Part 10

============================+====+=======+=====+=====+=====+===== ALLOYS. |Tin.|Copper.|Zinc.|Anti-|Lead.|Bis- | | | |mony.| |muth. ----------------------------+----+-------+-----+-----+-----+----- Brass, engine bearings | 13 | 112 | ¼ | | | Tough Brass, engine work | 15 | 100 |15 | | | Tough, for heavy bearings | 25 | 160 | 5 | | | Yellow Brass, for turning | | 2 | 1 | | | Flanges to stand brazing | | 32 | 1 | | 1 | Bell Metal | 5 | 16 | | | | Babbitt’s Metal | 10 | 1 | | 1 | | Brass Locomotive Bearings | 7 | 64 | 1 | | | Brass, for straps and glands| 16 | 130 | 1 | | | Muntz’s Sheathing | | 6 | 4 | | | Metal, to expand in cooling | | | | 2 | 9 | 1 Pewter |100 | | | 17 | | Spelter | | 1 | 1 | | | Statuary Bronze | 2 | 90 | 5 | | 2 | Type Metal, from | | | | 1 | 3 | Type Metal, to | | | | 1 | 7 | | | | | | | SOLDERS. | | | | | | For Lead | 1 | | | | 1½ | For Tin | 1 | | | | 2 | For Pewter | 2 | | | | 1 | For Brazing (hardest) | | 3 | 1 | | | For Brazing (hard) | | 1 | 1 | | | For Brazing (soft) | 1 | 4 | 3 | | | For Brazing (soft) or| 2 | | | 1 | | ----------------------------+----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----

CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREAS OF CIRCLES.

======+==========+=========== Diam-| Circum- | Area. eter.| ference. | ------+----------+----------- ¹/₃₂ | .0981 | .00076 ¹/₁₆ | .1963 | .00306 ⅛ | .3926 | .01227 ³/₁₆ | .5890 | .02761 ¼ | .7854 | .04908 ⁵/₁₆ | .9817 | .07669 ⅜ | 1.178 | .1104 ⁷/₁₆ | 1.374 | .1503 ½ | 1.570 | .1963 ⁹/₁₆ | 1.767 | .2485 ⅝ | 1.963 | .3067 ¹¹/₁₆ | 2.159 | .3712 ¾ | 2.356 | .4417 ¹³/₁₆ | 2.552 | .5184 ⅞ | 2.748 | .6013 ¹⁵/₁₆ | 2.945 | .6902 1 | 3.141 | .7854 | 3.534 | .9940 ¼ | 3.927 | 1.227 | 4.319 | 1.484 ½ | 4.712 | 1.767 | 5.105 | 2.073 ¾ | 5.497 | 2.405 | 5.890 | 2.761 2 | 6.283 | 3.141 | 6.675 | 3.546 ¼ | 7.068 | 3.976 | 7.461 | 4.430 ½ | 7.854 | 4.908 | 8.246 | 5.411 ¾ | 8.639 | 5.939 | 9.032 | 7.491 3 | 9.424 | 7.068 ¼ | 10.21 | 8.295 ½ | 10.99 | 9.621 ¾ | 11.78 | 11.044 4 | 12.56 | 12.566 ¼ | 13.35 | 14.186 ½ | 14.13 | 14.904 ¾ | 14.92 | 17.720 5 | 15.90 | 19.635 ¼ | 17.49 | 21.647 ½ | 17.27 | 23.758 ¾ | 18.06 | 25.967 6 | 18.84 | 28.274 ¼ | 19.63 | 30.679 ½ | 20.42 | 33.183 ¾ | 21.20 | 35.784 7 | 21.99 | 38.484 ¼ | 22.77 | 41.282 ½ | 23.56 | 44.178 ¾ | 24.34 | 47.173 8 | 25.13 | 50.265 ¼ | 25.91 | 53.456 ½ | 26.70 | 56.745 ¾ | 27.48 | 60.132 9 | 28.27 | 63.617 ¼ | 29.05 | 67.200 ½ | 29.84 | 70.882 ¾ | 30.63 | 74.662 10 | 31.41 | 78.539 ¼ | 32.20 | 82.516 ½ | 32.98 | 86.590 ¾ | 33.77 | 90.762 11 | 34.55 | 95.033 ¼ | 35.34 | 99.402 ½ | 36.12 | 103.86 ¾ | 36.91 | 108.43 12 | 37.69 | 113.09 ¼ | 38.48 | 117.85 ½ | 39.27 | 122.71 ¾ | 40.05 | 127.67 13 | 40.84 | 132.73 ¼ | 41.62 | 137.88 ½ | 42.41 | 143.13 ¾ | 43.19 | 148.48 14 | 43.98 | 153.93 ¼ | 44.76 | 159.48 ½ | 45.55 | 165.13 ¾ | 46.33 | 170.87 15 | 47.12 | 176.78 ¼ | 47.90 | 182.65 ½ | 48.69 | 188.69 ¾ | 49.48 | 194.82 16 | 50.26 | 201.06 ¼ | 51.05 | 207.39 ½ | 51.83 | 213.82 ¾ | 52.62 | 220.35 17 | 53.40 | 226.98 ¼ | 54.19 | 233.70 ½ | 54.97 | 240.52 ¾ | 55.76 | 247.45 18 | 56.54 | 254.46 ¼ | 57.33 | 261.58 ½ | 58.11 | 268.80 ¾ | 58.90 | 276.11 19 | 59.69 | 283.52 ¼ | 60.47 | 291.03 ½ | 61.26 | 298.64 ¾ | 62.04 | 306.35 20 | 62.83 | 314.16 ½ | 64.40 | 330.06 21 | 65.97 | 346.36 ½ | 67.54 | 363.05 22 | 69.11 | 380.13 ½ | 70.68 | 397.60 23 | 72.25 | 415.47 ½ | 73.82 | 433.73 24 | 75.39 | 452.39 ½ | 76.96 | 471.43 25 | 78.54 | 490.87 ½ | 80.10 | 510.70 26 | 81.68 | 530.93 ½ | 83.25 | 551.54 27 | 84.82 | 572.55 ½ | 86.39 | 593.95 28 | 87.96 | 615.75 ½ | 89.53 | 637.94 29 | 91.10 | 660.52 ½ | 92.67 | 683.49 30 | 94.24 | 706.86 ½ | 95.81 | 730.61 31 | 97.38 | 754.76 ½ | 98.96 | 779.31 32 | 100.5 | 804.24 ½ | 102.1 | 829.57 33 | 103.6 | 855.30 ½ | 105.2 | 881.41 34 | 106.8 | 907.92 ½ | 108.3 | 934.82 35 | 109.9 | 962.11 ½ | 111.5 | 989.80 36 | 113.0 | 1017.8 ½ | 114.6 | 1046.3 37 | 116.2 | 1075.2 ½ | 117.8 | 1104.4 38 | 119.3 | 1134.1 ½ | 120.9 | 1164.1 39 | 122.5 | 1194.5 ½ | 124.0 | 1225.4 40 | 125.6 | 1256.6 ½ | 127.2 | 1288.2 41 | 128.8 | 1320.2 ½ | 130.3 | 1352.5 42 | 131.9 | 1385.4 ½ | 133.5 | 1418.6 43 | 135.0 | 1452.2 ½ | 136.7 | 1486.1 44 | 138.2 | 1520.5 ½ | 139.8 | 1555.2 45 | 141.3 | 1590.4 ½ | 142.9 | 1625.9 46 | 144.5 | 1661.9 ½ | 146.0 | 1698.2 47 | 147.6 | 1734.9 ½ | 149.2 | 1772.0 48 | 150.7 | 1809.5 ½ | 152.3 | 1847.4 49 | 153.9 | 1885.7 ½ | 155.5 | 1924.4 50 | 157.0 | 1963.5 ½ | 158.6 | 2002.9 51 | 160.2 | 2042.8 ½ | 161.7 | 2083.0 52 | 163.3 | 2123.7 ½ | 164.9 | 2164.7 53 | 166.5 | 2206.1 ½ | 168.0 | 2248.0 54 | 169.6 | 2290.2 ½ | 171.2 | 2332.8 55 | 172.7 | 2375.8 ½ | 174.3 | 2419.2 56 | 175.9 | 2463.0 ½ | 177.5 | 2507.1 57 | 179.0 | 2551.7 ½ | 180.6 | 2566.7 58 | 182.2 | 2642.0 ½ | 183.7 | 2687.8 59 | 185.3 | 2733.9 ½ | 186.9 | 2780.5 60 | 188.4 | 2827.4 ½ | 190.0 | 2874.7 --------+----------+-----------

EFFECTIVE PRESSURE OF STEAM ON PISTON.

With different rates of expansion, boiler pressure being assumed as 100 lbs. per square inch.

Steam cut off at ¾ of stroke = 90 lbs. effective pressure. “ “ “ ⅔ “ “ = 80 “ “ “ “ “ “ ½ “ “ = 69 “ “ “ “ “ “ ⅓ “ “ = 50 “ “ “ “ “ “ ¼ “ “ = 40 “ “ “

MEASURE OF LENGTH.

12 inches 1 foot. 3 feet 1 yard. 2 yards 1 fathom. 16½ feet 1 rod. 4 rods 1 chain. 10 chains 1 furlong. 8 furlongs 1 mile. 3 miles 1 league.

MEASURE OF VOLUME.

A cubic foot has 1728 cubic inches. An ale gallon has 282 “ “ A standard or wine gallon has 231 “ “ A dry gallon has 268.8 “ “ A bushel has 2150.4 “ “ A cord of wood has 128 “ feet. A perch of stone has 24.75 “ “ A ton of round timber has 40 “ “ A ton of hewn timber has 50 “ “ A box 19⅜ × 19⅜ ins., 19⅜ ins. deep, contains 1 barrel. A “ 12¹⁵/₁₆ × 12¹⁵/₁₆ “ 12¹⁵/₁₆ ins. deep, “ 1 bushel. A “ 8⅛ × 8⅛ “ 8⅛ ins. deep, “ 1 peck. A “ 6⁷/₁₆ × 6⁷/₁₆ “ 6⁷/₁₆ ins. deep, “ ½ “ A “ 4¹/₁₆ × 4¹/₁₆ “ 4¹/₁₆ ins. deep, “ 1 quart. An acre contains 4840 sq. yds. 209 feet long by 209 feet broad is 1 acre.

LIQUID MEASURE.

A barrel holds 31½ gallons. A hogshead holds 63 “ A tierce “ 42 “ A puncheon “ 84 “ A tun “ 252 “

BARREL MEASURE IN WEIGHT.

A barrel of flour is 196 pounds. A barrel of pork is 200 “ A barrel of rice is 600 “ A firkin of butter is 56 “ A tub of butter is 84 “

WEIGHT OF CAST IRON BALLS.

Lbs. 2 inch diameter 1.09 2½ “ “ 2.13 3 “ “ 3.68 3½ “ “ 5.84 4 “ “ 8.73 4½ “ “ 12.42 5 “ “ 17.04 5½ “ “ 22.68 6 “ “ 29.48 6½ “ “ 37.44 7 “ “ 46.76 7½ “ “ 57.52 8 “ “ 69.81

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

AVOIRDUPOIS OR COMMERCIAL WEIGHT.

16 drachms 1 ounce. 16 ounces 1 pound. 14 pounds 1 stone. 28 pounds 1 quarter. 4 quarters 1 cwt. 2240 pounds 1 long ton. 2000 pounds 1 ton.

SQUARE MEASURE.

144 square inches 1 square foot. 9 “ feet 1 “ yard. 30¼ “ yards 1 “ rod. 40 “ rods 1 “ rood. 4 “ roods 1 “ acre. 640 “ acres 1 “ mile.

TABLE OF DISTANCE.

A mile is 5280 feet or 1760 yards. A knot is 6086 feet. A league is 3 miles. A fathom is 6 feet. A metre is 3 feet 3⅜ inches. A hand is 4 inches. A palm is 3 “ A span 9 “ A hair is equal to ¹/₄₈ of an inch. A line is equal to ¹/₁₂ of an inch.

SHRINKAGE OF CASTINGS.

Cast Iron, ⅛ inch per lineal foot. Brass, ³/₁₆ inch per lineal foot. Lead, ⅛ inch per lineal foot. Tin, ¹/₁₂ inch per lineal foot. Zinc, ⁵/₁₆ inch per lineal foot.

WEIGHT OF ROUND AND SQUARE ROLLED IRON PER LINEAL FOOT.

=======+==========+========= Inch. | Round. | Square. -------+----------+--------- ¼ | .165 | .211 ⅜ | .373 | .475 ½ | .663 | .845 ⅝ | 1.043 | 1.320 ¾ | 1.493 | 1.901 ⅞ | 2.032 | 2.588 1 | 2.654 | 3.380 1⅛ | 3.359 | 4.278 1¼ | 4.147 | 5.280 1⅜ | 5.019 | 6.390 1½ | 5.972 | 7.604 1⅝ | 7.010 | 8.926 1¾ | 8.128 | 10.352 1⅞ | 9.333 | 11.883 2 | 10.616 | 13.520 2⅛ | 11.988 | 15.263 2¼ | 13.440 | 17.112 2⅜ | 14.975 | 19.066 2½ | 16.588 | 21.120 2⅝ | 18.293 | 23.292 2¾ | 20.076 | 25.560 2⅞ | 21.944 | 27.939 3 | 23.888 | 30.416 3¼ | 28.040 | 35.704 3½ | 32.512 | 41.408 3¾ | 37.332 | 47.534 4 | 42.464 | 54.084 4¼ | 47.952 | 61.055 4½ | 53.760 | 68.448 4¾ | 59.900 | 76.264 5 | 66.350 | 84.480 5¼ | 73.172 | 93.168 5½ | 80.304 | 102.24 5¾ | 87.776 | 111.75 6 | 95.552 | 121.66 6¼ | 103.70 | 132.04 6½ | 112.16 | 142.81 6¾ | 120.96 | 154.01 7 | 130.04 | 165.63 7¼ | 139.54 | 177.67 7½ | 149.32 | 190.13 7¾ | 159.45 | 203.02 8 | 169.85 | 216.33 8¼ | 180.69 | 230.06 8½ | 191.80 | 244.22 8¾ | 203.26 | 258.80 9 | 215.04 | 273.79 9¼ | 227.15 | 289.22 9½ | 239.60 | 305.056 9¾ | 252.37 | 321.33 10 | 265.40 | 337.92 10¼ | 278.92 | 355.30 10½ | 292.68 | 372.70 10¾ | 306.80 | 390.80 11 | 321.21 | 409.00 12 | 382.20 | 486.70 -------+----------+---------

TABLE OF THE CAPACITY OF CISTERNS IN GALLONS

For Each 10 Inches of Depth.

=========+========= Diam. | in Feet.| Gallons. ---------+--------- 2 | 19.5 2½ | 30.6 3 | 44.06 3½ | 59.97 4 | 78.33 4½ | 99.14 5 | 122.40 5½ | 148.10 6 | 176.25 6½ | 206.85 7 | 239.88 7½ | 275.40 8 | 313.33 8½ | 353.72 9 | 396.56 9½ | 461.4 10 | 489.2 11 | 592.4 12 | 705.0 13 | 827.4 14 | 959.6 15 | 1101.6 20 | 1958.4 25 | 3059.9 ---------+--------

The American Standard gallon contains 231 cubic inches, or 8⅓ pounds of pure water. A cubic foot contains 62.3 pounds of water, or 7.48 gallons. Pressure per square inch is equal to the depth or head in feet multiplied by .433. Each 27.72 inches of depth gives a pressure of one pound to the square inch.

MELTING POINT OF METALS, ETC.

Names. °Fahr.

Platina 4590 Antimony 842 Bismuth 487 Tin 475 Lead 620 Zinc 700 Cast Iron 2100 Gold 2192 Wrought Iron 2900 Steel 2500 Copper 2000 Glass 2377 Beeswax 151 Sulphur 239 Tallow 92 Silver 1832

WEIGHT OF METALS PER CUBIC FOOT.

Lbs. Brass 525 Copper 550 Gold 1210 Iron, Cast 450 Iron, Wrought 485 Lead, cast 710 Silver 655 Steel 490 Tin, cast 456 Zinc 450

HORSE-POWER LINE SHAFTING.

Will transmit with Safety, Bearings say 8 to 10 ft. centres.

+--------- Diam. of | Horse Shaft in | Power in Inches. | one Rev. ----------+--------- ¹⁵/₁₆ | .008 1³/₁₆ | .0156 1⁷/₁₆ | .027 1¹¹/₁₆ | .043 1¹⁵/₁₆ | .064 2³/₁₆ | .091 2⁷/₁₆ | .125 2¹¹/₁₆ | .166 2¹⁵/₁₆ | .216 3³/₁₆ | .272 3⁷/₁₆ | .343 3¹¹/₁₆ | .424 3¹⁵/₁₆ | .512 4⁷/₁₆ | .728 4¹⁵/₁₆ | 1.00 5⁷/₁₆ | 1.328 5¹⁵/₁₆ | 1.728 6⁷/₁₆ | 2.195 6¹⁵/₁₆ | 2.744 7⁷/₁₆ | 3.368 7¹⁵/₁₆ | 4.096 8⁷/₁₆ | 4.912 8¹⁵/₁₆ | 5.824 9⁷/₁₆ | 6.848 ----------+---------

For Jack Shafts, or main section of Line Shafts, allow only three-fourths of the horse-power given above, and also provide extra bearings wherever heavy strains occur, as in main belts or gears.

HALF-ROUND, OVAL AND HALF-OVAL IRON.

Weight per Lineal Foot.

===========+============+===========+============+========== Size | Size | Weight | Size | Weight Half Round.| Oval. | per foot. | Half Oval. | per foot. -----------+------------+-----------+------------+---------- ⅜ | ⅜ × ³/₁₆ | .186 | ⅜ × ³/₃₂ | .093 ⁷/₁₆ | ⁷/₁₆ × ⁷/₃₂ | .253 | ⁷/₁₆ × ⁷/₆₄ | .127 ½ | ½ × ¼ | .331 | ½ × ⅛ | .166 ⅝ | ⅝ × ⁵/₁₆ | .517 | ⅝ × ⁵/₃₂ | .259 ¾ | ¾ × ⅜ | .744 | ¾ × ³/₁₆ | .372 ⅞ | ⅞ × ⁷/₁₆ | 1.013 | ⅞ × ⁷/₃₂ | .507 1 | 1 × ½ | 1.323 | 1 × ¼ | .662 1⅛ | 1⅛ × ⁹/₁₆ | 1.624 | 1⅛ × ⁹/₃₂ | .812 1¼ | 1¼ × ⅝ | 2.067 | 1¼ × ⁵/₁₆ | 1.034 1½ | 1½ × ¾ | 2.976 | 1½ × ⅜ | 1.488 1¾ | 1¾ × ⅞ | 4.050 | 1¾ × ⁷/₁₆ | 2.026 2 | 2 × 1 | 5.290 | 2 × ½ | 2.645 -----------+------------+-----------+-------------+---------

WEIGHT OF FLAT ROLLED IRON, PER FOOT.

=========+============+========== Breadth. | Thickness. | Weight. ---------+------------+---------- 1 in. | ⅛ | .422 | ¼ | .845 | ⅜ | 1.267 | ½ | 1.690 | ⅝ | 2.112 | ¾ | 2.534 | ⅞ | 2.956 1¼ in. | ⅛ | .528 | ¼ | 1.056 | ⅜ | 1.584 | ½ | 2.112 | ⅝ | 2.640 | ¾ | 3.168 | ⅞ | 3.696 | 1 | 4.224 | 1⅛ | 4.752 1½ in. | ⅛ | .633 | ¼ | 1.266 | ⅜ | 1.900 | ½ | 2.535 | ⅝ | 3.168 | ¾ | 3.802 | ⅞ | 4.435 | 1 | 5.069 | 1⅛ | 5.703 | 1¼ | 6.337 | 1⅜ | 6.970 1¾ in. | ⅛ | .739 | ¼ | 1.479 | ⅜ | 2.218 | ½ | 2.957 | ⅝ | 3.696 | ¾ | 4.435 | ⅞ | 5.178 | 1 | 5.914 | 1⅛ | 6.653 | 1¼ | 7.393 | 1⅜ | 8.132 | 1½ | 8.871 | 1⅝ | 9.610 2 in. | ⅛ | .845 | ¼ | 1.689 | ⅜ | 2.534 | ½ | 3.379 | ⅝ | 4.224 | ¾ | 5.069 | ⅞ | 5.914 | 1 | 6.758 | 1⅛ | 7.604 | 1¼ | 8.448 | 1⅜ | 9.294 | 1½ | 10.138 | 1⅝ | 10.983 | 1¾ | 11.828 | 1⅞ | 12.673 2¼ in. | ⅛ | .950 | ¼ | 1.900 | ⅜ | 2.851 | ½ | 3.802 | ⅝ | 4.752 | ¾ | 5.703 | ⅞ | 6.653 | 1 | 7.604 | 1⅛ | 8.554 | 1¼ | 9.505 | 1⅜ | 10.455 | 1½ | 11.406 | 1⅝ | 12.356 | 1¾ | 13.307 | 1⅞ | 14.257 | 2 | 15.208 | 2⅛ | 16.158 2½ in. | ⅛ | 1.056 | ¼ | 2.112 | ⅜ | 3.168 | ½ | 4.224 | ⅝ | 5.280 | ¾ | 6.336 | ⅞ | 7.392 | 1 | 8.448 | 1⅛ | 9.504 | 1¼ | 10.560 | 1⅜ | 11.616 | 1½ | 12.672 | 1⅝ | 13.728 | 1¾ | 14.784 | 1⅞ | 15.840 | 2 | 16.896 | 2⅛ | 17.952 | 2¼ | 19.008 | 2⅜ | 20.064 2¾ in. | ¼ | 2.323 | ½ | 4.647 | ¾ | 6.970 | 1 | 9.294 | 1¼ | 11.617 | 1½ | 13.940 | 1¾ | 16.264 | 2 | 18.587 | 2¼ | 20.910 | 2½ | 23.234 3 in. | ¼ | 2.535 | ½ | 5.069 | ¾ | 7.604 | 1 | 10.138 ---------+------------+----------

HORSE-POWER BELTING.

Will transmit with Safety.

=========+======================== Width of | Horse-Power per 100 Belt in | feet Velocity of Belt. Inches. +---------+------------- | Single | Double | Belt. | Belt. ---------+---------+------------- 1 | .09 | .18 2 | .18 | .36 3 | .27 | .55 4 | .36 | .73 5 | .45 | .91 6 | .55 | 1.09 7 | .64 | 1.27 8 | .73 | 1.46 9 | .82 | 1.64 10 | .91 | 1.82 11 | 1.00 | 2.00 12 | 1.09 | 2.18 14 | 1.27 | 2.55 16 | 1.45 | 2.91 18 | 1.64 | 3.27 20 | 1.82 | 3.64 22 | 2.00 | 4.00 24 | 2.18 | 4.36 28 | 2.55 | 5.09 32 | 2.91 | 5.82 36 | 3.27 | 6.55 40 | 3.64 | 7.27 ---------+---------+-------------

In the calculations for horse-power in the above table, the belt is assumed to run about horizontally, the semi-circumference of smaller pulley has been considered as the ordinary arc contact of belt. Any reduction of this contact will make approximate proportional reduction of horse-power.