Chapter 12

Metal Trades 53,249 18,927 3,408 4,635 Chemical Trades 14,634 52,407 6,226 17,941 Textile Trades 6,378 4,730 1,377 3,695 Clothing Trades 38,256 9,334 1,000 8,430 Wood Trades 4,439 3,764 783 1,490 Leather Trades 7,682 2,179 695 1,372 Rubber Trades 7,897 4,055 1,119 1,561 Others 4,003 3,115 400 669

Total 136,538 98,511 15,008 39,793

Other Total Present Other Domestic Industrial stated and Occupation. Industries. Service. Occupations. classified.

Metal Trades 12,458 12,502 5,449 110,628 Chemical Trades 20,879 44,438 17,079 173,604 Textile Trades 2,320 2,531 1,054 22,085 Clothing Trades 5,745 4,970 3,643 71,378 Wood Trades 2,626 3,950 1,196 18,248 Leather Trades 1,782 1,311 822 15,843 Rubber Trades 2,104 2,393 1,030 20,159 Others 1,233 1,897 875 12,192

Total 49,147 73,992 31,148 444,137

TABLE IV.

Showing Changes between July, 1914, and October, 1918, in Numbers of Girls under 18 employed in Various Occupations.

Numbers on Gross OCCUPATIONS WITH-- July Oct. Increase. Decrease. 1914. 1918.

(1) _Very large Increase._

Building and Construction 1,500 6,000 4,500 ... Metal Trades 45,000 108,000 63,000 ... Chemical Trades 11,000 25,000 14,000 ... Woodworking Trades 10,500 20,000 9,500 ... Other Trades 26,000 37,000 11,000 ...

Total in Industry 94,000 196,000 102,000 ...

(2) _Large Increase, but no serious problem._

Mines and Quarries 1,500 4,000 2,500 ... Agriculture 12,000 18,000 6,000 ... Professional Occupations 5,000 11,000 6,000 ... Postal Service 10,000 14,000 4,000 ... Municipal Gas, Water, and Electricity ... 1,000 1,000 ... Municipal Tramways ... 1,000 1,000 ... Other Local Government Service 5,000 8,000 3,000 ...

Total in Class 2 33,500 57,000 23,500 ...

(3) _Small Increase._

Food, Drink, and Tobacco Trades 49,000 53,000 4,000 ...

TABLE V.

Number of Children and Young Persons convicted of Indictable Offenses in Juvenile Courts in large Cities and in the Metropolitan Police Area from 1914-1917.

INDICTABLE OFFENSES. 1914 1915 1916 1917

Manchester 435 708 767 750 Liverpool 1,169 1,545 2,013 2,196 Leeds 191 256 295 385 Bristol 106 207 331 279 Birmingham 368 423 504 625 Newcastle 86 177 222 234 ------ ------ ------ ------ 2,355 3,316 4,132 4,469

Metropolitan Police District 1,778 3,069 3,858 3,856

APPENDIX II

SOME STATISTICS REFERRING TO THE ILLEGITIMATELY BORN CHILD.

1. Births.

About 50,000 illegitimate children are born yearly in the United Kingdom. Consider what this means. In the course of a single generation of twenty years one million of these unprotected little ones are born, branded because their parents have acted illegitimately.[235:1]

The exact figures for England and Wales[235:2] during the past five and a half years are as follows:

Illegitimate Percentage Year Total Births Legitimate Illegitimate Total

1913 881,890 848,981 37,909 4.29 1914 879,096 841,767 37,329 4.24 1915 814,614 778,369 36,245 4.44 1916 785,520 747,831 37,689 4.79 1917 668,346 631,336 37,010 5.54 1918[235:3] 332,547 312,587 19,960 6.0

It should be noted that in England still-born births are not registered; were these recorded the illegitimate birth-rate would be much higher than the present statistics show. In those countries where the records are kept the number of still-born illegitimate births is always very high, sometimes twice as high--as it is for children born under the protection of marriage.

2. Deaths.

An unusually high infant mortality is found everywhere among illegitimate children. In general, the illegitimate rate is twice as great as the legitimate. _Two unprotected children die for each protected child._

1912-1916 DEATHS PER 1,000 UNDER 1 YEAR.

All infants under 1 year. Legitimate. Illegitimate.

1912 95 91 121 1913 106 104 213 1914 105 100 207 1915 190 105 203 1916 91 87 183

The mortality of unmarried mothers is proportionately great.

"The ratio of illegitimate to legitimate mortality in the first week of life has increased from 170 per cent. in 1907 to 201 per cent. in 1916. These facts have a somewhat ominous aspect and suggest that infant welfare organizations might well devote special attention to the first days of the life of illegitimate children."--(_Report of the Registrar-General for 1916._)

The Law of Affiliation and Bastardy. (Brief Summary of the Law in England and Wales.)

The mother is the legal parent. The child is not legitimized on the marriage of its parents. The child has no rights of inheritance from either parent. Where paternity is established the father is liable for support (or alimony). In Scotland the marriage of the mother with the father legitimizes the child. In Ireland the mother is not allowed to claim alimony herself--she must go into the workhouse and the guardians must sue for her.

To Obtain an Affiliation Order.

By the Bastardy Laws Amendment Act, 1872, the mother must apply to a justice of the peace for a summons to be served on the man alleged by her to be the father of her child. The cost of this summons is 3/6 with an additional 2/- for delivery if beyond the limits of a city borough. The cost of the affiliation order, when obtained, is 9/-. The application for the order may be made before the birth of the child or within twelve months after the birth. It cannot be done after that time unless (1) the man has acknowledged his paternity by paying money for the child, (2) the alleged father has left England, in which case a summons can be served any time within 12 months after his return.

The Affiliation Order.

The maximum amount that up to the present time has been allowed under an Affiliation Order is 5/- a week, such payments to continue until the child reaches the age of sixteen years. The justices determine the exact amount the father shall pay. It also rests entirely within their discretion to make any allowance for the mother's expenses at the time of birth. In fixing the sum the justices are supposed to act _having regard to all the circumstances of the case_, and often the payments were fixed as low as 2/6 or 3/6 per week before the passing of New Act 1919.

The Affiliation Orders Act, 1914.

By the Affiliation Orders Act, 1914, two important changes in the law were gained. The appointment of an officer, known as the collecting officer, took out of the hands of the mother the work of collecting the weekly payments granted under the maintenance order, while new powers were given of enforcing payment from a defaulting father. Further, the compulsory interval of six days (a period which gave the man opportunity to escape) between the summons and the appearance in court of the putative father was abolished.

The New Act.

The inadequacy of such sums with which to bring up a child has at last led to action, and the maximum of 5/- a week has been done away with. The maximum payment in the future will be 10/- a week. This Act (which is called the Affiliation Orders Increase of Maximum Payment Act, 1918) came into operation on January 1st, 1919.

Provisions Affecting Soldiers and Sailors.

If a soldier is alleged to be the father of the child, action must be taken while he is in England or Wales. In Scotland and Ireland the bastardy laws are different, and if he is abroad or under orders to go abroad action cannot be taken. The summons should be served on his commanding officer, with a sufficient payment to cover his journey to and from the court where his case is to be heard. Before the war the alimony granted to the mother for a child by a soldier was even less than in ordinary cases; this injustice has, however, been ended and the allowance now granted for an illegitimate child is 6/8 per week.

FOOTNOTES:

[235:1] The word illegitimacy is derived from the Latin _illegitimus_, meaning "not in accordance with law."

[235:2] The bastardy laws in Scotland and Ireland are different from the English laws, and therefore the figures for these countries are not given.

[235:3] First half-year.

Transcriber's Notes:

Italicized words are surrounded with _underscores_.

Variations in hyphenation have been left as in the original. Examples include:

pre-requisite prerequisite re-marry remarry safe-guarding safeguarding up-bringing upbringing

The word "gonorrhoea" has an oe ligature in the original.

End of Project Gutenberg's Women's Wild Oats, by C. Gasquoine Hartley