ii. To trace individual workers through as long a period as possible,

choosing workers who would best illustrate all the various conditions of employment.

iii. To note any other information.

As regards i., we have the wage sheets for some 470 separate weeks, in addition to the complete lists of two very small firms for one and four years respectively; ii., the complete earnings of about 130 hands for periods varying from one to fourteen years.

Owing to the fact that it was impossible to get the complete lists through 1899 for many firms, and that the periods of slackness and full work were not the same in different places, it proved very difficult to handle the wage lists. At last the plan was adopted of getting complete lists of one busy week, one typical week, and one slack week in 1899, leaving the employers to choose the weeks, unless our investigators could make a complete record. In the following analysis we have endeavoured to bring out the salient features of the statistics of each firm separately, and we have then grouped together all the typical weeks, either chosen by the employer or selected by us from the series; and it is believed that this grouping gives an adequate idea of the wages at a time which the trade regards as ordinary.

The earnings of the 130 individual hands is a very valuable and, it may be, almost unique record. Many interesting facts are brought out by their study, and the records should have a place in sociological literature apart from their interest in the present connection.

It has been necessary to make a technical use of averages in collating and tabulating the material, and we offer the following explanations. Where the word "average" is used without qualification, it is the ordinary arithmetic average, obtained by dividing the total by the number of payees. This is the best for general quantitative measurements.

In most cases the median and quartiles and sometimes the dispersions have been calculated. They may be explained as follows. Suppose the wages of, say, sixty persons to be arranged in ascending order, _e.g._, 5_s._, 5_s._ 3_d._, 6_s._, 6_s._ 1_d._ ... 11_s._ 9_d._, 12_s._, 12_s._ 6_d._, then the wage _halfway_ up the list is the _median_ wage; thus, there are as many individuals above the median as below it. The wages halfway from the ends to the median (_i.e._, fifteenth and forty-fifth from bottom), are the _quartiles_, so that between the quartiles half the wages are grouped. Thus, if the median and quartiles in the above list were 7_s._ 6_d._, 10_s._ 6_d._, 12_s._ 6_d._, there would be fifteen earning less than 7_s._ 6_d._, fifteen more than 12_s._ 6_d._, thirty between 7_s._ 6_d._ and 12_s._ 6_d._, thirty below and thirty above 10_s._ 6_d._ For a single measurement of the grouping of the wages about their median, the distance between it and the quartiles is significant: in this example 3_s._ and 2_s._ are these distances. The more convenient way of stating this is to express half the distance between the quartiles (2_s._ 6_d._) as a fraction of their average 10_s._, which is generally very nearly the median. This fraction (¼ or ·25) we call the _dispersion_, and it enables us to study the changing character of a group in a very simple and efficient manner.

I.--STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE VARIOUS FIRMS.

FIRM A.

_Information obtained._--Wages of thirty-six hands tabulated week by week through 1899.

Total amount paid in wages and total number employed each week, 1885-1899.

The whole wages sheet for one week in July and one week in November for each of these fifteen years.

A. is a firm employing from fifty to one hundred and ten women and girls as folders, stitchers and sewers. The number employed has changed gradually; in 1885-7 there were about a hundred: from 1888 to 1894 the number continually diminished to sixty, and after a brief spurt in the autumn of 1894 to one hundred and fifteen and a rapid fall, has from 1895 to 1899 gradually risen from fifty to ninety.

Through the fifteen years which the statistics cover, 1885-1899, the _annual_ average (roughly calculated) has fluctuated within the narrow limits of 8_s._ 9_d._ and 10_s._ 6_d._; it was above 10_s._ in 1888, 1889, 1897, 1898, 1899; below 9_s._ in 1886 and 1894. This average includes the learners. But when examined more minutely it is seen that the fluctuations week by week and month by month are very rapid. Briefly, there is a change of about 4_s._ in four-weekly cycles. Thus in November, 1899, the averages for the five weeks were 10_s._, 11_s._ 2_d._, 13_s._ 9_d._, 13_s._ 10_d._, 12_s._

In November the wages are much higher than in July, and evidently more regular in character; the number earning near the average is also greater. Thus the "dispersion" in November is generally about ·2 (the quartiles and median being, for example, 12_s._, 15_s._, 18_s._); while in July it is generally about ·4 (_e.g._, 3_s._ 9_d._, 6_s._ 3_d._, 8_s._ 9_d._). Again, it seems quite doubtful each year whether there will be any July wages worth the name; the median in four weeks selected each year in July changes from 2_s._ 11_d._ to 8_s._ 2_d._; while that for selected weeks in November is from 10_s._ 8_d._ to 17_s._ 11_d._, a smaller proportionate variation.

The majority are piece workers.

The following table shows the wages in two weeks (slack and busy) in 1899. The figures are probably typical of similar weeks in previous years.

+-------------------+------------+------------+ | FIRM A. | July 14th, | Nov. 29th, | | | 1899. | 1899. | | From to | Numbers | Numbers | | _s.__d._ _s.__d._ | earning. | earning. | +-------------------+------------+------------+ | 24 0 26 0 | 1 | 2 | | 22 0 24 0 | 0 | 5 | | 20 0 22 0 | 1 | 12 | | 18 0 20 0 | 0 | 9 | | 16 0 18 0 | 2 | 5 | | 14 0 16 0 | 4 | 14 | | 12 0 14 0 | 5 | 10 | | 10 0 12 0 | 4 | 11 | | 8 0 10 0 | 11 | 1 | | 6 0 8 0 | 17 | 2 | | 4 0 6 0 | 11 | 2 | | 2 0 4 0 | 6 | 2 | | -- -- 2 0 | 1 | 1 | +-------------------+------------+------------+ July 14th, 1899: Median, 7_s._; Quartiles, 5_s._ 8_d._, 9_s._ 11_d._; Dispersion, ·27. Nov. 29th, 1899: Median, 14_s._ 6_d._; Quartiles, 11_s._ 10_d._, 19_s._; Dispersion, ·23.

+-------+-----------------------------------+ | FIRM | Average | | A. | Wage. | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | 1st | 2nd | Year. | | | Six | Six | | | | Months. | Months. | | +-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | 1885 | 8 11 | 9 2 | 9 1 | | 1886 | 8 4 | 9 5 | 8 10 | | 1887 | 8 8 | 9 5 | 9 0 | | 1888 | 8 0 | 10 7 | 9 4 | | 1889 | 9 5 | 10 11 | 10 1 | | 1890 | 10 4 | 10 10 | 10 6 | | 1891 | 9 0 | 10 1 | 9 6 | | 1892 | 8 4 | 9 8 | 9 0 | | 1893 | 9 4 | 8 8 | 9 0 | | 1894 | 8 2 | 9 8 | 8 11 | | 1895 | 8 5 | 10 4 | 9 4 | | 1896 | 9 5 | 10 0 | 9 8 | | 1897 | 9 10 | 10 11 | 10 4 | | 1898 | 10 6 | 10 1 | 10 4 | | 1899 | 9 11 | 10 4 | 10 1 | +-------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+-------+-----------+-----------+ | FIRM | Median | | A. | Wage. | | +-----------+-----------+ | | Week | Week | | | in | in | | | July. | Nov. | +-------+-----------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | 1885 | 8 2 | 15 2 | | 1886 | 4 5 | 17 0 | | 1887 | 5 5 | 14 7 | | 1888 | 8 9 | 14 6 | | 1889 | 9 3 | 17 2 | | 1890 | 6 7 | 17 11 | | 1891 | 6 6 | 16 10 | | 1892 | 7 0 | 15 4 | | 1893 | 6 2 | 10 8 | | 1894 | 3 0 | 13 11 | | 1895 | 5 4 | 14 4 | | 1896 | 5 7 | 11 8 | | 1897 | 6 7 | 15 0 | | 1898 | 4 7 | 11 4 | | 1899 | 7 0 | 13 3 | +-------+-----------+-----------+ For the 15 years: 1st six months, 9_s._; 2nd six months, 10_s._; year, 9_s._ 6_d._

FIRM B.

_Information obtained._--Wages of five hands tabulated week by week, for years 1886-99, 1887-99, 1896-99, 1898-99, 1899, respectively.

Monthly earnings and half-yearly bonus for all regular hands, 1888-99.

Weekly wages of all hands throughout eighteen months in the years 1886-96 and 1899, three weeks in 1877 and two in 1898.

This firm employs folders, stitchers, and sewers.--The number of permanent hands employed increased with slight variations from two in 1886 to twelve in 1899. Jobbers are occasionally employed, sometimes as many as there are permanent hands.

Considering the regular hands and choosing each year a wage earner near the median for that year, we have the following table.

+--------+-----------+-----------+------------------+ | FIRM | Total | Bonus. | Average Earnings | | B. | Wages | | per week, | | | in Year. | | including bonus. | +--------+-----------+-----------+------------------+ | | £ _s._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | 1887 | 18 0 (a) | 10 6 | 14 3 | | 1888 | 39 6 | 21 8 | 15 6 | | 1889 | 38 16 | 20 4 | 15 4 | | 1890 | 36 6 | 16 6 | 14 4 | | 1891 | 39 0 | 18 9 | 15 4 | | 1892 | 39 12 | 20 0 | 15 7 | | 1893 | 38 8 | 24 0 | 15 2 | | 1894 | 40 3 | 15 0 | 15 9 | | 1895 | 37 10 | 19 0 | 14 10 | | 1896 | 40 7 | 20 0 | 15 9 | | 1897 | 37 11 | 19 6 | 14 10 | | 1898 | 40 7 | 20 0 | 15 11 | | 1899 | 29 11 (b) | 14 9 | 15 6 | +--------+-----------------------+------------------+ (a) half-year (b) 9 months

In a typical week, January 5th-12th, 1899, the wages were:

Full workers, average, 16_s._ 2_d._ 1 at 21_s._ 5 between 16_s._ and 17_s._ 4 " 15_s._ and 16_s._ 1 at 14_s._ 10_d._ 1 " 12_s._ 9_d._

Learners in their third year, 2 at 10_s._ 6_d._ " " second " 1 " 5_s._

9 jobbers, average 5_s._ 5_d._ 1 at 7_s._ 2_d._ 4 between 5_s._ and 7_s._ 4 less than 5_s._

Average, for all except learners, 11_s._ 7_d._

FIRM C.

_Information obtained._--Complete list of wages for first week in every month, from January, 1897, to February, 1900.

Full lists in five weeks described as "slack," "busy," or "typical."

The wages of fifteen hands tabulated, most of them throughout 1897-99.

The work is divided into four departments:--

Binders, from twenty-nine to thirty-eight hands. The median wage fluctuated in the three years between 11_s._ and 17_s._, excluding holiday weeks; 13_s._ is the general average. About six are on time wages.

In the warehouse, where Government folding is done, five hands are employed. The median wage of this group fluctuated in 1897 between 16_s._ and 27_s._, being low at the end of 1897. In 1898 and 1899 it was a little steadier, averaging about 21_s._ (piece rates).

In the envelope room, where folding and relief stamping is done, seven to thirteen hands are employed. The median wage is very variable, fluctuating from 9_s._ to 16_s._, and averaging about 12_s._, chiefly time wages.

Machine ruling is done by from four to eleven girls. Their median wage was nearly steady at 6_s._ in 1897 and 1898, and rose regularly to 8_s._ in 1899. Nominally these were time wages.

The following table shows detailed wages in five selected weeks (learners excluded).

+------------------+--------------------------+-------+---------+ | FIRM C. | Typical Weeks. | Busy | Slack | | | | Week. | Week. | | +--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | | Nov., | Feb., | Nov., | Dec., | March, | | | 1898. | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | Binders-- | No. | No. | No. | No. | No. | | Above 20_s._ | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 18_s._ to 20_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 5 | 3 | 9 | 13 | 1 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 7 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 0 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 7 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 2 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 8 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 14 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 9 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | Envelope Room-- | | | | | | | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | Machine Ruling-- | | | | | | | 8_s._ to 9_s._ | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 0 | | 7_s._ " 8_s._ | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 6_s._ " 7_s._ | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 5_s._ " 6_s._ | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7 | | 4_s._ " 5_s._ | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | 3_s._ " 4_s._ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | 2_s._ " 3_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+---------+ | Warehouse | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | | Earnings. | 22 4 | 24 1 | 27 9 | 28 0 | 21 6 | | | 22 1 | 24 1 | 26 10 | 26 10 | 20 8 | | | 22 1 | 23 3 | 26 4 | 26 3 | 20 8 | | | 20 5 | 22 1 | 24 6 | 24 9 | 19 3 | | | 12 7 | 20 10 | 11 3 | 24 0 | 15 6 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

FIRM D.

_Information obtained._--Complete lists of wages in all weeks in 1899. Wages of thirty-one hands tabulated week by week through 1899.

The lists are made up in five divisions.

1. Sixty-five to seventy-eight employed in sewing, folding and collating (of whom eleven to seventeen are learners). Excluding Bank Holiday weeks and learners, the average wage fluctuates only between 10_s._ and 13_s._ 9_d._ Average for 1st half, 12_s._; 2nd half, 11_s._ 6_d._; year, 11_s._ 9_d._

2. Eighty to ninety (including sixteen to twenty-three learners), collating and sewing. Average from 10_s._ 7_d._ to 16_s._ 3_d._ Average for 1st half, 13_s._ 5_d._; 2nd half, 13_s._ 2_d._; year, 13_s._ 3_d._

3. Eighty-three to ninety-two (including thirteen to thirty learners), folding. Average from 10_s._ 6_d._ to 16_s._ 5_d._ Average for 1st half, 13_s._; 2nd half, 13_s._; year, 13_s._

4. Layers-on, about six. Average fluctuates from 12_s._ to 24_s._ 8_d._; 1st half, 15_s._ 7_d._; 2nd half, 16_s._ 11_d._; year, 16_s._ 3_d._

5. Lookers-over, four or six. Fluctuates from 11_s._ 8_d._ to 15_s._ 10_d._ Average for year, 13_s._ 8_d._

The following table shows detailed wages in five selected weeks.

+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+--------+ | FIRM D. | Slack Weeks. | Typical Weeks. | Busy. | | +--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | Feb. | Feb. | June | Oct. | Dec. | | | 24th, | 23rd, | 30th, | 13th, | 8th, | | | 1899. | 1900. | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Above 24_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 16 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 6 | 3 | 11 | 10 | 33 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 23 | 20 | 26 | 40 | 36 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 45 | 58 | 51 | 52 | 59 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 40 | 44 | 45 | 38 | 17 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 35 | 32 | 26 | 24 | 19 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 24 | 19 | 15 | 24 | 17 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 15 | 15 | 6 | 18 | 7 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 9 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 0 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | | Median | 12 9 | 13 4 | 14 0 | 13 8 | 14 10 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Quartiles | 15 0 | 14 9 | 15 6 | 16 0 | 18 0 | | | 10 0 | 10 4 | 11 4 | 10 6 | 13 4 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Dispersion | ·20 | ·17 | ·18 | ·20 | ·15 | +------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

FIRM E.

_Information obtained._--Complete wage list for one week each month from August, 1894, to December, 1899.

Wages of eight hands tabulated, five through the whole period.

Folding, stitching and sewing are done. Number employed was nearly regular, but increased from forty to sixty, and fell back to fifty.

The median fluctuates rapidly and greatly, but shows a gradual rise from 13_s._ (with fluctuations down to 8_s._ and up to 16_s._) to 16_s._ (with fluctuations down to 10_s._ and up to 19_s._). The "dispersion" has changed little, and was about ·15.

The following weeks (table p. 121) show the general run of wages.

+------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | FIRM E. | Feb. | July, | Nov. | Feb. | | | 1895. | 1895. | 1895. | 1899. | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Above 24_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 1 | 5 | 3 | 0 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 4 | 10 | 10 | 3 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 8 | 17 | 18 | 4 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 13 | 8 | 14 | 12 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 9 | 7 | 7 | 19 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 4 | 5 | 2 | 10 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | | Median | 11 4 | 12 7 | 12 5 | 9 10 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Quartiles | 12 11 | 14 7 | 14 4 | 10 11 | | | 9 8 | 10 8 | 10 7 | 8 4 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Dispersion | ·14 | ·16 | ·14 | ·13 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | FIRM E. | July, | Nov. | Dec. | A Slack | | | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | Week, | | | | | | 1900. | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Above 24_s._ | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 5 | 9 | 4 | 1 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 9 | 9 | 13 | 2 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 12 | 8 | 7 | 0 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 7 | 10 | 9 | 3 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 9 | 6 | 7 | 9 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 3 | 0 | 4 | 12 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 0 | 1 | 3 | 13 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | | Median | 16 5 | 17 8 | 16 3 | 10 3 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Quartiles | 18 7 | 20 1 | 18 10 | 12 0 | | | 13 5 | 15 5 | 13 9 | 8 4 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Dispersion | ·16 | ·13 | ·16 | ·17 | +------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

FIRM F.

_Information obtained._--Wages for all hands each week in 1896, and until March, 1900. So few are employed that no average can be given, and the wages are treated later under individual hands.

Also a small bookbinding firm.

1. A quick folder; wages generally from 12_s._ to 16_s._, but fluctuations down to 5_s._ and up to 20_s._

2. A quick sewer; very fluctuating, about 10_s._

3. A collator at 3¼_d._ per hour; 12_s._, with fluctuations.

FIRM G.

_Information obtained._--List of wages paid in 2nd week in each month, 1896, February, 1900, and four other weeks.

Wages of fourteen hands; six throughout the period.

All Departments.

_Weeks Selected at Beginning and End of Data._

+------------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | FIRM G. | 1896. | | +--------------+--------------+--------------+ | | Feb. | July | Nov. | | | 8th. | 11th. | 14th. | | +----+---------+----+---------+----+---------+ | | -- | Machine | -- | Machine | -- | Machine | | | | Rulers. | | Rulers. | | Rulers. | +------------------+----+---------+----+---------+----+---------+ | Above 24_s._ | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 0 | | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | | 18_s._ to 20_s._ | 4 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 7 | 0 | | 16_s._ to 18_s._ | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 9 | 0 | | 14_s._ to 16_s._ | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 0 | | 12_s._ to 14_s._ | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | | 10_s._ to 12_s._ | 10 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 8_s._ to 10_s._ | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 0 | | 6_s._ to 8_s._ | 0 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 2 | | 4_s._ to 6_s._ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | | 2_s._ to 4_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+----+---------+----+---------+----+---------+ | (Apprentices excluded.) | +------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+ | Median (without | 14s. | -- | 15s. | -- | 16s. | -- | | rulers). | 8d. | | | | 6d. | | +------------------+------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+ | FIRM G. | 1899. | | +--------------+--------------+--------------+ | | July | Nov. | Dec. | | | 8th. | 11th. | 9th. | | +--------------+----+---------+----+---------+ | | -- | Machine | -- | Machine | -- | Machine | | | | Rulers. | | Rulers. | | Rulers. | +------------------+----+---------+----+---------+----+---------+ | Above 24_s._ | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 10 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 12 | 0 | | 18_s._ to 20_s._ | 6 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 11 | 0 | | 16_s._ to 18_s._ | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | | 14_s._ to 16_s._ | 2 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 8 | 0 | | 12_s._ to 14_s._ | 9 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 0 | | 10_s._ to 12_s._ | 13 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 8_s._ to 10_s._ | 3 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 7 | 3 | | 6_s._ to 8_s._ | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 7 | | 4_s._ to 6_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 2_s._ to 4_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+----+---------+----+---------+----+---------+ | (Apprentices excluded.) | +------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+-------+ | Median (without | 14s. | -- | 16s. | -- | 18s. | | | rulers). | | | 6d. | | 2d. | | +------------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+-------+

_Machine Ruling._--Four to nine hands, generally seven to nine. Time wages. Median moves slowly and steadily from 6_s._ to 7_s._ during 1896-99.

_Stamping._--Four, increasing to twelve hands, sometimes sixteen. The low wages are time (presumably learners); the rest piece. Time hands are excluded in the medians here, and in binding and despatch. Median is sometimes fluctuating, but not far from 12_s._ or 13_s._ for long.

_s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ 1896 1st half-year 14 3 2nd half-year 11 0 1897 " " 13 0 " " 13 0 1898 " " 12 4 " " 11 11 1899 " " 12 6 " " 11 11 1900 " " 14 2 (two months)

_Binding room_, including despatch, till middle of 1897, when numbers fell from forty to twenty. The despatch room, beginning with twenty, increased to thirty hands.

Binding--median varies from 11_s._ to 17_s._

_s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ 1896 1st half-year 14 1 2nd half-year 16 1 1897 " " 14 8 " " 15 4 1898 " " 15 0 " " 14 4 1899 " " 14 2 " " 13 11 1900 " " 14 2 (two months)

Despatch--median steadier and rising.

_s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ 1897 1st half-year -- -- 2nd half-year 15 0 1898 " " 17 6 " " 18 11 1899 " " 19 4 " " 20 9 1900 " " 16 3 (two months)

FIRM H.

_Information obtained._--Wage list, 3rd week in every month, 1895-98. Every week in 1899, and eight special weeks. Wages of three hands tabulated throughout period.

Work done.--Printers' folding, sewing, magazines. No bookbinding. Twenty-four to thirty-eight hands. Median very variable; _e.g._, July, 1899, 14_s._ 2_d._, 16_s._ 6_d._, 13_s._ 7_d._, 15_s._ 10_d._

_s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ 1895 1st half-year 11 5 2nd half-year 13 3 1896 " " 13 10 " " 12 4 1897 " " 12 11 " " 10 2 1898 " " 11 5 " " 16 0 1899 " " 13 1 " " 14 1 General trend to 13_s._

+------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | FIRM | Feb. | Aug. | Jan. | March | Oct. | Aug. | Sept. | Apr. | | H. | 15th | 16th | 24th | 9th | 7th | 25th | 15th | 6th | | | 1895 | 1895 | 1898 | 1898 | 1898 | 1899 | 1899 | 1900 | | | | | (a) | (b) | (c) | (a) | (c) | (b) | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | 23s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 22s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 20s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 21s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | 19s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | | 18s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | | 17s. | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 4 | | 16s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | | 15s. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | 14s. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 1 | | 13s. | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | | 12s. | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | | 11s. | 6 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 10s. | 4 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | 9s. | 4 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | | 8s. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | | 7s. | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 6s. | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 5s. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | | | | | (d) | | | | | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | 4s. | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 3s. | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ | Me- | 11s. | 9s. | 10s. | 15s. | 17s. | 9s. | 14s. | 17s. | | dian | | 4d. | 3d. | 6d. | | 3d. | 7d. | 2d. | +------+------+------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------+ (a) Slack. (b) Typical. (c) Busy. (d) 3 learners

FIRM I.

Publishers and bookbinders. No printers' folding.

_Information obtained._--Wage lists: 2nd week in each month, October, 1898, to March, 1900. Total wages every week to March, 1900. Wages of nine hands tabulated throughout.

+----+-------------+------+-----------------------------+------+ | FIRM | + I. +-------------+------+-----------------------------+------+ | | Median | Quarterly Averages | | | varies | (excluding Bank Holiday). | | | from +------+-----------------------------+------+ | | _s._ _d._ | 1898 | 1899 | 1900 | +----+-------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+ | C. | 11 0 - 21 4 | 20 2 | 19 3 | 16 9 | 13 4 | 20 8 | 17 3 | +----+-------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+ | S. | 7 0 - 15 6 | 14 0 | 12 8 | 9 10 | 8 6 | 13 6 | 13 0 | +----+-------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+ | F. | 8 3 - 14 2 | 13 2 | 13 0 | 8 11 | 10 0 | 12 2 | 10 5 | +----+-------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+ | T. | 13 0 - 16 4 | 15 8 | 15 11 | 13 6 | 13 4 | 15 0 | 14 0 | +----+-------------+------+-------+-------+------+------+------+ 48 hours: no record of overtime. C. = Collators (18 to 23) S. = Sewers (27 to 40) F. = Folders (53 to 91) T. = Time workers putting in plates (17 to 22)

+------------------+------+-------+------+------+------+ | FIRM I. | Nov. | March | July | Nov. | Feb. | | | 11th | 10th | 14th | 10th | 9th | | | 1898 | 1899 | 1899 | 1899 | 1900 | +------------------+------+-------+------+------+------+ | 32_s._ to 34_s._ | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | 30_s._ " 32_s._ | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 28_s._ " 30_s._ | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | | 26_s._ " 28_s._ | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 24_s._ " 26_s._ | 5 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 1 | | 22_s._ " 24_s._ | 2 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 2 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 11 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 3 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 14 | 16 | 0 | 11 | 3 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 20 | 16 | 2 | 14 | 14 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 25 | 22 | 10 | 13 | 15 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 22 | 28 | 18 | 30 | 32 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 24 | 32 | 20 | 25 | 24 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 14 | 17 | 27 | 6 | 15 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 7 | 5 | 30 | 4 | 11 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 3 | 3 | 18 | 1 | 5 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 4 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | 0_s._ " 2_s._ | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+------+-------+------+------+------+

The total wage bill was:--

1898. £ 1899. £ 1899. £ 1900. £ Oct. 462 Jan. 428 July 245 Jan. 330 Nov. 483 Feb. 471 Aug. 263 Feb. 346 Dec. 430 March 569(a) Sept. 502(a) March 408(a) -- April 305 Oct. 417 -- -- May 302 Nov. 403 -- -- June 383(a) Dec. 420(a) -- (a) Five weeks.

£ Total in 4th quarter, 1898 1375 " 1st " 1899 1468 " 2nd " " 990 " 3rd " " 1010 " 4th " " 1240 " 1st " 1900 1084

FIRM J.

A firm undertaking magazine work. _Information obtained._--General statement of ordinary wages. Wages in three selected weeks.

Bookfolding, stitching, wrapping, etc. (magazine work). Work is regular for three weeks; none in the fourth.

+------------------+-------+---------+------------------+--------+ | FIRM J. | Wages of all Employed. | + +-------+---------+------------------+--------+ | | Slack | Typical | -- | Busy | | | (a) | (b) | | (c) | +------------------+-------+---------+--+---------------+--------+ | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 0 | 1 | 34_s._ to 36_s._ | 2 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 0 | 0 | 32_s._ " 34_s._ | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 0 | 2 | 30_s._ " 32_s._ | 3 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 0 | 4 | 28_s._ " 30_s._ | 0 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 0 | 4 | 26_s._ " 28_s._ | 3 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 0 | 1 | 24_s._ " 26_s._ | 1 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 3 | 1 | 22_s._ " 24_s._ | 0 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 4 | 1 | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 3 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 6 | 0 | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 1 | +------------------+-------+---------+------------------+--------+ | | s. d. | s. d. | | s. d. | | Median | 8 0 | 15 9 | -- | 26 4 | | Average | 8 4 | 15 7 | -- | 25 11 | +------------------+-------+---------+------------------+--------+ (a) Slack Week, Feb. 8th, 1901. (b) Typical Week, Feb. 15th, 1901. (c) Busy Week, March 1st, 1901.

FIRM K.

A publisher's bookbinder. _Information obtained._--Wage sheet for three selected weeks in 1898-9.

A week as slack as the slack week here given, was only experienced two or three times.

+------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | FIRM K. | Typical. | Busy. | Slack. | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | | Av. | Av. | Av. | | | No. _s._ _d._ | No. _s._ _d._ | No. _s._ _d._ | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Folders | 46 13 1 | 55 15 8 | 43 8 7 | | (piece) | | | | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Sewing | 8 22 2 | 8 31 1 | 8 11 7 | | machinists | | | | | (piece) | | | | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Collators | 3 26 10 | 3 27 2 | 5 14 5 | | (time) | | | | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Layers-on | 4 14 0 | 4 19 7 | 3 16 11 | | (piece) | | | | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | Learners | 2 4 1½ | 2 8 7 | 2 3 7 | +------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

+-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | FIRM K. | Typical. | Busy. | Slack. | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | 36_s._ to 38_s._ | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 34_s._ " 36_s._ | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 32_s._ " 34_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 30_s._ " 32_s._ | 0 | 7 | 1 | | 28_s._ " 30_s._ | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 26_s._ " 28_s._ | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 24_s._ " 26_s._ | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 22_s._ " 24_s._ | 1 | 2 | 0 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 9 | 4 | 0 | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | 18_s._ to 20_s._ | 3 | 13 | 2 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 6 | 8 | 3 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 7 | 14 | 4 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 11 | 10 | 2 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 13 | 7 | 15 | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | 8_s._ to 10_s._ | 3 | 1 | 16 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 3 | 0 | 9 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 1 | 0 | 4 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 1 | 0 | 2 | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | Median | 13 3 | 16 10 | 9 6 | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ | Quartiles | 19 1 | 19 10½ | 11 1 | | | 11 1 | 13 10½ | 7 10 | +-------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+

FIRM L.

Compositors. _Information obtained_: Complete wages of the six hands employed through 1900.

No. 1 has been in the trade two and a half years. In 1900 she was away seven weeks (three, slack trade; two, holidays; two, ill); in the remaining forty-five weeks her wages fluctuated between 5_s._ and 18_s._ 3_d._, reached a total of £28 15_s._ 9_d._, making an average of 11_s._ 1_d._ weekly through the year, or 12_s._ 7_d._ per week employed.

No. 2 lost four weeks in 1900 through slack trade. In the remaining forty-eight weeks her wages fluctuated between 5_s._ 6_d._ and 23_s._; reached a total of £40 4_s._ 11_d._, making an average of 15_s._ 6_d._ weekly through the year.

No. 3 made £52 9_s._, working fifty-one weeks at £1 per week, making 29_s._ overtime, and taking one week's holiday; average, 20_s._ 2_d._ weekly for the year.

No. 4 made £37 16_s._ in forty-four weeks, lost five weeks through slack trade, and took three weeks' holiday; average, 14_s._ 6_d._ weekly for the year.

No. 5 made £39 1_s._ 9_d._ in forty-six weeks, lost four weeks through slack trade, was ill one week and took one week's holiday; average, 15_s._ weekly for the year.

No. 6 made £22 1_s._ 6_d._ in forty-eight weeks, lost three weeks through slack trade, was ill for one week. She was unsuccessful in her work, and only averaged 8_s._ 4_d._ a week through the year.

FIRM M.

A press warehouse. _Information obtained._--Wage list in three selected weeks.

+-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | FIRM M. | Week | Week | Week | | | Ending | Ending | Ending | | | Feb. | Nov. | July | | | 9th, | 24th, | 21st, | | | 1900. | 1899. | 1899. | | | Average | Average | Average | | | wage. | wage. | wage. | +-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | | No. s. d. | No. s. d. | No. s. d. | | Time workers | 36 15 0 | 37 15 6 | 31 13 5 | | Folders (piece) | 41 13 3 | 50 14 5 | 31 11 10 | | Sewers " | 7 14 7 | 7 13 6 | 12 9 1 | | Apprentices | 11 4 1 | 11 4 2 | 5 4 4 | +-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

+------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | FIRM M. | Feb. | Nov. | July | | | 9th, | 24th, | 21st, | | | 1900. | 1899. | 1899. | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | Above 26_s._ | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 24_s._ to 26_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | | 22_s._ " 24_s._ | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 1 | 5 | 2 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 3 | 6 | 1 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 14 | 19 | 1 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 25 | 22 | 19 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 16 | 18 | 20 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 12 | 15 | 15 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 8 | 4 | 3 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 3 | 3 | 3 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 0 | 0 | 5 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 1 | 0 | 4 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | Median | 14 3 | 14 9 | 12 9 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | Quartiles | 15 9 | 17 0 | 14 9 | | | 10 9 | 12 2 | 11 1 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ | Dispersion | ·19 | ·16 | ·14 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+------------+ (Excluding Apprentices.)

FIRM N.

Bookbinders. _Information obtained._--Complete wage sheets for three selected weeks. Folders, piece; collators, time.

+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | FIRM N. | Dec. | Oct. | Aug. | | | 15th, | 6th, | 18th, | | | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | | | Busy | Typical | Slack | | | Week. | Week. | Week. | | | Average | Average | Average | | | wage. | wage. | wage. | +-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ | | No. s. d. | No. s. d. | No. s. d. | | Collators | 18 15 7 | 17 11 3 | 18 11 0 | | Folders | 20 13 9 | 12 11 10 | 9 9 0 | | Learners | 16 4 6 | 5 4 1 | 7 2 9 | +-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+ 1 Sewing Machinist, 23_s._ 9_d._

+------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | FIRM N. | Dec. | Oct. | Aug. | | | 15th, | 6th, | 18th, | | | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | | | Busy | Typical | Slack | | | Week. | Week. | Week. | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 4 | 1 | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 3 | 1 | 1 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 10 | 1 | 0 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 10 | 6 | 3 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 1 | 10 | 5 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 4 | 6 | 10 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 2 | 3 | 1 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 2 | 1 | 3 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 0 | 1 | 3 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 2 | 0 | 1 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | Median | 15 8 | 12 9 | 11 3 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Quartiles | 16 6 | 14 6 | 12 9 | | | 11 10 | 11 0 | 8 0 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Dispersion | ·16 | ·16 | ·21 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ (Excluding Learners.)

FIRM O.

_Information obtained._--Wage lists in three selected weeks, probably in first half of 1900. Five hands.

+-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | FIRM O. | Typical Week. | Busy. | Slack. | +-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | Folder | 17 6 | 20 0 | 12 6 | | Stitcher | 21 0 | 26 0 | 15 0 | | Sewer | 12 0 | 15 0 | 8 6 | | Laying-on | 12 0 | 15 0 | 11 0 | | Learner | 5 0 | 5 0 | 5 0 | +-----------+---------------+--------------+--------------+

FIRM P.

_Information obtained._--Wage lists in three selected weeks. Wages of twelve selected workers in these weeks.

+------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | FIRM P. | Aug. | Dec. | Dec. | | | 11th, | 15th, | 22nd, | | | 1899. | 1899. | 1899. | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | 1 at | 1 at | 1 at | | | 27_s._ | 28_s._ | 30_s._ | | | 4_d._ | 2_d._ | 8_d._ | | | | | | | Above 24_s._ | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 22_s._ to 24_s._ | 0 | 0 | 2 | | 20_s._ " 22_s._ | 0 | 1 | 12 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 0 | 13 | 24 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 8 | 23 | 21 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 17 | 30 | 21 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 26 | 20 | 13 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 24 | 9 | 9 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 10 | 7 | 1 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 3 | 0 | 1 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 1 | 0 | 0 | | | -- | --- | --- | | | 90 | 106 | 105 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | | Median | 15 0 | 15 3 | 16 8 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Quartiles | 14 0 | 17 2 | 19 2 | | | 10 8 | 13 0 | 14 3 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Dispersion | ·11 | ·14 | ·15 | +------------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

FIRM Q.

_Information obtained._--Wage lists in eleven selected weeks. Work done--machine ruling in its higher branches, usually done by men; also paging and numbering (see table, p. 131).

+------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | FIRM Q. | 1890. | 1891. | 1897. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | Nov. 8th. | May 9th. | May 14th. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 3 | 3 | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 2 | 2 | 3 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 9 | 6 | 4 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 9 | 8 | 11 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 15 | 14 | 12 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 5 | 7 | 6 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 6 | 9 | 6 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 6 | 8 | 10 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 8 | 8 | 6 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 5 | 6 | 1 | | 0_s._ " 2_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | 68 | 71 | 59 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Median | 12 6 | 11 3 | 12 2 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Quartiles | 15 4 | 14 3 | 14 6 | | | 7 4 | 7 0 | 7 7 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Dispersion | ·3 | ·3 | ·3 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | FIRM Q. | 1897. | 1898. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | Nov. 12th. | May 13th. | Nov. 11th. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 0 | 3 | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 2 | 4 | 2 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 6 | 5 | 7 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 10 | 8 | 10 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 12 | 13 | 12 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 6 | 4 | 5 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 7 | 8 | 8 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 7 | 4 | 4 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 3 | 2 | 4 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 3 | 5 | 6 | | 0_s._ " 2_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | 56 | 56 | 58 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | | | | | Median | 12 4 | 12 10 | 12 4 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Quartiles | 14 9 | 15 6 | 15 0 | | | 8 2 | 8 9 | 8 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Dispersion | ·3 | ·28 | ·3 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | FIRM Q. | 1899. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | Feb. 10th. | May 12th. | Aug. 11th. | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 4 | 3 | 2 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 6 | 8 | 1 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 10 | 6 | 4 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 11 | 9 | 6 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 6 | 10 | 10 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 3 | 5 | 8 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 4 | 5 | 6 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 7 | 9 | 4 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 7 | 2 | 8 | | 0_s._ " 2_s._ | 0 | 0 | 1 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | 58 | 57 | 50 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Median | 12 0 | 11 4 | 9 6 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Quartiles | 15 0 | 15 0 | 13 0 | | | 6 0 | 7 3 | 6 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | Dispersion | ·4 | ·35 | ·37 | +------------------+------------+-----------+------------+ | FIRM Q. | 1899. | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | | Nov. 10th. | Dec. 8th. | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | 20_s._ to 22_s._ | 0 | 1 | | 18_s._ " 20_s._ | 2 | 2 | | 16_s._ " 18_s._ | 10 | 9 | | 14_s._ " 16_s._ | 9 | 10 | | 12_s._ " 14_s._ | 7 | 10 | | 10_s._ " 12_s._ | 5 | 7 | | 8_s._ " 10_s._ | 7 | 4 | | 6_s._ " 8_s._ | 5 | 6 | | 4_s._ " 6_s._ | 6 | 14 | | 2_s._ " 4_s._ | 8 | 1 | | 0_s._ " 2_s._ | 0 | 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | | 59 | 64 | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | | _s._ _d._ | _s._ _d._ | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | Median | 10 0 | 12 0 | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | Quartiles | 15 4 | 15 2 | | | 6 4 | 6 4 | +------------------+------------+-----------+ | Dispersion | ·41 | ·35 | +------------------+------------+-----------+

* * * * *

Additional information from other firms, 1900-1901:--

FIRM R. Bookbinders. Folders and sewers, 14_s._, 15_s._; head banders, 15_s._; forty-eight hours weekly all the year.

FIRM S. Eleven numberers; median, 17_s._ 8_d._

FIRM T. Printing works. Piece workers make 5_d._ an hour; time workers, 5½_d._ Four compositors: average, busy week, 23_s._ 2_d._; typical, 19_s._ 11_d._; slack, 18_s._ 9_d._

FIRM U. Vellum sewers, 12_s._ to 13_s._ all the year round; numerical printers, average week, 15_s._ to 16_s._; slack week, 10_s._

FIRM V.

No. Median. Quartiles. Folders (piece work): _s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ Slack week 38 12 1 9 6 16 0 Typical week 44 15 6 15 6 20 9 Busy week 38 20 1 17 10 20 0

Counters (time workers). Stitchers. 1 Packer. No. Median. No. Median. _s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ _s._ _d._ Slack Week 16 10 0 9 9 9 19 1 Typical Week 14 11 6 9 11 7 20 0 Busy week 14 11 7 9 11 2 20 0

In this case there is very little to choose between the weeks entered as "typical" and "busy" by the employer.

FIRM W.

Two compositors make, at 5½_d._ an hour, 22_s._ or 23_s._ nearly every week in the year.

* * * * *

The inclusion of the eighty-four workers, of whom we have sufficient details in firms R. to W., would affect the figures on p. 133 below very slightly, raising the median and upper quartile 2_d._, and increasing the proportion between 18_s._ and 22_s._ to 13½ per cent. of the whole instead of 12¼ per cent.

II.--GENERAL GROUPING OF WAGES.

The material is not sufficiently complete or homogeneous to allow any complete account of wages at any date; but the tables now given (supplemented occasionally by the raw material) allow us to offer an estimate of the grouping in a typical week of 1899, supposing each firm to be paying typical wages in one and the same week. This method is rough, and will not support any fine calculations to be based on it; but at the same time it affords a view, sufficiently accurate for most purposes, of the general trend and distribution of wages. All classes of workers, except apprentices and learners, are included.

AN ESTIMATE OF WAGES IN A TYPICAL WEEK IN 1899 OF 1,001 WORKERS IN ALL BRANCHES.

Less 2_s._ 4_s._ 6_s._ 8_s._ 10_s._ than to to to to to 2_s._ 4_s._ 6_s._ 8_s._ 10_s._ 12_s._ 1 17 41 68 92 131

12_s._ 14_s._ 16_s._ 18_s._ 20_s._ 22_s._ Above to to to to to to 24_s._ 14_s._ 16_s._ 18_s._ 20_s._ 22_s._ 24_s._ 174 177 131 72 55 17 25

Of those above 24_s._:

24_s._ 26_s._ 28_s._ 30_s._ 32_s._ 36_s._ to to to to to to 26_s._ 28_s._ 30_s._ 32_s._ 34_s._ 38_s._ 11 6 4 1 2 1

These figures are so similar in many respects to those which generally arise when a large group of trades are massed together, that they afford strong evidence that they make a fair sample.

Remembering the roughness of the hypothesis, and not assuming that these wages multiplied by fifty-two give annual earnings, we find, in a week which the employers regard as typical, the following: Average, 13_s._ 8_d._; median, 13_s._ 8_d._; quartiles, 10_s._ 6_d._, 16_s._ 10_d._; dispersion .23. Thus, half the wage earners obtain between 10_s._ 6_d._ and 16_s._ 10_d._; and 80 per cent. obtain from 7_s._ 4_d._ to 20_s._

There is some doubt as to who are and who should properly be included at both ends of the series. At the lower end, no doubt, some learners have been included, and some piece workers excluded, for in a typical week there would certainly be some cases where the wages were abnormally low. On the other hand, in the large number above 24_s._, no doubt many above the status of the ordinary worker are included, and some are definitely stated to be forewomen.

If we omit all above 24_s._, we have: Average, 13_s._ 4_d._; median, 13_s._ 7_d._; quartiles, 10_s._ 5_d._, 16_s._ 6_d._

The difference in these averages is not significant.

The table is best written in percentage.

2_s._ 4_s._ 6_s._ 8_s._ 10_s._ 12_s._ to to to to to to 4_s._ 6_s._ 8_s._ 10_s._ 12_s._ 14_s._ 2 4 7 9 13 17

14_s._ 16_s._ 18_s._ 20_s._ 22_s._ to to to to to Above 16_s._ 18_s._ 20_s._ 22_s._ 24_s._ 24_s._ 18 13 7 5½ 2 2½ per cent. earning.

Note, that if these wages were repeated week by week through the year the average worker would make about £35.

III.--CHANGE OF WAGES BETWEEN 1885 AND 1900.

Where wages are continually fluctuating week by week and month by month, while, in addition, there are depressions and inflations affecting various groups of workers for one or two years, it is a matter of very great statistical difficulty to determine whether wages have on the whole been stationary, rising, or falling. Even if we had a complete account year by year these difficulties would remain; but as it is we are dependent on the records of only seven firms--good, bad, or indifferent--since 1885, 1887, 1894, 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898, respectively. No amount of further research would make such records more than very insufficient, for it is very rarely that the figures are preserved for any length of time. What changes there are may very likely be due to peculiarities of a particular firm, to its success, or to changes in character of work, and only in case of agreement in all the figures could we generalise. Our conclusions, then, will be chiefly negative.

There is no sufficient evidence that wages in 1899 are above or below wages about 1895, 1890 or 1885; the only difference appears to be due to individual busy or slack years.

In the two cases (C. and G.) where machine rulers are separated their wages have risen from 6_s._ to 8_s._ in 1897-99.

As regards the years 1896-99, there is no general agreement as to any two years, but the figures are consistent with a slight general improvement from 1895 to 1900.

There is nothing in the figures to show that the course of wages in Firm A. given above is different from that in the trade in general, while there is just a little evidence that it is the same. We therefore repeat the annual average wage in that firm:--

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 9_s._ 1_d._ 8_s._ 10_d._ 9_s._ 9_s._ 4_d._ 10_s._ 1_d._

1890. 1891-2. 1892-3. 1894. 1895. 10_s._ 6_d._ 9_s._ 6_d._ 9_s._ 8_s._ 11_d._ 9_s._ 4_d._

1896. 1897-8. 1899. 9_s._ 8_d._ 10_s._ 4_d._ 10_s._ 1_d._

IV.--WAGES IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS.

The occupations are so involved, and the arrangements differ so much from firm to firm, that it is impracticable to state a definite wage for any occupation, and the wages are so diverse that it is useless to speak of an average wage. The table on p. 135 gives a general view of the wages of those hands who can be labelled with some exactness, and it is seen that the facts are so complex that they cannot be summarised in a few words. The wages included are the actual weekly averages (total annual receipts divided by fifty-two) in 1899, except where they are otherwise distinguished.

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+ | WAGES IN | Numbers whose average weekly wages were | | DIFFERENT | _s._ | | OCCUPATIONS. +---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | | | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | | | | > | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to |Above| | | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 22 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | BOOKBINDING | | | | | | | | | | | | HOUSES | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Handfolders | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Folders | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | who were | | | | | | | | | | | | also sewing | | | | | | | | | | | | machinists, | | | | | | | | | | | | gatherers, | | | | | | | | | | | | placers, | | | | | | | | | | | | or sewers | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Handsewers, | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | | or collators | | | | | | | | | | | | and | | | | | | | | | | | | gatherers | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ >6 = Under 6

+--------------+-----------+ | WAGES IN | Median. | | DIFFERENT | | | OCCUPATIONS. | | +--------------+-----------+ | BOOKBINDING | _s._ _d._ | | HOUSES | | +--------------+-----------+ | Handfolders | 13 4 | +--------------+-----------+ | Folders | 12 6 | | who were | | | also sewing | | | machinists, | | | gatherers, | | | placers, | | | or sewers | | +--------------+-----------+ | Handsewers, | 15 0 | | or | | | collators | | | and | | | gatherers | | +--------------+-----------+

+--------------+-------------------------------------------+-----+ | WAGES IN | Numbers whose average weekly wages were | | | DIFFERENT | _s._ | | | OCCUPATIONS. +---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | | | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | | | | - | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to |Above| | | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 22 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | PRINTING | | | | | | | | | | | | HOUSES: | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Folders who | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 6 | | were also | | | | | | | | | | | | sewers | | | | | | | | | | | | or stitchers | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Folders in | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 5 | | typical | | | | | | | | | | | | week, 1901 | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Gatherers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Inserters | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Numberers | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Counters in | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | typical | | | | | | | | | | | | week, 1901 | | | | | | | | | | | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Stitchers | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+ | Compositors | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | +--------------+---+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+

+--------------+----------+ | WAGES IN | Median. | | DIFFERENT | | | OCCUPATIONS. | | +--------------+----------+ | PRINTING | _s._ _d._| | HOUSES: | | +--------------+----------+ | Folders | 18 6 | | who were | | | also sewers | Maximum | | or stitchers | 26 10 | +--------------+----------+ | Folders in | 15 6 | | typical | | | week, 1901 | | +--------------+----------+ | Gatherers | 18 0 | +--------------+----------+ | Inserters | -- | +--------------+----------+ | Numberers | 17 8 | +--------------+----------+ | Counters in | 11 7 | | typical | | | week, 1901 | | +--------------+----------+ | Stitchers | 11 6 | +--------------+----------+ | Compositors | 18 6 | +--------------+----------+

V.--EARNINGS OF INDIVIDUALS.

Out of the 130 lists we have, showing the actual earnings week by week of individuals for periods of one to fifteen years, thirty-nine have been selected, twenty-six of which are tabulated on the following pages (Appendix VI.), and twelve of which are represented in the following diagrams. These have been selected as illustrating the various classes of workers and of work.

The most noticeable characteristic of the diagrams is the frequency and violence of the fluctuations, and the same is found in a study of the original figures throughout.

A few time hands (Appendix VI.; diagram C), are nearly regular; only one shows perfectly regular earnings; many fluctuate as rapidly as the piece workers (Appendix VI.; diagram D. 2), and on the sheets we have several actual records of lost time and overtime, showing how these changes arise; others show a steady increase with slight movements (Appendix VI.; diagram A. 4).

The four Bank Holiday seasons are marked on most of the diagrams and wage lists.

The most interesting, novel, and important feature of these lists is the light thrown on the very obscure relation (obscure in all branches of industry) between "nominal," "average," or "typical" wages and actual annual earnings; there are in existence very few actual records of individuals' earnings over a series of years for any workers in the United Kingdom. The workers included in the list are among the more regular ones, who succeed in keeping their place month after month. Though the wages vary so greatly week by week, yet when we come to take the average over any period greater than, say, two months, we find there is but little variation. Thus, in the example from Firm B. in diagram, the quarterly average is between 16_s._ and 17_s._ for nine years, except for absence in two quarters, and the annual average is still more regular. The great bulk of the regular workers (folders and the like) make a sum between £30 and £40 every year, and between £7 and £11 every quarter.

In view of this result, periodic pressure becomes relatively unimportant for the regular hands. There is no season in the industry as a whole shown in the wage lists. The different firms and different workers have in many cases their regular times of pressure like bank clerks and schoolmasters; these times are sometimes monthly, sometimes quarterly. In other cases no rule is to be discovered.

The most important effect of this irregular pressure is in the number of jobbers employed.

VI.--JOBBERS.

Jobbers usually come in at the busy season and make good money. As they go from house to house, it is impossible to get a full account of any particular jobber's earnings.

Jobbers are frequently employed in Firm B, and in many cases the highest wage earned is by a jobber. Thus in the last week of April, 1895, out of thirty workers, fifteen were jobbers; the eleven highest sums were earned by them, five being over £1.

VII.--TIME AND PIECE RATES.

The distinction between time rates and piece rates is not vital; the method of payment seems to be accidental, and the custom varies from house to house. Machine rulers seem generally to have time rates, and these are among the lowest earners, while some of the best paid permanent hands are also time. On looking through the lists of individuals' earnings, it is seen that time earnings are sometimes quite as variable as piece earnings, for hours worked fluctuate continually. In other cases the time payment is much more regular, showing fluctuations only at holidays.

APPENDIX I.--POINTS UPON WHICH ENQUIRIES WERE MADE.

1.--TRAINING.

(_a_) Method, Indentures or not.

(_b_) Length.

(_c_) Age when it begins.

(_d_) Premiums.

(_e_) Wages during training.

Comparison between length of training in vogue now and formerly, to be obtained where possible.

2.--WAGES (_Forms appended_).

Wages throughout the factory or workshop for two or three slack and two or three busy weeks to be obtained where possible, and for a few ordinary hands throughout the year.

3.--CONDITIONS OF WORK.

(_a_) Describe the nature of the work, and subdivisions.

(_b_) Is it a season trade?

(_c_) Is it healthy? Is there a special trade disease?

(_d_) Is much strength or intelligence needed?

(_e_) Is dangerous machinery used?

(_f_) Average hours per week; meal hours.

(_g_) Is there a chance of rising? If so, to what position?

4.--ORGANISATION.

What attempts have been made to organise women, and with what success?

Attitude towards, and knowledge about, Women's Unions?

5.--MARRIED AND UNMARRIED WORKERS.

How long do women remain in the trade?

Proportion of married to unmarried.

Are there signs of married women lowering rates of pay?

Comparison between married and unmarried as workers.

6.--SEPARATE FACTORY LEGISLATION.

(A.) Economic effects:--

(_a_) Instances of women being turned off owing to Factory Legislation.

(_b_) Do the restrictions imposed by the Factory Acts hinder the employment of women?

(_c_) How far do these restrictions influence wages?

(_d_) How far has legislation diverted the industry from or to, factory, workshop, or home?

(B.) Contrast between conditions of work before and after Act of 1867.

7.--MEN AND WOMEN.

Instances where either sex replaces the other, and the reasons for it in each case.

Relative wages when men and women do the same work.

If women's wage is lower, why is it?

Attitude of Men's Unions towards female labour.

8.--WOMEN AND MACHINERY.

How far has machinery increased or diminished women's work?

How far does the cheapness of women's work tend to retard the introduction of machinery?

9.--HOME WORK.

In which branches is this done, and to what extent?

Plant required.

Rates of pay compared with work done inside.

Why, from the point of view of the home worker in each case, is home work done?

10.--INFLUENCE OF WOMEN'S WAGES ON THE FAMILY INCOME.

Occupation of husband.

Amount contributed towards home expenses.

APPENDIX II.--DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN TYPICAL FIRMS.

1. A.,[94] _A well-known Printing Firm in London. Employée's Information._

[Footnote 94: Index letters by which reference is made to the firm in the body of the volume, except in the chapter on wages.]

WORK.--Folding, sewing, numbering, etc.

REGULARITY.--The work is not seasonal, at any rate at A.

HEALTH.--Numbering is very bad for a weak chest and makes one's head ache as well. Girls with weak chests cannot stand it. Folding, however, is not unhealthy unless the hours are too long.

HOURS.--At B. they are 48 per week; but at A. they are 53½, distributed as follows:--Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, 9 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.; Thursday, 9 a.m. to 7 p.m.; Friday, 9 a.m. to 8 p.m.; Saturday, 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.; one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea being allowed each full working day.

GENERAL.--The sanitary arrangements are very bad at A., and lavatories open straight out of workrooms, and are in very bad condition. One does not use them unless she wants to get a fever. The company is very mixed. "You can tell that it is rather a low place, because the girls wear curlers and nothing is said. When one works at B. she has to take out curlers before she comes. You can always tell the sort of place when the girls wear curlers."

2. _A well-known Printing Firm in London. Forewoman's Information._

WORK.--6 or 7 girls are employed at machine ruling, and a few at vellum sewing and folding.

REGULARITY.--The girls are kept on all the year round.

HOURS.--The hours are from 8 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea.

PROSPECTS.--Might rise to forewomen, but that not common.

GENERAL.--Work girls have nothing to complain of now; they are always very well looked after.

3. S., _Small Printing Firm in London. Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--16 girls and 1 man (who is an engineer) are employed, S. helping himself. Upstairs there are 2 men "blocking," and 2 girls powdering for them. The girls do all the printing, _e.g._, the informant can set up the type, lock it into the frame, make ready, and then feed the platen machine--which alone is used in this firm. Informant can also clean the machine. She also does "bronzing," _i.e._, dusting-on bronze with a pad. The girls powdering upstairs do nothing else. A few younger girls fold circulars.

REGULARITY.--Work is steady, and they are always busy.

HEALTH.--Bronzing is most unhealthy. ----'s colour has all gone since she was put on to it a few weeks ago. "You are supposed to have milk to drink, but you never get more than half a cupful at the end of the day, when it is too late. The inspector has been round and has asked about the milk, but of course the manager said that milk was always given." (Informant looked very ill.) She had to stay away from work all the previous Thursday, and lost a shilling in consequence. Her father and mother say she must leave the work or she will die. "You see, they lost a brother of mine at twenty-three and a sister at thirteen, and they don't want me to go off too."

The powdering done by the girls in the blocking room is very unhealthy. None of them can stand it long. They get ill and go off elsewhere. It brings on consumption.

Feeding machines is very tiring.

One girl works the cutting machine, which is unfit for a woman and very dangerous. A girl who worked it lost her finger and was six weeks in hospital, but the firm paid her well not to tell. The printing machines are dangerous, for you often get your fingers caught; it comes back quicker than you expect.

HOURS.--The hours are from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., with one hour for dinner and a quarter of an hour for tea; on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., with half an hour for a meal. They never get away at 6 though, not till 6.30 or later, for there are the machines to be cleaned and things to be cleared up.

GENERAL.--Mr. S. sometimes comes round and talks as if he were the kindest of employers. "He'll say, 'Take care of your head, there, dear.' It makes you sick to hear him. If he'd give better wages it would be more to the point."

4. Q., _Job Printing Firm in London. Visit to Works._

WORK.--I went through the works and saw 10 extra young girls sticking on pockets for stamps on to an appeal sheet of ...; one girl feeding a platen machine which was gumming instead of printing; 4 or 5 upstairs in the regular folding room folding....

REGULARITY.--Q. has only 4 or 5 regular hands, and when there is a rush of work, he takes on job hands. "You put up a bill and can easily get 100 if you want them." He dislikes the custom, but does not see how it is to be obviated in the printing trade. "You suddenly have 75,000 circulars to do, and you don't know when the next order will be."

HOURS.--The hours are from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner, ten minutes for lunch and ten minutes for tea. Girls prefer this to half an hour for tea and leaving at 7. On Saturdays the hours are from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m., no meal time being allowed. The married women, however, rarely come till 9 a.m.

5. L., _Printing, etc., Firm in London. Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--200 girls are employed at L.'s. Informant does folding now, used to do sewing by machine.

REGULARITY.--The work is regular, "but you never know when the work is coming in. They are always busy with the ... guides at the end of the month, and two or three job hands come in."

HEALTH.--She has always found the occupation healthy.

PROSPECTS.--None; is slow herself. She has worked at L.'s six years, and has never known of anyone becoming a forelady.

DANGERS.--She has never had an accident, and was working on a machine for five years.

HOURS.--The hours are from 8.30 a.m. to 7 or 8 p.m., with an hour for dinner (from 1 p.m. to 2 p.m.), and half an hour for tea (4 p.m. to 4.30 p.m.) and from 8.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays. Sometimes they are let off early if there is no work. But some girls go and lark about in the street, and then the manager scolds the forelady and she will not let the others go. She never takes a holiday except Bank Holidays.

GENERAL.--Only talks to a few of the girls, but they are quite a nice set.

6. T., _Weekly Newspaper Firm in London. Visit to Works._

WORK.--Folding, gathering, collating, sewing (all sewing by machinery), or stabbing with wire, insetting, wrappering (glue pot), feeding folding machines.

REGULARITY.--It is more or less regular, but there is the regular weekly and monthly work, so there is less fluctuation than in "binding houses."

Tuesday to Friday are busy days, and the forewoman employs some married women who come in as long as they are wanted.

DANGERS.--One stitching machine is dangerous, the forewoman said; the folded sheet has to be pushed along with the hand and there is the _chance_ of the hand being caught.

HOURS.--The hours are from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., occasionally till 8; one hour being allowed for dinner and half an hour for tea.

PROSPECTS.--The girls may rise to forewomen and a sort of deputy-forewoman, chosen by forewoman, to overlook certain rooms. The girls are not, as a rule, at all eager for the responsibility.

7. _Large Bookbinding Firm in London._

(A.) _Manager's Information._

WORK.--Folding, sewing, collating, placing plates, laying-on gold, etc.

REGULARITY.--The work is partly seasonal. They are busy in the winter time, and work to limits allowed by the Factory Acts; they are slack in the summer, and may even have no work for three weeks or so at a time.

DANGERS.--They have only had two accidents. One was with an ordinary sewing machine; the other was with a Bremner machine, when a little girl was setting it up. She caught her finger in it, but was not away from work a fortnight.

HOURS.--They work 48 hours per week, allowing one and a half hours for meals per day, _i.e._, from 8 a.m. to 12, from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m., and from 4.30 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.; on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 12. This really comes to 49 hours a week if the girls are punctual, but he reckons 48 hours because they are not punctual.

PROSPECTS.--Only a chance of rising to forewomen.

(B.) _Forewoman's Evidence._

REGULARITY.--It is a season trade and they are just beginning to be slack (March) in Miss X.'s shop where the new work is done.

HEALTH.--Miss X. "had been through it all," and thought folding dreadfully tiring. There is nothing specially unhealthy about it.

HOURS.--The hours are supposed to be 49 a week, but if there is any work they do not keep to that. A 48 hours' week only means that the time workers get paid extra. Miss X. worked in a place where they were supposed to have 51 hours a week but rarely made more than 40.

The firm make their girls stay as little as possible when there is no work, but this is very different to most places, as the workpeople are studied here.

(C.) _Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--In E., Bible work and new or cloth work are quite separate, and there are separate hands for each. She did folding for the Bible work herself.

HEALTH.--The work is not very healthy. "Sitting all day is bad for you," but there is no special disease. Bible work is light work, as much of it is on India paper; new work is much heavier.

HOURS.--The hours are from 8.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with an hour for dinner and half an hour for tea, but when busy they work till 8 p.m. or 9 p.m. This happens about thirty times a year. They are allowed to go home if there is not work.

[There is a very nice set of girls at the Bible work; they are particular there about whom they take, and it is a very good house to be in.]

GENERAL.--It is rather dull and tiring working because they are not supposed to talk to each other at Bible work.

8. _Printing and Stationery Firm in London. General Information._

TRAINING. In the Book-folding and Vellum Sewing Department the girls have an agreement to serve two years.

_Age At Beginning._--Fourteen.

_Premium._--None.

_Wages._--6 months at 1_s._, 6 months at 2_s._ 6_d._, 6 months at 5_s._, and 6 months at 7_s._ 6_d._ per week.

IN THE NUMBERING, RELIEF STAMPING, ETC., PACKING Department there are no indentures or regular system of apprenticeship but girls are expected to serve about two years.

_Age At Beginning._--Fourteen.

_Premium._--None.

_Wages._--Girls start at 1_s._ per week, for, say, three months, then get three-quarter earnings. Very few are trained in this firm, they take on workers who have learnt elsewhere. How many branches learners are taught seems to depend on chance. Some old hands do all the processes, some only one.

MACHINE RULING.--In this department there is no system. Little girls come and feed at 5_s._ and 7_s._ per week. When they have been at it a year or two they are drafted off to other departments.

LITHOGRAPHIC WORK.--There is no regular training in this department. It only takes about two weeks to learn the work done by girls here.

NOTEPAPER FOLDING requires no training. "Why! you could pick it up in a week or two."

WAGES.--The firm does much work for public bodies, and so has to pay "fair" wages. The manager did not seem to know whether this applied to women's work too, but evidently it does.

DEPARTMENT I.--NUMBERING, ETC.--The manager gave wages as 11_s._ to 16_s._ per week, some being paid on time and some on piece work. The foreman considered 14_s._ to be about the average. The following girls were questioned:--

One packer got 12_s._ (time wages) per week.

Another packer got 13_s._ (time wages) per week.

One piece relief stamper got about 13_s._ (piece work) per week.

Another piece relief stamper got about 16_s._ (piece work) per week.

One numberer got 15_s._ (piece work) per week.

DEPARTMENT II.--LITHOGRAPHIC FEEDING.--Here girls start at 6_s._ and rise up to 14_s._ (time wages).

DEPARTMENT III.--MACHINE RULING.--In this department all wages are for time work. Quite little girls receive 4_s._ or 5_s._ up to 7_s._ per week. They are drafted off when they want higher wages than that. There were, however, two older ones in the room who were folding and counting the ruled foolscap paper at 14_s._ per week.

DEPARTMENT IV.--BOOK-FOLDING, ETC.--Out of the 45 girls employed in this department, 10 were on time work, and were being paid from 13_s._ to 16_s._ per week. The piece workers, according to the forewoman, were making from 13_s._ to 16_s._ per week, taking all the year round. Some were making over 20_s._ per week.

DEPARTMENT V.--VELLUM WORK.--All 15 girls employed here were on time work. They got 11_s._ per week when first out of their time; 12_s._ after two years. None were receiving over 12_s._, except one who "makes up" at 13_s._ a week. These wages were given by the forewoman. The manager seemed surprised that they were not higher, and remarked that they were lower than in the book-folding department. The forewoman said that in most places the vellum workers got more than book workers, but this firm had arranged otherwise.

DEPARTMENT VI.--The girls FOLDING NOTEPAPER in the warehouse were getting 13_s._ or 14_s._ (time wages) per week.

WORK.--Department I.--NUMBERING, RELIEF STAMPING, PERFORATING, PACKING, AND GUMMING going on.

The numbering and the stamping are different trades, done by different girls, but most of them can do packing as well, though in some cases they learn packing only. They can mostly do perforating and gumming, odds and ends too. Some were folding postal forms. Special envelope orders are done here. About 35 girls were employed.

There was one man doing the illuminating required and working at a rather heavy press. There was also a good number of youths doing numbering. I tried vainly to find out what they were paid. The manager and the foreman said that they were not doing the same work; it was the same except that a name was stamped on as well as a number (it was on money orders). Two girls were also doing this, but I was assured that that was only "by accident." Two or three boys were perforating and stamping.

DEPARTMENT II.--LITHO PRINTING. Girls were feeding machines and washing rollers. About 12 girls were employed.

DEPARTMENT III.--MACHINE RULING. Little girls were feeding the ruling machines, and a few older ones were counting and folding the foolscap paper; 18 girls were employed.

DEPARTMENT IV.--BOOKBINDING AND SEWING. All sorts of folding, sewing and stitching (by machine mostly), eyeletting, etc., etc., were being carried on, and about 45 girls were employed.

DEPARTMENT V.--VELLUM WORK. Sewing, folding, etc., for account books and ledgers was being done; 15 girls were employed, also one girl "laying-on" for cloth work, and two or three running errands.

DEPARTMENT VI.--In the WAREHOUSE were three girls folding notepaper.

REGULARITY.--Work here is constant all the year round. The forewoman in the book-folding department said they only had in job hands about twice a year.

HOURS.--The firm works about 54 hours per week, _i.e._, from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for dinner, half an hour for tea, and ten minutes for lunch. On Saturdays they work from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m.

OVERTIME.--It was very difficult to get anything definite about overtime pay. The manager first said that they all got 6_d._ an hour overtime. Then he said that piece workers were simply paid at piece rates. The forewoman in the book-folding department said that time hands got 4_d._ an hour overtime. In the vellum work they never had any overtime. These extra payments seem to be irregularly made.

PROSPECTS.--The girls can rise to forewoman's position, here or elsewhere. Vellum work forewoman mentioned that two of her young ladies had become forewomen elsewhere.

ORGANISATION.--The manager knew that a Women's Union existed, but thought it was more of a Benefit Society than anything else. He assured me that the problem of the organisation of women's labour was the problem in trade, and seemed vaguely to regret that women were so helpless and ready to be cut down.

MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--The manager estimated twelve years as the average period that a woman remained in the trade. He fancied that there were a good many married women here; but when we went round and asked the different heads of departments we found that the only married ones were 2 in the litho department, _i.e._, 2 out of 12 in that department, _i.e._, 2 out of about 128 employed altogether. In the other departments the forewomen or foremen did not care to have them because they were so irregular. "You can never count on them." Two widows were employed in the book-folding department. The head of the litho department had only lately found out that two of his employees were married--one had run away from her husband, the other's husband was a stone polisher and she had to come out to keep the house going. The manager was very decided that undoubtedly married women's work tended to lower wages. They only want a little to supplement their husbands' earnings. He explained afterwards that his remarks applied more to the provinces than to London. He thought that the thing to aim at in improving the industrial position of women was the abolition of the married woman worker. How this could be done he could not say. The forewoman of the book-folding and sewing department, who had had some experience of married jobbers, said that they would not do ordinary work at ordinary rates, as they did not consider it worth their while. They had not _got_ to earn any money, as they had husbands to fall back upon. The manager said that in the litho department the single girls thought it _infra dig._ to wash the rollers, but the married women "made no bones about it."

LEGISLATION.--In no case had women been turned away because of restrictive legislation. A certain amount of folding and stitching has to be done by men at night, and he would say that about 2 or 3 men were employed at this for about one hour five nights in the week. Sometimes the folding was not ready till 11 p.m., and the men had to hang about before. The manager thought that the chief grievance of the Factory Acts was that if only one woman in a department was employed overtime, one of the thirty legal nights was thereby used up. The manager thought that it was forty-eight nights you might work overtime, and seemed surprised on looking up the notices to find that it was thirty only. He approved of Factory Legislation on the whole, and thought that women had benefited by it. Personally, he would like to see all overtime abolished by law for men and women. Men worked worse next day when they had had to sit up at night. Public bodies were the worst offenders in the matter, "They have no consciences." The forewoman of the folding and sewing, where overtime was worked, said that her girls disliked overtime very much; and she did not think it worth while working them, as they could do less work next day in consequence. She had much rather that the men did it at night. She and the manager agreed that in places where women did not make a decent wage by working ordinary hours they might want to work at night. As to the effect Factory Legislation had upon the diverting of work from the home to the workshop, or _vice versâ_, the manager thought that the tendency had been for work to come in to the factory. There used to be much more home work.

MEN AND WOMEN.--According to the manager, there is a hard and fast line drawn by the various Societies in London as to what a woman may or may not do.

In _Bookbinding_ of all descriptions she is practically confined to folding and sewing. She may not touch a glue brush or do any putting of paper books or magazines into paper covers.

In the provinces, on the other hand, the rules of the Consolidated Societies are different. A woman may do flush binding (_i.e._, books whose covers are cut on a level with the leaves and which have no "turnings in") up and foolscap size, two quires. Hence women do diaries, etc. In certain works at Tonbridge women are set to do this.

_Litter-press Printing._--This firm had never tried female compositors. They had 100 men. If they tried to introduce women, all the men would go out and "you'd have a hornet's nest." The idea of paying women at the same rate as men struck them as ridiculous. "They would never be worth as much because they stay such a little time." They might some day try women compositors in their country establishment.

_Feeding Printing Machines._--They might not employ women on platen machines because of the Union, but were going to try them on smallish letter-press machines. The Union had no objection to that.

_Machine Ruling._--The firm only had little girls for feeding. The foreman remarked that at R.'s, "over the water," they had women to do most of their ruling, but did not seem to think that it would be worth while to train a woman for it. At first he said that the Men's Union would object, then said that he thought they would not; only he would have to give the woman the same pay as a man, "and fancy giving a woman 32_s._ a week!" This was uttered in a tone of supreme contempt. The manager remarked that he supposed it would not matter paying the woman the same if she did as much work, but the foreman smiled superior to the idea.

WOMEN AND MACHINERY.--The manager thought that the output of printed matter had increased so enormously since the introduction of machinery that more hands than ever were employed.

The forewoman of the folding and sewing department said that it seemed as if there must be fewer employed, and yet she had never turned any off.

HOME WORK.--No home work is given out by the firm. Since so much was done by machinery it was not worth while to send work out.

INFLUENCE ON FAMILY INCOME.--The manager and forewoman and foreman said that none of the girls were working for pocket-money. Most lived at home and helped their parents; some who had no parents lived with relatives.

GENERAL.--The premises were rather nice and the people looked superior and friendly. There was a great gulf fixed between the litho girls and the others. The latter look down tremendously on these former and would not think of speaking to them. They are a much lower set to look at and their language is reported not to be choice. Many of them were arrayed in curlers, whilst none of the girls in other departments wore these decorations.

The vellum sewers were said by their forewoman to be "a nice family party."

9. _Lithographic Firm. General Information._

GENERAL.--I saw the manager; he was "very much on the spot," friendly and communicative, and took me all over the works and was quite interested in showing different processes. He said he had to look sharp after his workers, and so they often thought him a bully.

WORK.--Chief work done is lithography, but there is also a certain amount of letter-press work. Engraving and stationery orders are given out in sub-contract.

TRAINING.--In the binding room, _i.e._, where folding is done, there are no learners now, but they need to have one or two. These apprentices were taken on from fourteen years of age without premiums, and were kept two or three years according to ability. They were paid a few shillings to begin with, and, if good at their work, they rose gradually. If slow and stupid, they got nothing. The forewoman said she did not care to take learners now; "they are more trouble than they are worth."

In the litho room the firm never had apprentices. The new hands come in and begin "taking-off" for about 8_s._ By-and-by, according to their nimbleness, they are elevated to "layers-on."

In card mounting there is no training. It is picked up in a few months, and new hands start at about 8_s._ per week, time wages.

WAGES.--_Binding Room._--The staff (12 girls) are all on time work, the extra hands are paid piece work. Time wages range from 12_s._ to 14_s._ I was shown last week's wages, and they ranged from 7_s._ to 15_s._, the forewoman having £1 2_s._ 6_d._; 7_s._ to 8_s._ was the predominant figure. Job hands on piece "make as much as 15_s._ in a full week," I was informed, but the wage book that week showed they had only made about 7_s._ or 8_s._

For overtime, time and a quarter is paid to all time workers, ordinary rates to piece workers.

_Litho Work._--All wages in this department are time wages, and vary from 8_s._ to 12_s._ or 14_s._ In the wages book the predominant figure was 7_s._; there were two 5_s._ and some 8_s._, and up to 12_s._ When bronzing the workers appeared to get 1_s._ extra.

_Card Mounting._--All time wages paid here, and they were said to range from 8_s._ to 12_s._ In the wages book, however, 6_s._ and 7_s._ were the predominant figures. Some were as low as 5_s._, and there were a few girls who had drawn 8_s._

NO. EMPLOYED.--There were about 200 employees, of whom one-third were women. The number fluctuated, I was told.

_Litho Artists' Work._--8 or 9 men were employed on this, but no women on the premises. The firm often accepted sketches from lady artists living outside, some of whom could even work on stone.

_Litho Machine Work._--Girls are employed feeding litho machines, and they have about 30 when busy. When I was there only about 12 were engaged. When bronzing by hand is wanted these girls are set to it (13 were doing it last week). In the same room is

_Card Mounting._--There were only 3 girls at that, but sometimes there are as many as 12 or 13. This consists of pasting the advertisement, almanac, etc., on to a piece of cardboard, varnishing it, eyeletting it, tying the bits of cord through (the 3 girls were doing that), and sometimes putting gelatine over the surface--a minor trade, at which they get better paid.

The same girls do occasional work in the _cutting_ room; not at the big guillotines, but (_a_) at feeding a machine which cuts the strips down or blocks into bent shapes like a small almanac of ----'s mustard which I saw; (_b_) at putting shapes on to huge piles of sheets of advertisements and labels, which are then pressed into the sheets by a heavy top weight being brought down by steam. They were doing some big "flies," on to which a string was to be put, so that they could be whirled round and buzz.

_Binding Room._--There were only about 12 girls employed, but there was room for 100, and they have them in at a press of work. They do folding by hand in this firm for certain newspapers and all sorts of advertisements. Wire stitching is also done. They were folding various things, packing up labels, and so on, when I was there.

REGULARITY.--The firm's trade fluctuates, but by no regular fixed seasons; they are always busy before Christmas.

HEALTH.--I was told that it was quite a mistake to think bronzing unhealthy. The manager stated he had known men at it for months at a time without any evil effects. They sometimes imagined themselves ill, but he had never known of a single case of real illness. They grumble at doing it, and pretend that they are afraid of it because then they get extra money (1_s._ extra a week). They really object to it because it is bad for clothes--as you get covered with dust--and uncomfortable to be all powdered with gold.

He had a machine below on which most work was done, except when there was a great press. Messrs. ---- gave him out so many thousand to do; he could not do them fast enough with only one machine, and it was not worth while having more than one as he had not work enough ordinarily. No dust escaped from the machine. As a proof of the healthiness of bronzing he said that he stood for three or four hours in the middle of it all, "keeping them to their work" (which they want), and got all covered over with the dust himself. "You wouldn't get a manager doing that himself if it were unhealthy." He always gave his bronzers one pint of milk a day to drink, he stated with pride.

The other work, folding, card mounting, etc., was all quite healthy. Indeed, work was unhealthy more on account of bad ventilation than of any circumstance belonging to itself; he always had the window open and a board put across the bottom, 6 ins. high, on the most approved plan. The workpeople grumbled very much and tried to paste up every crevice with brown paper, but they could not shut it. They objected to the incandescent burners which he put in, for they liked the heat of the gas and missed it.

DANGERS.--Occasionally girls catch their skirts in wheels and so on, but there are never any "bad accidents." "With people of that class it is 'funk' more than pain that they suffer; they will turn as white as anything from just a little flesh wound with a cog-wheel." The Factory Inspectors were very fussy about fencing machinery, he thought. He told me long stories about men's carelessness and how the boys would sit on the edge of the lift. He fined them 2_s._ 6_d._ for it.

HOURS.--The hours are about 54 a week, from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner. The women are allowed by the forewomen to have lunch in the middle of the morning and tea in the afternoon, and when the men are industrious the manager has no objection to their taking "snacks." If it is an idler, he objects.

When busy, the work continues till 8 p.m. He had not used special exemption once the last year.

PROSPECTS.--There are no prospects except for the girls in the binding room. The present forewoman ("a jewel") had been with the firm for thirty years; one or two others whom she had trained could take her place.

ORGANISATION.--He had no knowledge of any Women's Unions covering the women employed here. This is a Society house in every branch for the men, but the manager said, "Trades Unionism is all humbug," and he would like to do away with it altogether, if possible; but it is so strong in London that if you want to get good men you must be a Society house.

MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--He employed 2 or 3 married women amongst litho feeders. The firm ask no questions, but he said he knew most of the workers.

A lot of the job hands were married, but none of the regular hands in binding room.

LEGISLATION.--In manager's opinion legislation had not in any way injured the position of women workers. It did not affect him at all. He never employed men to fold at night, because it would not pay. Occasionally, when the litho machines had to be kept working late, he had to draft in men from other departments to feed them, and he could understand that a small printer, without different departments, would find it awkward.

He would not himself have the place open at night with girls working in it. He would not take the responsibility of that; they would "lark about, etc." He thought it all to the women's advantage that they must not work at night.

The intentions of the Factory Acts are good, and he approved of them in principle, but there was a lot of humbug about them and the L.C.C. regulations,[95] _e.g._, making him have six basins for lavatory for his workers. They never used more than two, preferring to follow each other, and they broke the others, and then round came the inspector and said you must have six.

[Footnote 95: This is allowed to stand as an indication of the frequent misunderstandings our investigators met with regarding the L.C.C. This body appeared to be charged with everything that caused irritation.]

The L.C.C. put a premium on burglary by making it compulsory to have a way out on to the roof. The Factory Inspector was not a practical man, and ordered a great deal of unnecessary fencing of machinery. He told me how one night he kept the girls late without giving notice (the work came in unexpectedly), and sat by the telephone so as to send up notice to the forewoman if the inspector came. It was not the Factory Acts which kept women from being compositors.

MEN AND WOMEN.--Women did litho artists' work at home, and there was no reason why they should not be quite as good at it as men. It was paid by the merits of the sketch.

_Feeding Litho Machines._--He used to have boys, and a few years ago introduced girls. They were much better at it, cleaner, quieter, and more careful to place the paper exactly than boys.

He still had boys for _feeding letter-press machines_--why, he did not quite know, except that it was the custom; then, having thought about it, he said further, that it was because less care was needed. Girls were no cheaper than the boys were, and were introduced solely on account of being better workers.

He had no women compositors, and employed only 12 men, and he did not see how he could work the two together, though he did not see why women should not do all the setting-up and the display work, though they could not lift the formes. He did not think the Union objected. It never had been the custom though.

He never had women to work _cutting machines_. The men would object.

Women never rose to mind the _printing litho machines_; he did not think they could do it.

He had only one _platen machine_, worked and fed by a boy; but in some places, where cheap things were done by this machine, _e.g._, paper bags, girls attended to it.

Men used to do _folding_ in his youth, and they still did _stationers' folding_, notepaper, etc., in some houses.

HOME WORK.--The firm gave out a certain amount of folding when there was a press of work. The forewoman knew of old hands and others who could do it at home. He considered that to be quite a convenient arrangement.

INFLUENCE ON FAMILY INCOME.--Many of the job hands were married women, who liked to come out occasionally for a few extra shillings. Others were single girls, who preferred to be paid by the piece, and go about from house to house, making as much as time workers for shorter hours.

10. _Paper Colouring and Enamelling Firm in London, also engaged in Showcard Mounting and Varnishing and Book-edge Gilding. Employer's and Manager's Information._

Both were very communicative. The former, after repeated questions from me as to how things were done, took me over the whole place, intending only to show me the varnishing, and finally letting me see everything. He is a working-class master who has risen. His father had a small business, and he has made it a big one. It is one of the biggest firms in the trade.

TRAINING.--_Card Mounting._--The firm indentures apprentices, who agree to stay three or four years. They are taken on at fourteen years of age, and are paid 4_s._ a week for the first year, and then receive a portion of their piece work earnings, varying according to efficiency, from one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths, two-thirds, and so on, according to skill. They come for a month first to see if they suit.

_Paper Colouring and Enamelling._--In this department apprentices are also indentured for two years. They are taken on at fourteen, and are paid 4_s._ a week first year, then a portion of their piece earnings as above.

_Varnishing and Sizing._--No training is given for this. Girls must be tall, or they are no use. Any girl will be "good at it" after three weeks.

The employer remarked that parents could not afford to pay a premium. It was very provoking when girls went off after four years, when a lot of trouble had been spent in teaching them. I was shown some cards which a girl, who was supposed to be competent, had spoilt by pasting the sheet on so that there was a blister; 385 out of 500 were similarly spoilt, and they cost 6_d._ each, he said.

WAGES.--_Card Mounting and Paper Colouring._--Piece work rates are paid here, with overtime at the same rate. It is difficult to give an average. One girl would make 25_s._, while another girl would only make 7_s._ at the same work in the same time. After consideration, the head gave it as his opinion that 12_s._ 6_d._ a week would be what the ordinary girl would earn, taking the whole year round, slack with busy times. They were kept on all the year at this firm. Sometimes a girl would make as much as 28_s._

It was further stated that a girl might make 6_d._ in less than an hour at night, when the colours were mixed and she was finishing a job, whereas it might take her a whole morning to earn the 6_d._ next day.

A quick girl could do 1,000 eyelets in an hour, eyeletting being paid at 10_d._ per 1,000.

_Varnishing and Sizing._--Piece work wages are paid here, with overtime at same rates. Wages are reckoned by the lump sum for the gross work done, and divided equally amongst all the hands. The division is made by the firm, not the workers. We asked one girl what she took last week, and she said 14_s._; but my guide said that the average would not be so high for the year, say 12_s._

WORK.--There are four separate departments or businesses here, in three of which the work is done by women.

_Varnishing and Sizing_, where 16 girls are employed. The calendars, advertisements, and so on, to be varnished are placed in a pile on a table underneath the long webbing band, and a girl sits there and feeds. They are caught up and passed round rollers, and are sized or varnished as the case may be. Another girl stands facing the machine, seeing that they pass round all right. They are then carried over the top of the top roller along the webbing band, which stretches the full length of the room, till they come to the drum at the end, round which the band passes on its return journey. There girls take them off and place them in racks, the bottom one of which is on a small trolley. When a big pile of racks (about 5½ ft. high) is filled the girls wheel it off, lift up a door, and push it into a big cupboard which takes up all the middle of the room, and above which is a fan. There they are left to dry, and when dry the girls wheel them out again and take out the sheets.

There were two rooms in which this was being done, with about 8 girls in each. There was also a third room at the side, where they make up odds and ends, _e.g._, make up packets of "Happy Families," fold odd papers, eyelet a few things, and so on. There was only 1 girl in this; sometimes there are several. When a girl comes in first she does this work.

_Card Mounting._--About 30 or 40 girls were employed at this. This consists in putting the advertisements, calendars, and so on, on to the big sheets of cardboard and finishing them off. There are various different processes. The board has to be cut, and this is done either by a man or a girl who feeds the rotary cutting machine. The sheet of card is "lined," _i.e._, the back pasted on, and edges pasted over if required. Then the picture (or calendar) that is to go on it is pasted down, the girls covering the backs of about four pictures (or calendars), and then pressing them down one after another. For some work eyelets are then punched, and in the best work the edges are bevelled by a little machine consisting of a wheel in a trough, along which the edge is pushed. In the case of a good deal of School Board work there is a narrow band of tin or brass at the top which finishes it off, and out of which comes a brass loop by which to hang it up. The men cut the brass into slips, and the girls work about five hand machines, the principle of which is that you put in your map (_e.g._), put the tin or brass slip of metal in the right position, pull down a handle, lift it up, and the work comes out with the metal band pressed down on each side and the loop fixed in the middle. For other work, such as big maps, charts, diagrams, and so on, wooden rods are used as rollers, etc., and the work of fastening is done by girls.

_Paper Colouring and Enamelling by Hand._--Only 12 women were engaged upon this work--a considerable decrease. The sheet of paper to be coloured is placed in front of the girl, who then wets it over with the colour (black when I saw it) by means of a brush like a whitewash brush (the manager said that they were whitewash brushes with the handles taken off), which she dips into a bowl. She then takes another round brush, about 10 ins. in diameter, and brushes over the whole surface, so that the colour lies quite evenly. The sheet of paper is then hung, as it were, on to a clothes line to dry. These lines stretch over the room.

Enamelling is done in identically the same way, only it is enamel, not colour, which is put on.

Enamelled paper is the very shiny coloured paper used for end pages of books, for covering confectionery and similar boxes, etc.

Marbling is never done by this firm. All the coloured paper is in plain colours, marbling being a quite different process.

_Book-edge Gilding._--Only men are employed in this.

REGULARITY.--The _card mounting_ department is specially busy before Christmas with calendars, almanacs, etc., but advertisement cards are turned out all the year.

_Paper colouring_ comes in rushes, but is not a seasonal trade.

_Varnishing_ is sometimes busier at one time than at another, but it is not seasonal. The work of this firm is such that no job hands are employed.

HEALTH.--_Paper Colouring and Enamelling._--Mr. ---- called down one woman who had worked there fourteen years, and her mother before her. She looked very strong and healthy. The other girls were not so robust looking as she, but did not look _ill_. One was sitting in one of the colouring rooms during the dinner hour, her hands all coated over with paint, eating bread and butter. Mr. ---- rebuked her and told her that she ought to wash her hands, and that he was always telling her to do so, but she did not obey, and went on eating stolidly.

The colouring girls were all splashed over, and so were the walls. The rooms were close and dirty. Work was done standing.

_Card Mounting._--The rooms were close and dirty, and the work seemed tiring.

_Varnishing and Sizing._--The smell and heat were enough to knock one down when one first went in, though one ceased to notice it after a bit. There are hot pipes connected with the machine to dry the papers. The place looked very dirty, and my guide showed me how the dust all stuck to any varnish about, so that the racks, if left out for a day, got covered with flue. The girls did not look strikingly unhealthy. They have to drag heavy loads about. One or two looked a bit pale.

QUALIFICATIONS.--I should judge that strength was required for all three departments, as girls are standing all day. Only tall girls are taken in the varnishing room; short ones would be no good for moving about the racks. The head said that no great intelligence was wanted for any department, but a good deal of "perseverance" for card mounting and paper colouring. If girls are careless at card mounting they spoil the whole thing.

DANGERS.--The only machinery was the varnishing machine, and the firm had never had any accident with it, and there seemed no reason why there should be any. If girls are careless they are dismissed. The employer considered the Compensation Act to be very unfair: "If a girl slips on your iron staircase because her shoelace was undone, you have to pay her."

HOURS.--The hours worked are from 9 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea; on Saturdays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. On a board a notice was put up stating that work begins as follows: 9 a.m. for women, 8 a.m. for boys, 7 a.m. for men.

PROSPECTS.--There is 1 girl in the _varnishing_ department who gets "a trifle more than the others," owing to her skill. In _card mounting_ there are no prospects. A foreman manages the _paper colouring_ department, so that there is no chance of the women becoming forewomen. The firm once tried a forewoman, but she was not a success. She could not match the colours properly, etc. Mr. ---- and the robust worker seemed to think such a thing beyond a woman's power (especially the latter, who scorned the idea of a forewoman).

ORGANISATION.--The head did not know if there was a Union or not. "They do not give us any trouble."

MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--Only 1 or 2 married women were employed by the firm, and they were confined to the colouring department. One married woman had been there fourteen years.

LEGISLATION.--My informant did not consider that legislation had injured the woman worker at all, but had benefited her by lessening her hours of labour. Legislation was very hard on him, however, especially in the paper colouring and varnishing work. "A customer comes in with some work at 1 o'clock on a Saturday. You say you cannot do it till Monday. 'Well,' he says, 'I shall get it done elsewhere.' People working at home are found to do it, and as they have not got the machinery or appliances it means that they work at it all Sunday, and make their little children of nine or ten work too, whereas the grown women may not work an hour longer in factories." Mr. ---- evidently feels bitterly about this. It would not pay to keep men on this kind of work. He would like more than thirty days a year exemption for overtime. Besides, the girls would often like to make a few shillings extra overtime. This was corroborated by the paper-staining girl.

MEN AND WOMEN.--In the head's youth men used to do all the card mounting; women were introduced for it about twenty-eight years ago. They were brought in because the men drank so and kept away from work. Men used to do paper colouring and varnishing, too, and were replaced by women for the same reason. The Unions gave no trouble about this.

No women were employed in book-edge gilding by this firm. Mr. ---- and an old man employee said that some people got their wives to help lay-on the gold and so on, but it did not come to much.

MACHINERY.--_Paper colouring and enamelling_ machinery has diminished women's work _considerably_. The head used to have 45 women at it--two whole floors--and now only has 11. It is done by machinery elsewhere. A certain amount is still done by hand, and must always be, as it is not worth while putting anything under five reams on a machine.

_Varnishing._--The head invented the present machines because the women kept away so. There used to be many more women in the trade.

_Card Mounting._--No machines are employed for this. Girls can feed the rotary cutting machine, but it is generally done by a man.

HOME WORK.--No work is sent out from here. A good deal of paper colouring and of varnishing is done by people in their own homes (see under "Legislation").

FAMILY INCOME.--Very little information on this subject could be had here. One girl in the varnishing room was pointed out to me, dressed in black, whose father had recently died. She was the eldest of eleven, and was "keen on picking up an extra shilling or two."

GENERAL.--The whole place was dirty, and there was hardly a vacant inch to squeeze past in. Mr. ----, however, did not seem a bad sort of man; the girls did not seem in the least in awe of him. All the girls looked of the regular factory girl type, sloppy and dirty, and with their hair in curlers or curl papers.

Mrs. ----, the paper stainer, who came down to talk to me, seemed a friendly, rough-and-ready, low-class woman. Her mother worked in the trade, and when she herself was a baby her cradle was rocked on the colouring board, and "many is the night" that she sat up all night as a child helping her mother at home. She seemed to have thriven on it, and to be immensely proud of her industrial career.

11. _Bookbinding Firm, West End. London. Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--Trade in the West End is quite different to that in City firms. This employée picked to pieces and sewed.

REGULARITY.--Hers was not a seasonal trade. She was busy all the year round, but in January and July there was a special press, owing to the number of magazine volumes then being bound.

HOURS.--She worked 48 per week, the length of the ordinary day being from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m.

PROSPECTS.--She had never known anyone who rose to be a forewoman, but supposed some did rise. Girls from West End shops could not be City forewomen because they knew nothing about machines, and in all advertisements for forewomen knowledge of sewing machines was put as a necessary qualification.

GENERAL.--I asked why their hours were so much shorter than dressmakers, and have come to the conclusion that it was because the men had got an eight-hours' day. She said this class of workers in City shops is lower than in these West End places, and yet in the City workplaces the best industrial training is given.

12. _Bookbinding Firm in London. Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--Works at a large place about five minutes' walk away (not the same place where she learned). There are four rooms of women. N. M. works in a room on the third floor, where there are 80 women under two forewomen, sisters. In this room folding, stitching, gathering and sewing (hand) is done.

In the fourth room there are 12 girls doing machine sewing.

The two lower floor rooms each have about 10 or 12 girls. In one of them laying-on of gold is done.

She herself does stitching, folding and gathering, hardly ever sewing.

REGULARITY.--Orders are very slack sometimes, especially just now (August). There had been a great deal of sitting idle, and they had only been making 6_s._ or 7_s._ per week. They did not like to go "out to grass" for fear of losing work if it should chance to come in. It was difficult to get off for a holiday. Sometimes they were told at 1 p.m. that they could go home.

HEALTH.--_Gold laying-on_ was unhealthy. The dust got on the chest. _Folding_ and _Sewing_ were very tiring, because "you are sitting in one position all day." _Gathering_ is the most pleasant, because you walk about and get a little exercise that way.

PROSPECTS.--There is not much chance of rising. The forewoman and under-forewoman are sisters, and stay on and on. If one of them were to give up, her successor would be taken from the time workers. The piece workers might rise to be time workers, if they cared.

13. _Bookbinding Firm in London. Employée's Evidence._

WORK.--This informant was engaged at gold laying-on exclusively, but was originally a folder and sewer.

REGULARITY.--In this firm it is a seasonal trade, and slack sometimes as well. She left M. because of slackness.

HEALTH.--It is not very healthy. Layers-on cannot have the windows open because of the draught blowing the gold about, also the gas used for "blocking" overheats the rooms. Girls sometimes faint three or four times a day, and get anæmic. After working overtime at ----'s would often stagger in the streets. "You have to drink a lot of tea to keep you up."

HOURS.--48 a week is about the normal working time, from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea, as at M., and 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays; or else from 8.30 a.m. to 6 p.m., as at N., with one hour for dinner, and 8.30 a.m. to 12 noon on Saturdays. She preferred 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., because then she got a tea half-hour. "One got so faint going on till 6.30 p.m. from 2 p.m."

At O. there was a great deal of overtime; not at M.

PROSPECTS.--She could have been a sort of forewoman at sixteen over 6 other girls at P., but an older hand persuaded her not to; and being ignorant of the ways of the world she agreed not to, and then the older hand became forewoman herself! That was her only chance of promotion.

14. J., _Bookbinding Firm in London. Employée's Evidence and Visit to Works_.

WORK.--Folding, numbering, perforating, sewing. The regular staff do all, but the firm take in job hands for folding only, when busy.

REGULARITY.--The regular hands are kept on all the year round.

HOURS.--The hours worked average 54 a week, from 8.30 a.m. to 7.30 p.m. My informant said they were "obliged by the Factory Act[96] to have half an hour for lunch from 11 a.m. to 11.30 a.m., but they did not take more than a quarter of an hour, or else they ate whilst working;" dinner from 1 p.m. to 2 p.m., and tea from 5 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. On Saturdays the hours are 8.30 a.m. to 2 p.m., with 11 a.m. to 11.30 a.m. for lunch.

[Footnote 96: This, of course, is incorrect.]

PROSPECTS.--The girls may rise to forewomen. One who had just risen quickly to that position was going off to be married.

GENERAL.--They can cook food on the premises at this firm.

15. B., _Stationery Firm in London. Visit to Works_.

WORK.--About 150 to 200 women are employed.

(1) Hand folding and cementing of envelopes (includes putting band round packet).

(2) Machine folding and cementing of envelopes (includes putting band round packet).

(3) Black bordering.

(4) Stamping, plain and relief.

(5) Printing of addresses for circulars, etc. (small machines).

(6) Packing twelve packets in long packets and sample packing.

(7) Vellum sewing (folding, sewing, and looking over).

(8) Perforating (in same room).

(9) Machine ruling.

The number of women at each process in the part of factory seen were as follows:--

(1) About 27, (2) 30, (3) 1, (4) 4 stamping, (5) about 8, (6) 3 and 1 sample packer (probably many more), (7) 4 sewing, 1 looking over, 2 hanging about, (8) 1, (9) 4.

There are 42 other workers who are all older hands.

The girls employed in (1) are a superior grade to those in (2) and will not mix at all. Wages about the same. (3), (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8) are more or less same grade as (1); (9) are lower than (2).

REGULARITY.--The work here is steady all the year round.

HEALTH.--All the girls are healthy, and the work is quite healthy.

HOURS.--They work 51 hours per week.

PROSPECTS.--Envelope hand folders can rise to be cementers or forewomen (envelope hand folders being themselves a superior class to machine folders or machine rulers); packers can rise to be sample packers.

16. R., _Stationery Firm (Christmas Cards, etc.) in London. Visit to Works_.

WORK.--There are three departments:--

(1) _Relief Stamping_, with 20 regular hands. These girls work the presses, which are of the newest kind, and some of which are very heavy. They do monograms and all sorts of designs on menus, wedding cards, Christmas cards, ball cards, etc., and stamp in gold, silver, or colours.

(2) _Hand Painting_, with 21 regular hands. This means filling in stamped-out or printed designs of various kinds of cards with colour, _e.g._, figures of soldiers, flowers, and so on.

(3) _Packing Department_, with about 12 regular hands. They do up the cards in packets, fold and gum special wedding envelopes, paste pictures on to cards, tie the little ribbon bows on cards, and do all the many little processes required for finishing this kind of work.

REGULARITY.--The work of this firm is very seasonal. The busy time is for about three months before Christmas, but they are specially rushed for the six weeks before Christmas. The regular hands are kept on all the year round, but about 25 or 30 extra are employed for the packing room for six weeks before Christmas. In the other departments they get a few married hands just to come in and help. They are now (July) preparing books of Christmas cards, but the orders for private Christmas cards do not come in till November and December.

The girls who work in the packing room pack scents, etc., at other times of the year.

HEALTH.--The work is quite healthy and the girls all appeared to be healthy. The premises were light and airy. Two of the relief stamping presses _looked_ very heavy indeed, and the forewoman said that they were really men's work. The girls working them always had the same machines, and did not look ill, though they said that it was very tiring.

MACHINERY.--Machinery has not displaced women in this firm.

HOURS.--For _stamping and packing_ the hours are from 9 a.m. to 6.30 p.m. with three-quarters of an hour for dinner and a quarter of an hour for tea; on Saturdays, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., with half an hour for lunch. For _painting_ they are from 9 a.m. to 5.45 p.m., with the same meal hour; on Saturdays, from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m.

The hours of painters had been shortened about a year ago, and it was found that they did just as much work. For the six weeks before Christmas they regularly work from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., with as much overtime as is allowed, _i.e._, three nights a week.

PROSPECTS.--They may rise to forewomen; _e.g._, the forewoman over the stampers came as an ordinary hand.

GENERAL.--There is a dining room, and every girl can pay 3_s._ a week and get dinner of meat and pudding and tea every day. This covers all expenses, wages of cook, gas for stove, all utensils, etc. Last year there was money over, so they had free meals for a week.

17. G., _Large Stationery Firm in London. Visit to Works_.

WORK.--About 60 girls are employed. _Stationery and Printing_ with following divisions:--(1) Plain cameo and relief stamping (about 25 girls), (2) illuminating, _i.e._, putting on the colour by hand (2 girls), (3) envelope folding and cementing (9 girls), (4) packing, including cleaning (girls in each department), (5) folding notepaper (saw 3 little girls doing this), (6) feeding printing machines, big and small, and lithographic machines (about 6 girls), (7) various odd jobs, _e.g._, cutting visiting cards to proper size, (8) feeding ruling machine (1 girl).

REGULARITY.--This firm's trade is regular. They are busy all the year round, though perhaps they are busiest at Christmas. The bulk of their orders come from the country though.

HEALTH.--The little printing and lithographic girls looked anything but healthy.

MACHINERY.--Machines have not displaced women. There was nothing dangerous about the machinery used, though the small printing machine which 1 girl was feeding _might_ be dangerous.

HOURS.--The hours worked are from 8.30 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea; on Saturdays, from 8.30 a.m. to 1 p.m. They work overtime at Christmas.

PROSPECTS.--Girls in (4) may rise to (1), and those in (1) to (2).

18. K., _Stationery Firm in London. Visit to Works_.

WORK.--_Numbering and Perforating_; girls also dust and clean up after blocking.

REGULARITY.--The work in this firm is regular, "as they work for the trade."

SKILL.--Intelligence is required for numbering, or else valuable material is spoilt, _e.g._, the other day a girl, who was six months out of her time, never changed when she came to the 1,000 and so spoilt the work, as one figure came out darker. Three numbers are harder to do than two or four. The firm had tried to take two girls from the blocking work and teach them numbering, but it was no good, they were not intelligent enough.

HOURS.--The hours worked are from 9 a.m. to 7.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner, ten minutes for lunch, and ten minutes for tea; on Saturdays, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.

PROSPECTS.--The girls can rise to be forewomen.

19. I., _Stationery and Stamping Firm in London. Employee's Evidence_.

WORK.--Stamping, plain and relief, including tradesmen's cards, notepaper, Christmas cards, etc.

REGULARITY.--The work here is regular, because they work for the trade.

SKILL.--The girls need arm strength. Artistic taste is also required. Some never make good stampers on account of deficiency in taste.

MACHINERY.--Machinery has not displaced women.

HOURS.--The hours worked are from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for dinner, and half an hour for tea; on Saturdays, from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.

PROSPECTS.--Girls may rise to forewomen. "There is a little girl of fifteen now, who has only been here a year, and the other day Mr. I. (who does not say things when he does not mean them) told her that she would rise to be forewoman one day. She is very good at her work and knows how things should look."

GENERAL.--The girls are very comfortable here. They have a room to themselves upstairs, and a dining room and a stove to cook on.

20. F., _Stationery Firm in London. Employee's Evidence_.

WORK.--(1) Envelope folding, which includes creasing, gumming, and shuffling.

(2) Envelope cementing.

(3) Plain stamping.

(4) Relief stamping.

(5) Looking over and packing.

REGULARITY.--Slack times vary in different houses. "You never can tell," but summer, as a rule, is slack. Last summer there was very little work all July and August at C. and D. and F. She made only 8_d._ or 9_d._ a day sometimes.

HOURS.--At C. and D. the hours worked are from 9 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one and a-half hours for meals; at E., from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with one and a-half hours for meals on Monday and Tuesday; from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one and a-half hours for meals on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday; and from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays.

MACHINERY.--Machinery has not taken work from women.

GENERAL.--She remarked that G. was "a dreadful place." The girls cried because there was no work.

21. X., _Stamping Firm in London. Employee's Evidence_.

WORK.--There are about 100 girls in the _stamping_ room, about 30 of whom pack up the work in boxes, etc. In some places the stampers have to pack their own work. There is also _envelope work_, etc., done on the firm, but my informant knew nothing of this. Some girls did the hand illuminating, _i.e._, colouring part of a design that has been stamped.

REGULARITY.--The trade is seasonal, and is slack in the summer and busy in winter.

SKILL.--"You have to be strong to stand the stamping," she said. She herself had to give it up after she had been a learner for two years, and take to packing. Her health gave way; she got very anæmic, and could not stand the strain. Most of the packers were girls who could not stand stamping. They had one very heavy press with big dies, and tried a girl on it, but she got injured internally, so a man was put on it. At R. she heard they had heavy presses. She said she knew of two girls who went there, and both injured themselves. She thinks they had to go to the hospital. The best paying work was done on the big presses. However, many girls stood the stamping all right. Strength is absolutely necessary.

HOURS.--The hours worked are from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one and a-half hours off for meals; on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. When busy they work regularly from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m., and three nights a week to 9.30 p.m.

22 and 23. U. and V., _Two Stamping Firms in London. Employee's Evidence_.

WORK.--My informant did plain stamping, but never learnt relief work. She once tried it, but did not get on with it. At U. there were only 5 stampers, at V. quite 30.

REGULARITY.--At U. work came in rushes, and they were always either very busy or else very slack; at V. work was steady all the year.

HEALTH.--My informant herself had grown rather crooked, and had to leave off work. She did not know of any other girls similarly affected though, nor did she consider it unhealthy. A good many were anæmic. She thought that now she has had a rest she might be able to stand it better. The big dies were the bad ones, and were tiring.

HOURS.--At U. the hours were from 9.15 a.m. to 7 p.m., with one hour for dinner and half an hour for tea; at V. from 9.15 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., but at V. one could work till 7 or 7.30 p.m., if one cared. At U. they were then working till 8 p.m. (December). She had never worked later than 9, and that very rarely.

PROSPECTS.--She thought that the chance of rising to forewoman was exceedingly remote.

GENERAL.--Both U. and V. were very nice and respectable shops, and particular about whom they took on. At U. there was a dining room, and things more comfortable than at V.

24. Y., _Machine Ruling Firm in London. Visit to Works_.

WORK.--There are _two departments_. (1) Top floor: _Machine ruling_. (2) Ground floor: _Perforating_, _numbering_, _and paging._

(1) The following is the general principle of the ruling machine:

There is a band about 1 yd. wide which goes round and round in a large ellipse (one flat side of the ellipse is about 3½ yds. long). Upon this band the sheets of paper are placed by the girls, and by it they are drawn under a row of pens set at the required intervals for the lines. They are then carried up and round by the revolutions of the band--being held in their places by string which revolves with the band--and fall out of the machine with the ink dry.

A good many machines are fitted with a second row of pens which rules the underneath side of the paper as well as the upper.

The pens are fed by a piece of flannel which is kept soaked by a regular flow of ink from a vessel fitted with a small tap.

These machines are worked by power. They used to be worked by hand.

(2) _Perforating_ is done by a machine worked by a treadle. A good many foreign and colonial postage stamps are done here.

_Numbering_ of loose pages, cheques, receipts, etc., is done by a machine with a handle which has to be pulled down by hand.

_Paging_, which is for made-up books, is done by a machine worked by a treadle.

REGULARITY.--The summer is a slack season in this trade as a rule. The firm are especially slack just now (August) as there are no orders from South Africa.

HEALTH.--The upper floor was exceedingly, almost insupportably, stuffy. The ground floor was fairly airy. The under-forewoman said that working the treadle for paging was very hard work. "It always upset her inside," so she had to give it up.

SKILL.--Strength is required for paging.

DANGER.--They had just had an accident with the perforating machine. The bands upstairs were dangerous to long hair. One girl had her hair caught and was carried right up to the ceiling. The band was loose and slipped off the wheel, so she was let down again with no great injury.

PROSPECTS.--The girls may rise to forewoman; the machine rulers may rise to wet the flannels.

25. _Paper Bag Making in London. Employee's Evidence._

WORK.--(1) Cake bags, (2) tea bags, (3) sugar bags. These are different classes of work and some hands can do only one class.

The girls do their own cutting except for the very heavy work, which men do. As a rule, the piece-rate girls make the bag right through from the sheet, _i.e._, cut the paper, lay it out and paste. Tea bags are made on a tin. There were 150 girls working in the room.

REGULARITY.--The work is irregular, but if a girl can do all kinds it is better for her. "There is always some work, but sometimes you may sit idle doing needlework most of the day."

HEALTH.--"It is very bad for you standing all day long," said my informant. "Girls come in looking lively and healthy, but they soon get run down." The standing and the used-up air are bad, the latter especially in the winter-time when the gas is alight. She herself has lost her health.

MACHINERY.--Machinery had not displaced women.

HOURS.--The hours are from 8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., with one hour for dinner, ten minutes for lunch, and twenty minutes for tea; on Saturdays, from 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. The girls have to be in by 8.15 or they are locked out for the morning.

When at overtime they work from 8 a.m. to 9.30 p.m.

PROSPECTS.--The forewoman was at the bench once.

GENERAL.--"On the floor below," said my informant, "are litho girls--not the sort whom you _could_ speak to. That is a very bad trade."

26. _Printer's and Bookbinder's Firm in Leeds. Employer's Information._

I was shown over the factory. The rooms are all very large and lofty. Electric instead of steam power is used, and so the factory is far less noisy and cooler than most printing works.

_One hundred and twenty girls_ of a very superior class are employed.

The conditions under which work is carried on here are evidently very good.

They print large advertisement posters, time-tables, magazines, novels, and make account books, cheque books, etc.

TRAINING.--Girls begin by feeding ruling machines, packing, etc., and the length of their "apprenticeship" depends entirely upon the girls themselves. They are put on piece work as soon as they are fit for it; they are taken on about fourteen without premium, and their wages begin at 4_s._ 6_d._ or, sometimes, 5_s._, and rise by degrees till they are paid piece work rates.

WAGES.--_Folding and Sewing_ (piece work).--The pay ranges about 10_s._, 12_s._, 16_s._, up to 25_s._ per week.

_Laying-on of Gold-leaf and Blockers_ (piece work) yields 18_s._ to 20_s._ per week.

Girls who put _paper covers_ on to cheap novels, etc., earn about 20_s._

_Layers-on_ (_Letter-press and Litho_) are paid time wages and receive 8_s._, 10_s._, and 12_s._ per week.

The employer says he has known three sisters take home £4 a week for several months in succession. He thinks it pays well to give high wages.

HOURS.--The hours are 52½ per week: from 7.30 a.m. to 6 p.m., with dinner from 12.30 p.m. to 1.30 p.m.; on Saturdays, 7.30 a.m. till 12.30 p.m.; but overtime is worked thirty days in the year. Piece workers receive no extra pay; time workers get time and a quarter.

WORK.--_Folding_ is done chiefly by hand. There is one machine, but that is self-feeding and a man minds it.

_Sewing_ is done by hand and by machinery.

_Perforating_ is done by a machine worked by power, which has simply to be fed.

Several girls were employed putting the wrappers on to 6_d._ novels, while others were pasting cloth on to cardboard for school exercise books. Little girls were feeding the ruling machine, punching labels, eyeletting and packing.

Girls were also engaged in gold laying-on and blocking, but none were employed at this when I was there.

In the litho and letter-press printing rooms a large number of very respectable girls, about eighteen years of age, were employed as layers-on. They were feeding large as well as small machines.

REGULARITY.--The girls are employed all the year round, but they are busier in the autumn and winter (from September to May). They are also very busy the last week in each month. _Occasionally_, in June and July, they only work half-time, but this does not happen often.

HEALTH.--The work is very healthy. Before they had electric power the employer had seen girls fall down and faint when "laying-on" at night when the gas was lit and the room hot. Now that they have electric power and electric light such a thing never happens.

DANGER.--The use of electric power does away with the need of belting shafts, etc. There is simply a small motor on the ground.

ORGANISATION.--There is no organisation amongst the women, though the men are all Unionists.

MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--Girls all leave when they get married. Occasionally, when they are busy, an old hand who has got married comes back, but 99 per cent. are unmarried. The employer did not know whether they had any married women there then.

FACTORY LEGISLATION.--Factory legislation has in no way limited the usefulness of women. Girls do not mind working overtime when they can make a little extra by it, but the employer said "overtime does not pay anybody." _E.g._, when layers-on worked overtime they were paid time and a quarter, and it did not pay to give that extra money. The restriction of overtime to thirty days a year worked out very inconveniently for the masters, but this employer thought the factory legislation was a very good thing on the whole.

One direct result of factory legislation here has been the introduction of a self-feeding folding machine worked by electric power, which they use when they are busy instead of getting in extra hands or working overtime. When not busy this machine stands idle, and the folding is done by hand. Another result of factory legislation is that they have to employ more hands than they otherwise would, and so girls sometimes have to work short time.

MEN AND WOMEN.--The employer said there was a clearly drawn line between men's work and women's work. The Union made a great point of keeping women out of what they consider to be men's work, and there would be a "row" amongst them if women were put on, but I found out later on that girls do the laying-on and _gold blocking_ for the backs of books, etc. The employer said he put them on to that about three years ago. At first the men made a fuss about it, but it passed over. His reason for putting girls on was that it was light work quite suitable for a girl. Only skilled girls did it. They would get perhaps 12_s._ 6_d._, time wage, while they were learning, and then go on to piece work and earn 18_s._ or 20_s._ a week. A man's wage for the same work would be a minimum of 32_s._ a week (time), as that is the Trade Union minimum, and the Trade Unionists generally get something above the minimum.

This firm was the first in Leeds to introduce girls as layers-on for letter-press and litho machines. That was about twenty years ago. The reason was that it was impossible to apprentice the number of boys required. The Trade Union regulation about the proportion of apprentices to journeymen is very strictly enforced, and it was not fair to employ boys and simply turn them off when they got older; so girls were employed, and now the majority of layers-on are girls. They do the work, on the whole, better than boys, and they are steadier.

MACHINERY.--Machinery is continually being introduced and more women are being employed in spite of the fact that the machines do work so much more quickly. Production is made cheaper and so the demand is greater.

HOME WORK.--No home work is given out.

_Relief Stamping Firms. General Summary._

We have information about twenty-one houses where women are employed at stamping (covering over 300 women).

TRAINING.--Out of these nine have a regular system of training, four do not take apprentices, having found them more trouble than they were worth; three have no settled system, while three refused to furnish information on the subject. In four cases indentures were signed, and there were two cases of premiums, in one of which £2 was paid, to be returned with 5 per cent. interest after three years; in the other, £10--with variations. "It varies with the girl," we were told. "Sometimes girls with very respectable parents like to pay a premium, in other cases it is waived." In eight out of the nine houses where there is a regular system of training, the girls serve an apprenticeship varying from two to three years. They begin by a few shillings pocket-money and go on to receive a part of what they make at piece work rates. In one house they gave from two weeks to two months for nothing, during which time their earnings went to the forewoman who taught them.

The following are some of the systems of payment during training:--

(1) 1st year (employed in warehouse), 3_s._; 2nd year, half earnings, piece, with 4_s._ per month pocket-money; 3rd year, three-quarter earnings, with 4_s._ per month pocket-money.

(2) 1st year, 5_s._; 2nd year, 6_s._ 6_d._; 3rd year, 8_s._

(3) 2_s._ 6_d._ for first 6 months; rising 1_s._ every 3 months, till 8_s._ 6_d._ is reached.

(4) Start at 2_s._ 6_d._; rise to 10_s._ during training.

(5) 1st year, half earnings; 2nd year, three-quarter earnings.

(6) 3_s._ or 4_s._ first 6 months; 5_s._ second 6 months; then 6_s._ for 2nd year.

(7) Pay £2 premium. Put on piece work almost at once and receive what they make. Premiums returned with 5 per cent. interest after 3 years.

(8) 3 months, nothing; 3 months, 2_s._ per week; next 3 months, 3_s._; next, 4_s._; so on till 8_s._

One forewoman considered that three years' training was much too long, and stated that there was a tendency in certain houses to do work cheap by means of apprentices. She said that the girls in such houses get disheartened and sick of work, and when they were out of their time it was no use staying on, for all the work got given to the learners. Some learners are quite quick by the end of three weeks. We often found that when a girl came in to learn stamping she was set to run about the warehouse or to do gumming for the first year. This, it was urged by one employer, was done purely from humane motives. Since the girls were often delicate when they came in, it was far better for them to do odd jobs for a year than to be stuck down at once at some sedentary occupation.

Learners are taken at thirteen or fourteen years of age. Sometimes they are left to "pick things up." Sometimes they are taught by a forewoman or experienced hand. The relief stamper belongs to the upper class of factory girl.

REGULARITY.--Trade is tolerably steady. A few weeks in summer are generally slack, and where there is Christmas card work the six weeks before Christmas are extremely busy.

HEALTH.--We were told almost unanimously that stamping was healthy work, and undoubtedly, where the presses are light, it is so. Some of the presses, however, are very heavy, and the girls who work them acknowledged that the work was extremely tiring. Most houses have men to work their heaviest presses. We heard of three cases in two different houses of internal strain to girls working at these presses, and we heard of one house where the girls in the packing room were recruited from those who could not stand the stamping.

SKILL.--Skill is required for illuminating.

PROSPECTS.--In some cases it is possible to rise to forewoman, or from plain to relief and cameo stamping and occasionally illuminating.

WAGES.--Wages vary from 13_s._ to 25_s._ or 30_s._, mostly piece work. Some of the piece work rates were 9_d._ per 1,000 impressions, 2_d._ per 1,000 plain (2,000 can be done per hour); 10_d._ per ream one die (takes two hours to do one ream), 1_s._ 8_d._ per 1,000 impressions.

MARRIED AND UNMARRIED.--Very few relief stampers are married. In some houses married women are not allowed, in some they "come back to oblige" at busy times. In one house only we heard "that many stampers marry, though they might as well not, as they come back to work."

DISPLACEMENT.--Men used to do relief stamping, but women, owing to the cheapness of their labour, have superseded them in all but the heaviest work. For the heavy presses men are still employed, "but it is a poor trade for them."

In some houses they do illuminating, as for this the women are found not to possess sufficient skill and patience. One large house employs 4 men for a superior sort of relief stamping--gold and silver on a coloured surface. The crest or monogram has to be stamped in plain first, then coloured, then stamped with the gold or silver by the men. This last process requires great skill and accuracy and care, for if it is crooked by a hair's breadth the thing is spoilt. Girls are stated not to be accurate and careful enough for this work, although they are employed for the simpler sort of gold stamping.

Where heavy hand machines have come in they have ousted women. One employer considered that if stamping machines worked by steam came in women would be employed on them. In one house, however, where there was machine stamping, it was done by men. We were told by a large employer that there is now a new machine in the market which may supersede female labour. It colours the surface first and then embosses it out. Another new machine requires a feeder only, as the die is coloured, rubbed and stamped down by machinery.

_Job Hands. Interview with Agent._

Miss R., like Mrs. B. before her, apparently acts as a sort of bureau-keeper for job hands; sometimes she has work in to do herself and keeps a certain staff, at other times she gets a notice to say that W. has got a big job and wants so many hands; she collects them, sends postcards all round, and goes and works herself too. Very few of her job hands would touch magazine work; they usually work at prospectuses. Mrs. B. used to do all the work for the ---- Societies. There were hundreds of job hands, how many she cannot tell at all.

REGULARITY.--The work is quite uncertain. "You never know when there will be work; but July and August are usually the slack months, but this year (1900-01) it has been slack all the year. Job hands, however, do what they like when there is not work, whereas constant hands have to come in and wait whether there is work or not."

HEALTH.--It is hard work, but there is nothing unhealthy about it.

GENERAL.--She spoke with pitying contempt of the "constant" hands and their low prices and the long hours they worked.

APPENDIX III.--GENERAL GLASGOW REPORT.

(A.) _Letterpress Printing. Machine Feeding and Flying._

Girls are employed to "feed" the machines and to "take off" the impressed sheet. A girl will learn "taking off," or "flying," in a couple of days; but except in the old-fashioned and smaller jobbing-shops flying is now done entirely by machinery. Machine feeding is not so easy and simple a process as it seems. The girls stand and perform the same movement repeatedly, each time giving to the sheet the precise swing required to send it accurately into the grips. The work requires little intelligence, and the extent to which it can be characterised as exhausting depends partly on the speed of the machine, but chiefly on the length of the "run." Three methods of treating the girls may be distinguished. In some shops where there are very long runs, perhaps extending to a couple of weeks, as in the case of the printing of low-priced Bibles, the work is tiring. At the close of a long run the machines have to be prepared afresh, and the girls enjoy a spell for a day or two. This leisure they are sometimes inclined to abuse by interrupting the work of others with conversation, and consequently attempts are being made to employ them on other machines during the interval. This innovation the girls are resisting. In other shops the fatiguing nature of a long run is mitigated by removing the girl to another machine with a different movement, but the "right" of a girl to be so moved about and rested is not recognised; it is simply a matter for the consideration of the foreman. To allow the claim to frequent shifting might prove inconvenient in times of pressure. Lastly, in establishments where the bulk of the work involves short runs, as, for example, in printing the official matter of a municipality or a college, the necessity for frequently preparing the machines affords considerable leisure to the feeders. These intervals explain the groups of girls often to be seen chatting and knitting in odd corners of the machine-room. Some of these shops recognise the right of a girl to feed and keep clean "her own machine" and no other. Where this is the case a girl may be employed feeding for no longer than a quarter of the normal working week of fifty-two and a half hours owing to the shortness of the runs and the length of time spent in re-adjustment. The work is dirty but not dangerous, as all machinery is well-fenced, and accidents are of very rare occurrence. The day's work usually starts at 6.15 a.m. and ends at 6 p.m., with meal hours at 9 and at 2 o'clock and half an hour for tea when engaged on overtime. Saturday's shift is from 6.15 a.m. until 10 a.m. Girls are paid 5_s._, in a few shops 6_s._, a week as beginners. They get their first rise in three months, and are gradually advanced to an average wage of 10_s._, while an expert feeder may earn 11_s._, or at the outside 12_s._, a week. When girls find that they can feed well after a comparatively short time in a shop and that they are getting only 7_s._ or 8_s._ a week they commonly seek and obtain the average wage elsewhere. Managers fancy "it would not do" to advance a girl abruptly from 6_s._ to 10_s._ a week in the same shop, but do not blame the girls for leaving. "It is human nature." Girls are taken on at any age after fourteen, and stay on till they are married or until they are called away to domestic duties. Some remain on after marriage, but not more than 1 or 2 per cent. A few come back as widows. Married and unmarried as workers are "six of one and half a dozen of the other," remarked an employer of both, while another thought married women "less regular" in attendance. There are no signs of married women lowering rates of pay. "Time and a half" is the overtime rate. Women workers who do not get paid overtime when they work beyond the normal day get paid over the holidays, but not otherwise. There are no fines. There is no trade organisation among the machine feeders, and as the various unions of the men are not directly affected they do not interfere. In some firms feeding has been done by girls for a quarter of a century; in others they have been introduced only within the last five or six years. Boys were rough, irregular, scarce, and wanted higher pay. The girls, although they also are drawn from a rough class, are steadier, cleaner, and more economical in the use of material than boys. Besides, there are more of them. There was no inducement for boys to continue at such work, so they have been drafted into certain forms of unskilled, but fairly well paid, labour, such as is offered by the Post Office or bread factories. In some districts they go to the shipyards to assist riveters, and are able to earn straight away twice the wages they would obtain in a printing shop. As overtime by girls is restricted by legislation, young men (over 18) are kept for feeding in one large jobbing-shop where there are often seasons of great pressure (_e.g._, in the printing of penny monthly diaries and time-tables) and where "rushes" and overtime are inevitable. These young men would not be thus employed but for the restrictions of the Factory Acts, as the manager, for reasons stated above, much prefers girls for feeding. While all modern machines are fitted with self-fliers, not one of the many attempts to provide automatic feeders has proved quite satisfactory. For long runs such feeders as have been designed may serve fairly well, but in shops with much jobbing and many short runs too much time would be spent in adjusting the feeder to the particular job. The sole advantages of a mechanical feeder are that it neither "takes ill" nor "goes on strike." Meanwhile it is imperfect and expensive, and the supply of cheap female labour abundant.

(B.) _Lithographic Printing. Machine Feeding._

What has been said of feeders under letterpress printing is generally true of feeders in the lithographic branch. The only difference seems to be one of social position. Girls employed in feeding lithographic machines are "higher,"[97] "less filthy in talk," etc. They form the intermediate class, of which the girls in the bookbinding and warehouse departments are at the top. In one shop where all three classes are employed, the manager remarked that these caste distinctions were "clean cut," and obvious to the most casual observer.

[Footnote 97: They are supposed to be lower in London, Manchester, etc.--[Ed.]]

(C.) _Letterpress Printing. Type-setting._

The employment of women as compositors is a "vexed question." In two shops only are they so employed in Glasgow, and both are on the black list of the local trade union. Inasmuch as the conditions which obtain in these shops differ in important respects, they are here described separately.

Firm No. 1 introduced women as compositors some nine or ten years ago, when a dispute with the union ensued. It now employs about a dozen women at the cases. Girls are taken on at any age after fourteen. In three months' time they are able to set up type in "solid dig," _i.e._, newspaper or book matter, consisting of solid uniform paragraphs. Three girls who have spent about eight years with this firm are declared to be "good at displaying," and "more competent than the ordinary journeyman." Beginners get 6_s._ a week during the first year, and in the third year are put on piecework rates. There are no indentures. Capable women compositors may earn 24_s._ a week, while their average earnings may be put at 22_s._ a week, and they never sink below a pound. Young workers make an average of 18_s._ a week or thereabouts. The normal week is one of fifty-one hours, made up as follows:--

8 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. on four days. 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. to 7 p.m. on Wednesdays. 8 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays.

A compositor sometimes acts as "clicker," _i.e._, checks the amount of piecework, but this is usually done by a clerk. No married women are employed. Overtime is paid time and a half, and women are fined a penny for being late.

Firm No. 2 employed at one time about two dozen girls in the composing-rooms. They were engaged solely on solid newspaper work, and never in the higher branches of the trade, such as "displaying." Seats were provided for them. They worked a forty-eight hour week for a "stab" wage of 15_s._ or 16_s._, and had three weeks' holiday, off and on, for which they were paid. Further, they were never turned away in slack time. But the experiment was not altogether a success, and by to-day the two dozen have dwindled down to two, who set for newspapers and get 16_s._ a week. The reasons assigned for the gradual reversion to the employment of men are as follows:--

(_a_) Irregularity of the women's attendance at work.

(_b_) Their shorter hours.

(_c_) Marriage.

(_d_) The introduction of the Linotype machine, of which there are three in this establishment. This was urged as the most important cause of the change back to men.

Of the work in general, it may be said that some intelligence is needed, that no dangerous machinery is used, and that the health of the workers depends largely on the character of the workroom. The special trade disease is that to which men are similarly subject, viz., "consumption" in some of its many forms.

In Glasgow the Typographical Association has strenuously, and, with the above exceptions, successfully, resisted the introduction of women into the composing-room. The attitude taken up by the men may be summarised as follows: No objection would be offered to the employment of women at the case provided that they served the usual seven years' apprenticeship at the same rates as male apprentices, and then on its completion were paid the full standard wage. "Underpaid female labour is equally unjust to the legitimate employer and employee." To allow women unrestricted access to the composing-rooms would probably lead in time, not only to the reduction of the men's wages, but to the undermining of the trade itself. The various branches of the trade which now demand many years of apprenticeship before they are completely mastered by one man would be split up and distributed among a number of highly-specialized workers. Women would be employed for separate departments, and by being continuously kept at one job or branch would become expert therein, but would have no knowledge of the trade as a whole.

The employers, on the other hand, are aggrieved that, while the union prevents women from acting as compositors in Glasgow, the same trade society allows them to work in Edinburgh. The result of the present arrangement is to divert a certain class of trade, viz., "solid dig," or book work, from other centres to Edinburgh. The cause of this is to be found in the non-employment of women compositors in Glasgow, and is not, as sometimes suggested, due to the superiority of Edinburgh printing.

In answer to the claim of the union to equal pay for equal work for women and men, it is urged by the masters:--

(1) Women when employed as compositors at piecework rates get the best, _i.e._, the simplest jobs. They are put to do what boys would be at when half through their apprenticeship. They are kept always at pretty much the same kind of work, and thus become very skilful at it. Boys, on the other hand, would claim to be shifted on to the higher branches of the trade.

(2) The man who now does the solid type-setting, which the employer wishes to see a woman do, is paid higher than a woman would or should be, because he is liable to be called on at any moment to undertake the more complex operations of his craft, while a woman is not. In other words, the man is paid for potential ability.

(3) If women were taken on freely to do solid setting, it is not at all likely that they would seriously aspire to the higher stages of the compositor's craft.

(_a_) Partly for physical reasons. Women are not fitted to handle the heavy formes.

(_b_) Partly because they could not be relied upon to go through a full course of training. They would be continually leaving in the middle or at the end of it, and employers, therefore, would not take the trouble to train them. "The pick of the girls get married. The qualities which make a girl smart and successful at her work would similarly make for her success in the marriage market."

(4) The cheaper type-setting of women is needed in order to compete successfully with the Linotype machine. There is no doubt that to a certain extent the comparatively low price of women's labour tends to retard the introduction of machinery.

(D.) _Bookbinding._

In the bookbinding trade girls fold, put in plates and illustrations, collate, sew by hand and by machine. Sewing used all to be done by hand, but machines were introduced some fifteen years ago. In the case of primers and stitched books girls do all except print the covers. They make cloth cases as distinct from leather cases. Girls also lay the gold leaf on covers, which are subsequently stamped by machines operated by men. For at least half a century women have worked in these branches, but while in earlier days they learnt a variety of operations the tendency now is to keep them to a special process or machine. Hence a smart girl can pick up her task in a week. The old custom of a four years' apprenticeship still survives. Girls start at fourteen, or at thirteen if they have passed the fifth standard. The initial wage is still in some shops 3_s._ a week, but there is a decided upward tendency, which in one case was found to reach 4_s._ 6_d._ for beginners. On the termination of the apprenticeship an average wage of 10_s._ a week is paid, but in the exceptional case referred to above the average was given as 12_s._ 6_d._, while 15_s._ is earned by expert pagers, coverers, and perforators who have been in the employment of the firm for some time. A chargewoman gets about 15_s._ a week, while the principal forewoman in a firm employing nearly 300 girls in its bookbinding branch is paid a guinea per week. Folders and hand-sewers are paid piecework rates in the large shops, but not in the smaller ones. To the casual visitor these pieceworkers exhibit a remarkable swiftness and accuracy, and the work must involve no small physical strain. Although the girls engaged in folding and the allied processes are as a rule of higher intelligence than mill girls and machine feeders and drawn from different social strata, there are many who come, frail and under-fed, from very poor homes. To these especially the early hour at which the day's work begins is a hardship. On a Glasgow winter's morning to start work at 6.15 on a hurried bite of bread and margarine, with the distant prospect of more bread and margarine three hours later, leads logically to "broken time." There has been some slight tendency towards beginning at 8 o'clock and stopping on Saturdays at 1, but two of the largest firms still adhere to 6.15 a.m. and finish on Saturdays at 10 a.m. The manager of one of these characterised the system as a "relic of barbarism," and said he had tried to alter the hour to 8 o'clock, but the men vigorously opposed the change and the scheme had to be dropped. As matters now stand, and owing to the great irregularity of the attendance during the week, work has often to go on from 11 till 2 on Saturdays. Otherwise in this establishment overtime is systematically avoided, the manager maintaining that the normal week of 52½ hours is quite exhausting enough for the girls. When, as at seasons of unusual pressure, overtime is reluctantly resorted to, it is paid time-and-a-quarter, as in the case of men. The busy season lasts from August to March, but the girls are hardly affected, and have plenty of work round the year. In another large firm, where much railway printing is done, the conditions differ somewhat. The hours are as follows:--

6.30 a.m. to 9 a.m. 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. Saturdays till 1 p.m.

There are small fines for spoilt work, but the money goes to the Workers' Benevolent Fund. These fines do not amount to more than sixpence per head per annum. Overtime is worked to the full limit. It is paid at a higher rate, but not at the same proportionally higher rate as men. Girls are never suspended in slack seasons, but are put on time wages of 13_s._ or 14_s._ a week for the best workers.

The employment of married women is regarded as exceptional, but all large firms have a small number of such--3 or 4 per cent., perhaps. The usual practice is for girls to come from school and remain on until they get married or leave for some domestic purposes. Some come back as widows or when living apart from their husbands. Some firms boast a considerable number of workers who have been employed for very long periods, ranging from 15 to 30 years and upwards. There are no signs of married women lowering the rates of pay. It is customary for those who return after a long absence to do so at the old wages. Efforts have been made from time to time to organise the women into unions, but they have invariably proved disappointing. Indirectly the women have gained by the successful efforts of the men to shorten the hours of toil. Generally speaking the attitude of the men's unions is not so much one of hostility as of indifference to women's work, except where it threatens to encroach on the men's preserves. There is no positive agreement as to the line of demarcation; it is determined tacitly by use and wont. The men profess to see a tendency among employers to extend the field of female labour. This extension of woman's sphere they deprecate as likely to lead to the lowering of men's wages. Just as men are never employed in folding in the bookbinding department of a publishing firm, so certain processes are invariably never done by women. As a rule men do the heavier and more complicated work, while women do that which is preparatory or supplementary. In jobbing-shops where odd volumes come in to be bound in various styles women are unsuitable, and men do the work right through; but in large publishing houses where orders run into thousands women specialise on particular processes. Women's work is apt to be extended where there are large quantities involved and where the work can be sub-divided. While women perform many of these sub-divisions quite as skilfully as men, they do not exhibit a like concentration of effort, and are more inclined to scamp.

Opinions differ as to the amount of homework done nowadays. The plant required is just a folder--a piece of bone. There is no doubt that to some extent folding is still done at home by the older girls who have _during the day been employed in the factory_. One employer admitted that on "not more than three or at most four nights in the year" do girls take work home from his shop. The cause is set down to the impatience of the public. Everybody wants his order executed immediately. Rates paid for homework are, if anything, a shade less than those paid for work done in the factory. While such work increases the total earnings this is not the main motive for undertaking it. A good deal of it is forced, and due to the urgency of the public demand. During very busy months some firms have a great deal of folding done as _outwork_ by widows and married women _not_ now employed in the factory during the day. But this practice is declining. Twopence per 1,000 extra is paid by one firm, _i.e._, 10_d._ as against 8_d._, for this outwork to compensate for lack of facilities in the home.

Despite the great number of sewing and folding machines introduced in recent years there are probably more women employed at the trade than ever. There is more work. The small shops tend to retain women's labour. Their jobs are so small in amount and varied in character that it would not pay them to introduce machinery. Further, in the large shops, folding machines have not always proved satisfactory. Doubtless, had men been engaged in folding during the last fifty years, employers would ere this have perfected a folding machine, but the cheapness of women's labour takes away some of the incentive to invention. Sometimes the introduction of a machine reduces women's work in one department and increases it in another. Take as an example the wire-stitching machine used in the production of tens of thousands of penny pocket time-tables and diaries. If the diary is not out during the first three days of the month it may as well not appear at all. There is a short selling time during which sales are keen. Without the device of the stitching machine the only way in which large quantities of such ephemeral publications could be placed quickly on the market would be by the employment of a very large staff of women. But the big and rapid output possible by means of the machine, although it reduces the work of women stitchers, brings increased work to the women folders.

(E.) _Machine Ruling._

Girls who start as feeders are sometimes promoted to the supervision of simple ruling machines. Men look upon this with disfavour, as it used to be considered their work. One firm is said to have only two men now employed where there were once forty, and the two that remain are tenters, who supervise the girls and the machines. Machine ruling is paid at time rates. Wages rank as high as 17_s._ a week, where men formerly got 28_s._ For more complex machines girls would need to be specially trained, but managers think they could easily be prepared, as intelligence rather than strength is necessary. The girls themselves believe they would succeed if given a chance.

(F.) _Type and Stereotype Founding._

No type founding is done in Glasgow, and no women are employed here in stereotype founding. Such work is considered unsuitable for women, and there seems no likelihood of their taking it up.

(G.) _Paper Staining._

This work has always been done by women. There is no formal apprenticeship, but it takes a couple of years before the girls are thoroughly initiated. They are taken on at thirteen or fourteen at a wage of 4_s._ a week, paid 5_s._ at the end of the first year and 6_s._ at the end of the second. Afterwards their wages range from 12_s._ to 14_s._, with an average of about 12_s._ 6_d._ per week. There is no piecework and no fines are exacted. The working hours are 56 per week, distributed as follows:--

6 a.m. to 9 a.m. 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 3 p.m. to 6 p.m. Saturdays, 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.

Work is plentiful all the year round. No dangerous machinery is used, and there is no special trade disease. The girls remain on till they get married. They are drawn from the "better sort" of working-class families, and some were reported as coming to the factory on cycles. They have no trade organisation, and there do not seem to have been any attempts on the part of the girls to supplant men in the allied processes. No machinery has yet been devised capable of doing the work of the girls.

(H.) _Paper-box Making._

Girls come from school and begin by dabbling about the shop and running messages. Presently they become "spreaders," and in two or three years' time "coverers," the highest position open to them. The cutting of the paper and cardboard is done by machines, which men operate. The material thus prepared to the required sizes is passed on to the girls to be glued up into boxes. The girls use no machinery, and stand to their work at benches. At the height of summer, and despite the gluey atmosphere of the workrooms, the girls have the usual reluctance to open windows. Wages start at 3_s._ or 3_s._ 6_d._ Spreaders are paid from 5_s._ 6_d._, to 7_s._ 6_d._; coverers, 10_s._ and 11_s._ Hours vary from shop to shop. Some begin at 8 and finish at 6.30 (Saturdays, 12.30), with a meal hour at 1 o'clock. Others allow an hour and a quarter for dinner, so as to enable girls to get home. The week is then arranged as follows:

7 a.m. to 9.15 a.m. 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 3.15 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. Saturdays, 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.

(I.) _Pattern-book Making._

This trade consists in making pattern-books for travellers, and is usually found in close alliance with box-making. Girls get 4_s._ to start, and rise to 13_s._ a week. The hours in one factory visited were found to be as follows:--

8 a.m. to 1 p.m. 2 p.m. to 6.30 p.m. Saturdays, 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. without a break.

APPENDIX IV.--WOMEN IN THE PRINTING TRADES IN BIRMINGHAM.

FIFTEEN firms were visited.

No women compositors were found in the chief printing businesses visited in Birmingham. The wife of the manager of one factory said that ten years ago in non-society places there had been a very few women compositors in Birmingham. They took 15_s._, as compared to 33_s._ taken by the men compositors for the same work. It is now fifteen years since the informant left the trade, and she believes that at present none exist in Birmingham. She imagines that it is the strength of the Compositors' Union which has driven them out.

Only one owner of a printing business considered that factory legislation was detrimental to the interests of women in the printing trade. He says that he keeps a number of youths where he would otherwise employ women, as in stress of trade overwork has to be done, including Sunday work, _e.g._, at the time of the great cycle boom. He tried to get permission for the women to work on Sunday, but could not.

Another manager considered that the Compositors' Union spoilt the chance of women workers in the printing trade. He himself, if it were not for the Union, would like to train girl compositors. No other printer expressed this opinion. All said that, on the whole, men were better in the compositors' room, as they could be set on any job, and the pressure of women would necessitate much rearrangement.

MACHINE RULING.

_Training and Wages._--_Machine Ruling_ is the only process for which training can be said to exist. In some houses women are still articled or apprenticed to this branch, but in many they simply learn their trade as they can, from the foreman or forewoman. They generally begin as machine feeders of the ruling machine. The secretary of the Union of Bookbinders and Machine Rulers gave the information that women had been first employed as machine rulers about twenty years ago. He himself had learnt his trade under a woman who was head of the whole department. The final wage of a woman machine ruler is 17_s._ to 20_s._ In one case a female ruler was taking 22_s._, but I was told that was because she was a relative of the employer. The minimum wage of a man belonging to the Union is 32_s._ I was informed, however, that the man always worked a heavier machine, generally made the pens, was responsible for the good condition of all the machines, and that his output was always in advance of that of a woman.

_Men and Women._--In six businesses (the largest in Birmingham visited) the proportion of women machine rulers is about three to one man. An attempt was made about eight years ago to organise the women machine rulers in Birmingham, but met with no response. The secretary of the men's union informs me, "The reason why the attempt failed is probably that they have little to complain of. The wages vary from 4_s._ to 5_s._ per week for beginners, to £1 per week of fifty-two hours."

TABLE PROCESSES.

All _table processes_, such as folding, knocking-up, gumming, numbering, paging, interlaying, etc., are done by women. The average wage varies from 8_s._ to about 12_s._ 6_d._ Numbering seems to be about the best. Three numberers had taken 15_s._, but the average maximum was between 11_s._ and 12_s._ 6_d._

ENVELOPE MAKING.

_Training._--A beginner is given a teacher, that is, a more experienced worker, for six weeks. The teacher gets the profits of the beginner's work, and the beginner is paid about 4_s._ per week.

All the work in the establishment was piecework, with the exception of the new Scotch folding machine, which turns out 25,000 envelopes per day, as against 2,000 done by hand. The day wage is 12_s._ per week.

_Sub-divisions._--Envelope folders take 7_s._ to 15_s._ The smallest envelopes are 6_d._ per 1,000, the largest 1_s._ 10_d._

_Average wage_ for folding is 10_s._ to 12_s._ _Stamping_, 7_s._ to 10_s._ _Stitching_, 8_s._ to 10_s._ _Gumming_, 10_s._ to 14_s._

_General Remarks._--Envelope making is not a seasonal trade.

_Hours._--Maximum, 49½ per week.

8.30 a.m. to 6.30 p.m., winter.

8 a.m. to 6 p.m., summer.

One week's holiday in August.

One week's holiday at Christmas.

COLOUR PRINTING.

Colour Printing takes about six months to learn well.

_Wages._--10_s._ to 12_s._ for a woman. A man employed on a heavier machine took 20_s._

The forewoman takes 14_s._

BOOKBINDING.

By the rules of the Machine Rulers' and Bookbinders' Consolidated Union women may only bind paper pamphlets. They are not allowed to bind regular books. They may book-stitch with thread or wire, glue, fold, bronze, and gild.

PAPER-BAG MAKING.

_Business No. 1._

_Conditions._--Cap bag-making is all piecework, except for beginners, who start at 4_s._ In fifteen months, manager says they should be able to earn 10_s._ per week by piecework.

_Average Wage._--13_s._ to 15_s._ Manager considered that in heavy cap bag-making 19_s._ was top wage ever taken by an extra good hand in extra busy time.

Eighteen girls were employed in cap bag-making.

A rougher class of girls were employed in the sugar bag department, which is heavier work. The wages were higher for this heavier work. The average wage approached 15_s._

The bag-stringing machine was the only machinery employed in this business. It was worked by a foreman and forewoman. No married women were employed. The clerks were all women, taking 20_s._ per week. The manager preferred them to men because they were content with that wage as a maximum.

_Outwork_ given to old workers under known conditions, as since the bags are for the grocery trade it is important to know home conditions. Same price as for inworkers, but outworkers found their own paste and brushes, etc.

_Hours._--8 a.m. to 7 p.m., 1 hour dinner, 20 minutes tea. Saturday, 8 a.m. to 1 p.m.

_Remarks._--The contrast between this business and the business next door (see following case) was very striking as regards relation between manager and employees.

_Business No. 2._

Girls are employed here in bag-making and table processes. The employer considered that the girls could average 9_s._ to 10_s._ He gave the highest wage for machine laying-on, which begins at 7_s._ and goes up to 12_s._ and 13_s._ This wage was given because of the danger of the process (I think the machine was the "Arab," which in union houses women may not work "because of the danger"). Manager believed a good many of his hands were married women. He did not care whether they were married or not. The forewoman and the girl in the warehouse were each taking 11_s._

_Homework._--Given out in busy times to whoever applied, without further precautions. Manager thought no outworker took more than 4_s._ to 5_s._ per week.

_Hours._--8 a.m. to 6.30 p.m.

Fifty-two and a half hours per week regular time. Just now (December) they were working ten hours per day.

August slackest month. Manager generally turned off hands then. Manager spoke of difficulty of getting workers--he could not get boys to feed the machines, for example, because it led to nothing.

Manager said he "conducted his business on purely business principles" and got his work done as cheaply as he could.

MACHINE FEEDING.

This is the lowest work in letterpress printing. Girls are employed largely as feeders, and are replacing boys. The managers said that the work was not liked by boys, as leading to nothing, and it was difficult to get them. The wages for a machine feeder are 4_s._ 6_d._ to 5_s._ 6_d._ initial wage, which rises to 8_s._ 6_d._ or 9_s._ In the best workshops we were told that the firm tried to find better work for machine feeders when they had been some time with them and had proved themselves capable and steady. Other firms did not know what became of machine feeders when they grew dissatisfied with the small wage paid to them.

_Employment of Married Women._

It is curious to notice how few married women there are in the printing trade in Birmingham compared to the pen trade, for example. A better class of girl seems to go into the printing trade, coming from better homes than women employed in the hardware trades. It is very exceptional for a girl who marries a skilled artisan in Birmingham to continue her work, and in these trades girls appear to belong more to the skilled artisan class. Several employers refuse married women; one employer told me that he never had had an application for work from a married woman. Only one employer was indifferent as to whether he employed married women, and did not know whether his hands were married or not.

_Women and Machinery._

It was very difficult to ascertain whether the machinery introduced meant dismissal of hands. In one business, for example, the thread sewing machine introduced 12 months ago did the work of 12 girls. The machinist was taking 12_s._ per week in place of 12 girls at 10_s._ to 12_s._ 6_d._ The manager said that they had not dismissed any thread sewers when this machine was introduced, but had absorbed them in other processes. They would, however, engage no more girls as thread sewers.

The new Scotch folding machine for envelopes, which turns out 25,000 per day against 2,000 done by hand, also was _said_ not to have been productive of dismissals.[98]

[Footnote 98: The only actual cases of dismissal of workers owing to introduction of machinery which I can ascertain is that of the new grinding machines for pens. The employer, who has invented the machine, told me he meant to dismiss about half his grinders and supply their places with girls fresh from school, as very little skill will be needed to work the machine. I hear that the largest pen business has ordered sixty of these machines, but I have not yet ascertained what effect it will have on that business. The employer in the first business mentioned spoke of the grinders as the most indocile of his workers, and as many of them belonged to the Penworkers' Union, he hoped that the machine would help in annihilating the union. In two businesses I was told that the cheapness of women labour retarded the introduction of thread sewing machines, etc.]

_Continuity of Employment in Printing Trade._

The printing trade in Birmingham is slackest in August and September. The busiest times are November, December, and towards Easter time. In the best businesses the hands are asked to take half-holiday in turns in slack times, or short hours are worked, but the managers appeared to make every effort to keep the workers employed as far as possible, and in no cases actually to dismiss hands. In the worst businesses dismissal in slack times is common.

_Overtime and the Factory Laws._

Only one employer considered that the factory laws against overtime militated against women's employment. All spoke of their endeavour to reduce overtime, owing to the fact that their union men asked one and a half and twice usual rate. No employer acknowledged that women were ever kept overtime, although, from the account of one worker, apparently this does sometimes occur.

All concurred that the cheapness of women's work compared to men's outweighed any inconvenience arising from special legislation for women and young persons. In no case was the cheapness of women's work attributed to legislation, but to absence of unionism and different standards of life for men and women, and inferiority of physical strength and mental ingenuity, and also to custom.

APPENDIX V.

The following tables of wages paid to the workwomen as described, form, we believe, a unique record in wages statistics. The occupations and the nature of the wages, _e.g._, time or piece, are as follows:--

1. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

2. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

3. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

4. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

5. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

6. Hand Folder in Bookbinding House (Time).

7. Learner. Folder in Bookbinding House (Piece).

8. Folder and Gatherer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

9. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

10. Hand Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

11. Machine Sewer in Bookbinding House (Piece).

12. Learner. Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Piece).

13. Folding, Sewing and Collating in Bookbinding House (Time).

14. Collating and Sewing in Bookbinding House (Piece).

15. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).

16. Plate hand in Bookbinding House (Time).

17. Layer on of Gold in Bookbinding House (Piece).

18. Printers' Binding (Piece).

19. Printers' Binding (Time).

20. Printers' Binding (Time).

21. Printers' Binding (Piece).

22. Printers' Binding (Piece).

23. Printers' Binding (Piece).

24. Hand Folder in Printers' Warehouse (Piece).

25. Envelope Packer (Time).

26. Machine Ruler (Time).

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 41 | 14 10 | 3 | 16 1½ | 20 | 11 8½ | 37 | 11 10 | | 42 | 15 2½ | 4 | 14 5 | 21 | 7 8½ | 38 | 12 9 | | 43 | 15 7½ | 5 | 14 11½ | 22 | 11 11½ | 39 | 12 9½ | | 44 | 15 7½ | 6 | 15 7½ | 23 | 9 1 | 40 | 14 2 | | 45 | 15 0 | 7 | 15 0½ | 24 | 8 10 | 41 | 14 2½ | | 46 | 15 7 | 8 | 15 1½ | 25 | 11 10½ | 42 | 13 7 | | 47 | 15 5 | 9 | 15 6 | 26 | 6 4½ | 43 | 14 0½ | | 48 | 15 0 | 10 | 14 10 | 27 | 6 2½ | 44 | 14 1 | | 49 | 14 7½ | 11 | 13 2½ | 28 | 9 9 | 45 | 14 0 | | 50 | 16 1½ | 12 | 12 0 | 29 | 8 7½ | 46 | 13 6 | | 51 | 16 4½ | 13 | 10 10½ | 30 | 11 3½ | 47 | 9 3½ | | 52 | 7 11½ | 14 | 5 4 | 31 | -- | 48 | 7 1½ | | | | 15 | 11 2 | 32 | 4 0½ | 49 | 13 1 | | 1899 | | 16 | 9 2½ | 33 | 10 9½ | 50 | 11 2 | | Week | | 17 | 9 8½ | 34 | 12 7 | 51 | 8 10 | | 1 | 10 10½ | 18 | 8 2 | 35 | 12 1 | 52 | 6 2 | | 2 | 14 4 | 19 | 10 3½ | 36 | 12 5 | | | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 2. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week.| s. d. | | 1 | 7 9½ | 14 | 16 2 | 27 | 7 1 | 40 | 13 3 | | 2 | 9 1 | 15 | 12 10 | 28 | 9 8½ | 41 | 12 8 | | 3 | 16 9½ | 16 | 20 10 | 29 | 13 0 | 42 | 15 2½ | | 4 | 19 6 | 17 | 17 5 | 30 | 12 9 | 43 | 14 0 | | 5 | 14 0 | 18 | 10 8 | 31 | 12 0 | 44 | 11 6½ | | 6 | 12 3 | 19 | 9 7 | 32 | 5 11 | 45 | 16 2½ | | 7 | 13 9 | 20 | 26 2 | 33 | 14 7 | 46 | 17 5 | | 8 | 18 5 | 21 | 17 4 | 34 | 21 3 | 47 | 18 9 | | 9 | 11 4 | 22 | 15 0½ | 35 | 16 9 | 48 | 15 0 | | 10 | 7 7 | 23 | 10 3 | 36 | 15 8 | 49 | -- | | 11 | 14 4½ | 24 | 11 7½ | 37(a)| -- | 50 | -- | | 12 | 15 6 | 25 | 13 9½ | 38 | 13 8 | 51 | -- | | 13 | 15 5 | 26 | 9 1½ | 39 | 15 4 | 52 | -- | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | (a) Missing from wage sheets. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 3. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates_--_Quick Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 25 0 | 14 | 6 1½ | 27 | 25 11 | 40 | 21 0 | | 2 | 22 3 | 15 | 25 6 | 28 | 25 8½ | 41 | 23 0½ | | 3 | 20 3 | 16 | 19 0½ | 29 | 16 11 | 42 | 22 10½ | | 4 | 23 7 | 17 | 23 10 | 30 | 16 8 | 43 | 22 1 | | 5 | 19 11 | 18 | 24 2 | 31 | 8 4 | 44 | 20 6 | | 6 | 26 10 | 19 | 28 1 | 32 | 6 2 | 45 | 17 0½ | | 7 | 21 6 | 20 | 22 4 | 33 | 21 6½ | 46 | 26 6 | | 8 | 14 6 | 21 | 14 2 | 34 | 22 1 | 47 | 20 8½ | | 9 | 23 5½ | 22 | 22 3 | 35 | 19 11 | 48 | 21 3 | | 10 | 25 11 | 23 | 23 4½ | 36 | 19 9 | 49 | 28 9 | | 11 | 25 3 | 24 | 25 10½ | 37 | 20 2 | 50 | 24 10½ | | 12 | 23 0 | 25 | 22 11 | 38 | 20 0 | 51 | 23 4 | | 13 | 17 9 | 26 | 25 0 | 39 | 20 8 | 52 | -- | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 4. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Typical Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 16 9 | 14 | 6 8 | 27 | 16 1½ | 40 | 12 7 | | 2 | 14 9½ | 15 | 13 6 | 28 | 17 3 | 41 | 15 10½ | | 3 | 14 5 | 16 | 11 6 | 29 | 16 0 | 42 | 18 0 | | 4 | 15 1 | 17 | 19 5 | 30 | 14 8 | 43 | 22 10½ | | 5 | 15 0 | 18 | 20 3 | 31 | 15 10 | 44 | 19 3 | | 6 | 14 9 | 19 | 13 8 | 32 | 3 9 | 45 | 15 6 | | 7 | 15 8 | 20 | 13 10 | 33 | 10 10 | 46 | 16 5½ | | 8 | 11 11½ | 21 | 11 2½ | 34 | 16 10 | 47 | 16 3 | | 9 | 16 9½ | 22 | 19 1 | 35 | 17 10 | 48 | 17 4 | | 10 | 16 1 | 23 | 17 7½ | 36 | 14 11 | 49 | 19 2½ | | 11 | 15 2 | 24 | 15 6 | 37 | 11 11 | 50 | 15 6 | | 12 | 15 6 | 25 | 18 3 | 38 | 11 8 | 51 | 15 4½ | | 13 | 9 3 | 26 | 18 0½ | 39 | 15 0½ | 52 | 4 4 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 5. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 3 4½ | 14 | 3 0 | 27 | 8 8 | 40 | 7 10 | | 2 | 5 10 | 15 | 7 2½ | 28 | 9 7 | 41 | 8 5 | | 3 | 7 1 | 16 | 7 5½ | 29 | 8 3 | 42 | 10 0 | | 4 | 7 6 | 17 | 9 7 | 30 | 7 3 | 43 | 10 0 | | 5 | 7 4 | 18 | 11 8 | 31 | 8 10 | 44 | 10 7½ | | 6 | 7 8 | 19 | 7 7 | 32 | 6 3½ | 45 | 7 7 | | 7 | 7 9 | 20 | 8 1 | 33 | 11 0½ | 46 | 8 1 | | 8 | 6 5½ | 21 | 5 6½ | 34 | 8 10 | 47 | 9 0 | | 9 | 8 7 | 22 | 10 0 | 35 | 9 7 | 48 | 9 0 | | 10 | 7 8 | 23 | 8 1 | 36 | 2 5½ | 49 | 11 1 | | 11 | 7 8 | 24 | 8 10 | 37 | -- | 50 | 8 10 | | 12 | 6 11½ | 25 | 8 9 | 38 | 3 9 | 51 | 10 9 | | 13 | 5 9½ | 26 | 8 11½ | 39 | 5 7 | 52 | 2 3 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 6. HAND FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Time Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | This worker was paid 18_s._ per week steadily throughout | | the year 1899. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 7. LEARNER. FOLDER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Up to week 8 receives Fixed Sum, afterwards | | Half Earnings at Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 2 0 | 14 | 3 1½ | 27 | 7 8 | 40 | 6 0½ | | 2 | 2 0 | 15 | 6 1 | 28 | 5 2½ | 41 | 7 3½ | | 3 | 2 0 | 16 | 5 8½ | 29 | 5 4½ | 42 | 6 0½ | | 4 | 2 0 | 17 | 6 9½ | 30 | 4 11 | 43 | 6 9½ | | 5 | 2 0 | 18 | 7 7 | 31 | 4 10 | 44 | 8 0½ | | 6 | 2 0 | 19 | 7 2 | 32 | 3 10 | 45 | 6 4 | | 7 | 2 0 | 20 | 6 4½ | 33 | 6 10½ | 46 | 6 4½ | | 8 | 2 0 | 21 | 3 9½ | 34 | 2 2 | 47 | 6 2 | | 9 | 6 6 | 22 | 6 9½ | 35 | -- | 48 | 6 0½ | | 10 | 7 7 | 23 | 6 11½ | 36 | 4 2 | 49 | 7 4 | | 11 | 5 9½ | 24 | 6 5½ | 37 | 6 2½ | 50 | 6 3½ | | 12 | 6 1½ | 25 | 5 9½ | 38 | 6 1½ | 51 | 7 1 | | 13 | 4 9 | 26 | 6 2 | 39 | 5 8 | 52 | 1 10 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 8. FOLDER AND GATHERER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 7 5½ | 14 | 5 9 | 27 | 4 3 | 40 | 14 0 | | 2 | 16 4 | 15 | 11 3½ | 28 | 9 1½ | 41 | 13 1 | | 3 | 10 1 | 16 | 21 2 | 29 | 13 5 | 42 | 16 7 | | 4 | 18 7 | 17 | 20 0 | 30 | 17 7 | 43 | 14 3 | | 5 | 14 9 | 18 | 12 8½ | 31 | 7 0 | 44 | 13 5 | | 6 | 11 8½ | 19 | 12 5 | 32 | 9 1 | 45 | 14 1 | | 7 | 13 9 | 20 | 27 11 | 33 | 15 4 | 46 | 19 10 | | 8 | 19 11½ | 21 | 15 7½ | 34 | 18 8 | 47 | 21 11 | | 9 | 13 3 | 22 | 15 11 | 35 | 17 9 | 48 | 18 2½ | | 10 | 4 3 | 23 | 9 5 | 36 | 6 11 | 49 | 11 1½ | | 11 | 14 6 | 24 | 14 5 | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 14 7½ | | 12 | 17 7 | 25 | 12 1 | 38 | 8 0 | 51 | 8 9½ | | 13 | 19 7½ | 26 | 14 3½ | 39 | 19 3½ | 52 | 8 6 | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | (a) Week missing from wage sheets. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | 9. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | 1 | 3 3½ | 8 | 12 2½ | 15 | 8 10 | 22 | 10 5½ | | 2 | 5 10 | 9 | 10 8½ | 16 | -- | 23 | 7 5 | | 3 | 9 10 | 10 | 7 6 | 17 | 11 5 | 24 | 8 6½ | | 4 | 10 1 | 11 | 9 3 | 18 | 5 5 | 25 | -- | | 5 | 11 9 | 12 | 8 5 | 19 | 6 0½ | 26 | 5 5 | | 6 | 8 4 | 13 | 10 3 | 20 | 13 1½ | 27 | 1 7(a) | | 7 | 8 10½ | 14 | 6 11 | 21 | 9 9½ | | | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | (a) She left after this. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+

+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 10. HAND SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 5 10½ | 14 | 12 0 | 27 | -- | 40 | 10 8 | | 2 | -- | 15 | 13 4 | 28 | -- | 41 | 12 3½ | | 3 | 15 8½ | 16 | 20 6 | 29 | 14 3 | 42 | 10 3 | | 4 | 14 3 | 17 | 20 3 | 30 | 13 11 | 43 | 12 5 | | 5 | 16 11 | 18 | 4 11 | 31 | 10 6 | 44 | 14 3 | | 6 | 14 8½ | 19 | 6 5 | 32 | 6 8 | 45 | 13 11 | | 7 | 13 4 | 20 | 19 6 | 33 | 14 7 | 46 | 16 1 | | 8 | 18 6 | 21 | 14 6 | 34 | 18 10 | 47 | 16 10½ | | 9 | 16 4 | 22 | 14 3 | 35 | 19 4 | 48 | 13 8 | | 10 | 10 7 | 23 | 10 1½ | 36 | 17 4 | 49 | 15 7 | | 11 | 14 (a) | 24 | 12 3½ | 37(b) | -- | 50 | 13 6 | | 12 | 10 7½ | 25 | 16 1½ | 38 | 16 11 | 51 | 12 5 | | 13 | 16 3½ | 26 | 1 5½ | 39 | 14 7 | 52 | 4 10 | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | (a) 5-12 | | (b) Missing from wage sheets. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 11. MACHINE SEWER IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 17 3½ | 14 | 8 10 | 27 | 18 1 | 40 | 20 2½ | | 2 | 15 0 | 15 | 16 6 | 28 | 20 1 | 41 | 18 8 | | 3 | 15 7½ | 16 | 16 6 | 29 | 14 0 | 42 | 20 7½ | | 4 | 15 4 | 17 | 17 10 | 30 | -- | 43 | 17 11½ | | 5 | 15 7½ | 18 | 19 3 | 31 | 12 2 | 44 | 19 5½ | | 6 | 16 7 | 19 | 16 8 | 32 | 11 2½ | 45 | 17 10 | | 7 | 16 3 | 20 | 16 10 | 33 | 18 11 | 46 | 21 9 | | 8 | 16 9½ | 21 | 10 8 | 34 | 18 9 | 47 | 20 5 | | 9 | 18 5½ | 22 | 18 2½ | 35 | 15 2 | 48 | 23 3 | | 10 | 17 5½ | 23 | 16 9 | 36 | 14 0½ | 49 | 23 5 | | 11 | 19 9 | 24 | 13 6 | 37 | 22 2 | 50 | 18 4½ | | 12 | 16 3 | 25 | 10 4 | 38 | 18 7 | 51 | 20 1½ | | 13 | 13 0 | 26 | 17 8 | 39 | 18 1 | 52 | 6 5½ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 12. LEARNER. SEWING AND COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Receives Half Earnings at Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | -- | 14 | 8 10½ | 27 | 2 6 | 40 | 3 3½ | | 2 | 4 2½ | 15 | 5 1 | 28 | 3 7 | 41 | 5 5½ | | 3 | 5 0½ | 16 | 5 5 | 29 | 4 8½ | 42 | 7 4 | | 4 | 5 1½ | 17 | 6 4 | 30 | 4 6½ | 43 | 7 2 | | 5 | 8 10 | 18 | 6 7½ | 31 | 7 2 | 44 | 8 5 | | 6 | 2 10 | 19 | 4 6 | 32 | 7 5 | 45 | 4 5 | | 7 | 4 6 | 20 | 4 10½ | 33 | 8 8 | 46 | 4 10½ | | 8 | 4 9½ | 21 | 5 4 | 34 | 7 7½ | 47 | 7 0½ | | 9 | 6 0½ | 22 | 5 8½ | 35 | 7 1½ | 48 | 6 8 | | 10 | 5 0½ | 23 | 4 0 | 36 | 7 1 | 49 | 10 9½ | | 11 | 5 7½ | 24 | 9 2½ | 37 | 7 6 | 50 | 6 4½ | | 12 | 5 0½ | 25 | 7 9 | 38 | 9 10½ | 51 | 5 2½ | | 13 | 6 6½ | 26 | 3 4 | 39 | 8 1 | 52 | 1 9½ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 13. FOLDING, SEWING, COLLATING IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Time Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 41 | 19 8 | 7 | 19 8 | 28 | 15 6 | 49 | 18 3 | | 42 | 19 4½ | 8 | 19 4 | 29 | 17 4 | 50 | 18 7½ | | 43 | 19 6 | 9 | 19 10 | 30 | 15 6 | 51 | 19 6 | | 44 | 19 8 | 10 | 19 4 | 31 | 15 6 | 52 | 11 2 | | 45 | 20 0 | 11 | 17 6 | 32 | 10 2 | | | | 46 | 19 10 | 12 | 18 10 | 33 | -- | 1900 | | | 47 | 19 6 | 13 | 14 0 | 34 | 14 2 | Week | | | 48 | 20 4 | 14 | 9 2 | 35 | 17 2 | 1 | 20 2 | | 49 | 19 10 | 15 | 16 6 | 36 | 17 4 | 2 | 18 5 | | 50 | 19 8 | 16 | 16 0 | 37 | 17 2 | 3 | 17 0 | | 51 | 19 8 | 17 | 16 4 | 38 | 17 6 | 4 | 16 8 | | 52 | 11 8 | 18 | 16 2 | 39 | 18 8 | 5 | 17 11 | | | | 19 | 16 4 | 40 | 18 8 | 6 | 17 6½ | | 1899 | | 20 | 16 4 | 41 | 19 2 | 7 | 18 1 | | Week | | 21 | 10 4 | 42 | 19 8 | 8 | 12 10½ | | 1 | 19 10 | 22 | 16 4 | 43 | 20 11 | 9 | 11 6 | | 2 | 19 10 | 23 | 15 6 | 44 | 20 11 | 10 | 13 4½ | | 3 | 19 8 | 24 | 15 4 | 45 | 20 9 | 11 | 15 9½ | | 4 | 19 8 | 25 | 16 4 | 46 | 19 4 | 12 | 15 9 | | 5 | 19 6 | 26 | 15 4 | 47 | 19 8 | 13 | 11 6 | | 6 | 19 10 | 27 | 12 6 | 48 | 19 6 | | | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 14. COLLATOR AND SEWER. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Quick Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 20 3 | 14 | 10 5 | 27 | 18 7 | 40 | 18 2 | | 2 | 18 9 | 15 | 15 3½ | 28 | 18 3½ | 41 | 18 3½ | | 3 | 18 9 | 16 | 18 2 | 29 | 15 4½ | 42 | 18 11 | | 4 | 18 4½ | 17 | 20 8½ | 30 | 16 4 | 43 | 21 3 | | 5 | 18 10 | 18 | 22 1 | 31 | 15 11 | 44 | 21 7½ | | 6 | 20 1 | 19 | 19 10½ | 32 | 9 10 | 45 | 18 10 | | 7 | 18 11 | 20 | 18 11 | 33 | 19 6 | 46 | 18 9 | | 8 | 19 1½ | 21 | 12 9 | 34 | 17 7½ | 47 | 18 0½ | | 9 | 21 6 | 22 | 20 0 | 35 | 16 0½ | 48 | 19 9½ | | 10 | 20 4 | 23 | 18 9 | 36 | 17 6½ | 49 | 22 4 | | 11 | 19 10½ | 24 | 17 5 | 37 | 18 0 | 50 | 19 5 | | 12 | 19 1½ | 25 | 17 11 | 38 | 17 10 | 51 | 19 6 | | 13 | 14 4 | 26 | 19 1½ | 39 | 17 4 | 52 | 6 3½ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | 15. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+ | _Time Rates, 13_s._ for 54 hours till October, then 14_s._ | | Overtime, 3_d._ an hour._ | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 12 8 | 14 | 7 11 | 27 | 11 4 | 40 | 13 7½ | | 2 | 12 5 | 15 | 13 9 | 28 | 12 8 | 41 | 12 8 | | 3 | 12 8 | 16 | 14 4½ | 29 | 13 7½ | 42 | 14 10½ | | 4 | 12 8 | 17 | 13 6 | 30 | 13 0 | 43 | 13 9 | | 5 | 12 10½ | 18 | 13 0 | 31 | 13 0 | 44 | 13 10½ | | 6 | 12 6½ | 19 | 13 0 | 32 | 8 2 | 45 | 13 7½ | | 7 | 12 9 | 20 | 14 4½ | 33 | 12 9½ | 46 | 14 7½ | | 8 | 12 10½ | 21 | 9 1½ | 34 | 13 0 | 47 | 18 6 | | 9 | 12 10½ | 22 | 14 6 | 35 | 13 6 | 48 | 15 3 | | 10 | 13 0 | 23 | 10 9 | 36 | -- | 49 | 13 6 | | 11 | 13 0 | 24 | 12 10½ | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 13 6 | | 12 | 12 9 | 25 | 13 4½ | 38 | 13 0 | 51 | 13 10½ | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | (a) Missing from wage sheets. +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 16. PLATE HAND IN BOOKBINDING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | _Time Rates_, 16_s._ _for 54 hours. Overtime_, 3½_d._ _per | | hour for first 3 hours_, 4_d._ _per hour afterwards._ | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 14 8 | 14 | 9 10 | 27 | 13 9½ | 40 | 15 8 | | 2 | 14 7 | 15 | 16 5½ | 28 | 15 5 | 41 | 15 8½ | | 3 | 14 8 | 16 | 18 0½ | 29 | 15 8½ | 42 | 15 7 | | 4 | 15 1½ | 17 | 17 0½ | 30 | 15 5 | 43 | 15 10½ | | 5 | 15 5 | 18 | 15 7 | 31 | 15 7 | 44 | 16 2 | | 6 | 14 10 | 19 | 15 0 | 32 | 10 3½ | 45 | 15 3 | | 7 | 14 8 | 20 | 19 2½ | 33 | 15 7 | 46 | 17 2½ | | 8 | 13 4½ | 21 | 10 11 | 34 | 16 0 | 47 | 18 10½ | | 9 | 15 1½ | 22 | 17 4½ | 35 | 16 10½ | 48 | 16 10½ | | 10 | 14 3½ | 23 | 15 7 | 36 | 18 10½ | 49 | 15 10½ | | 11 | 14 8½ | 24 | 15 5 | 37(a) | -- | 50 | 15 7 | | 12 | 14 8½ | 25 | 16 10½ | 38 | 16 3½ | 51 | 15 5 | | 13 | 15 7 | 26 | 15 10½ | 39 | 16 3½ | 52 | 9 11 | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+ | (a) Missing from wage sheets. | +------+--------+------+--------+-------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 17. LAYER-ON OF GOLD. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 22 0 | 14 | 8 4 | 27 | 9 7½ | 40 | 20 11½ | | 2 | 19 3 | 15 | 18 1 | 28 | 19 11 | 41 | 20 5 | | 3 | 17 8 | 16 | 15 8 | 29 | 7 6½ | 42 | 16 11½ | | 4 | 17 6 | 17 | 10 0 | 30 | 9 9 | 43 | 17 10½ | | 5 | 19 11 | 18 | 1 4 | 31 | 19 5 | 44 | 15 1½ | | 6 | 17 10½ | 19 | -- | 32 | 16 9½ | 45 | 13 9 | | 7 | 15 10 | 20 | -- | 33 | 18 8 | 46 | 15 1½ | | 8 | 11 8 | 21 | -- | 34 | 24 6½ | 47 | 11 7½ | | 9 | 22 0 | 22 | 11 3½ | 35 | 18 7 | 48 | 18 8 | | 10 | 18 8 | 23 | 20 11 | 36 | 5 3½ | 49 | 14 10 | | 11 | 22 1 | 24 | 16 6 | 37 | 18 2 | 50 | 9 7½ | | 12 | 19 3 | 25 | 16 9½ | 38 | 26 3 | 51 | 11 8 | | 13 | 15 10 | 26 | 12 4½ | 39 | 15 1 | 52 | 4 1½ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 18. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Quick Worker._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 18 1 | 14 | 16 8 | 27 | 21 1 | 40 | 19 5 | | 2 | 17 5 | 15 | 15 7 | 28 | 21 11 | 41 | 14 7 | | 3 | 17 3 | 16 | 21 0 | 29 | 25 1 | 42 | 13 5 | | 4 | 12 3 | 17 | 18 11 | 30 | 24 5 | 43 | 19 5 | | 5 | 14 4 | 18 | 16 9 | 31 | -- | 44 | 17 1 | | 6 | 19 8 | 19 | 21 1 | 32 | -- | 45 | 13 4 | | 7 | 17 11 | 20 | 21 3 | 33 | 23 7 | 46 | 17 8 | | 8 | 18 9 | 21 | 21 5 | 34 | 24 1 | 47 | 18 0 | | 9 | 20 1 | 22 | 17 8 | 35 | 25 1 | 48 | 18 5 | | 10 | 18 11 | 23 | 23 3 | 36 | 24 2 | 49 | 20 10 | | 11 | 20 7 | 24 | 27 2 | 37 | 21 5 | 50 | 19 8 | | 12 | 20 10 | 25 | 26 8 | 38 | 21 9 | 51 | 18 1 | | 13 | 20 2 | 26 | 23 11 | 39 | 19 11 | 52 | 12 5 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 19. BINDING DEPARTMENT IN PRINTING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Time Worker at_ 16_s._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 1 | 14 5 | 14 | 12 5 | 27 | 16 0 | 40 | 15 7 | | 2 | 17 4 | 15 | 13 11 | 28 | 13 4 | 41 | 14 7 | | 3 | 15 10 | 16 | 16 11 | 29 | 14 0 | 42 | 15 7 | | 4 | 15 3 | 17 | 15 7 | 30 | 18 3 | 43 | 15 5 | | 5 | 16 0 | 18 | 16 3 | 31 | 16 3 | 44 | 15 7 | | 6 | 2 5 | 19 | 15 7 | 32 | -- | 45 | 15 9 | | 7 | -- | 20 | 15 5 | 33 | 15 5 | 46 | 15 9 | | 8 | 14 11 | 21 | 10 1 | 34 | 15 5 | 47 | 16 8 | | 9 | 15 2 | 22 | 16 0 | 35 | 14 3 | 48 | 17 11 | | 10 | 15 1 | 23 | 16 0 | 36 | 16 6 | 49 | 16 8 | | 11 | 14 10 | 24 | 16 8 | 37 | 15 1 | 50 | 17 11 | | 12 | 15 4 | 25 | 17 1 | 38 | -- | 51 | 16 3 | | 13 | 11 0 | 26 | 15 7 | 39 | 10 1 | 52 | 10 2 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+-------+------+--------+------+----------+------+-------+ | 20. QUARTERLY AVERAGES OF A TIME WORKER--PRINTERS' FOLDING | | AND SEWING, &c. | +------+-------+------+---------+------+---------+------+-------+ | | s. d. | | s. d. | | s. d. | | s. d. | | 1886 | 14 1 | 1890 | 14 4 | 1893 | 13 10 | 1896 | 15 10 | | | | " | 14 8 | " | 16 0 | | | | 1887 | 15 3 | " | 11 0 | | | 1897 | 17 4 | | " | 14 4 | " | 4 5(a) | 1894 | 16 0 | " | 16 0 | | " | 14 1 | | | " | 15 8 | " | 16 7 | | " | 14 3 | 1891 | 14 4 | " | 17 3 | " | 16 4 | | | | " | 15 3 | " | 16 11 | | | | 1888 | 15 6 | " | 14 11 | | | 1898 | 16 6 | | " | 14 8 | " | 16 11 | 1895 | 16 10 | " | 15 11 | | " | 13 11 | | | " | 15 6 | " | 15 9 | | " | 14 3 | 1892 | 15 0 | " | 10 0(b) | " | 19 3 | | | | " | 15 2 | " | 16 0 | | | | 1889 | 15 11 | " | 15 7 | | | 1899 | 19 10 | | " | 14 0 | " | 16 6 | 1896 | 18 6 | " | 18 9 | | " | 14 2 | | | " | 15 0 | " | 18 8 | | " | 15 9 | 1893 | 15 4 | " | 17 8 | " | 18 10 | | | | " | 15 8 | | | | | +------+-------+------+---------+------+---------+------+-------+ | (a) Absent 9 weeks. | | (b) Absent 4 weeks. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+---------+------+-------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 21. PIECE HAND IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTERS AND | | STATIONERS. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1895 | | 1896 | | 1897 | | 1897 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 44 | 15 2 | 21 | 16 1 | 1 | 13 10 | 33 | -- | | 45 | 18 0½ | 22 | 9 10½ | 2 | 14 1½ | 34 | -- | | 46 | 14 6½ | 23 | 13 0 | 3 | 17 3½ | 35 | 14 4 | | 47 | 18 5½ | 24 | 16 1 | 4 | 17 1½ | 36 | 14 1½ | | 48 | 17 4 | 25 | 11 8½ | 5 | 15 4 | 37 | 17 8½ | | 49 | 16 4½ | 26 | 15 9½ | 6 | 11 9 | 38 | 18 0½ | | 50 | 13 9 | 27 | 13 7 | 7 | 16 2½ | 39 | 14 7 | | 51 | 15 5½ | 28 | 16 1½ | 8 | 18 7½ | 40 | 14 8 | | 52 | 7 9 | 29 | 6 5½ | 9 | 15 4½ | 41 | 16 0 | | | | 30 | 17 6 | 10 | 20 1½ | 42 | 16 7½ | | 1896 | | 31 | 19 4 | 11 | 15 2½ | 43 | 16 6½ | | Week | s. d. | 32 | 13 3½ | 12 | 16 0½ | 44 | 18 2 | | 1 | 7 2½ | 33 | -- | 13 | 15 5 | 45 | 20 5½ | | 2 | 14 2 | 34 | -- | 14 | 16 4½ | 46 | 19 11 | | 3 | 12 9½ | 35 | 15 4 | 15 | 15 0½ | 47 | 19 0½ | | 4 | 13 0½ | 36 | 18 2½ | 16 | 15 5 | 48 | 17 2½ | | 5 | 19 0½ | 37 | 16 9 | 17 | 12 8½ | 49 | 17 9½ | | 6 | 18 1 | 38 | 17 0 | 18 | 17 6 | 50 | 20 1 | | 7 | 14 5 | 39 | 17 0 | 19 | 18 8 | 51 | 20 6½ | | 8 | 14 2½ | 40 | 15 10 | 20 | 19 1 | 52 | 20 2 | | 9 | 14 10 | 41 | 16 10 | 21 | 18 1 | | | | 10 | 17 5 | 42 | 19 2 | 22 | 18 4½ | 1898 | | | 11 | 17 5 | 43 | 15 4½ | 23 | 14 2 | Week | s. d. | | 12 | 13 7½ | 44 | 16 1½ | 24 | 9 0½ | 1 | -- | | 13 | 17 1½ | 45 | 16 4 | 25 | 7 2 | 2 | -- | | 14 | 14 0½ | 46 | 18 2 | 26 | 13 9 | 3 | -- | | 15 | 11 2½ | 47 | 17 4½ | 27 | 15 6 | 4 | -- | | 16 | 15 2 | 48 | 14 0½ | 28 | 11 11 | 5 | -- | | 17 | 17 3 | 49 | 14 2 | 29 | 15 1½ | 6 | -- | | 18 | 17 1 | 50 | 15 2½ | 30 | 18 8½ | 7 | -- | | 19 | 19 4½ | 51 | 15 4 | 31 | 14 2 | 8 | -- | | 20 | 11 9½ | 52 | 13 0 | 32 | 10 5 | 9 | -- | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | | 10 | -- | 39 | 14 3 | 12 | 17 2 | 41 | 15 4 | | 11 | -- | 40 | 13 9½ | 13 | 15 5 | 42 | 14 7½ | | 12 | -- | 41 | 14 5½ | 14 | 11 2½ | 43 | 19 10½ | | 13 | -- | 42 | 14 9 | 15 | 15 8½ | 44 | 18 9 | | 14 | 17 2½ | 43 | 16 9 | 16 | 17 9 | 45 | 19 1 | | 15 | 16 0½ | 44 | 14 11 | 17 | 18 3 | 46 | 19 6 | | 16 | 12 3½ | 45 | 19 1 | 18 | 18 6 | 47 | 21 2 | | 17 | 13 1½ | 46 | 18 2 | 19 | 18 6 | 48 | 18 6 | | 18 | 14 0½ | 47 | 20 3½ | 20 | 16 1 | 49 | 16 9½ | | 19 | 18 8½ | 48 | 20 3 | 21 | 12 7 | 50 | 18 0½ | | 20 | 20 3½ | 49 | 20 6 | 22 | 16 5 | 51 | 19 9 | | 21 | 20 3½ | 50 | 18 2 | 23 | 18 2 | 52 | 11 10½ | | 22 | 20 3½ | 51 | 16 1½ | 24 | 11 10½ | | | | 23 | 16 6 | 52 | 18 1 | 25 | 15 6 | 1900 | | | 24 | 17 9 | 53 | 10 2 | 26 | 20 2 | Week | s. d. | | 25 | 19 1 | | | 27 | 15 8½ | 1 | 17 9½ | | 26 | 20 3½ | 1899 | | 28 | 15 11 | 2 | 19 2½ | | 27 | 20 4½ | Week | s. d. | 29 | 11 1½ | 3 | 18 3 | | 28 | 15 8 | 1 | 20 1½ | 30 | 14 9 | 4 | 18 5 | | 29 | 14 1 | 2 | 18 1 | 31 | 17 1½ | 5 | 16 9½ | | 30 | 16 5½ | 3 | 18 7½ | 32 | 16 5 | 6 | 20 5 | | 31 | 20 3 | 4 | 19 5 | 33 | -- | 7 | 20 1 | | 32 | 14 8½ | 5 | 20 2 | 34 | -- | 8 | 19 0 | | 33 | -- | 6 | 16 7 | 35 | 17 9½ | 9 | 19 1½ | | 34 | -- | 7 | 18 4 | 36 | 16 4 | 10 | 19 5½ | | 35 | 15 10½ | 8 | 18 5½ | 37 | 17 10 | 11 | 20 5 | | 36 | 19 0½ | 9 | 17 6 | 38 | 18 0 | 12 | 19 2 | | 37 | 14 6 | 10 | 14 6 | 39 | 20 0 | 13 | 16 5½ | | 38 | 15 3 | 11 | 16 2½ | 40 | 17 2 | 14 | 20 2 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 22. HAND FOLDER AND SEWER IN PRINTING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | | Half- | | Half- | | Full- | | Full- | | | pay | | pay | | pay | | pay | | 1895 | Earner | 1895 | Earner | 1895 | Earner | 1896 | Earner | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 7 | 2 5½ | 25 | 3 9½ | 42 | 16 3 | 5 | 12 1 | | 8 | 3 5½ | 26 | 5 0½ | 43 | 14 3 | 6 | 17 8 | | 9 | 3 9 | 27 | 7 4 | 44 | 12 3½ | 7 | 10 0 | | 10 | 4 10 | 28 | 2 9½ | 45 | 14 4 | 8 | 10 2 | | 11 | 3 9 | 29 | 3 5½ | 46 | 15 4 | 9 | 14 5 | | 12 | 5 4½ | 30 | 5 8½ | 47 | 14 4 | 10 | 14 3 | | 13 | 6 8 | 31 | 6 5 | 48 | 16 5 | 11 | 8 3 | | 14 | 5 8 | 32 | 3 3½ | 49 | 15 4 | 12 | 11 8½ | | 15 | 2 4 | 33 | 2 0 | 50 | 12 6½ | 13 | 10 1 | | 16 | 2 7 | 34 | 3 9½ | 51 | 13 9 | 14 | 12 7 | | 17 | 5 11 | 35 | 5 1 | 52 | 8 1 | 15 | 5 6 | | 18 | 6 11½ | 36 | 7 6 | | | 16 | 9 0 | | 19 | 6 7½ | 37 | 3 3 | 1896 | | 17 | 14 7 | | 20 | 3 4 | 38 | 3 3½ | Week | s. d. | 18 | 14 8 | | 21 | 2 8½ | 39 | 5 10 | 1 | 12 4 | 19 | 17 10 | | 22 | 5 6 | 40 | 6 0 | 2 | 9 8 | 20 | 18 6 | | 23 | 4 11½ | 41 | 5 3 | 3 | 12 7 | 21 | 7 3 | | 24 | 6 6½ | | | 4 | 9 8 | 22 | 9 11 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | | Full- | | Full- | | Full- | | Full- | | | pay | | pay | | pay | | pay | | 1896 | Earner | 1897 | Earner | 1898 | Earner | 1899 | Earner | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 23 | 15 1½ | 21 | 14 6½ | 18 | 16 10½ | 15 | 17 9 | | 24 | 10 4 | 22 | 16 3 | 19 | 17 9½ | 16 | 18 3 | | 25 | 13 8 | 23 | 19 11 | 20 | 15 10 | 17 | 14 5 | | 26 | 10 0½ | 24 | 15 10 | 21 | 11 6½ | 18 | 18 3 | | 27 | 9 4 | 25 | 14 2½ | 22 | 15 6 | 19 | 19 5 | | 28 | 12 5 | 26 | 13 2 | 23 | 10 2 | 20 | 15 2 | | 29 | 5 8 | 27 | 16 1½ | 24 | 8 11 | 21 | 5 5½ | | 30 | 7 0 | 28 | 12 10 | 25 | 12 5½ | 22 | 12 9 | | 31 | 11 2 | 29 | 9 2 | 26 | 18 0 | 23 | 19 11 | | 32 | 13 9 | 30 | 9 9½ | 27 | 17 4½ | 24 | 22 2½ | | 33 | 18 9½ | 31 | 6 4 | 28 | 8 6 | 25 | 18 4 | | 34 | 9 0 | 32 | 12 9 | 29 | 15 8½ | 26 | 20 7 | | 35 | 9 8 | 33 | -- | 30 | 9 7 | 27 | 18 1½ | | 36 | 13 3 | 34 | -- | 31 | 15 11 | 28 | 19 9½ | | 37 | 11 2½ | 35 | -- | 32 | 17 10½ | 29 | 17 1 | | 38 | 11 8 | 36 | 13 5½ | 33 | -- | 30 | 20 0 | | 39 | -- | 37 | 8 0 | 34 | -- | 31 | 16 6 | | 40 | 4 5 | 38 | 6 8 | 35 | 15 5½ | 32 | 13 10 | | 41 | 18 3½ | 39 | 7 0 | 36 | 19 3 | 33 | 22 8 | | 42 | 10 11½ | 40 | 11 2½ | 37 | 18 4 | 34 | 9 5½ | | 43 | 10 1 | 41 | 15 2 | 38 | 18 7 | 35 | -- | | 44 | 16 6½ | 42 | 9 9 | 39 | 19 3 | 36 | 14 0½ | | 45 | 14 0 | 43 | 10 4 | 40 | 23 5 | 37 | 20 3½ | | 46 | 14 8 | 44 | 10 2½ | 41 | 18 8½ | 38 | 19 2 | | 47 | 3 6½ | 45 | 16 4½ | 42 | 18 5 | 39 | 15 9 | | 48 | 12 4 | 46 | 16 10½ | 43 | 12 0 | 40 | 18 6 | | 49 | 12 3½ | 47 | 15 10 | 44 | 16 9 | 41 | 20 0½ | | 50 | 13 5 | 48 | 17 6 | 45 | 20 3 | 42 | 18 11 | | 51 | 13 10 | 49 | 9 1½ | 46 | 18 5 | 43 | 17 2 | | 52 | 7 7 | 50 | 15 8 | 47 | 15 11½ | 44 | 20 5 | | | | 51 | 11 6 | 48 | 17 9½ | 45 | 18 4 | | 1897 | | 52 | 8 8½ | 49 | 19 0 | 46 | 19 7½ | | Week | s. d. | 53 | 7 8 | 50 | 18 9½ | 47 | 18 5 | | 1 | 10 3 | | | 51 | 14 5 | 48 | 19 9 | | 2 | 14 1 | 1898 | | 52 | 12 3 | 49 | 20 0 | | 3 | 7 4½ | Week | s. d. | | | 50 | 19 3½ | | 4 | 6 4½ | 1 | 17 11 | 1899 | | 51 | 16 6 | | 5 | 10 6 | 2 | 5 0 | Week | s. d. | 52 | 9 6½ | | 6 | 15 4 | 3 | 7 6 | 1 | 19 1½ | | | | 7 | 16 9 | 4 | 10 5½ | 2 | 19 10 | 1900 | | | 8 | 15 2 | 5 | 16 7 | 3 | 17 11½ | Week | s. d. | | 9 | 14 7 | 6 | 12 8 | 4 | 8 8 | 1 | 14 10 | | 10 | 14 7 | 7 | 11 7 | 5 | 15 2 | 2 | 19 0½ | | 11 | 15 3 | 8 | 12 11 | 6 | 19 8½ | 3 | 20 9½ | | 12 | 18 0 | 9 | 16 0 | 7 | 16 9 | 4 | 19 6½ | | 13 | 12 0 | 10 | 17 5 | 8 | 8 9 | 5 | 18 6 | | 14 | 12 9½ | 11 | 18 0 | 9 | 11 7½ | 6 | 22 4 | | 15 | 15 1 | 12 | 16 2 | 10 | 17 7 | 7 | 21 7 | | 16 | 8 5 | 13 | 13 3½ | 11 | 17 5 | 8 | 22 0 | | 17 | 9 7 | 14 | 16 8 | 12 | 15 0½ | 9 | 18 9 | | 18 | 11 4 | 15 | 9 10 | 13 | 12 9 | 10 | 17 5½ | | 19 | 18 11½ | 16 | -- | 14 | 14 0 | 11 | 15 3 | | 20 | 10 3 | 17 | 13 3½ | | | | | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 23. FOLDER AND SEWER IN BINDING DEPARTMENT OF PRINTING HOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates--Slow Hand._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 19 | 6 8 | 33 | 6 2 | 47 | 3 3 | 6 | 6 2 | | 20 | 7 11 | 34 | 9 1 | 48 | 8 9 | 7 | 5 9 | | 21 | 7 11 | 35 | 8 3 | 49 | 8 3 | 8 | 7 11 | | 22 | 7 6 | 36 | 8 0 | 50 | 10 9 | 9 | 8 3 | | 23 | 8 7 | 37 | 8 10 | 51 | 11 8 | 10 | 7 10 | | 24 | 8 10 | 38 | 8 3 | 52 | 4 10 | 11 | 11 8 | | 25 | 6 0 | 39 | 8 11 | | | 12 | 10 11 | | 26 | 7 1 | 40 | 7 11 | 1899 | | 13 | 7 0 | | 27 | 8 1 | 41 | 5 1 | Week | s. d. | 14 | 4 2 | | 28 | 6 6 | 42 | 4 6 | 1 | 7 9 | 15 | 7 10 | | 29 | 8 2 | 43 | 2 10 | 2 | 8 4 | 16 | 7 6 | | 30 | 7 5 | 44 | 6 2 | 3 | 5 11 | 17 | 9 11 | | 31 | 5 9 | 45 | 6 0 | 4 | 8 6 | 18 | 4 5 | | 32 | 9 5 | 46 | 1 10 | 5 | 8 1 | | | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 24. HAND FOLDER IN PRINTERS' WAREHOUSE. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Piece Rates._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d .| Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 19 1 | 14 | 15 10 | 27 | 29 0 | 40 | 14 7 | | 2 | 22 2 | 15 | 16 4 | 28 | 26 4 | 41 | 20 1 | | 3 | 20 2 | 16 | 20 7 | 29 | 19 8 | 42 | 18 11 | | 4 | 17 10 | 17 | 22 1 | 30 | 29 2 | 43 | 21 7 | | 5 | 22 6 | 18 | 23 4 | 31 | 18 10 | 44 | 22 1 | | 6 | 19 0 | 19 | 29 9 | 32 | 19 7 | 45 | 20 2 | | 7 | 22 4 | 20 | 27 2 | 33 | 22 3 | 46 | 18 7 | | 8 | 21 9 | 21 | 27 4 | 34 | 19 6 | 47 | 18 5 | | 9 | 19 6 | 22 | 20 11 | 35 | 19 11 | 48 | 21 3 | | 10 | 20 10 | 23 | 27 6 | 36 | 19 4 | 49 | 24 9 | | 11 | 19 5 | 24 | 20 1 | 37 | 19 10 | 50 | 27 0 | | 12 | 19 6 | 25 | 21 7 | 38 | 20 5 | 51 | 21 7 | | 13 | 23 10 | 26 | 24 1 | 39 | -- | 52 | 15 5 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 25. ENVELOPE PACKER. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | _Time Work_, 14_s._ | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | Week | s. d. | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | 13 8 | 14 | 9 10 | 27 | 13 5 | 40 | 13 0 | | 2 | 13 8 | 15 | 11 4 | 28 | 13 8 | 41 | 14 0 | | 3 | 13 8 | 16 | 13 8 | 29 | 12 5 | 42 | 14 0 | | 4 | 13 2 | 17 | 13 9 | 30 | 14 6 | 43 | 14 0 | | 5 | 13 9 | 18 | 13 9 | 31 | 11 6 | 44 | 13 10 | | 6 | 13 8 | 19 | 13 10 | 32 | 13 10 | 45 | 13 10 | | 7 | 13 8 | 20 | 13 10 | 33 | 13 9 | 46 | 14 0 | | 8 | 13 8 | 21 | 11 2 | 34 | 13 3 | 47 | 14 0 | | 9 | 13 9 | 22 | 11 4 | 35 | 13 10 | 48 | 13 10 | | 10 | 13 9 | 23 | 13 11 | 36 | 14 0 | 49 | 13 9 | | 11 | 13 8 | 24 | 13 9 | 37 | 14 0 | 50 | 13 9 | | 12 | 13 9 | 25 | 12 5 | 38 | 14 0 | 51 | 13 9 | | 13 | 13 11 | 26 | 13 9 | 39 | 9 1 | 52 | 8 9 | +------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+------+--------+

+------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+ | 26. MACHINE RULER. | +------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+ | The figures in brackets to the left of the wage give | | the nominal time wage. | +------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+ | 1897 | | 1898 | | 1899 | | | Week | s. d. s. d. | Week | s. d. s. d. | Week | s. d. s. d. | | 1 | (4 6) 3 4 | 1 | (6 6) 5 10 | 1 | (7 6) 1 2 | | 2 | " 4 9 | 2 | " 6 5 | 2 | " 6 8 | | 3 | " 4 6 | 3 | " 6 4 | 3 | " 6 0 | | 4 | " 4 6 | 4 | (7 0) 6 10 | 4 | " 7 3 | | 5 | " 4 6 | 5 | " 6 11 | 5 | " 7 5 | | 6 | (5 0) 5 0 | 6 | " 7 0 | 6 | " 7 6 | | 7 | " 4 11 | 7 | " 6 9 | 7 | " 6 2 | | 8 | " 5 0 | 8 | " 7 0 | 8 | " 7 8 | | 9 | " 3 4 | 9 | " 6 10 | 9 | " 7 6 | | 10 | (5 6) 5 6 | 10 | " 5 1 | 10 | " 6 11 | | 11 | " 5 6 | 11 | " 6 11 | 11 | " 7 5 | | 12 | " 5 6 | 12 | " 6 10 | 12 | " 7 6 | | 13 | " 5 6 | 13 | " 6 11 | 13 | " 5 5 | | 14 | " 5 6 | 14 | " 5 1 | 14 | " 6 1 | | 15 | " 5 6 | 15 | " 4 2 | 15 | " 7 9 | | 16 | " 4 0 | 16 | " 6 11 | 16 | " 7 10 | | 17 | " 4 7 | 17 | " 6 10 | 17 | " 7 9 | | 18 | " 5 0 | 18 | " 6 10 | 18 | " 7 7 | | 19 | " 5 5 | 19 | (7 6) 7 5 | 19 | " 7 10 | | 20 | " 5 6 | 20 | " 7 4 | 20 | " 7 9 | | 21 | " 5 5 | 21 | " 7 5 | 21 | " 6 0 | | 22 | " 5 4 | 22 | " 5 11 | 22 | " 7 4 | | 23 | " 5 5 | 23 | " 7 11 | 23 | " 7 5 | | 24 | " 4 8 | 24 | " 8 0 | 24 | " 7 5 | | 25 | " 5 5 | 25 | " 7 4 | 25 | " 7 3 | | 26 | " 4 6 | 26 | " 7 6 | 26 | " 5 7 | | 27 | (6 0) 5 11 | 27 | " 7 3 | 27 | " 6 6 | | 28 | " 6 0 | 28 | " 5 10 | 28 | (8 0) 6 5 | | 29 | " 5 11 | 29 | " 7 5 | 29 | " 7 10 | | 30 | " 5 11 | 30 | " 7 9 | 30 | " 7 11 | | 31 | " 5 10 | 31 | " 5 1 | 31 | " - -- | | 32 | " 3 11 | 32 | " 6 6 | 32 | " 6 0 | | 33 | " 4 10 | 33 | " 7 2 | 33 | " 7 10 | | 34 | " 5 5 | 34 | " 7 6 | 34 | " 7 11 | | 35 | " 5 2 | 35 | " 7 6 | 35 | " 8 3 | | 36 | " 5 10 | 36 | " 7 6 | 36 | " 7 9 | | 37 | " 5 11 | 37 | " 7 5 | 37 | " 7 10 | | 38 | " 5 10 | 38 | " 6 8 | 38 | " 7 10 | | 39 | " 6 0 | 39 | " 5 8 | 39 | " 7 8 | | 40 | " 5 10 | 40 | " 7 5 | 40 | " 7 9 | | 41 | " 5 11 | 41 | " 7 4 | 41 | " 7 9 | | 42 | " 6 0 | 42 | " 7 5 | 42 | " 8 2 | | 43 | " 5 10 | 43 | " 7 6 | 43 | " 8 0 | | 44 | " 5 11 | 44 | " 6 10 | 44 | " 8 1 | | 45 | (6 6) 6 4 | 45 | " 7 3 | 45 | " 7 11 | | 46 | " 6 2 | 46 | " 6 9 | 46 | " 8 0 | | 47 | " 6 5 | 47 | " 7 5 | 47 | " 8 2 | | 48 | " 6 5 | 48 | " 6 8 | 48 | " 8 5 | | 49 | " 6 4 | 49 | " 7 4 | 49 | " 8 3 | | 50 | " 6 4 | 50 | " 7 4 | 50 | " 8 1 | | 51 | " 6 3 | 51 | " 7 6 | 51 | " 8 2 | | 52 | " 4 0 | 52 | " 4 6 | 52 | " 5 0 | +------+-------------+------+-------------+------+-------------+

APPENDIX VI.

In view of the importance of the preservation of authentic wages figures we reprint the Appendix published in 1849 by Mr. Dunning to his "Reply to a Letter from the Committee of the Southwark Auxiliary Bible Society, &c.," as under:--

No. I.

+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | EARNINGS ON THE PREMISES. | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | _Piece Workers._ | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | 1845. | Sept. 6th. | Sept 13th. | Oct. 11th. | | | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Ashford | 0 6 8 | 0 6 8½ | 0 6 4 | | Aggersbury | -- | -- | 0 7 10 | | Blichenden | 0 7 5¾ | 0 7 1½ | 0 7 7 | | Burkitt, | 0 5 2¾ | 0 4 3¾ | 0 4 10½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Brown, | 0 6 9 | 0 7 1 | 0 6 5¼ | | M. A. | | | | | Berridge | -- | -- | 0 5 7¼ | | Bozankae | 0 1 8½ | 0 4 8 | 0 4 0½ | | Betherston | 0 0 9½ | -- | -- | | Carpenter, | 0 4 5¾ | -- | 0 4 3½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Carpenter, | 0 7 0 | 0 7 9¾ | 0 6 6¾ | | M. P. | | | | | Cooper, | 0 5 4½ | 0 5 0½ | 0 4 8 | | Ann | | | | | Diggles | 0 7 4¾ | 0 7 9½ | 0 7 3 | | Day, Mary | 0 7 2 | 0 6 11½ | 0 7 3¾ | | Elliott, | 0 4 9 | -- | -- | | E. | | | | | Facey | 0 1 7½ | 0 4 3¼ | 0 6 4½ | | Hart, E. | -- | 0 6 2 | 0 5 0½ | | Joyce, | 0 7 7 | 0 7 8¼ | -- | | M. A. | | | | | Leggatt, | -- | -- | 0 3 5½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Pepper | 0 7 10¼ | 0 8 5½ | 0 8 11¼ | | Rogers, E. | 0 6 6½ | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 7¼ | | Richardson | 0 8 1¼ | 0 7 8¼ | 0 8 4 | | Spencer | -- | -- | 0 4 10 | | Satchell, | 0 6 0½ | 0 5 11¼ | 0 5 9¼ | | A. E. | | | | | Such, E. | -- | -- | 0 6 10 | | Smith, | 0 3 1½ | 0 7 8½ | -- | | Mrs. | | | | | Speak, | 0 6 2½ | 0 7 10¾ | 0 8 5¼ | | Mrs. | | | | | Touse, | 0 4 10 | 0 5 0¾ | 0 4 9½ | | M. A. | | | | | Wilkins, | 0 12 2 | 0 11 0¼ | 0 12 3¼ | | A. | | | | | Wilkins, | 0 7 0½ | 0 7 9¾ | 0 8 11¼ | | E. | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | | £6 15 11 | £7 3 7 | £8 3 5 | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+

+------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | _Time Workers._ | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | 1845. | Sept. 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. | | | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Osborne, | 0 11 6 | 0 10 6 | 0 10 0 | | C. (10_s._ | | | | | per week) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Burrows, | 0 12 0 | 0 12 11½ | 0 12 0 | | E. (12_s._ | | | | | per week) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Aurnett | 0 14 2 | 0 12 7 | 0 11 10 | | (12_s._ | | | | | per week) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Holloway | 0 4 4 | 0 4 0 | 0 3 10 | | (learner) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Dew (7_s._ | 0 8 1½ | 0 7 9½ | 0 7 7 | | 6_d._ | | | | | per week) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Bocking | 0 3 0 | 0 3 0 | 0 3 0 | | (learner) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Routledge | 0 9 4 | -- | -- | | (4 days' | | | | | work) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Emery, A. | -- | 0 1 0 | 0 1 0 | | (learner) | | | | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Mills. M. | -- | -- | 0 10 0 | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | | £3 2 5½ | £2 11 10 | £2 19 3 | +------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+

+-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | WOMEN WHO WORKED AT THEIR OWN HOMES. | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | 1845. | Sept 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. | | | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | £ _s._ _d._ | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Atchiller, | 0 8 1 | -- | -- | | S. | | | | | Anstead, | -- | 0 8 1 | 0 7 8 | | Mrs. | | | | | Aldred | -- | -- | 0 7 1 | | Bruce, C. | 0 4 11¼ | -- | 0 4 3½ | | Bullmore | 0 5 9 | 0 3 7¼ | 0 3 8½ | | Birch, | 0 8 6½ | 0 8 9 | 0 16 7¾ | | Mrs.(a) | | | | | Bell, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 2 2 | | Burton, S. | -- | -- | 0 6 4¼ | | Clarke, M. | -- | -- | 0 4 8½ | | Cauline, | 0 10 3¾ | 0 7 10 | 0 11 0½ | | E. | | | | | Cox, Mrs. | 0 6 5½ | 0 5 1 | -- | | Collier, | -- | 0 3 8½ | -- | | A. | | | | | Fothergill | -- | 0 2 11 | -- | | Fisher | -- | -- | 0 7 0 | | Foster, | -- | -- | 0 2 1 | | Mrs. | | | | | Green, | 0 7 8½ | 0 4 0 | 0 5 6¾ | | Mrs. | | | | | Gulliers | 0 11 3¼ | 0 7 7¾ | 0 4 5½ | | Glover, | -- | 0 9 3¾ | 0 3 5 | | M. A. | | | | | Haydram, | -- | -- | 0 2 6 | | Mrs. | | | | | Hayes, | 0 9 1¾ | 0 8 9½ | 0 9 4½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Hartopp | 0 4 1 | 0 3 5¼ | -- | | Hearn, | -- | 0 3 8 | 0 2 8¾ | | Mrs. | | | | | Humphreys, | -- | 0 6 9¾ | 0 6 4¼ | | Mrs. | | | | | Hobdell | -- | 0 6 7½ | 0 3 7¾ | | Hatfield | -- | -- | 0 5 2¾ | | Hall, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 6 10½ | | Joyce, | -- | -- | 0 8 9½ | | M. A. | | | | | Knight, | 0 9 1 | 0 9 1¼ | 0 7 8 | | H.(a) | | | | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Carried | £4 5 4½ | £4 19 4½ | £6 19 4¼ | | forward | | | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | 1845. | Sept 6th. | Sept. 13th. | Oct. 11th. | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | Brought | £4 5 4½ |£4 19 4½ | £6 19 4¼ | | forward | | | | | Knight, E. | 0 6 1¼ | 0 6 6½ | 0 3 11 | | Kelly, | -- | -- | 0 7 1¾ | | or Skelly, | | | | | Mrs. | | | | | Lawrance, | 0 4 10 | 0 4 4¼ | 0 6 10½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Latham | 0 5 3 | 0 3 10¼ | 0 1 8 | | McDaniell | -- | -- | 0 5 1½ | | Matthews | 0 7 3½ | 0 5 0¼ | 0 7 3½ | | Mills, Mrs. | 0 8 9¾ | 0 7 7½ | 0 4 2½ | | Mozer, E. | 0 6 8¼ | 0 5 0½ | 0 6 2½ | | Margetts | -- | 0 7 2½ | 0 5 5¼ | | Mayes | -- | 0 1 6½ | 0 5 5 | | Moseley | -- | 0 0 9½ | -- | | Neascomp | 0 6 8 | -- | -- | | Norris, | -- | -- | 0 7 8 | | M. A. | | | | | Nichols, | -- | -- | 0 1 7½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Pottiee | -- | -- | 0 4 6½ | | Parker, | 0 3 0½ | 0 3 11¾ | 0 4 10½ | | Mrs. | | | | | Pool | 0 2 4½ | -- | -- | | Potter, E. | 0 5 7½ | 0 5 7¾ | 0 7 0¼ | | Pontifex, | -- | 0 6 6¾ | 0 7 7½ | | A. | | | | | Pearce, C. | -- | 0 5 1½ | -- | | Rumball, | 0 12 1¼ | 0 11 2 | 0 7 9½ | | Mrs.(a) | | | | | Rudge | -- | 0 6 8½ | 0 4 8½ | | Ross, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 1 7½ | | Scott, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 4 0 | | Sleap | -- | -- | 0 2 2¾ | | Slater | 0 10 5¼ | 0 11 3¼ | 0 6 4½ | | Sharp, C. | -- | -- | 0 3 1½ | | Such, E. | 0 9 4 | 0 4 7½ | -- | | Smout, M. | -- | 0 4 3¾ | 0 5 1 | | Sumner, | 0 10 1½ | 0 8 2 | 0 7 2¾ | | Mrs. | | | | | Tucker, | 0 4 10 | 0 3 4½ | -- | | Mrs. | | | | | Truscoat, | 0 5 6½ | 0 3 10½ | -- | | A. | | | | | Tattersall | -- | -- | 0 8 4¾ | | Todd | -- | -- | 0 7 5¾ | | Wichelam | -- | -- | 0 3 0½ | | West, Mrs. | 0 4 2½ | 0 4 1½ | 0 2 11¾ | | Weedon | -- | 0 3 5 | 0 5 3¼ | | Williams, | -- | -- | 0 3 7¼ | | Eliz. | | | | | Williams, | -- | -- | 0 4 8½ | | Eleanor | | | | | Woods, Mrs. | -- | -- | 0 5 11¾ | | Wacey | -- | -- | 0 1 5¼ | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | | £9 18 7¾ | £11 3 8½ | £15 11 0¾ | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+ | (a) Bills marked thus were for work done by more than one | | person. | +-------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+

No. II.

The following names are a transcript, as far as it extends, of the Wages' Book of July 28th, 1849:--

FOLDERS. _s._ _d._ Stone 6 10¼ Carroll 6 10 Donald 7 6½ Fenning 10 1¾ Nalty 6 0 Zugg 9 8 Read 5 6¼ Thomson 5 3¾ Frazier 4 7 Parker 7 2 Philpots, Mrs. (2 weeks) 9 1 Salter 7 1 Routledge 10 2¾ Giles 7 11½ Name not known 8 7½ Hodnett 7 10½ Measor 6 6 Moss 7 1½ Smith 3 2¼ York 6 6¼ Ainsworth 6 5 Smith 5 10 Surridge 5 0¾ Read 5 11¼ Hone 6 11¾ Stroud (2 weeks) 14 11¼ Pritlove 6 1½ Jolly 7 10¾ Thomas 6 10½ Olpin 8 7¾ Brown 7 0½ Desaper 7 0¾ Harlow 3 11¼ Glynn 7 0¾ Haywood 7 5¾ Cooper 6 1 Charles 7 11¾ Gauntry 5 5½ Leat 4 4½ Beattie 7 2½ Lockwood 8 7½ Burton 5 9¾ Cook 6 11¼ Spall 5 0¼ Name not known 6 2½ Shay 6 10 Hockley 8 4¼ Hodson 4 2 Coghan 3 9½ Charles 4 9¼ Donovan 6 6¼ Newham 3 9½ Brown, O. 7 9¾ Cleaver 6 9¾ Mallison 6 8 Chelsom 3 8¼ Griffiths 6 4½ Timlett 7 0 Guyon 5 4¾ Johnson 5 4 Smith 5 7 Daniells 3 4 Paris 5 10½ Rawlings 7 11½ Long 3 11¼ Macintosh 5 7 Cracknell 5 4 Old 7 2

SEWERS. _s._ _d._ Clarke 5 9½ Trimnell 8 3¾ Abbott 7 0¾ Hawkins 5 7½ Hubbard 5 3¾ Deacles 6 6 Norcutt 6 3¼

_Time Workers._ _s._ _d._ Mrs. Brinton (Lewis) 15 9 Mary Shea 7 6 Mary Carpenter 9 0 Anne Cooper 8 10½ E. Manvill 10 11 Hardy 10 11 Norris 9 1 Aldred 8 11 Collis 8 11 Hayes 10 0 Kinder 10 11 Wilkins 10 0 Joyce 7 3 Dew 7 3 M. Joyce 7 4½

No. III.

+----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | FOLDERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE. | +----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | | | 4th. | 11th. | 18th. | 23rd. | | | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | +----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | M. E. Zugg | 0 10 6¼ | 0 8 3¼ | 0 9 8 | 0 7 1¾ | | A. Harlow | -- | -- | -- | 0 3 11½ | | M. A. Long | 0 8 4 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 11 | 0 5 0 | | S. Olpin | 0 8 3¾ | 0 7 6½ | 0 8 9 | 0 5 11 | | M. Fowler | 0 6 0 | 0 5 11 | 0 6 1 | 0 2 7½ | | M. Morris | -- | -- | -- | 0 5 1 | | M. Beatie | 0 7 4 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 0½ | 0 3 2 | | M. Parker | 0 8 0¼ | 0 8 4 | 0 7 9 | 0 5 9 | | M. A. Jolly | 0 9 3½ | 0 8 9 | 0 7 5 | 0 5 3 | | M. Thomas | 0 8 3 | 0 7 1 | 0 6 10½ | 0 4 5½ | | E. Carroll | 0 6 7 | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 7 | 0 4 6 | | M. Sheay | 0 6 9 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 6 5 | 0 2 11½ | | H. Donovan | 0 6 4 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 7 0¼ | 0 4 0 | | E. Hone | 0 8 4 | 0 7 3¼ | 0 6 11¾ | 0 4 11½ | | S. Moss | 0 6 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10 | 0 7 1½ | | E. Hainsworth | 0 7 0 | 0 7 7 | 0 8 3 | 0 4 3 | | E. Timlett | 0 7 0 | 0 6 11½ | 0 7 2 | 0 6 11½ | | M. Cracknell | 0 6 0 | 0 5 9 | 0 5 6 | 0 6 0 | | C. Guyon | 0 6 4 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 2 | 0 1 11 | | Mrs. Philpot | 0 4 2 | 0 4 0 | 0 4 6 | 0 2 8 | | P. Measor | 0 7 8 | 0 6 11 | 0 6 5 | 0 5 10½ | | M. Cooke | 0 6 1 | 0 4 6 | 0 6 4 | 0 1 4 | | M. Stone | 0 6 4 | 0 6 6 | 0 6 10 | 0 3 6¾ | | M. Cleaver | 0 6 4¾ | 0 6 7 | 0 6 6 | 0 4 0 | | M. E. Reide | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 8½ | 0 6 4 | 0 4 0 | | M. Foweraker | 0 9 11 | 0 12 0 | 0 8 7¾ | 0 5 11 | | A. Hodnett | 0 8 6 | 0 9 6 | 0 7 4 | 0 5 0½ | | M. Smith | 0 6 7½ | 0 6 4 | 0 6 6 | 0 2 10½ | | A. Smith | 0 7 2 | 0 5 4 | 0 6 2½ | 0 1 9¾ | | M. Frazier | 0 6 5 | 0 4 3 | 0 4 6½ | 0 4 3½ | | M. Roach | 0 6 3 | 0 4 2 | 0 5 9 | 0 3 3 | | C. Mallison | 0 5 6 | 0 5 0 | 0 5 9 | 0 3 2½ | | S. Macintosh | 0 4 4 | 0 5 0 | 0 4 11 | 0 2 0½ | | B. J. Salter | 0 9 6 | 0 9 0¼ | 0 8 1½ | 0 6 1¾ | | M. J. Smith | 0 7 0¼ | 0 6 11½ | 0 5 6 | 0 3 0 | | E. Daniels | 0 5 3½ | 0 4 6¼ | 0 3 6¾ | 0 1 11½ | | M. Brown | 0 7 0¼ | 0 6 0¾ | 0 5 6 | 0 3 2¼ | | E. Rallians | 0 7 3½ | 0 7 6¼ | 0 7 0 | 0 5 0 | | W. Reide | 0 8 4 | 0 8 1¼ | 0 7 7¾ | 0 5 0 | | M. A. Lockwood | 0 5 0¾ | 0 8 1½ | 0 7 1½ | 0 6 8 | | E. Spall | 0 7 5¾ | 0 6 1 | 0 5 6 | 0 4 0 | | J. Griffith | -- | 0 4 8½ | 0 4 3 | 0 2 8½ | | M. Thomson | 0 6 9 | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 4 | 0 4 1½ | | L. Farris | 0 4 6½ | 0 5 1 | 0 3 4 | 0 1 9½ | | M. Glyn | 0 7 0 | 0 6 7½ | 0 6 9 | 0 3 10½ | | L. Yorke | 0 6 4 | 0 6 0¼ | 0 6 3 | 0 4 1 | | C. Brown | 0 8 3½ | 0 8 0 | 0 7 0½ | 0 4 10½ | | M. Fenning | 0 8 7 | 0 8 3½ | 0 8 0 | 0 6 4½ | | E. Burton | 0 7 0 | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 2½ | +----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | | £16 4 6¾ | £15 18 2½ | £15 7 10½ | £10 7 3½ | +----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

+---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | SEWERS' WAGES FOR THE FOUR WEEKS BEFORE THE DISPUTE. | +---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | -- | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | Aug. | | | 4th. | 11th. | 18th. |23rd. | | | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | £ _s. d._ | +---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | M. Richardson | 0 6 4 | 0 6 10 | 0 7 1½ | 0 4 9 | | M. Touse | 0 5 10 | 0 6 0 | 0 5 11 | 0 4 6 | | E. Hawkins | -- | -- | -- | 0 4 8¼ | | A. Hanson | 0 6 0¼ | 0 5 10 | 0 5 11 | 0 5 1 | | M. Clements | 0 6 0 | 0 6 3 | 0 6 1 | 0 4 7½ | | L. Thomson | 0 6 4½ | 0 6 10 | 0 7 4½ | 0 5 2 | | E. Webb | 0 7 7 | 0 7 3 | 0 8 3 | 0 8 0 | | E. Wigmore | 0 6 10½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 2½ | 0 4 8½ | | H. Gammon | 0 7 0 | 0 6 6 | 0 6 0 | 0 2 6 | | A. Butcher | 0 10 0 | 0 10 4 | 0 10 10 | 0 9 7½ | | E. Taylor | 0 7 0 | 0 7 6 | 0 7 1½ | 0 2 0 | | M. Wheatley | 0 7 2 | 0 6 5 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 11 | | E. Harris | -- | 0 5 0 | 0 5 4½ | 0 3 1¾ | | J. Williams | 0 7 3 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 1 | 0 2 6 | | H. Hutchinson | 0 6 9 | 0 6 9¼ | 0 6 2½ | 0 5 2½ | | E. Ashford | 0 7 0 | 0 7 6 | 0 7 10 | 0 8 1 | | R. Howell | 0 8 8 | 0 6 8 | 0 6 4 | 0 4 2½ | | M. Hubbard | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10 | 0 6 6 | 0 5 0½ | | M. Abbott | 0 8 0 | 0 8 4 | 0 8 1 | 0 6 8 | | M. Akerman | 0 8 0 | 0 8 6 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 2 | | A. Hall | 0 7 4 | 0 7 2 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 6 | | E. Ellis | 0 3 11 | 0 4 5 | 0 5 6 | 0 1 6 | | M. Gildbody | 0 7 1 | 0 7 4 | 0 7 6 | 0 3 6 | | M. Mack | 0 10 7 | 0 10 1 | 0 10 4 | 0 9 10 | | E. Potter | 0 7 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 7 4 | 0 6 6 | | C. Collier | 0 9 0 | 0 8 6 | 0 7 9 | 0 7 0 | | M. Smiley | 0 5 2 | 0 4 10 | 0 5 0 | 0 4 3 | | A. Clarke | 0 7 0 | 0 5 3 | 0 6 1 | 0 4 5 | | B. Mealoney | 0 6 8½ | 0 7 0 | 0 6 0 | 0 4 6 | | M. A. | 0 7 0 | 0 7 5 | 0 8 3 | 0 6 6 | | Sullivan | | | | | | M. Diggles | 0 6 6½ | 0 6 5½ | 0 6 3 | 0 6 1 | | J. Purvey | 0 6 0 | 0 6 1¾ | 0 6 3 | 0 5 6½ | | M. Reding | 0 9 9½ | 0 9 2 | 0 9 4 | 0 8 2½ | | L. Tattersall | 0 6 10 | 0 7 0 | 0 6 6 | 0 7 0 | | E. Treacher | 0 5 3½ | 0 5 6 | 0 5 2½ | 0 3 8½ | | M. Davis | 0 9 1½ | 0 9 0 | 0 9 7 | 0 7 0¼ | | E. Griffiths | 0 7 5 | 0 7 3½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 0½ | | M. Clarke | 0 8 10½ | 0 9 3½ | 0 9 0 | 0 7 1½ | | M. Perkins | 0 7 3½ | 0 6 10 | 0 7 7½ | 0 5 0½ | | E. Marshall | 0 7 0 | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 6 | 0 4 8½ | | G. Trimnell | 0 6 2½ | 0 5 5¾ | 0 4 2½ | 0 2 11 | | H. Night | 0 6 1½ | 0 5 10½ | 0 6 0 | 0 4 3 | | M. Norcott | 0 5 10 | 0 6 0¼ | 0 6 0 | 0 6 5½ | | M. Goldwin | 0 6 3½ | 0 6 6¾ | 0 6 5 | 0 5 4½ | | E. Ainyouns | 0 6 5½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 3 | 0 4 1 | | M. Newnham | 0 6 0 | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 0 | 0 5 8 | | M. Rodgers | 0 7 0 | 0 6 10½ | 0 7 0 | 0 6 0½ | | C. Greentree | 0 7 0½ | 0 7 0 | 0 7 5 | 0 4 11 | | J. Greenaway | 0 7 5¾ | 0 8 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 3 11 | | E. Carrington | 0 7 1½ | 0 7 7¼ | 0 7 6 | 0 5 11½ | | S. Greenaway | 0 6 2½ | 0 6 1½ | 0 6 6 | 0 4 3 | | M. Key | 0 7 6 | 0 7 0 | 0 5 2 | 0 5 9¼ | | S. Williams | 0 8 4 | 0 5 1½ | 0 7 1 | 0 6 0¼ | +---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+ | | £18 1 10¾ | £17 18 9½ | £17 19 11¼ | £14 4 2¼ | +---------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-----------+

These tables are also valuable on account of the light they throw upon the organisation of the bookbinding trade in the middle of last century. It will be seen for instance that the week indicated by "October 11" in Table I was a specially busy week, and that in consequence the payments made to the home workers were much above those made for September 6th or 13th. Under September 6th, twenty-eight home workers were engaged, and next week thirty-nine, but under October 11th the number had risen to fifty-seven. It is also worthy of note that E. Such was an indoor worker under October 11th, but a home worker during the other two weeks, whilst M. A. Joyce worked at home in the third week, but in the workshop during the other two. This condition of disorganisation has now fortunately almost disappeared from the trade.

It should also be noted that slight errors of a few farthings in the additions have crept into the totals of some of the columns, but as they do not affect the accuracy of the wage figures the Appendix has been copied exactly as it was published.

APPENDIX VII.--TABLE FROM CENSUS, 1901

Table from census, 1901, stating the number of males and females employed in the trades enumerated at various ages in England and Wales, and showing that the number of females employed between 15 and 20 is nearly twice as great as at any other age.

+------------------------------------------------------------+ | PAPER MANUFACTURE. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 163 | -- | 163 | 335 | | 14 - | 378 | -- | 378 | 616 | | 15 - | 2,995 | 15 | 3,010 | 3,079 | | 20 - | 1,814 | 224 | 2,038 | 2,328 | | 25 - | 856 | 504 | 1,360 | 3,583 | | 35 - | 301 | 564 | 865 | 2,504 | | 45 - | 124 | 446 | 570 | 1,690 | | 55 - | 56 | 289 | 345 | 897 | | 65 - | 15 | 95 | 110 | 277 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 3 | 9 | 12 | 50 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 6,705 | 2,146 | 8,851 | 15,359 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | PAPER STAINERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 19 | -- | 19 | 57 | | 14 - | 21 | -- | 21 | 90 | | 15 - | 97 | 1 | 98 | 396 | | 20 - | 41 | 5 | 46 | 290 | | 25 - | 22 | 18 | 40 | 520 | | 35 - | 7 | 21 | 28 | 365 | | 45 - | 4 | 19 | 23 | 202 | | 55 - | 1 | 7 | 8 | 81 | | 65 - | 0 | 3 | 3 | 28 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 212 | 75 | 287 | 2,032 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | STATIONERY MANUFACTURE. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 84 | -- | 84 | 36 | | 14 - | 297 | -- | 297 | 107 | | 15 - | 1,921 | 1 | 1,922 | 811 | | 20 - | 1,237 | 41 | 1,278 | 709 | | 25 - | 603 | 107 | 710 | 1,209 | | 35 - | 185 | 56 | 241 | 732 | | 45 - | 55 | 54 | 109 | 483 | | 55 - | 15 | 28 | 43 | 217 | | 65 - | 2 | 10 | 12 | 65 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 2 | 2 | 12 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 4,399 | 299 | 4,698 | 4,381 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | ENVELOPE MAKERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 103 | -- | 103 | 5 | | 14 - | 254 | -- | 254 | 13 | | 15 - | 1,276 | -- | 1,276 | 72 | | 20 - | 654 | 26 | 680 | 62 | | 25 - | 339 | 98 | 437 | 84 | | 35 - | 99 | 98 | 197 | 76 | | 45 - | 41 | 74 | 115 | 33 | | 55 - | 22 | 36 | 58 | 18 | | 65 - | 7 | 16 | 23 | 7 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 2,795 | 348 | 3,143 | 370 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | PAPER BOX AND BAG MAKERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 780 | -- | 780 | 144 | | 14 - | 1,727 | -- | 1,727 | 192 | | 15 - | 10,062 | 51 | 10,113 | 784 | | 20 - | 5,342 | 628 | 5,970 | 476 | | 25 - | 2,304 | 1,339 | 3,643 | 714 | | 35 - | 547 | 1,094 | 1,641 | 481 | | 45 - | 171 | 724 | 895 | 304 | | 55 - | 58 | 271 | 329 | 144 | | 65 - | 9 | 91 | 100 | 65 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 11 | 11 | 6 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 21,000 | 4,209 | 25,209 | 3,310 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | OTHER WORKERS IN PAPER, &c. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 88 | -- | 88 | 107 | | 14 - | 168 | -- | 168 | 138 | | 15 - | 1,139 | 4 | 1,143 | 676 | | 20 - | 687 | 36 | 723 | 516 | | 25 - | 330 | 87 | 417 | 1,097 | | 35 - | 73 | 63 | 136 | 796 | | 45 - | 24 | 53 | 77 | 617 | | 55 - | 8 | 25 | 33 | 381 | | 65 - | 0 | 11 | 11 | 169 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 2 | 1 | 3 | 31 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 2,519 | 280 | 2,799 | 4,528 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | PRINTERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 394 | -- | 394 | 1,309 | | 14 - | 988 | -- | 988 | 3,362 | | 15 - | 4,898 | 7 | 4,905 | 18,692 | | 20 - | 1,999 | 76 | 2,075 | 15,360 | | 25 - | 730 | 120 | 850 | 26,051 | | 35 - | 146 | 112 | 258 | 16,155 | | 45 - | 42 | 65 | 107 | 9,514 | | 55 - | 21 | 56 | 77 | 4,584 | | 65 - | 4 | 23 | 27 | 1,256 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 1 | 11 | 12 | 205 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 9,223 | 470 | 9,693 | 96,488 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | LITHOGRAPHERS, COPPER AND STEEL PLATE PRINTERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 35 | -- | 35 | 97 | | 14 - | 97 | -- | 97 | 243 | | 15 - | 518 | 4 | 522 | 1,721 | | 20 - | 198 | 21 | 219 | 1,616 | | 25 - | 91 | 20 | 111 | 2,966 | | 35 - | 19 | 12 | 31 | 2,022 | | 45 - | 5 | 12 | 17 | 1,170 | | 55 - | 3 | 7 | 10 | 616 | | 65 - | 0 | 1 | 1 | 214 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 966 | 77 | 1,043 | 10,682 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | BOOKBINDERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 364 | -- | 364 | 108 | | 14 - | 1,204 | -- | 1,204 | 311 | | 15 - | 7,623 | 20 | 7,643 | 2,107 | | 20 - | 4,310 | 222 | 4,532 | 1,933 | | 25 - | 2,190 | 653 | 2,843 | 3,146 | | 35 - | 647 | 692 | 1,339 | 2,340 | | 45 - | 291 | 525 | 816 | 1,575 | | 55 - | 101 | 250 | 351 | 811 | | 65 - | 30 | 83 | 113 | 281 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 7 | 11 | 18 | 52 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 16,767 | 2,456 | 19,223 | 12,664 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

+-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | TYPE CUTTERS AND FOUNDERS. | +-----------+-------------------------------------+----------+ | | Females. | | | Age. +------------+-----------+------------+ Males. | | | | Married | | | | | Unmarried. | or | Total. | | | | | Widow'd | | | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | 10 - | 8 | -- | 8 | 17 | | 14 - | 31 | -- | 31 | 32 | | 15 - | 97 | -- | 97 | 237 | | 20 - | 30 | -- | 30 | 187 | | 25 - | 11 | 2 | 13 | 345 | | 35 - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 216 | | 45 - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 141 | | 55 - | 1 | 0 | 1 | 75 | | 65 - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | | 75 and | | | | | | upwards | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+ | Total | 180 | 3 | 183 | 1,287 | +-----------+------------+-----------+------------+----------+

INDEX.

Ages of Workers, 203 Apprenticeship, 55-62

Bible Society Controversies, 32-36 Birmingham, Trades in, 179-183 Blackbordering Described, 12 Bond, Mrs., 38 Bookbinders' Agreement, 7-9 Bookbinders and Tea Half-hour, 31 Bookbinding Described, 3 Bookfolders' Union, 38 Bookfolding, 3

Census Figures, 17-21, 203 Character in Relation to Work, 11, 67, 85 (footnote), 111 Children's Employment Commission, 1862-66 ... 69-71 Compositors, Women: Apprenticeship, 62 Birmingham, 179 Edinburgh, 29, 45, 47 (footnote), 48 (footnote), 49 (footnote), 74 Glasgow, 172 Historical, 24-25 Legislation, 74, 75 London, 27-28 Miscellaneous Places, 46 Perth, 29, 45-46, 47 Work done by, 46, 47 Conditions of Employment, 1866 ... 69-71

Dining Arrangements at Works, 161

Employers and Women's Unions, 37, 42 Envelope-making Described, 11

Factory Law. _See_ Legislation. Family Health and Women's Work, 112 _See also_ Health Family Life and Women Workers, 67, 102-106 "Folding-houses," 76-78

Gentility, 67 Girls _v._ Women, 53, 96 Glasgow, Trades in, 170-178

Health, 10, 11, 16, 66, 88-89, 112 _See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169 Home-work, 99-101, 152, 157, 176, 181 Nos. Employed, 21, 99 and Legislation, 75-76 and Machinery, 99, 148 and Organisation, 202 Hours in Glasgow, 171, 172, 175, 177, 178 Hours in Birmingham, 180, 181, 183 _See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169

Illuminating Described, 13

Job Hands, 3, 79, 137, 169 Wages, 137

Legislation: Conditions before Legislation, 69-71, 84-86 Economic and Industrial Effects, 73-93, 147, 151, 166, 171, 179, 183 Employers' Opinions, 81-84, 91-93 Employees' Opinions, 84-86, 87 Forewomen's Opinions, 86 Home-work, 75-76, 101 Limitation of Employment, 75, 89 Machinery, 73-74 Married Women, 84 Nightwork, 71, 78, 80, 81, 82, 89, 152 Provisions of the Law, 71-73 Wages, 79, 90, 91 Want of Elasticity, 91-93 Women Compositors, 74 _See also_ Overtime. Letterpress Printing Described, 2 Lithography Described, 10 Health, 10 London Society of Compositors and Women, 26, 27-28 London Trades Council and Women, 36

Machine-ruling Described, 9 Machinery: Effect of Women's Labour upon, 46 (footnote), 97, 98 Effect on Women's Employment, 1, 48, 94-98, 148, 157, 160, 161, 162, 165, 167, 169, 173, 182 Folding, 48, 94, 95, 182 Home Work, 99 Machine-ruling, 97 Paper colouring, 96 Re-introduction of Men's Labour, 95, 173 Sewing, 95 Stamping, 48 (footnote) Typography, 96, 173 Manchester and Salford Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding, 40 Marriage as an Industrial Influence, 64, 67 Married Women as Workers, 84, 102, 106-112, 147, 151, 166, 168, 171, 175, 182 Family Health, 112 In Birmingham, 182 In Bristol, 110 In Leeds and Bradford, 111 In London, 108-109 Moral Influence, 111 Nos. Employed, 203 Wages, 106-108, 171, 175 Men and Women, 11, 44-52 As Competitors, 12, 14, 45, 49-52, 156, 168, 173 Bookbinders, 36, 38, 44 (footnote), 51, 175 Compositors, 25, 26, 45, 173-174 Division of Work between, 7-9, 11, 148, 152, 166, 175, 180 Effect of Machinery, 95, 96 (footnote) Machine Rulers, 177 Men's View, 47, 173-174 Methods of Work, 81 (footnote) Nightwork, 79, 88, 89 Paper Colouring, 97 Relative Skill, 46-47, 50, 52, 58

National Bookfolders' Union, 39 Nightwork, 14, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84-86, 88, 89 _See also_ Overtime. Numbering Described, 10

Organisation of Women: Bookbinders, 30-41 Compositors, 29, 41 Miscellaneous Trades, 41-42, 180 Women's Views upon, 42 Overtime, 78-79, 81, 82, 84-89, 146, 183 And Wages, 78, 87, 88 _See also_ Nightwork.

Paging Described, 10 Paper-bag Making, 101 Paper Making Described, 1 Paterson, Mrs. Emma, 36 Perforating Described, 10 Perth Dispute, 45 Piece Rates of Wages, 137 Premiums, 55, 56, 59-60, 62 Printers' Folding Described, 3 Prospects, _See Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169

Regularity of Employment, 183 _See also Sections under_ Typical Firms, 141-169

Scottish Typographical Association, 29, 45, 173 Show Card Mounting Described, 13 Society of Women Employed in Bookbinding, 36-38 Stamping, Plain, etc., Described, 12

Technical Classes, 63, 66 Training for Women, 52, 53 Time and Piece Wages, 137 Trade Union Congress, Women at, 36, 37 Trade Unionism and Women: Attitude of Bookbinders, 30-32 Conflicts with Compositors, 25-30, 179 _See also_ Organisation of Women Training for Women, 55-68, 144, 149, 153, 165, 167, 170, 179, 180 Lack of and Marriage Prospects, 64 Typefounding Described, 14 Typical Firms, Conditions in, 141-169 Typographical Association, 25, 26, 47 Scottish, 29, 45, 173

"Use and Wont" in Women's Work, 52

Wages, 113-137 Birmingham, 179, 180, 181, 182 Bookbinders' (1834-50), 33-35, 196-202 Earnings of Individuals, 136-137, 184-195 Effect of Legislation upon, 79, 90 1840-1890 ... 91 (footnote) 1866 ... 90 1885-1900 ... 134 Glasgow, 171, 172, 174-175, 176, 177, 178 How far Supplementary, 103-106 Kept up Without Unions, 41 Learners, 55-62 Married Women's Influence upon, 106-108, 171, 175 Men's and Women's, 47 (footnote) Time and Piece Rates, 137 Why Low, 46, 50-51, 105 Women _v._ Boys, 15, 47, 50 Women's Competitors, 11 _See also_ Men and Women; Women _v._ Boys; Girls _v._ Women. Women Compositors. _See_ Compositors, Women. Women Workers, Number, 17-23, 203 Ages of, 203 Ambition, 11, 64, 65, 66 Domestic Sphere Predominant, 67 Gentility, 67 Irregularity, 50, 66 Women's Work, Characteristics of, 51, 63-64

End of Project Gutenberg's Women in the Printing Trades., by Various