Part 47
Bittenbender, Ada M., chapter by, 218
Blackwell, Rev. Antoinette Brown, 130, 264, 267; first woman ordained, 212, _note_
Blackwell, Dr. Elizabeth, 147, 149, 150, 151, 156, 170, 172, 266, 348; first woman of modern times to receive medical diploma, 152
Blackwell, Emily, 149, 152, 154, 156, 170, 172
Bologna, University of, admission of women to, 253; women in, 13
Bonney, Mary L., 377, 385
Boone, Richard G., quoted, 13
Booth, Mary L., 132
Boston Athenæum open to women, 27
Boston Lyceum open to women, 27
Boston University, 39
Botta, Anna Lynch, 124
Bowles, Rev. Ada C., chapter by, 206
Bradstreet, Anne, 108
Bradwell, Myra, 222
Brent, Margaret, 220
Brooks, Rev. Charles T., 37
Brooks, Maria Gowen, 111
Bryn Mawr College, 49
Bryn Mawr Preparatory School, the, 103
Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 121
Call, Emma, 188
Campbell, Helen, 318; quoted, 320
Cary, Alice, 124
Channing, Rev. William H., and woman suffrage, 265
Chapman, Maria Weston, 398
Charity, necessity for discrimination, 333; old and new methods compared, 334
Cheney, Ednah Dow, 265; chapter by, 346
Child, Lydia Maria, 111, 128, 262, 397
Children’s Aid Society, the, of Boston, 332; of Pennsylvania, 325
Christian Association, Young Women’s, 290, 337
Cincinnati Wesleyan Woman’s College, the, 62
Civilization, three curses on, 403
Civil War, effect of, 265; influence on education in South, 93; on the wage-worker, 285
Cleveland, Emmeline, 157, 162
Clubs, girl’s, 339. _See_ Associations; Unions
Co-education, arguments against, 78; at Columbian University, 96; at Cornell University, 79; at Massachusetts Inst. Technology, 52; at University of Michigan, 78; at Northwestern University, 80; at University of Mississippi, 96; at University of Wisconsin, 80; at Tulane University, 97; at Vanderbilt University, 98; conditions of pioneer life favorable to, 71; in graduate study, 176, _note_; in medical schools, 173; in medicine, 176; in West, 61, 65; social effects and tendencies of, 81; number of students in Southern colleges, 98
College, the, influence of, in community, 60
College degrees and State legislatures, 41, _note_
College faculties, absence of women in, 87
College settlement, 340. _See_ Neighborhood Guild
Colleges for women, function of, 64; in the South, 101; in the West, 61
Collegiate Alumnæ, Association of, standard adopted by, 83, 94
Collegiate Instruction for Women, Society for, 39, 40, _note_, 41, _note_
Columbia College, and education of women, 41; chartered, 260, _note_
Columbian University, 95
Comstock, Elizabeth, 363
Cone, Helen Gray, chapter by, 107
Cooke, Rose Terry, 124
Co-operation among women, value of, 295
Co-operative industries, 300
Cooper Institute, 288
Cornell University, 47
Corporations, women in, 251
Corson, Dr. Hiram, 178
Cotton-gin, influence of, 280; invention of, 279
County Medical Society of Philadelphia, 177
Craddock, Charles Egbert. _See_ Murfree, Miss
Crandall, Prudence, 392
Craper, Margaret, 128
Criminals, care of, 359
Croly, Mrs. D. G., 131
Cummings, Joseph, quoted on co-education, 80
Dame-school, the, 7
Davis, Rebecca Harding, 120
Dawes, Hon. H. L., 387
Deaconesses, order of, 357, _note_
Deland, Margaret, 119
Dickinson, Anna, 266, 397
Dickinson, Mary Lowe, 385
Dickinson, Susan E., chapter by, 128
Dimock, Susan, 166
Dix, Dorothea, 193, 324, 362
Dodge, Mary Mapes, 123, 137
Eastman, Mary F., chapter by, 3
Education, prime motive to the encouragement of, in America, 5; in West, relation of government to, 55
Education, Woman in, Daniel Defoe on, 253; in the Eastern States, 3; in the Southern States, 89; in the Western States, 52
Elective system of education, influence on co-education, 76
Eliot, President, quoted on co-education, 26
Elizabeth, Queen, 253
Elizabethan era, woman in, 254
Ellet, Elizabeth F., 128
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, quoted on education of women, 30; and woman suffrage, 264
Evelyn College, 41, _note_
Everett, Prof. William, quoted on co-education, 26
Exchanges, woman’s, of New York, 295
Factory, the influence of, 280; laws, disregard of, 316
Farmers’ Alliance, the, 300, _note_
Fletcher, Alice C., 375
Foley, Margaret, 283
Foltz, Clara S., 237
Foote, Mary Hallock, 121
Foster, Abby Kelly, 396
Foster, Hannah Webster, 109
Franklin, Christine Ladd, chapter by, 89
Free schools, admission of girls to, 5; first in United States, 12; founding of the system, 5; not originated in America, 12;
French and Indian wars, woman in, 255
Fry, Elizabeth, 359, 363
Fuller, Margaret. _See_ Ossoli
Gage, Mrs. Frances D., 130
Garrison, Helen E., 398
Garrison, William Lloyd, 261, 263, 269
Geneva, Treaty of, code, 416; nations adopting, list of, 417
Gilbert, Linda, 363
Gilder, Jeannette L., 137
Goodale, Elaine, quoted, 390
Goodell, R. Lavinia, 226, 232
Gordon, Laura de Force, 239
Granger Association of Western Farmers, 300
Green, Mrs. Nathaniel, the inventor of cotton-gin, 280
Greenwood, Grace, 129
Gregory, Samuel, 142
Grew, Mary, 397
Grey, Lady Jane, quoted, 6
Grimké sisters, 128, 262, 392
Gymnasiums. _See_ Physical Culture
Hamilton, Gail, 286
Hale, Sarah Josepha, 128
Hall, Mary, 229
Harvard Annex, the. _See_ Collegiate Instruction for Women
Harvard College, founding of, 4, 260, _note_
Harvard Medical School, 185
Heck, Barbara, 208, 209
H. H. _See_ Jackson, Helen Hunt
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 269; and woman suffrage, 265
Higher education, defects of, in West, 83; for women in the South, 93
Homes for working women, 293
Homes for unfortunates, 328
Hopper, Isaac T., Home, 361
Hospitals, admission of women students to, 189, 190, _note_; admission of women physicians to, 191, 192, 353; admitting women students, list of, 348; earliest known, 346; Mt. Sinai, first to appoint woman physician, 190; New England, 156, 165, 354; for women, Chicago, 167; first in world, 153; Minneapolis, 168; New York Infirmary, 153; Philadelphia, 165; San Francisco, 168
Howard, Blanche Willis, 121
Howard, Caroline, 110
Howard, Grace, 389
Howe, Elias, inventor of the sewing-machine, 285
Howe, Julia Ward, 124, 132, 215, 269; introduction by, 1
Hunt, Harriet K., 147, 148
Huntingdon, Countess of, 209
Hutchinson, Anne, 348; begins work of women in Christian ministry, 206
Huxley, quoted on education, 38
“Hypatia,” 249
Indian Association, national, 384
Indian petition, 380
Indian Treaty-keeping and Protective Association, organization of, 381
Indiana, University of, admission of women to, 72
Indians, care of, 373
Industrial education in the South, 104; New York association, 336
Industrial schools for girls, Dorchester, Mass., 331; the Wilson, 288. _See_ Cooper Institute
Industry, woman in, 276; arguments against, 287; average weekly earnings of, in cities, 312; condition of, 303; state interference in condition of wage-earners, 315; state legislation for protection of, 319
Insane asylums, admission of women physicians to, 193, 194; women physicians in, 195, 351
Inventive faculty, the, a gift of the American woman, 279
Italy, women in, 13
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 121, 374
Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, 191; chapter by, 139; first woman admitted to the Paris _École de Médecine_, 184, _note_
Johnson, Mrs. E. C., 364
Joshee, Dr. Amandibai, 353
Journal, first medical, 141, _note_
Journalism, woman in, 128
Jurors, women as, 244
Kempin, Dr. Emile, 234
Kepley, Ada H., first woman graduate of law school, 233
Kilgore, Carrie Burnham, 235
Kindergarten system, the history of, in America, 335
Knights of Labor, the, women in, 299
Labor, a respect for, the foundation of democracy, 1
Lamb, Martha J., 17
Larcom, Lucy, 124, 283
Latin School for Girls, the, 23; opening of, 27
Law, woman in, 218; admission to Supreme Court, 225; and the Roman Forum, 218; in England, 219; influence at bar, 243
Law schools for women, admission to, 233, 238
Lazarus, Emma, 125
Lee, Ann, 208
Leicester Academy, first for girls in New England, 18
Literature, woman in, 107
Livermore, Mary A., 132, 269; chapter by, 245
Lockwood, Belva Ann, 224, 239
London University, women admitted to medical school, 148, _note_
Longevity, of college graduates, statistics of, 35
Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 365; chapter by, 323
Lowell, Maria White, 124
Lowell Mills, the, 281; contrasted with factories in large cities, 283
Lutes, Annie Cronise, 236
Luther. _See_ Reformation
Lyon, Mary, a pupil of Emerson, 30; biographical sketch of, 34
Man-midwifery, crusade against, 142
Mann, Horace, and co-education, 38, 70; and normal schools, 37
Mansfield, Arabella A., first woman to obtain admission to the bar, 221
Martia, Queen of London, 250
Martineau, Harriet, 29, 268
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 52
McNutt, Dr. Sarah, 191
Medical Education Society, Female, 151
Medical schools, first to admit women, 145; co-education in, _See_ Co-education
Medical schools for women: Baltimore, 175 Boston University, 146 Buffalo, 175 Chicago, 173 Cooper, 175 Johns Hopkins, 176 New York, 170 Pennsylvania, 146 Philadelphia, 157 Syracuse University, 175 University of Michigan, 173
Medical Society, Philadelphia County, passes resolutions of excommunication, 162
Medicine, woman in, 139; annual incomes, 200; capacity for surgery, 202; census of 1880, number registered, 197; characteristics of, 201. _See_ Surgery, woman in, Hospitals, Insane asylums
Methodism, founder of American. _See_ Heck, Barbara
Methodists, progressiveness of, in education, 61
Methodist University, the, 99
Meyer, Annie Nathan, 44
Midwifery, exclusive control of, by women, 140; relation of men to, 140
Ministry, woman in, 206; admission to theological schools, 212, 214, 215, 217; ministerial conference, 215; opening of Hartford Theological Seminary, 212; order of deaconesses, 212; order of sisterhoods, 213; in the primitive Church, 216; recognition in Methodist Episcopal Church, 210, in Baptist Church, 211, in German Lutheran Church, 212, in Methodism, 209, in Roman Catholic Church, 208, in Universalist Church, 214, in Presbyterian Church, 211. _See_ Oberlin College
Mississippi, University of, 95
Missouri, University of, 75
Mitchell, Prof. Maria, 45, 91, _note_
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, quoted, 6
Moravian Brethren, the, found first private institution in America to give girls better advantages than common schools, 17; and secondary education of girls, 92
More, Hannah, and female education, 29
Mott, Lucretia, 207, 262, 263, 264, 395
Moulton, Louise Chandler, 132
Mount Holyoke Seminary, 149; founding of, 35
Murfree, Miss, 122
Nashville College for young Ladies, the, 100
Nationalism explained, 321
National Woman Suffrage Convention, the first, 264
Neighborhood Guild, the, 340
Nicholson, Mrs. E. J., 133
Nightingale, Florence, 347, 354
New York Infirmary. _See_ Hospitals for women
Normal schools, defect of, in West, 85; history of system in America, 37; importance of, 36; in the South, 104; primitive beginnings in West, 73
Northwestern University, 76
Nurses, and colored women in South, 358; past and present contrasted, 354; training schools for, 354; training schools for, statistics of, 356
Oberlin College, 266; admits women theological students, 212. _See_ Co-education
Ossoli, Margaret Fuller, 114, 129; work for prison reform, 361
Pacific Dispensary. _See_ Hospitals for women
Palmer, Alice Freeman, 47
Parish, Anne, 344
Parker, Theodore, and woman suffrage, 264
Peabody, Elizabeth, 335
Penn Charter School, the, 17
Pennsylvania, University of, admission of women to, 50
Penny, Virginia, 286
Perry, M. Fredrika, 233
Philanthropy—woman in, care of the criminal, 359; care of the Indian, 373; care of the sick, 346; charity, 323; difference between past and present methods, 293
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 119
Phelps, Mrs. Lincoln, 91
Phillips, Ann Green, 398
Phillips, Wendell, and woman suffrage, 265
Physical Culture, Normal Institute for, 38
Physicians, women, in State institutions, 351; in insane asylums, 193
Police matrons, 367, 368
Porter, President, quoted on co-education, 26
Postmasters, women as, 230
Preparatory departments, connection with colleges deplored, 71
Press Association, Woman’s International, 133; Woman’s National, 135
Prescott, Harriet, 118
Preston, Anne, 157, 163, 165
Prison Association, New York, 328, 360; Rhode Island, 362
Prisons, reformatory at Sherburne, 351, 364; reformatory for women and girls, 363
Professions, the keystone to the arch of woman’s liberty, 2
Public speaking by women, first in America, 393; protests against, 394
Quakers, influence of, 207
Quincy, Josiah, quoted, 21
Quinton, Amelia Stone, 385; chapter by, 373
Red Cross Society, American amendment to, 419; not an order, 413; Origin and Application of, 411
Reformation, influence of, 254
Ripon College, 59
Rhine, Alice Hyneman, chapter by, 276
Robinson, Lelia J., 228
Robinson, Mrs. H. H., 283
Rowson, Susanna, 109
Sanitary Commission, organization of, 166
Schools for girls, first grammar school, 9; for Indians, 373
School suffrage, States conferring, 271
Secondary instruction in the South, 103
Sectarianism in the college, 59
Sedgwick, Catherine, 115
Semi-colleges, 94, 99
Sewall, Lucy, 166
Sewall, May Wright, 135; chapter by, 52
Sewing-machine, the influence of, 285
Seymour, Mary F., 137
Shakers, essential doctrines of, 208
Sick, care of, 346
Sigourney, Lydia H., 110
Silk industry in America, 278
Smith College, 46
Smith, Hannah Whitall, quoted, 388
Smith, Sydney, quoted on education of women, 29
Socialism defined, 320, _note_
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 132, 263, 269
State boards, women on, 324, 365
State Charities Aid Association, the, of New York, 324
State medical societies admitting women, summary of, 188; of Massachusetts, admission of women to, 187; of Philadelphia, admission of women to, 183
State recognition, value of, 173
State universities, argument for, 88; origin in, 56; democracy of, 56; in West, table of, 57
State, Woman in the, 245
Stephens, Ann S., 128
Stevenson, Dr. Sarah Hackett, 183, 192
Stoddard, Mrs., 118
Stone, Lucy, 132, 264, 269, 397
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 116, 397
Straw industry, the, 278
Stuarts, reign of, in England, and disrespect for womanly intelligence, 6
Sullivan, Margaret Buchanan, 134
Surgery, women in, list of operations performed by, 203. _See_ Medicine, woman in
Swarthmore College, 50
Sweden, education in, 13
Swisshelm, Jane G., 129, 264
Syracuse University, 48
Teachers, first recognition of women, 11
Temperance Union, Woman’s Christian, 137, 270, 399; and the public school, 402; character of meetings, 401; methods of organization, 402; prison department of, 365
Terhune, Mrs., 120
Texas, University of, 95
Thompson, Mary H., 167, 174
Troy Female Seminary, 149; founding of, 33
Tulane University, 95
Tyler, Moses Coit, quoted on co-education, 79
Unions: Illinois Woman’s Alliance, 343; Protective Agency for Women and Children, of Chicago, 342; Woman’s National Industrial, 137; women’s educational and industrial, 339; Working Woman’s Protective, 291
Unions, trades, influence on women workers, 303; women in, 301
Universalist Church first to open theological schools to women, 214
University Education of Women, the, Massachusetts Society for, 25. _See_ Higher Education
Vassar College, 45, 266
Virginia, University of, 95
Walter, Dr. Josephine, 190, 357, _note_
Wanzer, Lucy, 175
Warren, Mrs. Mercy, 108, 256
Washington, George, quoted, 88
Wellesley College, 46
Wesley, Susanna, 208
Wesleyan Female College, the, 92
Western States and Territories, order of admission into Union, 55
Wheatley, Phillis, 108
White, Andrew D., quoted on co-education, 80
Wilkins, Mary, 120
Willard, Emma Hart, 91; biographical sketch of, 30
Willard, Frances E., 270; chapter by, 399
Willets, Mary, 184
William and Mary College, chartered, 260, _note_
Willis, Rev. Olympia Brown, 214
Wisconsin, University of, 74
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 28, 150, 260
Footnote 1:
With the exception of the chapter on England, which is divided into three parts.
Footnote 2:
I do not mean for an instant to imply that these principles required emphasizing.
Footnote 3:
See also accounts of early education of American women authors in chapter on Woman in Literature.—ED.
Footnote 4:
The graduates of the Harvard Annex are given a certificate issued by The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women. Although the work of the “Annex” students is acknowledged to be the same as that of the students of the University, and the instruction is given by the University professors, the degrees that are bestowed on the graduates of the University are refused to the graduates of the “Annex.” It would certainly seem a more consistent position on the part of that august institution if it disclaimed all belief in the collegiate education of women. But Harvard smiles upon its Annex to the extent, at least, of permitting its professors to give their valuable time to instructing “the gentle sex.” Harvard apparently acknowledges the capacity of the female mind to attain to the heights of Harvard culture, but strangely enough it withholds the only proper recognition which surely is due, and fitting.
The following certificate issued by The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women will some day, let us hope, be preserved only as a curious relic of an archaic past:
THE SOCIETY FOR THE COLLEGIATE INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN.
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS.
WE HEREBY CERTIFY _that under the supervision of this Society, has pursued a course of study equivalent in amount and quality to that for which the_ DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS _is conferred in Harvard College, and has passed in a satisfactory manner examinations on that course, corresponding to the College examinations_.
IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF _we have caused these presents to be signed by our President and Secretary and by the Chairman of the Academic Board, this day of in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and_
_President._ _Secretary._
_Chairman of the Academic Board._
It may be added as a commentary that the Sargent prize for 1890–91 was won by a student of the “Annex.” This prize is offered to “Undergraduates of Harvard College and students pursuing courses of instruction in Cambridge, under the direction of The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women,” and was awarded for, “The best metrical version of the ninth ode of the fourth Book of Horace.”—ED.
Footnote 5:
The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women, being duly incorporated, could also be authorized to confer degrees. But it wisely prefers to await the time when Harvard College will bestow the University degree; meanwhile doing what lies in its power to establish the identity of the work done in the two colleges. In the same way as Evelyn, Barnard College is duly incorporated and is authorized by the Regents of New York State to confer upon its graduates a degree of its own. But Barnard prefers to waive its right and to accept the degree from the parent University, Columbia College.
There is too much pluming of one’s self in this country, on the right to confer a college degree, a right granted by State Legislatures in a lamentably superficial manner. I have received many communications gravely announcing that the degrees conferred by certain colleges are every way equal to those of the greatest and oldest institutions of learning in the country—as the State Legislature—by a special act—“has made them so”(!) I have always failed to see the connection between acts of legislative bodies, and the true greatness of universities.
The trustees of Evelyn College decided to give a separate degree not because Princeton College refused to officially recognize the work of the students of Evelyn, but because thus far (December, 1890) no candidate has been received for a college course answering in every way to that for which the Princeton degree is given. The trustees of Evelyn College gives its graduates a degree which is granted for less work than is demanded by Princeton: (Music and Art are made regular electives, and Greek is not demanded even for entrance examinations).
Even at the risk of repetition, I will here state the relative standing of the three American affiliated colleges. I include the following colleges in the term Affiliated College, because each seeks in some way to extend to women the advantages that are offered to men by another (neighboring) college. Some one has given the _raison d’être_ of the affiliated college to be “the economy which applies to a new purpose resources already organized and tested.”
Harvard Annex, founded in 1879, instruction received from Faculty of Harvard College, admits special students in all departments, gives no degree to its own graduates, prefers to await official recognition from Harvard College.
Evelyn College, founded in 1888, instructions received from Faculty of Princeton College, admits special students, gives its own degree, has never asked for the Princeton degree.
Barnard College, founded in 1889, instruction received from Faculty of Columbia College, no special students admitted except in Laboratory work and Graduate department, degrees conferred by Columbia College. The only affiliated college in the world, so far as I can learn, that has received _full official sanction_ and recognition from the University with which it is affiliated.—ED.
Footnote 6:
Although this remark was made by the late President Barnard, it did not voice the sentiment of those who inaugurated the movement to establish Barnard College. The affiliated college is not always a mere “step toward co-education”; there are many that believe that institutions such as the affiliated colleges, Girton and Newnham (were their graduates entitled to the University degree), best solve the problem of the collegiate education of women to-day. Instruction in undergraduate work is given at the women’s colleges, and is obtained not only from university professors, but also from some able women instructors. But in graduate work, which is the real work of the University, men and women are most properly allowed to attend the lectures together at the University. The vexed problem of co-education becomes a different question as it deals with the undergraduate work of young men and women, or with the university and professional studies of men and women of mature age.—ED.
Footnote 7:
These courses of examinations were offered by Columbia College for the laudable purpose of “raising the standard of female education.” [Extract from the minutes of the Board of Trustees; Report of the Select Committee, March 5, 1883.] Notwithstanding the criticism and eloquent expostulation of some women aimed at the “conservative” Board of Trustees of Columbia College, we must not forget that Columbia has never refused _equal recognition for equal work_. It saw no logical pause between the acknowledgement that women could follow the collegiate course and the conferring of official sanction upon such a course.
The same Report goes on to say: “and offering suitable academic honors and distinctions to any who, on examination, shall be found to have pursued such courses of study with success.—ED.
Footnote 8: