Part 1

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Transcriber’s note:

Text in italics is surrounded by underscores: _italics_.

Emboldened text is surrounded by equals signs: =bold=.

WORD PORTRAITS OF FAMOUS WRITERS

Edited by

MABEL E. WOTTON

‘What manner of man is he?’ _Twelfth Night_

London Richard Bentley & Son Publishers in Ordinary to Her Majesty the Queen 1887

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Edinburgh.

INTRODUCTION

“The world has always been fond of personal details respecting men who have been celebrated.” These were the words of Lord Beaconsfield, and with them he prefixed his description of the personal appearance of Isaac D’Israeli; but we hardly need the dictum of our greatest statesman to convince ourselves that at all events every honest literature-lover takes a very real interest in the individuality of those men whose names are perpetually on his lips. It is not enough for such a one merely to make himself familiar with their writings. It does not suffice for him that the _Essays of Elia_, for instance, can be got by heart, but he feels that he must also be able to linger in the playground at Christ’s with the “lame-footed boy,” and in after years pace the Temple gardens with the gentle-faced scholar, before he can properly be said to have made Lamb’s thoughts his own. At the best it is but a very incomplete notion that most of us possess as to the actual personality of even the most prominent of our British writers. The almost womanly beauty of Sidney, and the keen eyes and razor face of Pope, would, perhaps, be recognised as easily as the well-known form of Dr. Johnson; but taking them _en masse_ even a widely-read man might be forgiven if, from amongst the scraps of hearsay and curtly-recorded impressions on which at rare intervals he may alight, he cannot very readily conjure up the ghosts of the very men whose books he has studied, and to whose haunts he has been an eager pilgrim.

Such a power the following pages have attempted to supply. They contain an account of the face, figure, dress, voice, and manner of our best-known writers ranging from Geoffrey Chaucer to Mrs. Henry Wood,--drawn in all cases when it is possible by their contemporaries, and when through lack of material this endeavour has failed, the task of portrait-painting has devolved either on other writers who owed their inspiration to the offices of a mutual friend, or on those whose literary ability and untiring research have qualified them for the task. Infinite toil has not always been rewarded, and it would be easy to supply at least half a dozen names whose absence is to be regretted. Beaumont and Fletcher are as much read as Thomas Otway, and William Wotton has perhaps as much right of entrance as his famous opponent Richard Bentley, but as a small child pointed out when the book was first proposed: “_You can’t find what isn’t there._” And the worth of the book naturally consists in keeping to the lines already indicated.

An asterisk placed under the given reference means that the writer of that particular portrait (who is not necessarily the writer of that particular book) did not actually see his subject, but that he is describing a picture, or else that he is building up one from substantiated evidence. Sometimes, as in the case of Suckling, this distinction leads to the same book supplying two portraits, only one of which is at first hand.

When a date is placed at the foot of a description, it refers to the appearance presented at that time, and not to the period when the words were penned.

British writers only are named, and amongst them there is of course no living author.

Chaucer’s birth-date has been given as _About_ 1340, for the traditional year of 1328 is based on little more than the inscription on his tomb, which was not placed there until the middle of the sixteenth century, while according to his own deposition as witness, his birth could not have taken place until about twelve years later.

In only one other instance has there been a departure from recognised precedent, and that is in the case of Thomas de Quincey. In defiance of almost every compiler and present-day writer, I have entered the name in the Q’s and spelt it as here written. The reason for this is threefold: First, he himself invariably spelt his name with a small d. Second, Hood, Wordsworth, and Lamb, and, I believe, all his other contemporaries did the same. Third, de Quincey himself was so determined about the matter that he actually dropped the prefix altogether for some little time, and was known as Mr. Quincey. “His name I write with a small d in the de, as he wrote it himself. He would not have wished it indexed among the D’s, but the Q’s,” wrote the Rev. Francis Jacox, who was one of his Lasswade friends, and in spite of his recent and skilful biographers, it must be conceded that after all the little man had the greatest right to his own name.

I am glad to take this opportunity of thanking those who have helped me, and who will not let me speak my thanks direct. It is a pleasant thought that while working amongst the literary men of the past, I have received nothing but kindness from those of to-day. First and foremost to Mr. George Augustus Sala, to whom I am infinitely indebted; also to Mrs. Huntingford, Mrs. and Mr. Frederick Chapman, Mr. Henry M. Trollope, Dr. W. F. Fitz-Patrick, and Mr. S. C. Hall: to all these, as well as to my own personal friends, I offer my hearty and sincere thanks.

M. E. W.

CONTENTS

PAGE

JOSEPH ADDISON 1 HARRISON AINSWORTH 4 JANE AUSTEN 7 FRANCIS, LORD BACON 10 JOANNA BAILLIE 12 BENJAMIN, LORD BEACONSFIELD 15 JEREMY BENTHAM 17 RICHARD BENTLEY 20 JAMES BOSWELL 21 CHARLOTTE BRONTË 24 HENRY, LORD BROUGHAM 27 ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING 34 JOHN BUNYAN 36 EDMUND BURKE 39 ROBERT BURNS 42 SAMUEL BUTLER 47 GEORGE, LORD BYRON 47 THOMAS CAMPBELL 51 THOMAS CARLYLE 55 THOMAS CHATTERTON 58 GEOFFREY CHAUCER 61 PHILIP, LORD CHESTERFIELD 63 WILLIAM COBBETT 66 HARTLEY COLERIDGE 70 SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE 74 WILLIAM COLLINS 77 WILLIAM COWPER 79 GEORGE CRABBE 81 DANIEL DE FOE 83 CHARLES DICKENS 86 ISAAC D’ISRAELI 91 JOHN DRYDEN 94 MARY ANNE EVANS (GEORGE ELIOT) 98 HENRY FIELDING 102 JOHN GAY 105 EDWARD GIBBON 107 WILLIAM GODWIN 110 OLIVER GOLDSMITH 112 DAVID GRAY 114 THOMAS GRAY 116 HENRY HALLAM 118 WILLIAM HAZLITT 120 FELICIA HEMANS 125 JAMES HOGG 128 THOMAS HOOD 130 THEODORE HOOK 134 DAVID HUME 136 LEIGH HUNT 139 ELIZABETH INCHBALD 143 FRANCIS, LORD JEFFREY 144 DOUGLAS JERROLD 147 SAMUEL JOHNSON 150 BEN JONSON 152 JOHN KEATS 155 JOHN KEBLE 158 CHARLES KINGSLEY 164 CHARLES LAMB 168 LETITIA ELIZABETH LANDON 172 WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR 174 CHARLES LEVER 177 MATTHEW GREGORY LEWIS 179 JOHN GIBSON LOCKHART 180 SIR RICHARD LOVELACE 181 EDWARD, LORD LYTTON 183 THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY 187 WILLIAM MAGINN 190 FRANCIS MAHONY (FATHER PROUT) 195 FREDERICK MARRYAT 199 HARRIET MARTINEAU 202 FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE 205 JOHN MILTON 207 MARY RUSSELL MITFORD 211 LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU 215 THOMAS MOORE 217 HANNAH MORE 220 SIR THOMAS MORE 224 CAROLINE NORTON 227 THOMAS OTWAY 231 SAMUEL PEPYS 232 ALEXANDER POPE 234 BRYAN WALLER PROCTER 236 THOMAS DE QUINCEY 238 ANN RADCLIFFE 243 SIR WALTER RALEIGH 244 CHARLES READE 248 SAMUEL RICHARDSON 251 SAMUEL ROGERS 254 DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI 256 RICHARD SAVAGE 262 SIR WALTER SCOTT 264 WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 267 MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY 275 PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY 277 RICHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN 282 SIR PHILIP SIDNEY 284 HORACE SMITH 286 SYDNEY SMITH 287 TOBIAS SMOLLETT 289 ROBERT SOUTHEY 290 EDMUND SPENSER 293 ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY 296 SIR RICHARD STEELE 299 LAURENCE STERNE 302 SIR JOHN SUCKLING 304 JONATHAN SWIFT 305 WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY 308 JAMES THOMSON 311 ANTHONY TROLLOPE 313 EDMUND WALLER 317 HORACE WALPOLE 319 IZAAC WALTON 323 JOHN WILSON 324 ELLEN WOOD (MRS. HENRY WOOD) 330 WILLIAM WORDSWORTH 332 SIR HENRY WOTTON 335

JOSEPH ADDISON

1672-1719

[Sidenote: _Temple Bar_, 1874. *]

“Of his personal appearance we have at least two portraits by good hands. Before us are three carefully-engraved portraits of him, but there is a great dissimilarity between the three except in the wig. Sir Godfrey Kneller painted one of these portraits, which is entirely unlike the two others; let us, however, give Sir Godfrey the credit of the best picture, and judge Addison’s appearance from that. The wig almost prevents our judging the shape of the head, yet it seems very high behind. The forehead is very lofty, the sort of forehead which is called ‘commanding’ by those people who do not know that some of the least decided men in the world have had high foreheads. The eyebrows are delicately ‘pencilled,’ yet show a vast deal of vigour and expression; they are what his old Latin friends, who knew so well the power of expression in the eyebrow, would have called ‘supercilious,’ and yet the nasal end of the supercilium is only slightly raised, and it droops pleasantly at the temporal end, so that there is nothing Satanic or ill-natured about it. The eyebrow of Addison, according to Kneller, seems to say, ‘You are a greater fool than you think yourself to be, but I would die sooner than tell you so.’ The eye, which is generally supposed to convey so much expression, but which very often does not, is very much like the eyes of other amiable and talented people. The nose is long, as becomes an orthodox Whig; quite as long, we should say, as the nose of any member of Peel’s famous long-nosed ministry, and quite as delicately chiselled. The mouth is very tender and beautiful, firm, yet with a delicate curve upwards at each end of the upper lip, suggestive of a good joke, and of a calm waiting to hear if any man is going to beat it. Below the mouth there follows of course the nearly inevitable double chin of the eighteenth century, with a deep incision in the centre of the jaw-bone, which shows through the flesh like a dimple. On the whole a singularly handsome and pleasant face, wanting the wonderful form which one sees in the faces of Shakespeare, Prior, Congreve, Castlereagh, Byron, or Napoleon, but still extremely fine of its own.”

[Sidenote: Johnson’s _Lives of the Poets_.]

“Of his habits, or external manners, nothing is so often mentioned as that timorous or sullen taciturnity, which his friends called modesty by too mild a name. Steele mentions, with great tenderness, ‘that remarkable bashfulness, which is a cloak that hides and muffles merit;’ and tells us ‘that his abilities were covered only by modesty, which doubles the beauties which are seen, and gives credit and esteem to all that are concealed.’ Chesterfield affirms that ‘Addison was the most timorous and awkward man that he ever saw.’ And Addison, speaking of his own deficiency in conversation, used to say of himself that, with respect to intellectual wealth, ‘he could draw bills for a thousand pounds though he had not a guinea in his pocket.’... ‘Addison’s conversation,’ says Pope, ‘had something in it more charming than I have found in any other man. But this was only when familiar; before strangers, or, perhaps, a single stranger, he preserved his dignity by a stiff silence.’”

HARRISON AINSWORTH

1805-1882

[Sidenote: S. C. Hall’s _Retrospect of a Long Life_.]

“I saw little of him in later days, but when I saw him in 1826, not long after he married the daughter of Ebers of New Bond Street, and ‘condescended’ for a brief time to be a publisher, he was a remarkably handsome young man--tall, graceful in deportment, and in all ways a pleasant person to look upon and talk to. He was, perhaps, as thorough a gentleman as his native city of Manchester ever sent forth.”

[Sidenote: A personal friend.]

“Harrison Ainsworth was certainly a handsome man, but it was very much of the barber’s-block type of beauty, with wavy scented hair, smiling lips, and pink and white complexion. As a young man he was gorgeous in the _outré_ dress of the dandy of ’36, and, in common with those other famous dandies, d’Orsay, young Benjamin Disraeli, and Tom Duncombe, wore multitudinous waistcoats, over which dangled a long gold chain, numberless rings, and a black satin stock. In old age he was very patriarchal-looking. His gray hair was swept up and back from a peculiarly high broad forehead; his moustache, beard, and whiskers were short, straight, and silky, and the mouth was entirely hidden. His eyes were large and oval, and rather _flat_ in form,--less expressive altogether than one would have expected in the head of so graphic a writer. The eyebrows were somewhat overhanging, and the nose was straight and flexible. Up to the day of his death he was always a well-dressed man, but in a far more sober fashion than in his youth.”

[Sidenote: Ainsworth’s _Rookwood_.]

“What have we to add to what we have here ventured to record, which the engraving which accompanies this memoir will not more happily embody? (_This refers to a portrait by Maclise which appeared in_ The Mirror.) Should that fail to do justice to his face--to its regularity and delicacy of feature, its manly glow of health, and the cordial nature which lightens it up--we must refer the dissatisfied beholder to Mr. Pickersgill’s masterly full-length portrait exhibited last year, in which the author of _The Miser’s Daughter_ may be seen, not as some pale, worn, pining scholar,--some fagging, half-exhausted, periodical romancer,--but, as an English gentleman of goodly stature and well-set limb, with a fine head on his shoulders, and a heart to match. If to this we add a word, it must be to observe, that, though the temper of our popular author may be marked by impatience on some occasions, it has never been upon any occasion marked by a want of generosity, whether in conferring benefits or atoning for errors. His friends regard him as a man with as few failings, blended with fine qualities, as most people, and his enemies know nothing at all about him.”

JANE AUSTEN

1775-1817

[Sidenote: Tytler’s _Jane Austen and her Works_. *]

“In person Jane Austen seems to have borne considerable resemblance to her two favourite heroines, Elizabeth Bennet and Emma Woodhouse. Jane, too, was tall and slender, a brunette, with a rich colour,--altogether ‘the picture of health’ which Emma Woodhouse was said to be. In minor points, Jane Austen had a well-formed though somewhat small nose and mouth, round as well as rosy cheeks, bright hazel eyes, and brown hair falling in natural curls about her face.”

[Sidenote: Leigh’s _Memoir of Jane Austen_. *]

“As my memoir has now reached the period when I saw a great deal of my aunt, and was old enough to understand something of her value, I will here attempt a description of her person, mind, and habits. In person she was very attractive; her figure was rather tall and slender, her step light and firm, and her whole appearance expressive of health and animation. In complexion she was a clear brunette, with a rich colour; she had full round cheeks, with mouth and nose small and well-formed, bright hazel eyes, and brown hair forming natural curls close round her face. If not so regularly handsome as her sister, yet her countenance had a peculiar charm of its own to the eyes of most beholders. At the time of which I am now writing, she never was seen, either morning or evening, without a cap; I believe that she and her sister were generally thought to have taken to the garb of middle age earlier than their years or their looks required; and that, though remarkably neat in their dress, as in all their ways, they were scarcely sufficiently regardful of the fashionable, or the becoming.”--1809.

[Sidenote: Austen’s _Sense and Sensibility_.]

“Of personal attractions she possessed a considerable share; her stature rather exceeded the middle height; her carriage and deportment were quiet, but graceful; her features were separately good; their assemblage produced an unrivalled expression of that cheerfulness, sensibility, and benevolence which were her real characteristics; her complexion was of the finest texture--it might with truth be said that her eloquent blood spoke through her modest cheek; her voice was sweet; she delivered herself with fluency and precision; indeed, she was formed for elegant and rational society, excelling in conversation as much as in composition.... The affectation of candour is not uncommon, but she had no affectation.... She never uttered either a hasty, a silly, or a severe expression. In short, her temper was as polished as her wit; and no one could be often in her company without feeling a strong desire of obtaining her friendship, and cherishing a desire of having obtained it.”

FRANCIS, LORD BACON

1560-1-1626

[Sidenote: Montague’s _Life of Bacon_. *]

[Sidenote: Evelyn on Medals.]

“He was of a middle stature, and well proportioned; his features were handsome and expressive, and his countenance, until it was injured by politics and worldly warfare, singularly placid. There is a portrait of him when he was only eighteen now extant, on which the artist has recorded his despair of doing justice to his subject, by the inscription,--‘Si tabula daretur digna, animum mallem.’ His portraits differ beyond what may be considered a fair allowance for the varying skill of the artist, or the natural changes which time wrought upon his person; but none of them contradict the description given by one who knew him well, ‘That he had a spacious forehead and piercing eye, looking upward as a soul in sublime contemplation, a countenance worthy of one who was to set free captive philosophy.’”

[Sidenote: Aubrey’s _Lives of Eminent Persons_. *]

“He had a delicate, lively hazel eie; Dr. Harvey told me it was like the eie of a viper.”

[Sidenote: Campbell’s _Lives of the Lord Chancellors_. *]

“All accounts represent him as a delightful companion, adapting himself to company of every degree, calling, and humour,--not engrossing the conversation,--trying to get all to talk in turn on the subject they best understood, and not disdaining to light his own candle at the lamp of any other.... Little remains except to give some account of his person. He was of a middling stature; his limbs well-formed though not robust; his forehead high, spacious and open; his eye lively and penetrating; there were deep lines of thinking in his face, his smile was both intellectual and benevolent; the marks of age were prematurely impressed upon him; in advanced life his whole appearance was venerably pleasing, so that a stranger was insensibly drawn to love before knowing how much reason there was to admire him.”

JOANNA BAILLIE

1762-1851

[Sidenote: Crabb Robinson’s _Diary_.]

“We met Miss Joanna Baillie, and accompanied her home. She is small in figure, and her gait is mean and shuffling, but her manners are those of a well-bred woman. She has none of the unpleasant airs too common to literary ladies. Her conversation is sensible. She possesses apparently considerable information, is prompt without being forward, and has a fixed judgment of her own, without any disposition to force it on others. Wordsworth said of her with warmth, ‘If I had to present any one to a foreigner as a model of an English gentlewoman, it would be Joanna Baillie.’”--1812.

[Sidenote: S. C. Hall’s _Memories of Great Men_.]

“Of the party I can recall but one; that one, however, is a memory,--JOANNA BAILLIE. I remember her as singularly impressive in look and manner, with the ‘queenly’ air we associate with ideas of high birth and lofty rank. Her face was long, narrow, dark, and solemn, and her speech deliberate and considerate, the very antipodes of ‘chatter.’ Tall in person, and habited according to the ‘mode’ of an olden time, her picture, as it is now present to me, is that of a very venerable dame, dressed in coif and kirtle, stepping out, as it were, from a frame in which she had been placed by the painter Vandyke.”--1825-26.

[Sidenote: Sara Coleridge’s _Letters_.]

“I saw Mrs. Joanna Baillie before dinner. She wore a delicate lavender satin bonnet; and Mrs. J. says she is fond of dress, and knows what every one has on. Her taste is certainly exquisite in dress though (strange to say) not, in my opinion, in poetry. I more than ever admired the harmony of expression and tint, the silver hair and silvery-gray eye, the pale skin, and the look which speaks of a mind that has had much communing with high imagination, though such intercourse is only perceptible now by the absence of everything which that lofty spirit would not set his seal upon.”--1834.

BENJAMIN, LORD BEACONSFIELD

1804-1881

[Sidenote: Jeaffreson’s _Novels and Novelists_.]

“His ringlets of silken black hair, his flashing eyes, his effeminate and lisping voice, his dress-coat of black velvet lined with white satin, his white kid gloves with his wrist surrounded by a long hanging fringe of black silk, and his ivory cane, of which the handle, inlaid with gold, was relieved by more black silk in the shape of a tassel.... Such was the perfumed boy-exquisite who forced his way into the salons of peeresses.”--1829.

[Sidenote: Mill’s _Beaconsfield_.]