Chapter 2

An act to Regulate the Employment of Women and Children in Manufacturing Establishments, and to Provide for the Appointment of Inspectors to Enforce the Same.

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_The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows_:

SECTION I. No person under eighteen years of age, and no woman under twenty-one years or age, employed in any manufacturing establishment, shall be required, permitted, or suffered to work therein more than sixty hours in any one week, or more than ten hours in any one day, unless for the purpose of making a shorter work-day on the last day of the week, nor more hours in any one week than will make an average of ten hours per day for the whole number of days in which such person or such woman shall so work during such week; and in no case shall any person under eighteen years of age, or any woman under twenty-one years of age, work in any such establishment after nine o'clock in the evening or before six o'clock in the morning of any day. Every person, firm, corporation, or company employing any person under eighteen years of age, or any woman under twenty-one years of age, in any manufacturing establishment, shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed, a printed notice stating the number of hours of labor per day required of such persons for each day of the week, and the number of hours of labor exacted or permitted to be performed by such persons shall not exceed the number of hours of labor so posted as being required. The time of beginning and ending the day's labor shall be the time stated in such notice; provided that such women under twenty-one and persons under eighteen years of age may begin after the time set for beginning, and stop before the time set in such notice for the stopping of the day's labor; but they shall not be permitted or required to perform any labor before the time stated on the notices as the time for beginning the day's labor, nor after the time stated upon the notices as the hour for ending the day's labor. The terms of the notice stating the hours of labor required shall not be changed after the beginning of labor on the first day of the week without the consent of the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector. When, in order to make a shorter work-day on the last day of the week, women under twenty-one and youths under eighteen years of age are to be required, permitted, or suffered to work more than ten hours in any one day, in a manufacturing establishment, it shall be the duty of the proprietor, agent, foreman, superintendent, or other person employing such persons, to notify the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, in charge of the district, in writing, of such intention, stating the number of hours of labor per day which it is proposed to permit or require, and the date upon which the necessity for such lengthened day's labor shall cease, and also again forward such notification when it shall actually have ceased. A record of the amount of over-time so worked, and of the days upon which it was performed, with the names of the employees who were thus required or permitted to work more than ten hours in any one day, shall be kept in the office of the manufacturing establishment, and produced upon the demand of any officer appointed to enforce the provisions of this act.

§ 2. No child under fourteen years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment within this State. It shall be the duty of every person employing children to keep a register, in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place of residence of every person employed by him under the age of sixteen years; and it shall be unlawful for any proprietor, agent, foreman, or other person in or connected with a manufacturing establishment to hire or employ any child under the age of sixteen years to work therein without there is first provided and placed on file in the orifice an affidavit made by the parent or guardian, stating the age, date, and place of birth of said child; if said child have no parent or guardian, then such affidavit shall be made by the child, which affidavit shall be kept on file by the employer, and which said register and affidavit shall be produced for inspection on demand made by the Inspector, Assistant Inspector, or any of the deputies appointed under this act. There shall be posted conspicuously in every room where children under sixteen years of age are employed, a list of their names with their ages respectively. No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment who cannot read and write simple sentences in the English language, except during the vacation of the public schools in the city or town where such minor lives. The Factory Inspector, Assistant Inspector, and Deputy Inspectors shall have power to demand a certificate of physical fitness from some regular physician, in the case of children who may seem physically unable to perform the labor at which they may be employed, and shall have power to prohibit the employment of any minor that cannot obtain such a certificate.

§ 3. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or permit any child under the age of fifteen years to have the care, custody, management of, or to operate any elevator, or shall employ or permit any person under the age of eighteen years to have the care, custody, management, or operation of any elevator running at a speed of over two hundred feet a minute.

§ 4. It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, or lessee of any manufacturing establishment where there is any elevator, hoisting-shaft, or well-hole, to cause the same to be properly and substantially inclosed or secured, if in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved by the Factory Inspector, it is necessary to protect the lives or limbs of those employed in such establishment. It shall also be the duty of the owner, agent, or lessee of each of such establishments to provide or cause to be provided, if, in the opinion of the Inspector, the safety of persons in or about the premises should require it, such proper trap or automatic doors, so fastened in or at all elevator ways as to form a substantial surface when closed, and so constructed as to open and close by action of the elevator in its passage, either ascending or descending, but the requirements of this section shall not apply to passenger elevators that are closed on all sides. The Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, and Deputy Factory Inspectors may inspect the cables, gearing, or other apparatus of elevators in manufacturing establishments, and require that the same be kept in a safe condition.

§ 5. Proper and substantial hand-rails shall be provided on all stairways in manufacturing establishments, and where, in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant Factory Inspector, or Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved by the Factory Inspector, it is necessary, the steps of said stairs in all such establishments shall be substantially covered with rubber, securely fastened thereon, for the better safety of persons employed in said establishments. The stairs shall be properly screened at the sides and bottom, and all doors leading in or to such factory shall be so constructed as to open outwardly where practicable, and shall be neither locked, bolted, nor fastened during working-hours.

§ 6. If, in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, it is necessary to insure the safety of the persons employed in any manufacturing establishment, three or more stories in height, one or more fire-escapes, as may be deemed by the Factory Inspector as necessary and sufficient therefor, shall be provided on the outside of such establishment, connecting with each floor above the first, well fastened and secured and of sufficient strength, each of which fire-escapes shall have landings or balconies, not less than six feet in length and three feet in width, guarded by iron railings not less than three feet in height, and embracing at least two windows at each story and connecting with the interior by easily accessible and unobstructed openings, and the balconies or landings shall be connected by iron stairs, not less than eighteen inches wide, the steps not to be less than six inches tread, placed at a proper slant, and protected by a well-secured hand-rail on both sides with a twelve-inch-wide drop-ladder from the lower platform reaching to the ground. Any other plan or style of fire-escape shall be sufficient, if approved by the Factory Inspector; but if not so approved, the Factory Inspector may notify the owner, proprietor, or lessee of such establishment or of the building in which such establishment is conducted, or the agent or superintendent or either of them, in writing, that any such other plan or style of fire-escape is not sufficient, and may, by an order in writing, served in like manner, require one or more fire-escapes, as he shall deem necessary and sufficient, to be provided for such establishment, at such locations and of such plan and style as shall be specified in such written order. Within twenty days after the service of such order, the number of fire-escapes required in such order for such establishment shall be provided therefor, each of which shall be either of the plan and style and in accordance with the specifications in said order required, or of the plan and style in this section above described and declared to be sufficient. The windows or doors to each fire-escape shall be of sufficient size, and be located as far as possible consistent with accessibility, from the stairways and elevator hatchways or openings, and the ladder thereof shall extend to the roof. Stationary stairs or ladders shall be provided on the inside of such establishment from the upper story to the roof, as a means of escape in case of fire.

§ 7. It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, superintendent, or other person having charge of such manufacturing establishment, or of any floor or part thereof, to report in writing to the Factory Inspector all accidents or injury done to any person in such factory, within forty-eight hours of the time of the accident, stating as fully as possible the extent and cause of such injury, and the place where the injured person has been sent, with such other information relative thereto as may be required by the Factory Inspector. The Factory Inspector or Assistant Factory Inspector and Deputy Factory Inspectors under the supervision of the Factory Inspector, are hereby authorized and empowered to fully investigate the causes of such accidents, and to require such precautions to be taken as will in their judgment prevent the recurrence of similar accidents.

§ 8. It shall be the duty of the owner of any manufacturing establishment, or his agents, superintendent, or other person in charge of the same, to furnish and supply, or cause to be furnished and supplied therein, in the discretion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved by the Factory Inspector, where machinery is used, belt-shifters or other safe mechanical contrivances, for the purpose of throwing on or off belts or pulleys; and wherever possible machinery therein shall be provided with loose pulleys; all vats, pans, saws, planers, cogs, gearing, belting, shafting, set-screws, and machinery of every description therein shall be properly guarded, and no person shall remove or make ineffective any safeguard around or attached to any planer, saw, belting, shafting or other machinery, or around any vat or pan, while the same is in use, unless for the purpose of immediately making repairs thereto, and all such safeguards shall be promptly replaced. By attaching thereto a notice to that effect, the use of any machinery may be prohibited by the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or by a Deputy Factory Inspector, unless such notice is disapproved by the Factory Inspector, should such machinery be regarded as dangerous. Such notice must be signed by the Inspector who issues it, and shall only be removed after the required safeguards are provided, and the unsafe or dangerous machine shall not be used in the mean time. Exhaust fans of sufficient power shall be provided for the purpose of carrying off dust from emery wheels and grindstones, and dust-creating machinery therein. No person under eighteen years of age and no woman under twenty-one years of age shall be allowed to clean machinery while in motion.

§ 9. A suitable and proper washroom and water-closets shall be provided in each manufacturing establishment, and such water-closets shall be properly screened and ventilated, and be kept at all times in a clean condition; and if women or girls are employed in any such establishment, the water-closets used by them shall have separate approaches and be separate and apart from those used by men. All water-closets shall be kept free of obscene writing and marking. A dressing-room shall be provided for women and girls, when required by the Factory Inspector, in any manufacturing establishment in which women and girls are employed.

§ 10. Not less than sixty minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal in any manufacturing establishment in this State. The Factory Inspector, the Assistant Factory Inspector, or any Deputy Factory Inspector shall have power to issue written permits in special cases, allowing shorter meal-time at noon, and such permit must be conspicuously posted in the main entrance of the establishment, and such permit may be revoked at any time the Factory Inspector deems necessary, and shall only be given where good cause can be shown.

§ 11. The walls and ceilings of each workroom in every manufacturing establishment shall be lime-washed or painted, when in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved of by the Factory Inspector, it shall be conducive to the health or cleanliness of the persons working therein.

§ 12. Any officer of the Factory Inspection Department, or other competent person designated for such purpose by the Factory Inspector, shall inspect any building used as a workshop or manufacturing establishment or anything attached thereto, located therein or connected therewith, outside of the cities of New York and Brooklyn, which has been represented to be unsafe or dangerous to life or limb. If it appears upon such inspection that the building or anything attached thereto, located therein or connected therewith is unsafe or dangerous to life or limb, the Factory Inspector shall order the same to be removed or rendered safe and secure; and if such notification be not complied with within a reasonable time, he shall prosecute whoever may be responsible for such delinquency.

§ 13. No room or rooms, apartment or apartments, in any tenement or dwelling-house, shall be used for the manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee-pants, overalls, cloaks, furs, fur-trimmings, fur-garments, shirts, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or cigars, excepting by the immediate members of the family living therein. No person, firm, or corporation shall hire or employ any person to work in any one room or rooms, apartment or apartments, in any tenement or dwelling-house, or building in the rear of a tenement or dwelling-house, at making in whole or in part any coats, vests, trousers, knee-pants, fur, fur-trimmings, fur-garments, shirts, purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or cigars, without first obtaining a written permit from the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, which permit may be revoked at any time the health of the community or of those employed therein may require it, and which permit shall not be granted until an inspection of such premises is made by the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, and the maximum number of persons allowed to be employed therein shall be stated in such permit. Such permit shall be framed and posted in a conspicuous place in the room or in one of the rooms to which it relates.

§ 14. Not less than two hundred and fifty cubic feet of air space shall be allowed for each person in any workroom where persons are employed during the hours between six o'clock in the morning and six o'clock in the evening, and not less than four hundred cubic feet of air space shall be provided for each person in any workroom where persons are employed between six o'clock in the evening and six o'clock in the morning. By a written permit the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, with the consent of the Factory Inspector, may allow persons to be employed in a room where there are less than four hundred cubic feet of air space for each person employed between six o'clock in the evening and six o'clock in the morning, provided such room is lighted by electricity at all times during such hours while persons are employed therein. There shall be sufficient means of ventilation provided in each workroom of every manufacturing establishment; and the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, and Deputy Factory Inspectors, under the direction of the Factory Inspector, shall notify the owner, agent, or lessee, in writing, to provide, or cause to be provided, ample and proper means of ventilating such workroom, and shall prosecute such owner, agent, or lessee, if such notification be not complied with within twenty days of the service of such notice.

§ 15. Upon the expiration of the term of office of the present Factory Inspector, and upon the expiration of the term of office of each of his successors, the Governor shall, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint a Factory Inspector; and upon the expiration of the term of office of the present Assistant Factory Inspector, and upon the expiration of the term of office of each of his successors, the Governor shall, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint an Assistant Factory Inspector. Each Factory Inspector and Assistant Factory Inspector shall hold over and continue in office, after the expiration of his term of office, until his successor shall be appointed and qualified. The Factory Inspector is hereby authorized to appoint from time to time not exceeding sixteen persons to be Deputy Factory Inspectors, not more than eight of whom shall be women; and he shall have power to remove the same at any time. The term of office of the Factory Inspector and of the Assistant Factory Inspector shall be three years each. Annual salaries shall be paid in equal monthly instalments, as follows: To the Factory Inspector, three thousand dollars; to the Assistant Factory Inspector, two thousand five hundred dollars; to each Deputy Factory Inspector, one thousand two hundred dollars. All necessary travelling and other expenses incurred by the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, and the Deputy Factory Inspectors in the discharge of their duties shall be paid monthly by the Treasurer upon the warrant of the Comptroller, issued upon proper vouchers therefor. A sub-office may be opened in the city of New York at an expense of not more than one thousand five hundred dollars a year. The reasonable necessary travelling and other expenses of the Deputy Factory Inspectors while engaged in the performance of their duties shall be paid upon vouchers approved by the Factory Inspector and audited by the Comptroller.

§ 16. It shall be the duty of the Factory Inspector, and the Assistant Factory Inspector, and of each of the Deputy Factory Inspectors under the supervision and direction of the Factory Inspector, to cause this act to be enforced, and to cause all violators of this act to be prosecuted; and for that purpose they and each of them are hereby empowered to visit and inspect at all reasonable hours, and as often as shall be practicable and necessary, all manufacturing establishments in this State. It shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with, obstruct, or hinder, by force or otherwise, any officer appointed to enforce the provisions of this act, while in the performance of his or her duties, or to refuse to properly answer questions asked by such officer with reference to any of the provisions hereof. The Factory Inspector may divide the State into districts, and assign one or more Deputy Factory Inspectors to each district, and transfer them from one district to another as the best interests of the State may, in his judgment, require. Any Deputy Factory Inspector may be appointed to act as Clerk in the main office of the Factory Inspector, which shall be furnished in the Capitol, and set apart for the use of the Factory Inspector. The Assistant Factory Inspector and Deputy Factory Inspectors shall make reports to the Factory Inspector from time to time, as may be required by the Factory Inspector, and the Factory Inspector shall make an annual report to the Legislature during the month of January of each year. The Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, and each Deputy Factory Inspector shall have the same powers as a Notary Public to administer oaths and take affidavits in matters connected with the enforcement of the provisions of this act.

§ 17. The District Attorney of any county of this State is hereby authorized, upon the request of the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, or of any other person of full age, to commence and prosecute to termination before any Recorder, Police Justice, or court of record, in the name of the people of the State, actions or proceedings against any person or persons reported to him to have violated the provisions of this act.

§ 18. The words "manufacturing establishment," wherever used in this act, shall be construed to mean any mill, factory, or workshop, where one or more persons are employed at labor.

§ 19. A copy of this act shall be conspicuously posted and kept posted in each workroom of every manufacturing establishment in this State.

§ 20. Any person who violates or omits to comply with any of the provisions of this act, or who suffers or permits any child to be employed in violation of its provisions, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty nor more than fifty dollars for the first offence, and not more than one hundred dollars for the second offence, or imprisonment for not more than ten days, and for the third offence a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty dollars, and not more than thirty days' imprisonment.

§ 21. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.

§ 22. This act shall take effect immediately.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN PREPARING THIS BOOK.

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United States Census, from 1790 to 1880 inclusive.

Reports of the State Bureaus of Labor Statistics as follows:--

Maine, 1889. Massachusetts, 1870 to 1889 inclusive. Connecticut, 1881. Rhode Island, 1889. New York, 1885. New Jersey, 1885, 1886, and 1889. Iowa, 1887 and 1889. Kansas, 1889. Wisconsin, 1883-84 and 1887. Colorado, 1889. Minnesota, 1889. California, 1888. Nebraska, 1887-90. Michigan, 1892.

Reports of the Factory Inspectors for various States.

Working Women in Large Cities: Report of the United States Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 1889.

The Labor Movement in America. By Richard T. Ely. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., New York.

The Wages Question: A Treatise on Wages and the Wages Class. By Francis A. Walker. Henry Holt & Co., New York.

The Labor Problem. Edited by W.E. Barnes. Harper & Brothers, New York.

On Labor. By W.T. Thornton. Macmillan & Co., London, 1869.

Profit-Sharing between Employer and Employed. By N.P. Gilman. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston.

Sharing the Profits. By Mary Whiton Calkins, A.M. Ginn & Co., Boston.

Artisans and Machinery. By P. Gaskell. London, 1836.

Condition of the Laboring Classes in England. By F. Engel. Leipzig and New York.

Ansichten der Volkswirthschaft aus dem geschicht. Standpunkte. By Wilhelm Roscher.

Various Reports of Commissioners appointed to inquire into the working of the Factory Acts in England.

Le Travail des Femmes au XIX. Siècle. By Paul Leroy-Beaulieu. Paris, 1870.

London Labor and the London Poor. By Henry Mayhew. Charles Griffen & Co., London.

The Industrial Revolution. By Arnold Toynbee. London.

The Philosophy of Wealth. By John B. Clark. Ginn & Co., Boston.

Economic Writings of Emil de Lavelaye.

Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science.

Various Treatises on Political Economy. Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Senior, Cairnes, Ely, Perry, Walker, etc.

Prisoners of Poverty. By Helen Campbell. Roberts Bros., Boston.

Applied Christianity. By Washington Gladden. Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston.

Life and Work of the Earl of Shaftesbury, London. Read for Factory Inspection and Legislation.

Problems of To-Day. By Richard T. Ely. T.Y. Crowell & Co., New York.

Social Studies. By the Rev. R. Heber Newton. G.P. Putnam's Son, New York.

Social Problems. By Henry George.

Studies in Modern Socialism. By Edwin Brown, D.D. Appleton & Co., New York.

Dynamic Sociology. By Lester F. Ward. D. Appleton & Co., New York.

Labor and Life of the People. Vols. 1 & 2: East London. By Charles Booth. Williams & Norgate, London, 1889 & 1892.

Thirty Years of Labor: 1859 to 1889. By T.V. Powderly.

Das Kapital. By Karl Marx.

How the Other Half Live. By Jacob Riis. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

General Reports and Review Articles on the questions involved.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WOMAN'S LABOR AND OF THE WOMAN QUESTION.

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GERMANY.

Ausser den amtlichen Veröffentlichungen der verschiedenen Länder, über Berufs-und Bevölkerungstatistik vgl G. Schmoller, Thatsachen der Arbeitsteilung, Jahrb. f. Ges. und Berw. Bd 13, 1889.

Buchsenschutz, Besitz und Erwerb in griechischen Alterthum. Halle, 1869.

Franz Bernhoft, Ueber die Stellung der Frauen in Alterthum, Nord und Süd. Bd. 39, 1884.

K. Weinhold, Die deutschen Frauen im Mittelalter, 2 Auflage. Wien, 1882.

Norrenberg, Frauenarbeit und Arbeiterinnenziehung in deutscher Vorzeit. Köln, 1780.

Stahl, Das deutsche Handwerk. Giessen, 1874.

Carl Bücher, Die Frauenfrage im Mittelalter. Tübingen, 1882.

Stieda, Litteratur, heutige Zustände und Entstehung der deutschen Hausindustrie. Leipzig, 1889. [Schr. d. Ver. f. Soz. Bd. 39.]

Ad. Held, Zwei Bücher zur socialen Geschichte Englands. Leipzig, 1848.

Fr. Engels, Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. 2 Ausgabe. Leipzig, 1848.

Karl Marx, Das Kapital, Band 1, 2 Auflage. Hamburg, 1872.

Max Schippel, Das moderne Elend und die moderne Uebervölkerung. Stuttgart, 1886.

Von Scherzer, Weltindustrien. Leipzig, 1880.

Ettore Friedlander, Die Frage der Frauen-und Kinderarbeit, deutsch von Fleischer. Forbach, 1887.

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W. Stieda, Deutschlands sozialstatistische Erhebungen im Jahre 1876. Jahrb. f. Ges. und Verw. R.F. Bd. 1, 1877.

Eine Enquete über Frauen-und Kinderarbeit in der deutsche Flachs-und Leinenindustrie. Arbeiterfreund, Jahrg. 12, 1874.

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Worishoffer, Die soziale Lage der Cigarrenarbeiter im Grossherzogthum Baden. Karlsruhe, 1890.

Amtliche Mittheilungen aus den Jahresberichten der mit Beaufsichtigung der Fabriken betrauten Beamten, Jahrg. 1-14. Berlin, 1877-90.

Elster, Die Fabrikinspektionsberichte, und die Arbeiterschutzgesetzgebung in Deutschland. Jahrb. f. Nat. R.F. Bd. 11. 1885.

P. Kollmann, Die gewerbliche Entfaltung im deutschen Reiche. Jahrb. f. Ges. und Verw. R.F., Bd. 11 und 12. 1888-89.

Kuno Frankenstein, Die Lage der Arbeiterinnen in den deutschen Grossstadten, ebenda Bd. 12. 1888.

Eug. Kämpfe, Die Lage der industriellthätigen Arbeiterinnen in Deutschland. Leipzig, 1889.

O. Pache, Unsere Arbeiterfrauen. Leipzig, 1880.

Bericht der Gewerbeordnungscommission des Reichstages, 7 Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, 1890-91, Sammlung d. Drucksachen des Reichstages, 7 Legislaturperiode, 1 Session 1887, Bd. 2, Berlin, 1887, Nr. 83.

Karl Kaerger, Die Sachsgangerei, Landw. Jahrb. Bd. 13. 1890.

Hirschberg, Lohne der Arbeiterinnen in Berlin. Jahrb. f. Nat. Bd. 13. 1886.

Herkner, Die belgische Arbeiterenquete und ihre sozialpolitischen Resultate. Archiv f. soz. Ges. und Staat, Bd. 1. 1888.

Derselbe, Die oberelsassische Baumwollindustrie und ihre Arbeiter. Strassburg, 1887.

Ruhland, Der achtstundige Arbeitstag und die Arbeitschutzgesetzgebung Australiens. Zeitschr. f.d. ges. Staatsgewissenschaft, Bd. 47. 1891.

v. Studnitz, Amerikanische Arbeitverhältnisse. Leipzig, 1879.

Douai, Die Lage der Lohnarbeiter in Amerika, in Tenner, Amerika. Berlin und New York, 1884.

Hirt, Die gewerbliche Thätigkeit der Frauen von hygienischen Standpunkte aus. Breslau und Leipzig, 1887.

Derselbe, Frauenarbeit in Fabriken, in Hirth's Ann. 1875.

Schuler und Burkhardt, Untersuchungen über die Gesundheitsverhältnisse der Fabrikbevölkerung in der Schweiz. Aarau, 1889.

Schonlank, Die Further Quecksilber-Spiegelbelege. Stuttgart, 1888.

Pfieffer, Die proletarische und criminelle Säuglingssterblichkeit Jahrb. f. Nat. N.F. Bd. 4. 1882.

John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women. London, 1869; 4 Aufl., 1878, übersetzt von Jenny Hirsch, v.d. Hörigkeit der Frau, 2 Aufl., Berlin 1872, nebst einem Vorbericht über den Stand der Frauenfrage, übersetzt von Ludwig Stockman, 3 Aufl. Stuttgart, 1892.

Die Frau und die Sozialismus, 8 Aufl. Stuttgart, 1891.

v. Raumer, Die Frau und die Sozialdemokratie. Berlin, 1884.

Georg Hannsen, Die drei Bevölkerungsstufen, [111,7: Das Weib im Bevölkerungsstrom]. München, 1889.

Karoline Norton, Die Frauen in England unter dem Gesetz unseres Jahrhunderts. A.D. Engl. Berlin, 1855.

Rubinu und Westergaard, Statistik der Ehen auf Grund der sozialen Gliederung. Jena, 1889.

Lette, Denkschrift über die Eröffnung neuer und die Verbesserung bisheriger Erwerbsquellen für das weibliche Geschlecht. Arbeiterfreund, Jahrb. 1865. Auszug aus dem Protokoll der Sitzung des Vorstandes und Ausschusses des Zent.-Ver. in Preussen für das Wohl der arbeitenden Klasse, nebst Lettes Votum und Promemoria und andere Materialen, ebenda.

Gust. Eberty, Geschichte der Bestrebungen für das Wohl der arbeitenden Frauen in England, ebenda.

Luisa Otto, Das Recht der Frauen auf Erwerb. Hamburg, 1868.

Otto August, Die soziale Lage auf dem Gebiete der Frauen. Hamburg, 1868.

v. Sybel, Ueber die Emanzipation der Frauen. Bonn, 1860.

Karl Thomas Richter, Das Recht der Frauen auf Arbeit and die Organization der Frauenarbeit, 2 Aufl. Wien, 1869.

Schönberg, Die Frauenfrage. Basel, 1872.

Phil. v. Nathusius, Zur Frauenfrage. Halle, 1871.

Rob. König, Zur Charakteristik der Frauenfrage. Leipzig und Bielefeld, 1879.

Hedwig Dohm, Der Frauen Natur und Recht. Berlin, 1876. Dieselbe, Die wissenschaftliche Emancipation der Frau. Berlin, 1877.

Fanny Lewald, Für und wider die Frauen, 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1875.

Franz von Holzendorff, Die Verbesserung in der gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Stellung der Frauen, 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1877.

Luisa Büchner, Ueber die Frauenemanzipation. Dorpat, 1877.

J. Pierstorff, Frauenfrage und Frauenbewegung. Göttingen, 1879.

Sophie v. Hardenburg, Zur Frauenfrage. Leipzig, 1883.

Laas, Zur Frauenfrage. Berlin, 1883.

Lor. v. Stein, Die Frau auf dem Gebiete der Nationalökonomie, 6 Aufl. Stuttgart, 1886. Derselbe, Die Frau auf dem sozialen Gebiete. Stuttgart, 1880.

Mathilde Reichart Stromberg, Frauenrecht und Frauenpflicht, 3 Aufl. Leipzig, 1883.

F.L. Warneck, Ehret die Frauen, 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1882.

Dorothea Christina Erxleben, [geb. Leporin,] Gründliche Untersuchen der Ursachen, die das weibliche Geschlecht von Studieren abhalten, darin deren Unerheblichkeit gezeiget, und wie möglich, nöthig und nützlich es sei, dieses Geschlecht der Gelehrtheit sich befleissige, umständlich dargelegt we wird. Berlin, 1742. Dieselbe, Vernünftige Gedanken vom Studieren des Schönen Geschlechts. Frankfurt und Leipzig, 1749.

Victor Böhmert, Das Studium der Frauen in besonderer Rücksicht auf das Studium der Medizin. Leipzig, 1872. Derselbe, Das Frauenstudium nach den Erfahrungen an der Züricher Universität. Arbeiterfreund, Bd. 12. 1874.

Hermann, Die Frauenstudien und die Interessen der Hochschule Zurich. Zurich, 1872.

Gneist, Ueber gemeinschaftliche Schulen für Knaben und Mädchen und über die Universitätsbildung der Frauen nach den neueren Erfahrungen in den nordamerikanischen Freistaaten. Arbeiterfreund, Jahrg. 12. 1874.

v. Scheel, Frauenfrage und Frauenstudium. Jahrb. f. Nat., Bd. 22, 1874.

Eug. Dühring, Weg zur höheren Berufsbildung der Frauen, 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1885.

Helene Lange, Frauen Bildung. Berlin, 1889.

Zehender, Ueber den Beruf der Frauen zum Studium und zur praktischen Ausübung der Medezin durch die Frauen. München, 1877.

Ludwig Schwerin, Die Zulassung der Frauen zur Ausübung des artzlichen Berufs. Berlin, 1870.

Mathilde Weber, Aerztinnen für Frauenkrankheiten, eine ethische und sanitäre Nothwendigkeit, 4 Aufl. Tübingen, 1889.

Waldeyer, Das Studium der Medizin und die Frauen. Tagebl. der 61. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Artzerei in Köln, v. 18, 23, No. 1878, wissenschaftl. Theil. Köln, 1889.

O. Heyfelder, Die medizinischen Frauenkurse von Petersburg. Unsere Zeit, 1887, 11.

Karl Breul, Die Frauencolleges der Universität Cambridge, England. Preuss. Jahrb., Jahrg. 1891, Heft 1.

Die Entstehung und Entwickelung der gewerblichen Fortbildungsschulen und Frauenarbeitsschulen in Würtemberg; herausgegeben von der Königlichen Commission für die gewerblichen Fortbildungsschulen, 2 Aufl. Stuttgart, 1889.

Galle und Kamp, Die hauswirthschaftliche Unterweisung armer Mädchen. Wiesbaden, 1889; Neue Folge, Wiesbaden, 1889. Die hauswirthschaftliche Unterricht armer Mädchen in Deutschland. Schr. d. Ver. f. Armenpflege und Wohlthätigkeit, Heft 12. Leipzig, 1889.

Lina Morgenstern, Allgemeiner Frauenkalender für 1885, 1886, und 1887. Berlin.

Luise Otto Peters, Das erste Vierteljahrhundert des Allgemeinen deutschen Frauenvereins. Leipzig, 1890.

Jenny Hirsch, Geschichte der 25-jahrigen Wirksamkeit [1886-91] des Lettevereins. [Festschrift.] Berlin, 1891.

Amelie Sohr, Frauenarbeit in der Armen-und Krankenpflege daheim und im Auslande. Berlin, 1882.

Ed. Gauer, Die höhere Mädchenschule und die Lehrerinnenfrage. Berlin, 1878.

Spyri, Die Betheiligung des weiblichen Geschlechts am öffentlichen Unterricht in der Schweiz. Sep.-Abdr. der schweizer. Zeitschrift f. Gemeinnützigkeit, Jahrg. 1873, Zurich.

Rüdinger, Vorläufige Mittheilung über die Unterschiede der Grosshirnwindungen nach dem Geschlecht, Beiträge zur Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Bayerns, Bd. 1, 1887.

J. Pierstorff, Litteratur zur Frauenfrage. Jahrb. f. Nat. N.F. Bd. 7. 1883.

Während des Druckes erschienen:

Ed. von Hartmann, Die Jungfernfrage, Gegenwart 1891, Nr. 34 und 35.

W. Stieda, Frauenarbeit. Jahrb. f. Nat., Dritte Folge, 11, 2, 1891.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FRENCH LITERATURE ON THE WOMAN QUESTION AND THAT OF WOMAN'S LABOR.

Levasseur, Histoire des classes ouvrières depuis 1788. Paris, 1867.

Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, Le travail des femmes au XIX. siècle. Paris, 1873.

Jules Simon, L'ouvrière, 2^me édition. Paris, 1870.

Villermé, Tableau de l'état physique et moral des ouvriers employés dans les manufactures de coton, de laine et de soie. Paris, 1840.

Kuborn, Rapport sur l'enquête faite au nom de l'académie royale de medicine de Belgique par la commission chargée d'étudier la question de l'emploi des femmes dans les travaux souterrains des mines. Bruxelles, 1868. Documents nouveaux relatifs au travail des femmes et des enfants dans les manufactures, les mines, etc., etc. Bruxelles, 1874.

Condorcet, Lettres d'un bourgeois de New Haven à un citoyen de Virginie, 1787. OEuvres complètes, Brunswick, 1804. The same, Sur l'admission des femmes au droit de cité. Journal de la société de 1789, v. 3, VII. 1790.

Laboulaye, Recherches sur la condition civile et politique des femmes depuis les Romains jusqu'à nos jours. Paris, 1843.

Legouvé, Histoire morale de la femme. Paris, 1848; 4^me édition, 1884.

Michelet, La femme. Paris, 1860.

Proudhon, La justice dans l'église et dans la révolution, 1858. Oeuvres anciennes, Paris, 1868-76. Tome 22-26.

Jenny d'Hericourt, La femme affranchie. Bruxelles, 1860.

Juliette Lamber, Idées antiproudhoniennes sur l'amour, la femme et le mariage, 2^me édition. Paris, 1862.

Leon Giraud, Essai sur la condition de la femme en Europe et en Amérique. Paris, 1883.

Eugène Pelletan, La famille. La mère. Paris, 1865.

Actes du Congrès international des droits des femmes. Paris, 1878.

Comte de Franqueville, Les droits des femmes en Angleterre, Compte rendu de l'Académie des sciences morales et politiques. Paris, 1891.

ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Working Women in Large Cities, 4th annual Report of the Commission of Labor. Washington, 1878.

Theodore Stanton, The Woman Question in Europe. London, 1884.

Helen Campbell, Prisoners of Poverty, 1887. Prisoners of Poverty Abroad, 1889.

Woman's Work in America, edited by Annie Nathan Meyer. New York, 1891.

Sophia Jex-Blake, Medical Women. Edinburgh, 1871.

A. Huntley, Women and Medicine. London, 1886.

John Stuart Mill, Subjection of Women. London, 1869.

Eliza W. Farnham, Woman and her Era. New York, 1869.

Lester F. Ward, Dynamic Sociology, vol. i. pp. 597-664.

Maria S. Child, History and Condition of Women in various Ages and Nations. Boston, 1840.

INDEX.

Abuses, in factories, 112; in dry-goods stores, 265. (_See_ also Fines, Factories, Hours.)

Age, average, of working-women in Massachusetts, 116.

Agricultural labor, women press into, 21.

Agricultural Laborers' Union, women denied admission to, 21.

Alabama, women workers in, 110.

Alfred's "History of the Factory Movement," 93.

American girls, percentage of, employed in Massachusetts, 116.

Andover ordinances, 60.

Appendix, 275.

Apprentices, 49, 122.

Arbitration, 266.

Aristotle, "Politics" and "Economics," 29; views of women, 30.

Arizona, working-women in, 110.

Arkansas, working-women in, 110.

Atlanta, Ga., weekly wage in, 139

Austria, hours of labor in, 185.

Authorities consulted, 291.

Bakeries, girls in, 218.

Baltimore, Md., weekly wage in, 139.

Beating, 52.

Beaulieu, Paul Leroy, 165, 167, 251.

Belgium, inquiry commission, 174; hours of labor in, 186.

Berlin Labor Conference, 11.

Betton, Frank, investigation of conditions in Kansas, 123.

Bibliography, 294.

Bishop, Commissioner, 221.

"Bitter Cry of Outcast London," 9, 136.

Blackwell, Dr. Emily, on restraints on women workers, 97.

Book-binding, women and children employed in, 108.

Boston, weekly wage in, 139; establishment of labor bureau in, 111; report on working-girls of, 114; women employed in, 116.

Brain, relative sizes and weights of man's and woman's, 27.

Brassey, Lord, 176.

Broadcloth, weaving of, by women, 73.

Brooklyn, N.Y., weekly wage in, 139.

Bücher, Dr. Carl, 43.

Buffalo, N.Y., weekly wage in, 139.

California, average wage in, 141; women workers in, 110; first labor-bureau report, 121.

Calkins, Mary W., on profit-sharing, 267.

Capital has no complaint, 7, 11.

Capitalist, and landlord absorb lion's share, 7; investment of skill and risk, 12.

Carpet-weaving, women employed in, 108.

Celibacy, 43.

Census Bureau, difficulties in work of, 102; discrepancies in reports, 103.

Charity adds insult to injury, 251.

Charlemagne, 45.

Charleston, S.C., weekly wage in, 139.

Chicago, weekly wage in, 139.

Child labor, efforts against, 11; in Prussia, 175, 178.

Chivalry, 44.

Cigar-making, women and children employed in, 108.

Cincinnati, weekly wage in, 139.

Cities, women's trades focussed in, 19.

Clement of Alexandria, on women, 41.

Cleveland, O., weekly wage in, 139.

Clothing-trade, women employed in, 108.

Colbert, 54.

Colorado, women workers in, 110; labor-bureau reports, 122; weekly wage in, 141.

Commodity, labor as a, 17.

Competition, among needle-workers, 22; should be controlled, 252, 253.

Conciliation, arbitration and, 266.

Conditions, general, in Maine, 189; Massachusetts, 190; Connecticut, 192; Rhode Island, 193; New Jersey, 197; Kansas, 199; Wisconsin, 199; Colorado, 200; Indiana, 200; Minnesota, 201; California, 202; Missouri, 204; Michigan, 205; in New York stores, 232.

Congrès Féministe, 165.

Connecticut, women workers in, 110; labor bureau organized, 121; average wage, 141.

Cotton, first bale of, 67; industry, 68; in Italy, 179; machinery and mills, 70, 71.

Cotton-goods trade, women in, 108.

Coxe, Tench, 68, 72, 115.

Credit, 54.

Crime and pauperism in labor reports, 113.

Criminal list fed by factory system, 91.

Custom hampers women workers, 22.

Cyprian, 41.

Dakota, working-women in, 110.

Daniel, Dr. Annie S., 223, 225, 226.

Deaconesses, 39.

De Gournay, 54.

Delaware, women workers in, 110.

Diet, effect oil industrial efficiency, 14.

Distribution of wealth, conflict over, 7, 8.

District of Columbia, working-women in, 110.

Divorces in Massachusetts labor reports, 114.

Domestic service, 57, 237; in California, 122; in Colorado, 122; advantages of, 239; disadvantages, 241; employers of, 245; Woman's Congress on, 246.

Donaldson, Principal, 39.

Dress-making, 254.

Drimakos, 34.

Dry-goods houses, abuses in, 265.

Dust in modern manufacture, 213, 218, 219.

Dynamic Sociology, 26.

Earnings, definition of, 127; average of working-women in Massachusetts, 117.

Economic question, the question of the day, 7; dependence, 27; Greek thought, 29.

Education, technical, as affecting efficiency, 14; of girls less practical than of boys, 23; industrial, in Italy, 175; in Sweden, 183; compulsory, 178; demanded for the employer and the public, 251.

Efficiency, differences in, regulate wages, 14; affected by education, 14.

Embroidery, 48.

Emerson, Mary Moody, 66.

Emigration, Irish, 84; increase of, 96.

Employment, fluctuation in, affects wages, 16.

Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII., 151.

Engels, Dr., on proportion of subsistence to total expenses, 118.

Evils recognized, 94.

Evolution, woman's industrial activity in harmony with, 270.

Expenses, average of working-women in Massachusetts, 118.

Factory, system, 75, 90; girls, 78; Lowell girls, 79; laws, 81, 85, 235, 275; conditions, 82, 84; hours, 86; women in, 89; employments, effects of, 91; ventilation, 92; inspection, 222, 275; married women in, 229; movement, 92, 93.

Fair house, standard of, 262.

Families, condition of, 113.

Family life, demoralization of, 271.

Fawcett, Henry, opposition to women in trades, 20.

Fines, system of, 230, 233; in stores, 258.

Florida, women workers in, 110.

Fortescue, 53.

France, hours of labor in, 183.

Fry, Eleanor, 63.

Fuller, Margaret, 119.

Furriers, 46.

Georgia, women workers in, 110.

Germany, attitude of Emperor William, 11; hours of labor in, 185.

"Germinal," 174.

Gilman, N.P., on profit-sharing, 267.

Gloves, home manufacture of, 63.

Godfrey's Cordial in infant mortality, 147.

Greeley, Horace, 119.

Guilds, 45; expulsion of women from, 47.

Habits, personal, as affecting efficiency, 14.

Half-time system for children, 113.

Harkness, Margaret, 154.

Harland, Sarah, on work for uneducated women, 253.

Harrison, Frederick, 17, 18.

Health, in factory employments, 91; of working-women in Massachusetts, 113.

Homes, of working-people, 112; for girls, 191; in cities, 222, 226, 250.

Hosiery and knitting, women employed in, 108.

Hours of labor, in Massachusetts, 117; in Michigan, 206; in stores, 258.

Huxley, Thomas, description of London parish, 9, 10.

Idaho, working-women in, 110.

Ideals, alteration of, called for, 271.

Illinois, women workers in, 110.

Immobility of labor, 18, 19.

Income, defined, 127; average, in Massachusetts, 116.

Indiana, women workers in, 110.

Indianapolis, average wage in, 139.

Individual development, 272.

Industrial, education, 252; efficiency, 14.

Industries open to women in the United States, 124.

Infant mortality, 147.

Insanity among workers, 254.

Intellectual degeneracy of factory operatives, 91, 93.

Intelligence, effect on efficiency, 14; effect of factory system on, 91.

Intemperance produced by factory system, 91.

Iowa, women workers in, 110; labor bureau, 122. "Iphigenia in Tauris," 31.

Irish, emigration, 84; industries, 159.

Iron law of wages, defined and denounced, 15; applicable to unskilled labor, 15.

Jevons, W.S., 147.

Justice, education in, 271; a soul-growth, 273, 274.

Kansas, women workers in, 110; labor bureau, 122; average wage in, 89.

Kay, Dr., 89.

Kelley, Florence, 264.

Kettle, Rupert, on arbitration, 268.

Knights of Labor, on women's work, 270.

Knitting, 74; and hosiery trades, women in, 108.

Labor, degradation of, 35; unskilled in colonies, 58; child, 86; effect of out-door, on pregnant mothers, 147; unskilled, a cause of low wages, 271; bureaus, their work in relation to women, 110 (_see_ also under each State); Father of, 115; mobility of, 17; Congress in Belgium, 175; hours of, in Germany, 185, in France, 183, in Austria, 185, in Belgium, 186, in Switzerland, 186.

Laborer does not receive his share, 13.

Lace-making, women employed in, 48, 108; in Ireland, 159; in Nottingham, 268.

Lecky, W.H., 89.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul, 165, 167, 251.

Levasseur, E., 161.

Lille, cave-dwellers in, 168.

"London, Bitter Cry of Outcast," 9, 196; poverty, 9, 10.

Louis le Jeune, 46.

Louis, Saint, "Institutions" of, 46.

Louisiana, women workers in, 110.

Louisville, Ky., weekly wage in, 139.

Love, law of, ends conflict, 274.

Lowell factory-girl, 93.

Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 267.

Luther, 44.

Lynn, Mass., shoe-making industry of, 99.

Machinery, effects on woman's labor, 252.

Maine, Sir Henry, 42.

Maine, women employed in, 110; in shoe-making, 99; labor bureau, 123; average wages, 139.

Manual training, in California, 122. (_See_ also education.)

Marriage, 27, 38.

Married women in factories, 91, 118.

Massachusetts, Bureau of Labor reports, 99, 101, 111; census of women workers in, 110, 116; average wages in, 139.

Match-making dangers, 221.

Mazzini on freedom, 273.

Men oppose admission of women to trades, 20.

Men's furnishing-goods, women employed in, 108.

Michigan, women workers in, 110.

Millinery, women employed in, 108; readily organized trade, 254.

Mines, women in, 174.

Minnesota, women employed in, 110; labor bureau, 122; average wage, 141.

Mississippi, working-women in, 110.

Missouri, women workers in, 110.

Mobility of labor, 17.

Modern processes involve risk, 115.

Montana, working-women in, 110.

Mundella, Arthur, on arbitration, 268.

Nebraska, working-women in, 110.

Needle, resource of unskilled woman laborers, 22.

Nevada, women workers in, 110.

Newark, average wage in, 139.

New England, shoe operatives in, 100.

New Hampshire, women in shoe-making industry in, 99; total women workers, 110.

New Jersey, factory evils in, 94; women workers employed, 110; average wage, 141.

New Mexico, working-women in, 110.

New Orleans, average wages in, 139.

New York, Labor Bureau reports, 94, 119; factory evils, 94; total women workers in State, 110; average wage in, 141.

New York City, average wage in, 139; percentage of women workers in, 109; "Tribune" stirs in sewing-women's behalf, 119.

North Carolina, total women employed in, 110.

Nott, Mrs., 66.

Nottingham lace manufacture, 268.

Offices, intelligence, 247.

Ohio, women employed in, 110.

Oregon, working-women in, 110.

Organization among women, in France, 166; in cities, 206; in England, 253, 255.

Parent-Duchalet, 171.

Pauperism and crime in labor reports, 113.

Pay, just, the first remedy, 25; equal for both sexes, 257.

Peck, Charles F., work in New York, 119.

Pennsylvania, working-women in, 110.

Perkins, Mrs. Thomas, 65.

Philadelphia, average weekly wage in, 139.

Plato, 35.

Post-office, employment of women in, objected to, 21.

Potter, Beatrice, 154.

Poverty, no more desperate in Europe than in the United States, 9, in London, 9,10; produced by factory system, 91.

Prejudice, born of ignorance, etc., to be dismissed, 13.

Profit-sharing between employer and employed, 267.

Prostitution, fed by factory system, 91, 92; by domestic service, 93; statistics in, 171, 210; recruited from factories, 114.

Providence, average weekly wage in, 139.

Quesnay, 54.

Question of the day, the economic one, 7.

Questions, three, to be answered, 13.

Ranke, on air required, 92.

Remedies, just pay the first, 251.

Reports, labor, six divisions of, 115. (_See_ also under various States.)

Reybaud's "History of the Factory Movement," 92.

Rhode Island, working-women in, 110; average wage in, 141.

Rice, Commissioner, deals with women wage-earners in Colorado report, 122, 123.

Richmond, Va., average weekly wage in, 139.

Robinson, Henry A., Michigan Labor Bureau work, 123.

Robinson, Mrs. H.H., 79.

Rogers, Thorold, 55; value of his work, 15, 16.

Saleswomen, 131.

San Francisco, average weekly wage in, 139.

Sanitary conditions of factories and of operatives' homes, 92.

San José, average weekly wage in, 139.

Savannah, average weekly wage in, 139.

Savings of Massachusetts working-women, 118.

Seamstresses, in Paris, 163; in New York, 163.

Seats in shops, 220.

Sewing-women, feeling stirred in behalf of, 119.

Sex, disability of, in the way of mobility of labor, 18.

"Sharing the Profits," by Mary W. Calkins, 267.

Shearman, T.G., on irregularity of conditions in the United States, 8.

Shirt-making, women in, 108.

Shoe-making, women in, 98, 99.

Silk-growing, 64, 65.

Silk industry, women and children in, 95, 108.

Silk manufactory, women and children in, in Italy, 179.

Simon, Jules, 163.

Single and married, proportion of, among working-women, 118.

Smith, Adam, 54; summary of causes for difference in wages, 16.

Social life of working-people, 114.

Society, women workers frowned on by, 97.

Solidarity of humanity, 274.

Soul-moulding, Mazzini on, 273.

South Carolina, working-women in, 110.

Spinning-classes, 60; patriotic, 63.

Statistics inadequate as to early conditions, 75.

Stevens, Dr., on increase of insanity, 254.

Stores, condition of women and children in, 258.

St. Louis, average weekly wage in, 139.

St. Paul, average weekly wage in, 139.

Straw-braiding in New England, 68, 100, 101; straw-goods trade, women in, 108.

Sully, 53.

Supply and demand, 23.

Sweating-system, 150, 235; parliamentary investigation of, end of report on, 153.

Tacitus, 38.

Technical education, as affecting efficiency, 14.

Tenement-house manufacture, 256.

Tennessee, working-women in, 110.

Tertullian, 40.

Texas, working-women in, 110.

Textile industries, women in, 98.

Thucydides, opinion of, 32.

Tobacco trade, women in, 110.

Trades, admission of women to, barred by men, 20; women employed in, 108.

Tramp question, in labor reports, 113.

Trusts, alarm caused by growth of, 11.

Turgot, 54.

Tutelage, perpetual, of women, 36.

Umbrellas and canes, women employed in, 108.

Unemployed, condition of, 113.

Union, Working-Women's Protective, 230.

United States, Labor Bureau Reports on working-women, 124.

Unskilled labor, in majority, 22; fierce competition in, 22; surplus of, following Civil War, 101.

Utah, working-women in, 110.

Vacations of working-women in Massachusetts, 117.

Value of laborer's service to employer, elements of, 14.

Vapors, dangers of, in manufacture, 214.

Vegetables, cultivation of, by women, 263.

Vermont, working-women in, 110.

Vincent, Madame, 165.

Villermé, 169, 176.

Wage rates, present, in United States, 126.

Wages, why men receive more than women, 14, 21; effect of industrial efficiency on, 14; iron law of, 15; effort to make standard of life conform to, 15; tendency to a minimum, 16; Adam Smith for causes of difference in, 16; in stores, 259; final effect of woman's work on, 270; not fixed, 35; field, 58; eighteenth-century, 62; in France, 161; in Russia, 181; New York, 129; decrease in, 226; in clothing, 130; in Connecticut, 133; in Italy, 181; in California, 134; Colorado, 135; Iowa, 136; Kansas, 136; Maine, 134; Minnesota, 135; Michigan, 138; Rhode Island, 134; average, per State, 141; average, for all cities, 141; average, by cities, 139; definition of, 127.

Wages question the question of the day, 7.

Wales, women in industries in, 160.

Walker, Gen. F.A., on differences in efficiency, 14; difficulties of census enumeration, 104.

Ward, Lester F., 26.

Wealth, ratio of increase greater than that of population, 8; greater aggregation of, in the United States than in Great Britain, 9.

Weavers of Baltimore, 81.

Weaving, colonial, 60.

West Virginia, working-women in, 110.

Widows, proportion of, among other workers, 118.

Windows, nailing down of, 62.

Wisconsin, average wage in, 141; working-women in, 110.

Wives' earnings, 113.

Woman, primeval, 27; Roman, 36; property of, 52; petition of, in France, 55; International Council of, 79.

Women-workers, percentage of, in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, New York, Lowell, Manchester, Wilmington, Del., 108, 109; according to States, 110; of Boston, 114, 116; industries open to, in large cities, 124; development of her intelligence necessary, 251; in German mines, 11; why their wages are less than men's, 14; their trades highly localized, 19; entrance into trades barred by men, 20; increase of, in the United States, 98; total numbers of, in the United States, in 1860, 103; in 1870, 105; in 1880, 105; occupations according to Census of 1880, 106.

Woollen and cotton industries, 98, 108.

Working-girls' clubs, conditions of, 257.

Working-Woman's Journal, 255.

Working-Women's Protective Union, 255.

Working-Women's Society of New York, its aims, 256.

Worsted and woollen trades, women and children in, 108.

Wright, Carroll D., 115.

Wyoming, working-women in, 110.