, neighborhood.

=vecindario=, _m._, neighborhood, population.

=vecino=, neighboring; _m._, neighbor, inhabitant.

=Vega Carpio, Lope Félix de= (1562-1635), the great Spanish dramatist. He wrote more than 1500 plays besides several hundred =autos= and =entremeses=. Among his best known plays are "El mejor alcalde el rey" and "La Estrella de Sevilla."

=vegetación=, _f._, vegetation.

=veinte=, twenty.

=veinticuatro=, twenty-four.

=veintitrés=, twenty-three.

=vejiga=, _f._, bladder; used as a pouch or cover for bundle at times.

=vela=, _f._, candle.

=velocípedo=, _m._, velocipede, tricycle.

=ven=, _from_ =venir=.

=vena=, _f._, vein.

=vencer=, 35, to conquer, vanquish.

=vendar=, to bandage.

=vendedor=, _m._, seller.

=vender=, to sell.

=vendría=, _from_ =venir=.

=Venecia=, _f._, Venice.

=veneciano=, Venetian.

=venerar=, to revere.

=venezolano=, Venezuelan.

=Venezuela=, _f._, Venezuela.

=venga=, _from_ =venir=.

=vengar=, 32, to avenge.

=vengativo=, vengeful.

=venir=, 21, to come; =---- a las manos=, to come to blows; =---- al grano=, to come to the point; =---- por el suelo=, to fall to the ground.

=ventaja=, _f._, advantage.

=ventajoso=, favorable.

=ventana=, _f._, window.

=Venus=, _f._, the Roman goddess of love and grace.

=ver=, 22, to see; =----se en la necesidad de=; =----se en la obligación de=; =----se obligado=; =----se precisado=, to be compelled.

=Vera Cruz=, a city and chief port of Mexico.

=verano=, _m._, summer.

=veras=, _f. pl._: =de ----=, really, truly.

=verbalmente=, orally.

=verbo=, _m._, verb, word.

=verdad=, _f._, truth.

=verdaderamente=, truly, really.

=verdadero=, true, real.

=verde=, green.

=verdura=, _f._, verdure.

=vergonzoso=, shameful.

=vergüenza=, _f._, shame; =¡qué ---- de ----!= what a shameful ----!

=verídico=, truthful.

=verificarse=, 31, to take place.

=verja=, _f._, railing.

=verso=, _m._, verse, a line of poetry.

=verter=, 25, to shed, translate.

=vestido=, _m._, garment, dress.

=vestigio=, _m._, trace, vestige.

=vestimenta=, _f._, clothes.

=vestir=, 29, to dress, to wear; =----se=, to dress one's self; =---- un traje=, to wear a suit.

=vete=, _from_ =irse=.

=vez=, _f._, time; =a veces=, sometimes; =a la ----=, at the same time; =a su ----=, in his turn; =de ---- en cuando=, from time to time; =de una ----=, at one time; =otra ----=, again; =tal ----=, perhaps.

=ví=, _etc._, _from_ =ver=.

=vía=, _f._, road.

=viajar=, to travel.

=viaje=, _m._, voyage, trip; =---- de regreso=, return trip.

=viajero=, _m._, traveller.

=vicealmirante=, _m._, vice-admiral.

=vicepresidente=, _m._, vice-president.

=vicisitud=, _f._, change, vicissitude.

=víctima=, _f._, victim.

=victoria=, _f._, victory.

=victorioso=, victorious.

=vida=, _f._, life.

=viejo=, old.

=Viena=, Vienna.

=viento=, _m._, wind.

=vigente=, _m._, force.

=vigoroso=, vigorous.

=villa=, _f._, city.

=vine=, from venir.

=vino=, _m._, wine.

=violencia=, _f._, violence.

=violento=, violent.

=Virginia=, _f._, Virginia.

=viril=, virile.

=virreinato=, _m._, viceroyship.

=virrey=, _m._, viceroy.

=visita=, _f._, visit.

=visitar=, to visit.

=vista=, _f._, sight, view; =a ---- de=, in the view of; =a la ----=, in sight.

=visto=, _pp. of_ =ver=.

=vivamente=, keenly.

=vivienda=, _f._, dwelling.

=vivir=, to live.

=vivo=, lively, keen.

=vocal=, _f._, vowel.

=volar=, 23, to fly.

=volver=, 26, to return, turn; =----= _plus inf._, to do again _plus inf._ of the English; =---- en sí=, to regain consciousness; =----se=, to return.

=votación=, _f._, vote.

=voy=, _from_ =ir=; =allá ----=, I am coming to that.

=voz=, _f._, voice, word; =en ---- alta=, aloud.

=vuelta=, _f._, return; =---- y media=, abuse.

=vuestro= (_adj._), your; =el ----= (_pron._), _etc._, yours.

=vuelta=, _f._, return.

=vuelto=, _pp. of_ =volver=.

=vulgo=, _m._, people in general.

=y=, and.

=ya=, already.

=yacimiento=, _m._, deposit, bed.

=yegua=, _f._, mare.

=yendo=, _from_ =ir=.

=yo=, I.

=yodo=, _m._, iodine.

=Yunquilla=, a valley of Ecuador.

=Yucatán=, a state of Mexico.

=Yuruari=, a river in Venezuela.

=zambullirse=, 43, to dive.

=Zeuxis=, _m._, a Greek painter who flourished about 420-390 B. C.

=zona=, _f._, zone.