CHAPTER XII

THE FUTURE OF WOMEN IN SCIENCE:

SUMMARY AND EPILOGUE

Saint-Evremond, the first great master of the genteel style in French literature, who was equally noted as a brilliant courtier, a graceful wit, a professed Epicurean, and who exerted so marked an influence on the writings of Voltaire and the essayists of Queen Anne's time, gives us in one of his desultory productions an entertaining disquisition on _La femme qui ne se trouve point et ne se trouvera jamais_--the woman who is not and never will be found. The caption of this singular essay admirably expresses the idea that the majority of mankind has, even until the present day, held respecting woman in science. For them she was non-existent. Nature, in their view, had disqualified her for serious and, above all, for abstract science. Never, therefore, in the opinion of these solemn wiseacres, had been found or could be found a woman who had achieved distinction in science.

The foregoing chapters show how ill-founded is such a view regarding woman in times past. For that half of humanity which has produced such scientific luminaries as Aspasia, Laura Bassi, Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Sophie Germain, Mary Somerville, Caroline Herschel, Sonya Kovalevsky, Agnes S. Lewis, Margaret Dunlop Gibson, Eleanor Ormerod and Mme. Curie--to mention no others--is far from exhibiting any evidence of intellectual disqualification and still farther from warranting any one from declaring that the successful pursuit of science is entirely beyond the mental powers of womankind.

The preceding pages, likewise, afford an answer to those who insist on woman's incapacity for scientific pursuits, and point to the small number of those that have attained eminence in any of the branches of science; who continue to assert that the women named are but exceptions to the rule of the hopeless inferiority of their sex, and that no conclusions can be deduced from the paucity of women who have risen above the intellectual level of their less fortunate or less highly dowered sisters. They further show that, until the last few decades, woman's environment was rarely if ever favorable to her pursuit of science. From the days of Aspasia until the latter half of the nineteenth century she was discriminated against by law, custom and public opinion. Save only in Italy, she was excluded from the universities and from learned societies in which she might have had an opportunity of developing her intellect. In other countries her social ostracism in all that pertained to mental development was so complete and universal that she rarely had an opportunity of making a trial of her powers or exhibiting her innate capacity. The consequence was that her mind remained in a condition of comparative atrophy--a condition that gave rise to that long prevalent belief in woman's intellectual inferiority to man and her natural incapacity for everything that is not light or frivolous.

Practically all that women have achieved in science, until very recent years, has been accomplished in defiance of that conventional code which compelled them to confine their activities to the ordinary duties of the household. The lives and achievements of the eminent mathematicians, Sophie Germain and Mary Somerville, are good illustrations of the truth of this assertion. It was only their persistence in the study of their favorite branch of science, in spite of the opposition of their family and friends, and in spite of what was considered taboo for their sex by the usages and ordinances of society, that they were able to attain that eminence in the most abstruse of the sciences which won for them the plaudits of the world. Both were virtually self-made women. Deprived of the advantages of a college or university education, and denied the stimulus afforded by membership in learned scientific associations, they nevertheless succeeded by their own unaided efforts in winning a place of highest honor in the Walhalla of men of science.

M. Alphonse de Candolle, in his great work, _Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis Deux Siecles_, devotes only two pages to the consideration of woman in science. She is, to him, a negligible quantity. And, although a professed man of science, he repeats, without any scientific warrant whatever, all the gratuitous statements of his predecessors regarding the superficial character of the female mind, "a mind," he will have it, which "takes pleasure in ideas that are readily seized by a kind of intuition;" a mind "to which the slow methods of observation and calculation by which truth is surely arrived at are not pleasing. Truths themselves," the Swiss savant continues, "independent of their nature and possible consequences--especially general truths which have no relation to a particular person--are of small moment to most women. Add to this a feeble independence of opinion, a reasoning faculty less intense than in man, and, finally, the horror of doubt, that is, a state of mind in which all research in the sciences of observation must begin and often end. These reasons are," according to de Candolle, "more than sufficient to explain the position of women in scientific pursuits."[256]

They certainly are more than sufficient to explain their position if we choose to accept the author's method of determining one's attainments in the realm of science. His chief test of one's eminence in science is the number of learned societies to which one belongs. For De Candolle, membership in one or more such bodies is _prima facie_ evidence of special distinction in some branch of science. But "We," he declares, "do not see the name of any woman on the lists of learned men connected with the principal academies. This is not due entirely to the fact that the customs and regulations have made no provision for their admission, for it is easy to assure one's self that no person of the feminine sex has ever produced an original scientific work which has made its mark in any science and commanded the attention of specialists in science. I do not think it has ever been considered desirable to elect a woman a member of any of the great scientific academies with restricted membership."[257]

When De Candolle insisted on membership in learned societies as a necessary indication of scientific eminence, he must have known, what everybody knew, that such exclusive societies as the French Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of Great Britain have always been dead set against the admission of women members. It is difficult to imagine that the learned author of the _History of Science and Scientists_ was entirely ignorant of the exclusion from the French Academy of Maria Gaetana Agnesi solely because she was a woman. And he must have been aware that, had it not been for her sex, Sophie Germain would have been accorded a fauteuil in the same society for her remarkable investigations in one of the difficult departments of mathematical physics. He must likewise have been cognizant of the attitude of such organizations as the Royal Society toward women, no matter how meritorious their achievements in science.

According to De Candolle's criterion, such women as Mme. Curie, Sonya Kovalevsky, Eleanor Ormerod, Agnes S. Lewis, Margaret Dunlop Gibson have accomplished nothing worthy of note because, forsooth, their names are not found on the rolls of membership of the Royal Society or the French Academy of Sciences--associations whose constitutions have been purposely so framed as to exclude women from membership. It would, indeed, be difficult to instance a more unfair or a more unscientific test of woman's eminence in science, and that, too, proposed by one who is supposed to be actuated in his judgments by rigorously scientific methods. Had any of the women named belonged to the male sex, there never would have been any question of their fitness to become members of the societies in question. This is particularly true of Mme. Curie, who, in the estimation of the world, has done more to enhance the prestige of French science than any man of the present generation--a statement that is sufficiently justified by the fact that she is the only one so far who has twice, in competition with the greatest of the world's men of science, succeeded in carrying away the great Nobel prize.[258]

Not only have men, from time immemorial, been wont to point to woman's incapacity for science as evidenced by the small number of those who have achieved distinction in any of its branches, but they have also taken a special pleasure in directing attention to the fact that no woman has ever given to the world any of the great creations of genius, or been the prime-mover in any of the far-reaching discoveries which have so greatly contributed to the weal, the advancement and the happiness of our race.

No one, probably, has expressed himself on this subject in a more positive or characteristic fashion than the noted litterateur and philosopher, Count Joseph de Maistre. Writing from St. Petersburg to his daughter, Constance, he says: "Voltaire, according to what you affirm--for as to me, I know nothing, as I have not read all his works, and have not read a line of them during the last thirty years--says that women are capable of doing all that men do, etc. This is merely a compliment paid to some pretty woman, or, rather, it is one of the hundred thousand and thousand silly things which he said during his lifetime. The very contrary is the truth. Women have produced no _chef d'oeuvre_ of any kind whatsoever. They have been the authors neither of the _Iliad_, nor the _Aeneid_, nor the _Jerusalem Delivered_, nor _Phedre_, nor _Athalie_ nor _Rodogune_, nor _The Misanthrope_, nor _Tartufe_, nor _The Joueur_, nor _The Pantheon_, nor _The Church of St. Peter's_, nor the _Venus de' Medici_, nor the _Apollo Belvidere_, nor the _Principia_, nor the _Discourse on Universal History_, nor _Telemachus_. They have invented neither algebra nor the telescope, nor achromatic glasses nor the fire engine, nor hose-machines, etc."[259]

All this is true, but what does it prove? It does not prove, as is so frequently assumed, woman's lesser brain power or inferior intelligence. It does not prove--as the learned Frenchman and those who are similarly minded would have us believe--her incapacity for the highest flights of genius in every sphere of intellectual effort. Such assumptions are entirely negatived by woman's past achievements in all departments of art, literature and science.

Far from making the inference that De Maistre wished his daughter to draw from his letter, we should, from what we know of woman's ability as disclosed in the foregoing chapters, hesitate to set a limit to her powers, or to declare apodictically that she could not have been the author of works of as great merit as most of those--if not all of them--mentioned as among men's supreme achievements. The simple fact that Mme. Curie and Sonya Kovalevsky were able, in sciences usually considered beyond female intelligence, to wrest from their male competitors the most coveted prizes within the gift of the Nobel Prize Commission and the French Academy of Sciences, demonstrates completely that woman's assumed incapacity for even the most recondite scientific pursuits is a mere figment of the masculine imagination.

What women have done "that at least, if nothing else," as John Stuart Mill aptly observes, "it is proved they can do. When we consider how sedulously they are all trained away from, instead of being trained toward, any of the occupations or objects reserved for men, it is evident that I am taking very humble ground for them, when I rest their case on what they have actually achieved. For, in this case, negative evidence is worth little, while any positive evidence is conclusive. It cannot be inferred to be impossible that a woman should be a Homer, or an Aristotle, or a Michaelangelo, or a Beethoven, because no woman has yet actually produced works comparable to theirs in any of those lines of excellence. This negative fact at most leaves the question uncertain and open to psychological discussion. But it is quite certain that a woman can be a Queen Elizabeth or a Deborah or a Joan of Arc, since this is not inference but a fact."[260]

In like manner it is quite certain that, in spite of all kinds of disabilities and prejudices and adverse legislation, there have been a large number of women who, in every department of intellectual activity, have achieved marked distinction and won imperishable renown for their proscribed sex. It is a fact, which admits of no question, that, notwithstanding their being debarred from all the educational advantages so generously lavished upon the dominant sex, women have since the days of Sappho and Hypatia shown themselves the equals and often the superiors of men in the highest and noblest spheres of mental achievement.

Such being the case, what, we may ask, would have been the result had women, from that splendid Heroic Period of which Homer sings until the present, enjoyed all the opportunities of mental development of which men have systematically claimed the exclusive privilege?[261] What would now be their condition if, from the days of the Muses--who were but learned women apotheosized--women had never been deprived of their intellectual birthright and had been permitted to continue in the path so auspiciously blazed by Corinna--the victor over Pindar--and Arete, the splendor of Greece and the possessor of the mind of Socrates and the tongue of Homer? What would not now be their intellectual efflorescence, if Plato's dream of twenty-three centuries ago of giving women equal rights with men in all things of the mind could have been realized; if those ardent female disciples of his, who so lovingly followed him through the streets of Athens--"the home of the intellectual and the beautiful"--and hung on his lips during his matchless discourses in the groves of the Academy and on the banks of the Ilyssus, could have continued that race of intellect and genius which was the admiration and the inspiration of all Hellas during the most brilliant period of its marvelous history?

Speculating only on what the gifted daughters of Greece might have achieved, we may easily believe that they would have kept pace with their most highly gifted countrymen, and that, following in the footsteps of Sappho and the other Muses of the "Terrestrial Nine," they would have been worthy rivals of Homer, Pindar and Aeschylus, and would have occupied a prominent place in that brilliant galaxy of genius composed of such luminaries as Anaxagoras, Sophocles, Euclid, Archimedes, Theophrastus, Polygnotus, Diophantus, Pausanias and Thucydides.

To those who base their opinions on what so long has been the absurdly anomalous condition of women and who, in formulating their theories of human progress, completely ignore the fundamental laws of heredity, such conjectures will seem extravagant, if not chimerical. But, when one bears in mind the universal fact that offspring, whatever the sex, inherits its characteristics and its powers from both parents alike; that the soul, unlike the body, has no sex, and that, so far as legitimate indications from the teachings of biology and psychology can serve as a guide, there is no valid reason for asserting the mental superiority of man over woman, one will be obliged to confess that these surmises are far from being either fanciful or preposterous.

It is then the veriest sophism to predicate woman's incapacity for science and for intellectual achievements of the highest order on what she has not accomplished in the past, or on the comparatively limited number of her contributions to the advancement of knowledge; for up till the present she has, for the most part, been but a dwarf of the gynaeceum,

"Cramp'd under worse than South-sea isle taboo."

Had men been compelled to labor under similar conditions, it is doubtful if they would have accomplished any more than women have now to their credit.

Considering woman's past achievements in science, as well as in other departments of knowledge; considering her present opportunities for developing her long-hampered faculties, and considering, especially, the many new social and economic adjustments which have been made within the last half century, in consequence of the greatly changed conditions of modern life, it requires no prophetic vision to forecast what share the gentler sex will have in the future advancement of science. That it will be far greater than it has been hitherto there can be no reasonable doubt. That the number of savantes of the type of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Sonya Kovalevsky and Mme. Curie will be greatly enlarged there is every reason to believe. That among these coming votaries of science there will be more than one woman who, even in the most abstruse sciences, will stand

"Upon an even pedestal with man,"

seems to be assured by the achievements of many who are now so materially adding to the sum of human knowledge.

Is it probable that the future will bring forth women whose achievements in science will rank with those of Euler, Faraday, Liebig, Leverrier, Champollion and Geoffry Saint-Hillaire? It would be a rash man who would answer in the negative. We cannot, as De Maistre seems to do, reason from what they have not done--when everything was against them--to what they may do when conditions shall, in every way, be as favorable to them as they always have been to the dominant sex.

Still rasher would be the man who would attempt to prove the negative of this question. Mere _a priori_ arguments, based on preconceived bias or on the vague and groundless impression that woman is essentially and hopelessly the intellectual inferior of man, have no more value than gratuitous opinions. The unprejudiced seeker after truth will insist on a demonstration based on incontrovertible facts. He will appeal to history to learn what the sex has already accomplished, and to science to inquire if there be anything in the female brain to differentiate it from that of the male, or to preclude woman from attaining the highest rank in the activities of the intellect.

The result of such an investigation will, I think, cause even the most biased person to suspend judgment, if it does not induce him to align himself with those who, finding no differences in the mental endowments of the sexes, have reached the conclusion that the day will come, and, mayhap, in the near future, when the achievements of women will be on a par with those of man. The facts stated in the preceding chapters seem, not unreasonably, to point to such a conclusion, if, indeed, they do not warrant it as a necessary inference.

A few considerations germane to this discussion will illustrate the danger of forming hasty judgments regarding questions like the one under discussion.

During the last hundred years no country in the world has done more for the education of the masses than the United States. Everything that money could purchase and ingenuity suggest has been adopted to develop the minds and stimulate the latent talents and genius of our youth. From the primary schools to the highest and best equipped universities, a special premium has been put on success in study, and the highest rewards have awaited those who should make any notable contribution towards the advancement of knowledge. But, notwithstanding all the educational advantages our people have enjoyed and all the encouragement they have received to achieve something of supreme excellence, our great country with its teeming millions attracted from the most gifted nations of the Old World has not yet produced a single man who has attained the highest rank in either literature or art or science. Far from having a preeminent master of song like Homer or Dante, we have not even a poet approaching Goethe or Tasso or Camoens. We have no Cervantes, no Milton, no Racine, no Moliere. America has produced no Raphael or Michaelangelo; no Mozart or Wagner or Tschaikovsky. Nor has it given us a Descartes, a Leibnitz, a Newton or a Darwin. Would any one, from this complete absence in America of representatives of the highest order in literature, art and science, ever dream of concluding that we shall never have such favorite sons of genius and such giants of intellect? Does our comparative intellectual sterility in the past, and in a country which seemed specially adapted to foster genius and attainments of the highest order, justify any one in inferring that the days of great geniuses, like the days of demigods, are gone never to return?

And yet the number of men in our broad commonwealth who, during the past hundred years, have enjoyed such signal opportunities for attaining distinction in every domain of intellectual effort is incomparably greater than that of all the women so favored since the earliest days of human history. If, from the first flowering of Greek culture to the present day, as many millions of women had enjoyed all the transcendent advantages of education as have been in the United States so lavishly accorded to the same number of millions of men, who will say that very many of them would not have attained a much higher rank in science, as well as in art and literature, than has yet been reached by any man that America has yet produced? Who even, on the evidence now available, would be warranted in denying that at least some of these millions of women might have attained the very highest rank in every department of intellectual achievement?

Gray, in his _Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard_, muses on the potential statesmen and the "mute, inglorious Miltons" of those countless multitudes who, for lack of opportunity to develop their inborn gifts, were condemned to pass their lives in obscurity and die, "to Fortune and to Fame unknown." But how much more truthfully could his words have been applied to that much larger number of women of rare mental powers to whose eyes knowledge

"Her ample page Rich with the spoils of time did ne'er unroll,"

and whose God-given genius was ruthlessly suppressed from the cradle to the grave?

We are still in ignorance as to many of the conditions which are essential to the development of genius and which contribute to its loftiest flights. We have yet to learn how far the efflorescence of the human mind is aided and modified by heredity, environment, atmosphere, as well as by education, encouragement and other stimuli equally potent.

But we do know that Germany, in spite of its famed universities and its feverish intellectual activity in many departments of knowledge, had to wait many long dreary centuries before it could point to a Goethe, a Schiller, a Humboldt, a Bach, or a Beethoven. We know that France--so long the reputed center of culture--has so far produced no great epic poet, no Cervantes, no Murillo. But shall we affirm that she will never give to the world imperishable works like _Paradise Lost_, _Don Quixote_ or the _Immaculate Conception_? We know that Athens, which during the most brilliant period of its history counted only fifty-four hundred free-born citizens--less than the population of a small modern town--was able to produce within a very brief epoch more men of supreme distinction than all the rest of Europe from the Age of Pericles until the dawn of the Renaissance. Hers is still the art of the world, the literature of the world, the philosophy of the world, the culture of the world. For twenty-five centuries her canons of taste and beauty have guided poets, orators, artists; and her matchless productions have been the inspiration, as they have been the despair, of the greatest geniuses of our modern world.

Had the women of Greece not been put under constraint just as they were beginning to exhibit the splendid results of their intellectual activities; had they been encouraged to develop to the utmost their richly-dowered minds, as were the men, a far larger number of them, no doubt, would have been as successful in carrying off coveted prizes in the intellectual arena as was Corinna in her contests with Pindar. And they would, likewise, as we may easily conceive, have greatly added to the number of masterpieces of Greek intellect in science as well as in art and letters.

But the opportunity for women to test their powers, which was so wantonly snatched from their sisters in the Hellenic world, seems again to be offered to their sex. This opportunity, as has been stated, is due chiefly to their persistence in claiming the same right as men to intellectual development as well as to the countless proofs they have given that their demands are founded on reason and justice. What shall be the outcome of the new opportunity for woman to prove her capacity as compared with man's in things of the intellect remains to be seen, but, from indications she has during recent years given of her powers in every branch of scientific inquiry, there can be little doubt that it will be of such character as to place woman on a higher intellectual plane than she has yet occupied. In physical strength and in the rougher conflicts with the world she will doubtless always remain "the lesser man," but, once she feels in full possession of liberty

"To burgeon out of all Within her,"

she will duly justify her advocates who throughout the centuries have been

"Maintaining that with equal husbandry The woman were an equal to the man."

Not the least of the contributing factors to woman's intellectual growth, and especially to her future achievements in science, are the recent adjustments for women in social and economical conditions brought about chiefly by far-reaching changes in the industrial world. Even so late as the last half of the nineteenth century the energies of women, when they were not engaged in the kitchen or the nursery, were spent on the domestic loom, spinning wheel and the knitting needle. All the various processes from carding the wool to making it into clothing for all the members of the family were in the hands of the housewife. Ready-made clothing was far from being as common and inexpensive as it is now. Canned foods and cereals, which do away with so much of the drudgery of the kitchen, were unknown. Electricity, which has proved to be such a remarkable aid in every modern home, was little more than a mysterious force that was utilized in the electric telegraph. Most of the domestic labor-saving machines were still in their infancy and possessed by but few people. Large fortunes were confined to only a favored few in our great metropolises. The mass of the people was preoccupied with the struggle for existence.

But science, the spirit of invention and the advent of the age of machinery have completely changed the conditions of life which obtained but a generation ago. They have not only opened up for women countless occupations that were undreamed of in their mother's time, but have also given to tens of thousands of them the necessary means and leisure to indulge their tastes for study and research and enabled an ever increasing number of them to realize their aspirations for achieving distinction in the divers departments of scientific research.

As an instance of this marked change in the intellectual activity of women, we need only consider what an important part they now take in our present prodigious literary output, as compared with their share in similar work but a few decades ago. As authors, as writers and readers in the editorial rooms of our leading periodicals, as contributors to learned journals and reviews dealing with every branch of science, even the most abstruse, they now occupy a conspicuous place and are doing work that is quite as creditable as that of men.

And it is no longer necessary, in deference to public sentiment, for them to write under a pseudonym, for it is no longer considered unfeminine, as it was in the time of the Bronte sisters, for women to acknowledge themselves the authors of books or of articles in magazines. If they elect to devote their lives to literary or scientific work, they will not be deterred from so doing by what Mrs. Grundy may say, or by the fear that some feeble imitator of Moliere may dub them as _Precieuses Ridicules_. The value of their productions, like those of men, is gauged solely by merit and not by any narrow-minded considerations of the author's sex.

So also will it be in all other occupations where women choose to gain their livelihood by devoting themselves to scientific pursuits rather than to manual labor or to secretarial work in the counting-room. There are positions open for them in colleges, universities and the government service where, as professors or experts in every branch of science, their talents have full liberty of action and where they have the same opportunity of achieving distinction in their chosen life-work as have their male colleagues.

In Germany there are to-day a million more women than men. It is the same in England. In France the number of women who are widows or unmarried or divorcees or mothers with full-grown children aggregates no less than four and a half millions. A similar condition obtains in other parts of Europe. A large percentage of this number is without home ties and, as the old fields of labor are no longer open to women, they are forced to find new ones. They naturally demand the privilege of exercising their talents in occupations which are most congenial to them. Many have no inclination for any of the avocations in the industrial or commercial world, but have a very decided inclination as well as talent for scientific pursuits. Hence the ever-increasing number of women who seek employment in chemical and biological laboratories, in museums and astronomical observatories, as well as aspire to professorships of science in schools and colleges. From this large number of votaries of science some are sure to achieve distinction in their calling and to contribute materially to the advancement of knowledge. In the course of time the number of those, like Mme. Curie, Mme. Coudreau, Mary Kingsley, Sonya Kovalevsky, Eleanor Ormerod, Caroline Herschel, Zelia Nuttall, Harriet Boyd Hawes, Donna Eersilia Bovatillo, Sophie Pereyaslawewa--to name only a few--who will become prominent as chemists, explorers, naturalists, mathematicians, entomologists, astronomers, archaeologists, biologists will be vastly increased, for women will find a greater stimulus for such work and more numerous demands for their service in the constantly expanding sphere of scientific research.

Many women will, doubtless, become specialists in some specific branch of science, particularly if they have a genuine love for it, or be fired by an ambition to achieve fame as discoverers. But it is not probable that they will ever specialize to the same extent as men do. For men scientific work has to a large extent become a _metier_, and success, as in industry, depends on a division of labor. Hence it is that their field of investigation is daily becoming more and more circumscribed. This is observable in all the sciences, but especially in such all-embracing sciences as chemistry, biology, and archaeology. A man now does well if he master a single branch of any of these sciences, and is hailed as exceptionally fortunate if he succeed in making some notable discovery in his limited field of research. So great, indeed, has been the activity of scientific men in every department of science during the last half century, and so thoroughly have they explored the most hidden recesses of nature, that it, at times, seems as if there were but little left to discover. A prominent scientist recently well expressed the difficulty of making any striking additions to our knowledge of nature by asserting that all great discoveries would hereafter be made in the sixth place of decimals. This statement is well illustrated by the delicate experiments that were required to isolate such rare elements as radium, polonium, helium and neon, which occur only in infinitesimal quantities.

While men of science will be forced to continue as specialists as long as the love of fame, to consider no other motives of research, continues to be a potent influence in their investigations, it is probable that women will have less love for the long and tedious processes involved in the more difficult kinds of specialization. They will, it seems likely, be more inclined to acquire a general knowledge of the whole circle of the sciences--a knowledge that will enable them to take a comprehensive survey of nature. And it will be fortunate for themselves, as well as for the men who must perforce remain specialists, if they elect to do so. For nothing gives falser views of nature as a whole, nothing more unfits the mind for a proper apprehension of higher and more important truths, nothing more incapacitates one for the enjoyment of the masterpieces of literature or the sweeter amenities of life, than the narrow occupation of a specialist who sees nothing in the universe but electrons, microbes and protozoa.

But just at the critical moment, when men of science would rather discover a process than a law, when they are so preoccupied with the infinitely little that they lose sight of the cosmos as a whole; when their attention is so riveted on particular phenomena that they will no longer have aptitude for rising from effects to causes; when they cease to have any interest in general ideas and stray away from the guidance of the true philosophic spirit; when, like Plato's cave men, they have so long groped in darkness that their powers of vision are impaired, then it is that woman, "The herald of a brighter race," comes to the rescue and holds up to their astonished gaze the picture of an ideal world whose existence they had almost forgotten. For women, as a rule, love science for its own sake, and, unlike the specialists in question, they are, in its pursuit, rarely actuated by any selfish or mercenary interests, or by the hope of financial reward. Precise and never-ending observations with the microscope and spectroscope, which at best give them but a superficial knowledge of certain details of science, while it leaves them in ignorance of the greater and better part of it, do not appeal to them. They prefer general ideas to particular facts, and love to roam over the whole realm of science rather than confine themselves to one of its isolated corners.

"Women," writes M. Etienne Lamy, the distinguished French Academician, "group themselves at the center of human knowledge, whereas men disperse themselves towards its outer boundaries. While men are always pushing analysis to its utmost limits, women are seeking a synthesis. While men are becoming more technical, women are becoming more intellectual. They are better placed to observe the correlations of the different sciences, and to subordinate them to the common and unique source of truth from which they all descend. We seem, indeed, to be approaching a time when women will become the conservers of general ideas."[262]

In the preceding chapter reference was made to the fact that women are naturally inclined to adopt the deductive method in their search for truth when men would employ only the inductive method. This disposition of theirs to arrive at conclusions by a kind of intuition, coupled with their more pronounced idealism, is sure to react favorably on men, and prevent them from becoming so involved in mere facts and phenomena as to cause them to forget that it is as important to reason well as to observe well--that the fundamental principles of a true philosophy are quite as necessary for the eminent man of science as they are to the trustworthy historian or commanding statesman.

From what has been said, it is clear that man's ideal of the woman of the future will be quite different from what it was but a little more than a century ago, when Dr. Johnson could say that "any acquaintance with books," among women, "was distinguished only to be censured." It will be quite different from the ideal woman, as portrayed by poets and novelists, for centuries past. For among the thousands of women painted by our leading writers of fiction, poets and dramatists there are few, if any, outside of those sketched by Tennyson in _The Princess_, who are distinguished for their learning or for their love of intellectual pursuits. Even Portia, Shakespeare's most learned woman, was, according to her own confession, but

"An unlessoned girl, unschooled, unpracticed."

And the heroines of the novelist, far from being women who had a thirst for knowledge, or were eager

"To sound the abyss Of science and the secrets of the mind,"

were those only whose chief attractions were physical graces and charms, affectionate natures, brilliant wit together with "sweet laughs for bird-notes and blue eyes for a heaven."

Now, however, that women after ages of struggle are beginning to experience a sense of intellectual freedom before unknown, and to exult in the fact that

"Knowledge is now no more a fountain sealed";

now that they are, for the first time, beginning, in every civilized nation, to realize their age-long aspirations for unimpeded opportunity in all the activities of the intellect; now that they are no longer

"Dismiss'd in shame to live No wiser than their mothers, household stuff, Live chattels, *** *** laughing-stocks of Time,"

we may expect soon to see a marked change in the character of the ideal woman as depicted in literature and as desired by the intelligent portion of mankind.

What woman's liberation from intellectual bondage and her freedom to devote herself to scientific pursuits mean for the future of humanity it is difficult at present adequately to forecast. That it will contribute immensely to the betterment of social conditions and to the elevation of the masses of humanity, there can be no doubt. Setting free the imprisoned energies of one half of our race, means more than doubling mankind's capacity for advancement. For the failure to utilize woman's vast energies, pining for an outlet, acted as a drag on man's own potentialities, and thus retarded to an untold extent the world's advancement. In times past, as has aptly been said, "an enormous part of the brain power of mankind has been spent or wasted in smiting the Philistines hip and thigh, and an enormous part of the brain power of womankind has been spent in cajoling Sampson."

It will mean that the women of the future will be more suitable companions for the rapidly increasing number of highly educated men of science; that having their intellects developed _pari passu_ with those of men, they will be able to sympathize with the noblest aims of their husbands and assist them in their most important undertakings, as did the wives of Huber, Lavoisier, Pasteur, Huxley, Louis Agassiz and others scarcely less renowned in the annals of science. It will mean that they will not only share in the joys and the sorrows of their life-companions, but that they will also have a part in their thoughts, their studies, their labors, their achievements. For one should bear in mind that the first essential to a perfect union of hearts is a perfect harmony of minds. Where neither husband nor wife is educated, the virtues may suffice for companionship, but where the man is educated and the woman ignorant, there are sooner or later estrangements and the wife becomes little better than an old Japanese conception of her, "a cook without pay," or a pasha's toy for an idle hour. Chrysalde in Moliere's _L'Ecole des Femmes_, declares:

"Qu'il est assez ennuyeux, que je crois, D'avoir toute sa vie une bete avec soi."

A briefer and truer statement of the evils of unequal intellectual mating was never penned.[263] Men of intelligence are no longer, like Rousseau, satisfied with an ignorant domestic for a wife, and still less are they disposed with Schopenhauer to regard woman as an incurable Philistine, and as a mere intermediary between a child and a man. They have learned by sad experience that it is contrary both to justice and public policy to impose artificial restrictions on the acquisition of knowledge by women, or to close to the vigorous and capable representatives of their sex careers which are open to the weakest and most incompetent men. History has taught them that the fall of Greece and Rome was owing to the failure of these nations to make due provision for the mental development of women.

And women know that it was because of the inability of the wives of the Athenians to enter into the thoughts of their highly educated husbands and to sympathize with their aims and appreciate their achievements that caused the men to leave them in their solitude and seek in the companionship of the hetaerae the intellectual atmosphere which was wanting in their own homes. They know, too, that the lack of knowledge in the wife and the absence of virtue in the hetaerae, which brought such disasters on the most learned and most cultured of nations are still evils to be guarded against, and that one of the means over and above moral rule and revealed truth of safe-guarding their own interests and preserving the sanctity of the home is to make themselves by knowledge and culture the intellectual equals of their consorts.

They realize also that if they are to attain the highest measure of success as wives and mothers, a broad and thorough education--a knowledge of science, as well as familiarity with art and literature and the teachings of religion--is essential to them for their children's sake. It is said that

"The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world,"

but how much truer is it that "The domestic hearth is the first of schools, and the best of lecture-rooms; for here the heart will cooperate with the mind, the affections with the reasoning power." It is only when the mothers of this, the woman's century, shall dispute with men the primacy of erudition--when they shall prove their mastery of those newer sciences by which our age sets such great store--when they shall possess

"Seraphic intellect and force To seize and throw the doubts of man";

that their grown-up sons will have the same confidence in their intelligence as they now have in their hearts. Then only will mothers be properly equipped for developing the character of their children; for inspiring them with a love of the true, the beautiful and the good; for stimulating their talents and aiding them to attain to all the sublimities of knowledge; for assisting them in doubt and despondency and firing them with an ambition to strive for supreme excellence in all that makes for the nobility of manhood and the glory of womanhood; for making them, as Beatrice made Dante after he was renewed and purified in the waters of Eunoe, "fit to mount up to the stars."

"_Puro e disposto a salire alle stelle._"

The romantic idea of treating woman as a clinging vine, and thus eliminating half the energies of humanity, is rapidly disappearing and giving place to the idea that the strong are for the strong--the intellectually strong; that the evolution of the race will be complete only when men and women shall be associated in perfect unity of purpose, and shall, in fullest sympathy, collaborate for the attainment of the highest and the best. Then, indeed, will man's helpmate become to him and to his children

"More rich than pearls of Ind or gold of Ophir, And in her sex more wonderful and rare."

Then will men and women for the first time fully supplement each other in their aspirations and endeavors and realize somewhat of that oneness of heart and mind which was so beautifully adumbrated in Plato's androgyn. Then will the world witness the return of another Golden Age--the Golden Age of Science--the Golden Age of cultured, noble, perfect womanhood. Then to all who really think and love will be manifest the clearness and power of vision of England's great poet laureate when in matchless numbers he sings:

"The woman's cause is man's; they rise or sink Together, dwarfed or godlike, bond or free.

...*...*...*...*

For woman is not undevelopt man But diverse: could we make her as the man, Sweet Love were slain; his dearest bond is this, Not like to like, but like in difference. Yet in the long years liker must they grow; The man be more of woman, she of man; He gain in sweetness and in moral height, Nor lose the wrestling thews that throw the world; She mental breadth, nor fail in childward care, Nor lose the childlike in the larger mind; Till at the last she set herself to man, Like perfect music unto noble words; And as these twain, upon the skirts of Time, Sit side by side, full-summ'd in all their powers, Dispensing harvest, sowing the To-be, Self-rev'rent each, and reverencing each, Distinct in individualities, But like each other ev'n as those who love, Then comes the statelier Eden back to men; Then reign the world's great bridals chaste and calm; Then springs the crowning race of human-kind. May these things be!"

FOOTNOTES:

[256] _Histoire des Sciences et des Savants_, p. 271, Geneve-Bale, 1885.

[257] Ibid., p. 270.

[258] A writer in the English magazine, _Nature_, under date of January 12, 1911, when the European press was discussing Mme. Curie's claims to membership in the French Academy of Sciences, makes the following sane observations on the admission of women to the various academies of the French Institute:

"There may be room for difference of opinion as to the wisdom or expediency of permitting women to embark on the troubled sea of politics, or of allowing them a determinate voice in the settlement of questions which may affect the existence or the destiny of a nation; but surely there ought to be no question that in the peaceful walks of art, literature and science, there should be the freest possible scope extended to them, and that, as human beings, every avenue to distinction and success should unreservedly be open to them.

"All academies tend to be conservative and to move slowly; they are the homes of privilege and of vested interest. Some of them incline to be reactionary. They were created by men for men and for the most part at a time when women played little or no part in those occupations which such societies were intended to foster and develop. But the times have changed. Women have gradually won for themselves their rightful position as human beings. We have now to recognize that academies as seats of learning were made for humanity and that, as members of the human race, women have the right to look upon their heritage and property no less than men. This consummation may not at once be reached, but, as it is based upon reason and justice, it is certain to be attained eventually."

A fortnight later the same magazine contained a second article, in which the matter is treated in an equally manly fashion.

"As scientific work," the writer pertinently observes, "must ultimately be judged by its merits, and not by the nationality or sex of its author, we believe that the opposition to the election of women into scientific societies will soon be seen to be unjust and detrimental to the progress of natural knowledge. By no pedantic reasoning can the rejection of a candidate for membership of a scientific society be justified, if the work done places the candidate in the leading position among other competitors. Science knows no nationality and should recognize no distinction of sex, color or creed among those who are contributing to its advancement. Believing that this is the conclusion to which consideration of the question must inevitably lead, we have confidence that the doors of all scientific societies will eventually be open to women on equal terms with men."

[259] _Lettres et Opuscules Inedits du Comte Joseph de Maistre_, Tom. I, p. 194, Paris, 1851.

It was this same brusque and original writer who asserted that "science was a most dangerous thing for women; that no woman should study science under penalty of becoming ridiculous and unhappy; that a coquette can more readily get married than a savante." And he it was who declared that women who attempted to emulate men in the pursuit of science are monkeys and _donne barbute_--bearded women--and who designated Mme. de Stael as "_la science en jupons, une impertinente femelette_"--science in petticoats, a silly, impertinent female.

He, however, met an opponent worthy of his steel in the person of the eloquent bishop of Orleans, Mgr. Dupanloup. In a lengthy and brilliant critique of De Maistre's views he shows them to be untenable, if not ridiculous. "I by no means," he writes, "agree with M. de Maistre that '_la science en jupons_,' as he calls it, or talents of any kind whatsoever, militates in the slightest against a woman being a good wife or a good mother. Quite the contrary." And considering woman as the companion and aid of man--_socia et adjutorium_--he expresses a view which is quite the opposite of that championed by his distinguished adversary for, in words precise and pregnant, he asserts that the education of women cannot be too consistent, too serious, and too solid--"_L'education des femmes ne saurait etre trop suivie, trop serieuse et trop forte._" _La Femme Studieuse_, p. 160, Paris, 1895.

[260] _The Subjection of Women_, p. 81, London, 1909.

[261] The late Mr. Gladstone asserts that "It would be hard to discover any period of history or country of the world, not being Christian, in which they"--women--"stood so high as with the Greeks of the Heroic Age"--when the position of the Greek woman was so remarkable and "so elevated, both absolutely and in comparison with what it became in the Historic Ages of Greece and Rome amidst their elaborate civilization." _Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age_, Vol. II, p. 479 et seq., Oxford, 1858. Cf. also the same author's _Juventus Mundi_, p. 405 et seq., London, 1869.

[262] _La Femme de Demain_, pp. 45, 46, Paris, 1912.

[263] Dr. Johnson expressed the same sentiment when he declared that a man of sense should meet a suitable companion in a wife. "It was a miserable thing," he asserted in characteristic fashion, "when the conversation could only be such as whether the mutton should be boiled or roasted, and a probable dispute about that."

Sidney Smith, in a forceful and trenchant essay _On the Education of Women_, written for the _Edinburgh Review_ a century ago, gives it as his deliberate opinion that "The instruction of women improves the stock of natural talents, and employs more minds for the instruction and amusement of the world; it increases the pleasures of society by multiplying the topics upon which the two sexes take a common interest; and makes marriage an intercourse of understanding as well as of affection by giving dignity and importance to the female character. The education of women favors public morals; it provides for every season of life as well as for the brightest and the best; and leaves a woman when she is stricken by the hand of time, not as she now is, destitute of everything and neglected by all, but with the full power and the splendid attractions of knowledge,--diffusing the elegant pleasures of polite literature, and receiving the just homage of learned and accomplished men."

As to the oft repeated commonplace of noodledom that higher education puts an end to domestic economy and deteriorates the noblest qualities of womanhood, the same clear-headed writer asks: "Can anything ... be more perfectly absurd than to suppose that the care and perpetual solicitude which a mother feels for her children, depends upon her ignorance of Greek or mathematics; and that she would desert an infant for a quadratic equation--that Cimmerian ignorance can aid parental affection, or the circle of the arts and sciences produce its destruction--that the moment you suffer women to eat of the tree of knowledge the rest of the family will very soon be reduced to the same kind of aerial and unsatisfactory diet?"

Still more insistent on the necessity of the broadest and deepest education for woman--education in science as well as in art and literature--is the Most Rev. Archbishop, J. L. Spalding, who by his writing and lectures has done so much for the cause of the higher education of both men and women. In an eloquent and pregnant discourse, pronounced in the Church of the Gesu in Rome, in March, 1900, he told his vast audience--composed of the elite of the Eternal City--that:

"If we are to have a race of enlightened, noble, and brave men, we must give to woman the best education it is possible for her to receive. She has the same right as man to become all that she may be, to know whatever may be known, to do whatever is fair and just and good. In souls there is no sex. If we leave half the race in ignorance, how shall we hope to lift the other half into the light of truth and love? Let woman's mental power increase, let her influence grow, and more and more she will stand by the side of man as a helper in all his struggles to make the will of God prevail. From the time the Virgin Mother held the Infant Saviour in her arms, to this hour, woman has been the great lover of Christ and the unweary helper of His little ones; and the more we strengthen and illumine her, the more we add to her sublime faith and devotion the power of knowledge and culture, the more efficaciously shall she work to purify life, to make justice, temperance, chastity, and love prevail. She is more unselfish, more capable of enthusiasm for spiritual ends, she has more sympathy with what is beautiful, noble, and godlike than man; and the more her knowledge increases, the more shall she become a heavenly force to help spread God's kingdom on earth."

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INDEX

Abelard, 141, 142.

Abella, physician, 286.

_Abrege de Navigation_, Lalande's, 182.

Academy of ancient Athens, admission of women to, 10.

Academy of the Lincei, Donna Caetani-Bovatelli, dean of, 326.

Academy of Science, French. _See_ French Academy of Science.

_Acta Mythologica Apostolorum in Arabic_, translated by Agnes Lewis, 331 _footnote_.

Adams, (Mrs.) Abigail, quoted, 100.

Adams, Charles Francis, quoted, 100.

Adams, Elizabeth, 344.

Addison, 98.

Adelheid, 52.

Aegidius, quoted, 282 _footnote_.

Aeschines, 13.

Africa, Mary Kingsley's explorations in, 257, 258.

Agamede, physician, 267, 268.

Aganice, daughter of Sesostris, 167.

Agassiz, (Mrs.) Elizabeth Cary, 255, 377.

Agassiz, Jean Louis, 255, 378.

Aglaonice, the first woman astronomer, 167.

Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, 78, 79, 105, 228, 230; knowledge of languages of, 143, 144; achievements of, in mathematics, 144-150; charitable works of, 148-151; exclusion of, from French Academy, 393.

Agnodice, physician, 268, 269, 290.

Agricola, Rudolph, 62.

Agriculture, English Board of, 250.

Agriculturists, women as, 335, 338.

Agrippina, 24, 25; prose writings of, 28.

Albategni, 169.

Albert the Great, 233.

Alcaeus, in praise of Sappho, 6.

Alcala, University of, 68.

Alciphoron, 11.

Alexandria, Hypatia's work in, 138, 199, 200.

Algae, Dr. Snow's work on, 254.

Algarotti, Francisco, 152.

Algebra, taught by Hypatia, 139.

Alpine flora, Amalie Dietrich's collection of, 243.

Amazonia, explorations of Madame Coudreau in, 259-261.

Ambrosius, Franciscus, 142.

American Chemical Society, 228.

American Philosophical Society, 228.

Amoretti, Maria Pellegrina, 77.

Ampere, in praise of Emilie du Chatelet, 151.

_Analyse des Infiniment Petits_, by Marquis l'Hopital, 376.

Anatomical models, perfected by Anna Manzolini, 236; perfected by Mlle. Biheron, 238.

Anatomy, the study of, by women, 236-238.

Anaxagoras, 12.

_Ancren Riwle_, 40.

Andrea, Novella d', 53, 79.

Andromeda, 6.

Anguisciola sisters of Cremona, 61.

Annals of Tacitus, 28.

Antelmy, Agnesi's _Analytical Institutions_ translated into French by, 146.

Antiochis, physician, 270.

Antipater, epigram of, 6 _footnote_.

Anytae, 17.

Apelles, 11.

_Apocrypha Arabica_, edited by Margaret Gibson, 330 _footnote_.

_Apocrypha Sinaitica_, 330 _footnote_.

_Apocrypha Syriaca Sinaitica_, edited by Agnes Lewis, 331 _footnote_.

Apollonius, _Conic Sections_ of, Hypatia's commentary on, 168.

Apollonius of Perga, 139, 140.

Aquinas, Thomas, quoted, 297 _footnote_.

_Arabic Version of the Acta Apocrypha Apostolorum_ edited by Agnes Lewis, 331 _footnote_.

_Arabic Version of the Acts of the Apostles and the Seven Catholic Epistles_, edited by Margaret Gibson, 330 _footnote_.

_Arabic Version of St. Paul's Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians and part of Ephesians_, by Margaret Gibson, 330 _footnote_.

Arago, 202.

Archaeology, museums of, 309, 310; women in, 309-333; American women in, 321-324.

Archagatos, 271.

Archimedes, 197.

Archlanassa, 10.

Ardinghelli, Maria Angela, 77, 142.

Arditi, Michele, 311.

Areometer, invention of, by Hypatia, 200.

Arete of Cyrene, teacher of philosophy, 197-199.

Arezzo, Leonardo d', course of study for women planned by, 84 _footnote_.

Ariosto, quoted, 6 _footnote_, 57; in praise of Vittoria Colonna, 61, 63, 66.

Aristippus, 10, 197.

Aristotelian theory of difference between intellectual capacity of men and women, 110.

Aristotle, in praise of Sappho, 5, 10, 197.

_Arithmetica_ of Diophantus, Hypatia's commentary on, 139, 168.

Arrighi, G. L., 364 _footnote_.

Art, achievements of women in, in Italy during the Renaissance, 60, 61.

Ascham, Roger, 69 _footnote_.

Asclepiades, 271.

Ashley, Mary, 196.

Aske, Robert, quoted, 41.

Aspasia, of Miletus, 12-14, 16, 17, 26.

Aspasia, physician, 199, 270.

Assisi, St. Francis, 358.

Astrolabe, invention of, by Hypatia, 140, 200.

_Astronomical Canon_, Hypatia's, 140, 168.

Astronomical Society of France, Dorothea Klumpke first woman member of, 194.

_Astronomie des Dames_, Lalande's, 178, 181.

Astronomy, achievements of Hypatia in, 139, 200-201; women in, 167-196.

_At Susa_ by Mme. Dieulafoy, 320 _footnote_.

Athenaeus, 137.

Athens, position of women in, 3-5, 16, 18, 19, 199, 414, 415; culture of, 404.

Attica, 198.

_Aucassin et Nicolette_, 275.

Augustus, Emperor, 19, 24.

Aurelia, mother of Julius Caesar, 22.

Austen, Jane, 98.

Auzoux, Dr., 236.

Ayrton, Mrs. W. E., achievements of, in electricity, 212, 230.

Baker, Lady, wife of Sir Samuel Baker, 374.

Balzac, 88.

Barbapiccola, Eleonora, of Salerno, 76.

Bascom, Florence, 254.

Bassani, Signora, lace-maker, 337.

Bassi, Laura, 78, 79, 147, 148, 203-209, 210, 211, 212, 298; birth of, at Bologna, 203; Doctorate of Physics bestowed upon, 204; letters of Voltaire to, 207.

Bazzani, Doctor, 204.

Beatrice, 357, 361.

Beausoleil, Baroness de, 238-240.

Becquerel, M. H., 223, 227, 228.

Beethoven, 359.

Bellini, 66.

Bembo, Cardinal, 61, 63; in praise of Elizabetta Gonzaga, 67.

Benedict XIV, 78, 147, 148, 203, 204, 228.

Berlin Academy of Sciences, 371.

Bern, University of, 304.

Bernouilli, Jean, 152.

Bernstein, Dr. Julius, on intellectual capacity of women, 133.

Berthollet, 216.

Besant, Sir Walter, quoted, 102-105.

Bianchetti, Giovanna, 298.

Bianchetti, Maddalena, 298.

Biheron, Mlle., 238.

Biology, 245, 254; as a basis for woman's equality with man, 399.

Biot, 154, 216; in praise of Sophie Germain, 156.

Bishop, Isabella Bird, 256.

Blackwell, Miss Elizabeth, physician, 300-304, 305, 307.

Bobinski, Countess, 196.

Boccaccio, 197.

Bocchi, Dorotea, 298.

Boileau's satire on Mme. de la Sabliere, 172.

_Boke of the Cyte of Ladyes_, quoted from, 106, 107, 108.

Boleyn, Anne, 69.

Bollandists, on work of St. Hildegard, 47.

Bologna, Academy of Sciences of, 207.

Bologna, University of, 203-210, 236, 296-299; in Middle Ages, 53; women lecturers and professors in, 57, 78, 79; Dorotea Bucca of, 62; degrees conferred upon Maddalena Canedi-Noe and Maria Vittoria Dosi by, 77; chair of higher mathematics in, given to Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 78, 148.

Bonaparte, Caroline, archaeological excavations of, 311, 312, 317.

Bonaparte, Joseph, 311.

Borghini, Maria Selvaggia of Pisa, 76.

Borromeo, Clelia Grillo, of Genoa, 77, 142.

Bos, J. Ritzema, 253 _footnote_.

Bossuet, Abbe, 88, 146.

Boston, public schools of, 99.

Botany, 256; Frau Kablick's studies in, 242, 243; Amalie Dietrich's studies in, 243-244; cryptoganic, 254.

Bouchet, Jean, quoted, 74 _footnote_.

Bovin, Mme. Marie, physician, 293-295.

Bowles, Ada C., quoted, 346, 347.

Boyd, Ella F., 254.

Boyd, Harriet, 317; archaeological investigations of, 321, 322.

Boyd, Mary E., of Smith, 195.

Brahe, Sophia, 170.

Brahe, Tycho, 170.

Brain, convolutions of, as an index to intelligence, 122, 123; frontal lobe of, in man and in woman, 122; gray matter of, and its relation to intelligence, 123.

Brain weight, relation of, to mental power, 118-122, 124-126.

Brenzoni, Laura, 58, 59.

Brescia, University of, 62.

British Museum, 256, 258.

Britton, Elizabeth G., 254.

Broca, 116, 126.

Bronte sisters, 98, 114, 115, 264.

Brosses, M. Charles de, quoted, 144.

Brougham, Lord, 159.

Brown, Alice, 196.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 114.

Bruce, Miss C., 196.

Brush, Mary, 344.

Brussels, 229.

Brutus, 23.

Bryn Mawr, College of, 166.

Bucca, Dorotea, 62, 79.

Buechner, 246.

Buckland, Mrs. William, 374, 375.

Buckle, 384, 385, 386.

Burckhardt, 210.

Burney, Fanny, 98.

Burnmeister, 248.

Bush, Katherine J., 254.

Butter, Josephine E., 291 _footnote_.

Caedmon, influence of St. Hilda on, 37, 38.

Caesar, Aurelia, mother of, 22.

Caetani-Bovatelli, Donna Ersilia, archaeologist, 324-327.

Caetani-Sermonetta, Duke of, 324, 325.

Caius Musonius Rufus, on education of women, 30, 31.

Calendrini, Bettina, 298.

Calendrini, Novella, 298.

California, University of, 323.

Calphurnia, letters of, 29.

Calpurnia, 356, 361.

Cambridge, University of, funds from suppressed convents devoted to, 41, 42; exclusion of women from, 80, 100, 230, 330-333.

Camoens, 57.

Candolle, Alphonse de, 392, 393.

Canedi-Noe, Maddalena, 77.

Cannon, Annie J., 195.

Canova, in praise of Suor Plantilla Nelli, 60 _footnote_.

_Canticle of the Sun, The_, by St. Francis Assisi, quoted, 359.

_Cape Observations_, Herschel's, 186, 189.

Carlyle, quoted, 79 _footnote_.

Cassius, wife of, 23.

Castiglione, 66, 67; in praise of women, 359.

_Catalogue of Eight Hundred and Sixty Stars Observed by Flamsteed but Not Included in the British Catalogue_, by Caroline Herschel, 186.

Catani, Giuseppina, professor of pathology at Bologna, 296.

Caterzani, 299.

Catherine of Aragon, 68, 69.

Cato, quoted, 27.

Catullus, 5.

Celeste, Sister Maria, daughter of Galileo, 363-369.

Celleor, Mrs., quoted, 268.

Celsus, 174.

Ceretta, Laura, 62.

Cervantes, 57.

Chantry, bust of Mary Somerville by, 159.

Charity, Sisters of, 308.

Charlemagne, 39.

Chateaubriand, 256.

Chatelain, 289 _footnote_.

Chatelet, Emilie du, 87; 151-153; achievements of, in astronomy, 175-177; as mathematical physicist, 201, 202.

Chaucer, quoted, 40 _footnote_.

Chemistry, women in, 214-232; sanitary, 218.

Chesterfield, Lord, quoted, 97.

Chiavello, Livia, of Fabriano, 59.

Chinchon, Countess of, 299 _footnote_.

Chinchona bark, introduction of, into Europe, 299 _footnote_.

Chopin, 359.

_Christian Inscriptions in the Irish Language_ by Miss Stotes, 316.

Christine of Sweden, 82, 94, 370.

Church of the Household, 31-34.

Cibo, Catarina, of Genoa, 59, 60.

Cicero, 8; tribute of, to Laelia, 23; Tulia's letters to, 29.

Cirey, 201.

_Cite des Dames_, 106, 107, 108, 109, 134.

Clairaut, 152; work of, with Mme. Lepaute, 179, 180.

Clapp, Cornelia M., 254.

Clarke, Cora H., 254.

Claviere, in praise of women, 360.

Claypole, Agnes M., 254.

Claypole, Edith J., 254.

Cleopatra, physician, 270.

Clerke, Agnes M. and Ellen M., 196.

_Codex Ludovicus_, discovery of, 328, 333.

_Codex Nuttall_, 324.

_Codex Sinaiticus_, 328.

Coeducational institutions, comparative standing of men and women in, 128,129.

Colonna, Vittoria, 61, 62, 65, 359.

Colton, Rev. John, Agnesi's _Analytical Institutions_ translated into French by, 146, 147.

Columbus, 56, 380.

Comstock, Anna Botsford, 254.

Comte, 245.

Conde, 88.

Condorcet, 334 _footnote_.

_Conic Sections_, of Apollonius, Hypatia's commentary on, 139, 140, 168.

_Connection of the Physical Sciences_ by Mary Somerville, 160, 211.

_Considerations Generales sur l'Etat des Sciences et des Lettres aux Differentes Epoques de Leur Culture_ by Sophie Germain, 156.

Convent of Arles, 36; of Poitiers, 36; of St. Hilda, 36; of Bishopsheim, 39; of St. Rupert at Bingen, 46; of Helfta, 49.

Convent schools, 36, 41.

Convents, as centers of learning in Middle Ages, 35-53; suppression of, in England, 41, 42; advantages of, 51; influence of, 51-53.

_Conventus Matronarum_, 27.

_Conversations on Chemistry_, by Mrs. Marcet, 372.

Copernicus, 56, 189.

Corinna, 6, 17.

Corneille, 88.

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, 22, 25, 26.

Cornelia, wife of Pompey, 22.

Cotton gin, invention of, 351, 352.

Coudreau, Henri, 258.

Coudreau, Mme. Octavie, 256, 258-264; books by, 263 _footnote_.

_Courtier_, Castiglione's, 66, 67.

Cramoisy, Marie, 82.

Cranial capacity, relation of, to mental energy, 115-117.

_Crete, the Forerunner of Greece_, by Mrs. Hawes, 322.

Crevaux, 262.

Crisculo, Maria Angela, 61.

Cumming, Constance Gordon, 256.

Cummings, Clara E., 254

Cunitz, Maria, 170, 171.

Cunningham, Susan, of Swarthmore, 195.

Curie, Mme. Marie Klodowska, 326, 333, 362, 394, 397, 221-232; birth and early life of, 221-222; marriage of, to Pierre Curie, 222; scientific investigations and discoveries of, 223-226; honors of, 227-232.

Curie, Pierre, 222, 224.

Cushman, Florence, 195.

Cuvier, weight of brain of, 119, 215, 216.

Cyrene, school of philosophy at, 197.

Dacier, Mme., 82, 83 _footnote_.

Damien, Father, 274.

Danophila, 7.

Dante, 117, 324, 325, 357.

Darboux, M., in praise of Dorothea Klumpke, 193, 194.

Daremberg, Dr. Charles, 234, 270, 287 and 288 _footnote_.

Darmstadt, Medical College of, 292.

Darwin, on man, 3, 113; quoted, 124.

Darwin's _Origin of Species_, the French translation of, by Clemence Royer, 245.

Davy gold medal of the Royal Society awarded to the Curies, 227.

Davidson, Ada B., 254.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 66.

Dawes, 191.

_Decameron_, The, 197.

_De Compositione Medicamentorum_, by Trotula, 285.

Deffand, Mme. du, 11, 89, 92; Marquise du Chatelet ridiculed by, 177 and _footnote_, 178 _footnote_.

_Deipnosophistoe_, of Athenaeus, 137.

Delambre, 216.

De Lamennais, on woman's intellectual inferiority, 136.

_De Morbis Mulierum et Eorum Cura_, by Trotula, 284 _footnote_.

Demosthenes, quoted, 3 _footnote_; 10.

Denifle, 79, 289 _footnote_.

Denver School of Mines, woman principal of, 254.

_De Orbium Celestium Revolutionibus_, 189.

_De Problemate quodam Hydrometrico_ by Laura Bassi, 209 _footnote_.

_De Problemate quodam Mechanico_ by Laura Bassi, 208 _footnote_.

De Prony, in praise of Sophie Germaine, 154.

Descartes, 88, 94, 202; doctrines of, 175, 176; female pupils of, 369, 370.

Destouches, 86, 87.

Diaz, Porfirio, 324.

_Didascalia Apostolorum in Syriac, The_, edited by Margaret Gibson, 331 _footnote_.

Diderot, attitude of, toward women, 93.

Dietrich, Amalie, botanist, 243-244.

Dieulafoy, Mme., archaeologist, 317, 362; archaeological expeditions of, 318-321.

Dieulafoy, Marcel, 318.

Diocletian, 272.

Diogenes, 10.

Diophantus, _Arithmetica_ of, Hypatia's commentary on, 139, 168.

Diotima of Mantinea, Socrates' tribute to, 11.

_Divina Commedia_ by Dante, 357.

Dock, Lavinia L., 280 _footnote_.

Doni Gasquet on dissolution of convents, 41.

Donne, Maria dalle, 79; as professor of obstetrics, 209; as surgeon, 299-300.

Dorat, Jean, quoted, 71 _footnote_.

Dosi, Maria Vittoria, 77, 298.

Dramas of Hroswitha, 43, 44.

Draper, Mrs. Henry, endowment of the Henry Draper Memorial at Harvard by, 196.

Dryden, 98.

Dumee, Jeanne, 171.

Dunraven's _Notes on Irish Architecture_, edited by Miss Stotes, 316.

Dupanloup, Mgr., quoted, 396 _footnote_.

Dupre, Marie, 82.

Dupuytren, 294.

_Early Christian Art in Ireland_, by Miss Stotes, 316.

Eastman, Alice, 254.

_Ecclesia Domestica_, 31-34.

Eckenstein, Lina, quoted, 50 _footnote_; on influence of convents, 52, 53.

Ecole de Medecine of Paris, admittance of women to, 290.

Ecole de Physique et de Chimie in Paris, 223.

_Ecole des Femmes_, 412.

Edinburgh, University of, 228, 305; opposition of, to women, 80; Miss Ormerod receives degree of Doctor of Laws at, 252.

Education, during the Renaissance, 71-75; in England, in the Middle Ages, 36-42; in France, in the post-Renaissance period, 83-85.

Education of women in ancient Greece, 1-18; in ancient Rome, 18-34; in Greece and Rome compared, 26, 27; in the Middle Ages, 34-54; during the Renaissance, 54-75; in Germany, in post-Renaissance period, 93, 94; in England, in post-Renaissance period, 96-98; in the United States, in the post-Renaissance period 99, 100; changes in, in last three-quarters of a century, 102-105; in Italy, 210.

Edwards, Amelia B., 256.

Eigenman, Rose S., 254.

Electricity, work of Mrs. Ayrton in, 212.

Eliot, George, 98, 264.

Elizabeth of Bohemia, 94, 369, 370, 371.

Elizabeth, Queen, 69, 70; failure of, to provide for education of women, 42.

Elizabeth of Sweden, 82.

Elizabeth, wife of Hevilius, 175.

Ellis, Havelock, 117, 343 _footnote_.

_Elogie Historique_, Voltaire's, 152, 153.

Emerson, quoted, 105.

Encyclopedists, attitude of, toward women, 93.

Engineering, on trans-Siberian railroad in charge of a woman, 102.

England, education in, in the Middle Ages, 36-42; prestige of abbesses in, 52; position of woman in, during the Renaissance, 57, 69; position of women in, during post-Renaissance period, 95-99; women physicians in, 304-307; feminine population of, 407.

Entomology, 256; achievements of Missouri woman in, 254.

Entomology, economic, Eleanor Ormerod's work in, 247-252; her publications on, 249-250.

_Entretiens sur l'Opinion de Copernic Touchant la Mobilite de la Terre_, by Jeanne Dumee, 171.

_Ephemeris_ of the Academy of Sciences, Mme. Lepaute's work on, 181.

Epicurus, 8, 10.

Epinay, Mme. d', 92.

Erasmus, 57, 68, 69, 73.

Erinna, 7, 17.

_Erucarum Ortus, Alimenta et Paradoxa Metamorphosis_, by Frau Merian, 242.

Erxleben, Dorothea Christin, physician, 293 _footnote_.

Espinasse, Mlle. de l', 11.

Este, Beatriche d', Duchess of Milan, 65, 66.

Este, Isabella d', Marchioness of Mantua, archaeologist, 65, 66, 310, 311.

Estienne, Robert, 71.

Ethnology, 323.

Euler, Leonard, 202.

Euripides, 12; quoted, 3 _footnote_; 12, 13 _footnote_; 268.

Eustochium, 31-34, 357, 361.

Everett, Alice, 196.

Evolution, Clemence Royer's theory of, 246.

Explorations carried on by women, 257-263.

Fabiola, physician, 272-274.

Fabricius, 248.

Fairfax, Mary. _See_ Somerville.

Fairfax, Sir William, 157, 211.

Fantuzzi, Giovanni, 205, 208, 237 _footnote_.

Faraday, 372, 373.

Fawcett, Mrs. Henry, 128.

Faye, Mme., 196.

Fedele, Cassandra, 59.

Feijoo, Benito Jeronimo, 110.

Felicie, Jacobe, physician, 289-290.

Feltre, Vittorino da, 58 and 59 _footnote_.

_Femmes Savantes_ of Moliere, 30, 85-87, 172.

Ferrara, court of, 65, 66.

Ferrara, University of, 62, 79.

Ferreyra, Bernada, 68.

Fiorelli, 312 _footnote_.

Flammarion, Mme., 196.

Flechier, 88.

Fleming, Mrs. W., achievements of, in astronomy, 195.

Fletcher, Alice C., archaeologist, 322, 323.

Fontana, Lavinia, 61.

Foot, Katherine, 254.

_Form and Rotation of the Earth, The_, by Mary Somerville, 212.

Fortunatus, 36.

_Forty-one Facsimiles of Dated Christian Arabic Manuscripts_ by Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson, 331 _footnote_.

France, women in, during the Renaissance, 70, 71; women in, during the post-Renaissance period, 81-93; mineral resources of, Mme. de Beausoleil's interest in, 239; feminine population of, 407.

France, University of, 304.

Frankland, Percy, 376 _footnote_.

Frederick the Great, mother of, 370.

Frei, Frau Teresa, physician, 292.

French Academy of Sciences, 133, 146, 155, 201, 228, 232 _footnote_, 238, 326; exclusion of women from, 78, 229, 230, 333, 393, 394.

French Institute, 246; Sophie Germain honored by, 155; discrimination of, against women, 230-231 _footnote_.

Frontal lobe of brain in man and in woman, 122.

Fuller, Thomas, quoted, 75 _footnote_.

_Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations, The_, by Mrs. Nuttall, 324.

Gadolinium, discovery of, 219.

Gage, Susanna Phelps, 254.

Galfrido, quoted, 298 _footnote_.

Galileo, 364-369, 380.

Galindo, Beatrix, 68.

Galvani, Luigi, 210, 236, 372.

Galvanic electricity, 210.

Gambara, Veronica, 61.

Gambetta, weight of brain of, 120.

_Garden of Delights._ _See_ _Hortus Deliciarum_.

Garrett, Elizabeth, physician, 290 _footnote_, 304.

Gassendi, 94.

_Gaufrey_, Antoine Hamilton's, 169.

Gebert, 141.

Gegner prize from the French Academy of Sciences awarded to Mme. Curie, 228.

_General Index of Reference to Every Observation of Every Star in the Above-mentioned British Catalogue_, by Caroline Herschel, 186.

Geneva, University of, 228, 304.

Geneva, New York, College at, 301.

Genlis, Mme. de, 238.

Geoffrin, Mme., 89.

Geographical Society of Berlin, 256.

Geology, 254.

Geometry, taught by Hypatia, 139.

Geraldini brothers, 68.

Gerberg, Abbess, 43.

Germain, Sophia, 87, 154-157, 391, 392; _grand prix_ of French Academy of Science won by, 155; exclusion of, from French Academy, 393.

Germanicus, wife of, 24, 25.

Germany, education in, during Middle Ages, 43-52; privileges of abbesses in, 52; position of woman in, during the Renaissance, 57, 70, 74; women in, in post-Renaissance period, 93-95; universities of, open to women, 101; attitude of, toward women to-day, 130-134; feminine population of, 407.

Gernez, M. D., 226, _footnote_.

Gertrude the Great, 46, 49.

Gibbon, quoted, 19.

Gibson, Margaret Dunlop, archaeologist, 327-332, 333.

Giessen, University of, 293.

Giliani, Alessandra, 237, _footnote_.

Girton College, 100.

Gladstone, quoted, 398, _footnote_.

Glycera, 10.

Goethe, 385.

Golden, Katherine E., 254.

Goldsmith, 98.

Goncourt, 109.

Gonzaga, Cecelia, 58 and 59, _footnote_.

Gonzaga, Elizabetta, 66, 67, 310.

Gorgo, 6; quoted, 17.

_Gospel of Isbodad in Syriac and English_, by Margaret Gibson, 331, _footnote_.

Goettingen, University of, 293.

Gozzadina, Bitisia, 298.

Gozzadini, Bettina, 53.

Gracchi, Cornelia, mother of the, 22.

Granville, Lord, quoted, 97 and 98 _footnote_.

Grassi, Ippolita, 298.

Gravitation, discovery of, 384, 385.

Gray matter in the brain, relation of, to intelligence, 123.

Gray's _Elegy_, quoted, 403.

Greece, ancient, woman and education in, 1-18, 398; position of woman in, compared with Rome, 18, 19, 25-27; medical women in, 267-271.

Greene, Catherine L., cotton gin invented by, 351.

Grey, Lady Jane, 69.

Grignan, Mme. de, 82.

Grimaldi, Cardinal, 203.

Guarna, Rebeca de, physician, 286.

Gubernatis, A. de, in praise of Donna Bovatelli, 325.

Gustavus of Sweden, 238.

Haeckel, 246.

Haeser, 278.

Hall, Mrs. Asaph, 376.

Hall, Edith H., archaeologist, 321.

Halle, 332.

Halley, 140.

Hamilton, Antoine, 169.

Hamilton, Lady, 382, 383.

Hamilton, Sir William, 382, 383.

Hare, Christopher, 311 _footnote_.

_Harmony of Women_, by Perictione, 8.

Harrison, Jane E., archaeologist, 332, 333.

Harvard Observatory, women on staff of, 195.

Harvard University, 99, 100; Henry Draper Memorial at, 196, 322.

Hauey, 385.

Hawes, C. H., 322.

Hawes, Mrs. C. H. _See_ Boyd, Harriet.

Heidelberg, University of, 62, 332.

Heine, quoted, 30 _footnote_, 113.

Hell, Mme. Hommaire de, 373.

Heller, 375.

Helmholtz, Hermann von, weight of brain of, 125 _footnote_.

Heloise, 141, 142.

Henry VII, 107.

Henry VIII, suppression of convents by, 41; law of, in favor of women physicians, 291.

Henschel, G., 287 and 288 _footnote_.

_Heptameron_, 70.

Heredity, as a basis for woman's equality with man, 399.

Herpyllis, 10.

Herrad, 45, 48, 49.

Herschel, Caroline, 159, 182-190, 362, 377, 379, 383 _footnote_; discoveries of, 183, 185; astronomical writings of, 186; honors of, 187-189.

Herschel, Mrs. John, quoted, 187, 380 _footnote_.

Herschel, Sir John, 159, 182, 186.

Herschel, Sir William, 182-185, 185 and 186 _footnote_, 378.

Hertzen, 272 _footnote_.

Hetaerae, the, 9-12, 18, 414; mistresses of French salons compared with, 92.

Hevilius, 175.

Hierophilos, 269.

Hill, Georgiana, _Women in English Life_, 41.

Hinckley, Mary H., 254.

Hipparchia, 8.

_Histoire d'Henriette d'Angleterre_, 91.

_Histoire des Insects de l'Europe_, by Frau Merian, 242.

_Histoire des Sciences et des Savants depuis Deux Siecles_, Candolle's, 392.

_History of the Art of Antiquity_, by Winckelmann, 311.

Hopital, Marquis de l', 375.

Horace, 5, 21 _footnote_, 113.

_Horae Semiticae_, 330.

Hortensia, 27.

_Hortus Deliciarum_, by Herrad, 48, 49.

Hospital, first, founded by Fabiola, 272.

Hotel de Rambouillet, 88-89.

Houllerigue, M. L., 226 _footnote_.

_How the Codex Was Found_, by Mrs. Gibson, 330.

Howard, John, 281 _footnote_.

Hroswitha, 43-45.

Huber, Mme., 371, 383 _footnote_.

Huber, Francois, 371.

Hudson, W. H., on the dramas of Hroswitha, 44.

Huggins, Lady, 196.

Humboldt, Alexander von, 160, 188, 211, 216, 256.

Huschke, 122.

Huxley, 251, 371, 377, 387, 388; on physical disability of women, 127, 128.

Huxley, Leonard, 388 _footnote_.

Hyde, Dr. Ida H., 254.

Hyghens, Constantine, 94.

Hypatia, 235; achievements of, in mathematics, 137-141; inventions of, 140; letters of Synesius to, 141; achievements of, in astronomy, 168; attainments of, in natural philosophy and astronomy, 199-201.

Icthyology, 254.

_Iliad_, translated by Mme. Dacier, 82; quotation from, 267.

Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, 228.

_In Artem Analyticam Isagoge_, by Francois Viete, 363.

_In the Shadow of Sinai_, by Mrs. Lewis, 327 _footnote_, 330.

Incarnata, Maria, physician, 297.

India, position of woman in, 5.

Insects, destructive, Eleanor Ormerod's study of, 247; her famous leaflets on, 249, 250.

Insects, microscopic, Anna Comstock's work on, 254.

Institut de Saint Cyr, 83, 85.

_Institutions de Physique_, by Marquise du Chatelet, 152, 202.

_Instituzioni Analitiche_, by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, 78, 144-150, 228.

Inventions of Hypatia, 140.

Inventors, women as, 334-355.

Isabella of Castile, 290, 380.

Isabella of Spain, 59, 68.

Isis, inventions of, 335.

Isocrates, 10.

Isotta of Rimini, 59.

Italy, women of the Renaissance in, 55, 57-68; women in, during the post-Renaissance periods, 76-81; women mathematicians in, 142-151; education of women in, 210, 295, 296.

Jacobi, Dr. Mary Putnam, 128.

Jameson, Mrs., work of, in Christian iconography, 313-316.

Jansen, Mme., 196.

Jaquier, Pere, 152.

Jeffrey, Lord, 91.

Jenner, 299 _footnote_.

_Jerusalem Delivered_, 276.

Jesus College, Cambridge, nunnery of St. Radegund transformed into, 41.

Jex-Blake, Sophia, physician, 269 _footnote_, 305-307.

Johnson, Dr., 98, 113; quoted, 410, 412 and 413 _footnote_.

Jonson, Ben, 67.

Joseph II of Austria, 237.

_Journey in Brazil_, by Mr. and Mrs. Agassiz, 379.

Joya, Isabella de, 68.

Juana, daughter of Isabella the Catholic, 68.

Julius II, 309.

Juvenal, quoted, 20 _footnote_, 30.

Kablick, Josephine, 242-243.

Kant, Immanuel, on woman's incapacity for mathematics, 136.

Kaschewarow, Mme., physician, 304.

Kelvin, Lord, 227.

Kepler, 375.

Kies, Mary, 346; first United States patent awarded to, 344.

Kingsley, Charles, 257.

Kingsley, George, 257.

Kingsley, Mary H., African explorer, 256-258, 264.

Kirch, Gottfried, 173.

Kirch, Maria, 173, 174.

Kirchhoff, Arthur, investigation of, regarding intellectual capacity of women, 129-132.

Kirwan's Essay on _Phlogiston_, 214.

Klumpke, Anna, 194.

Klumpke, Augusta, 194 _footnote_, 290 _footnote_.

Klumpke, Dorothea, 193, 194.

Klumpke, Julia, 194.

Knight, Miss, 351.

Koenig, 152.

Kovalevsky, Sonya, 133, 161-165, 397; weight of brain of, 123 and _footnote_; studies of, in Germany, 162; appointment of, to chair of higher mathematics, in University of Stockholm, 162, 163; _Prix Bordin_ won by, 163.

Krauss, Dr., 313 quoted, 317 quoted.

Kronecker, in praise of Sonya Kovalevsky, 164.

Labe, Louise, 71.

La Bruyiere, 108.

La Caze prize awarded to the Curies, 228.

La Chappelle, Mme. Marie Louise, physician, 293, 294.

La Condamine, 262.

La Cruz, Juana de, 69.

Laelia, Cicero's tribute to, 23.

La Fayette, La Comtesse de, 88, 91.

La Fontaine, 88, 172, 173.

Lagrange, 154, 216.

La Harpe, quoted, 90.

Lais, 10, 11.

Lalande, 178, 179; in praise of Mme. Lepaute, 180, 181; in praise of Mme. Lefrancais, 182.

Lamartine, 256.

Lamennais, de, quoted, 388.

Lamy, M. Etienne, quoted, 409, 410.

Landi, Rosanna Somaglia, of Milan, 76.

Langdon, Fannie E., 254.

Lanzi, in praise of Suor Plantilla Nelli, 60.

_La Perse, La Chaldee et la Susiane_, by Mme. Dieulafoy, 320 _footnote_.

Laplace, 216, 245.

Laplace's _Mechanique Celeste_, Mary Somerville's translation of, 159, 211.

_Lapse and Conversion of Theophilus_, by Hroswitha, 45.

La Rochefoucauld, 88.

Lasthenia, 11.

La Vigne, Anne de, 82.

Lavoisier, Mme. Antoine Laurent, 214-216, 225, 362.

_Laws of Plato_, 15, 16.

Leavitt, Henrietta S., 195.

Lebrixa, Francisca de, 68.

Lecky, on dissolution of convents, 41.

Lefebre, Mme., 353.

Le Fevre, Tanquil, 82.

Lefrancais, Mme., 182.

Legendre, 154.

_Legends of the Madonna_, by Mrs. Jameson, 316.

Legion of Honor, decoration of, refused by Pierre Curie, 227; chevalier of, conferred on Mme. Dieulafoy, 321.

Legrange, 155.

Leibnitz, 173, 202, 369, 370.

Leland, Eva F., 195.

Lemmon, Sarah A. Plummer, 254.

Leo X, 59.

Leontium, 8, 10.

Leoparda, physician, 271.

Lepaute, Mme. Hortense, 87, 362; achievements of, in astronomy, 178-182.

Lepinska, Melanie, 307 _footnote_.

Lespinasse, Mlle., 89, 90, 91.

Lewis, Mrs. Agnes Smith, archaeologist, 327-333.

_Liber Compositae Medicinae_, by St. Hildegard, 278.

_Liber Simplicis Medicinae_, by St. Hildegard, 278.

_Liber Subtilitatum Diversarum Naturarum Creaturarum_, 233.

Liebig, 217, 247.

Linnaeus, 300 _footnote_.

Lipmann, Professor, 222.

Literature, women in, in ancient Greece, 1-18; in ancient Rome, 27-30; achievements of Paula and Eustochium in, 31-34; achievements of women in, in Italy during the Renaissance, 58-62; women of to-day in, 406.

Livia, 24.

Livingstone, David, 373, 374.

_Livre des Fais et Bonnes Meurs du sage Roy Charles V_, by Christine de Pisan, 107.

_Livre des Faits d'Armes et de Chevalerie_, by Christine de Pisan, 107.

Lombard, Peter, on equality of woman, 47 _footnote_.

Lombroso, 109.

London Chemical Society, 228.

London, University of, attitude of, toward women, 54 _footnote_, 207, 288, 305.

Longfellow, 316; quoted, 379.

Losa, Isabella, 68.

Louis XII, 59.

_Louis Agassiz, His Life and Correspondence_, 379.

Louise of Saxe-Gotha, Duchesse, 178, 179.

Lungo, Isidoro del, 361 _footnote_.

Luther, attitude of, toward women, 75.

Luynes, Mlle. de, 82.

Lyceum of ancient Athens, admission of women to, 10.

Lyell, Mrs. Charles, 373.

Mace, Hanna, 195.

_Machina Coelestis_, of Hevilius, 175.

Macpherson, Geraldine, 316 _footnote_.

Maintenon, Mme. de, 83, 84, 85.

Maistre, Count Joseph de, quoted, 395, 396.

Malacorona, Rudolfo, 285, 286.

Malatesta, Battista, 62.

Malvezzi, Virginia, 298.

Mangord, daughters of, 54.

Manning, Mrs. A. H., 352.

Mantua, Marchioness of, 310, 311.

Manzolini, Anna Morandi, 236-238, 298.

Marburg, University of, 294.

Marcella, 31.

Marcet, Mrs., 372, 373.

Marchina, Marta, 78.

Margaret of Navarre, 70.

Margarita, physician, 297.

Maria Theresa, Empress, 147.

Marine invertebrates, Mary Rathbun's work on, 254.

Marine life, Sophia Pereyaslawzewa's study of, 244, 245.

Markham, Clements R., 300 _footnote_.

Marlow, 67.

Marmontel, 90.

Marot, Clement, 66.

Marriage, intellectual development of women and, 412, 415, 416.

Martia, 356, 361.

Martial, quoted, 20 _footnote_, 28, 30.

"Mary Kingsley Society of West Africa, The," 258.

Mary Stuart, 69.

Masi, Ernesto, 208 _footnote_.

Mason, O. T., 343 _footnote_.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 217, 220.

Massalsky, Princess Helena Kolzoff (Doria d'Istria), traveler, 255.

Mastellagri, Maria, 298.

Matapi, the, woman's invention of, 340.

Materia medica, 278.

Mathematics, women in, 136-166.

Mather, Sarah, 345.

Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg, 46, 52.

Matildas of Helfta, 49.

Matteo, Thomasia de, physician, 297.

Maupertuis, 152.

Maury, Antonia C., 195.

Mazois, Fr., 312.

Mazzuchelli, quoted, 142 _footnote_.

Meaux, C., 288 _footnote_.

_Mechanique Celeste_, Laplace's, Mary Somerville's translation of, 159.

_Mechanism of the Heavens_, Mary Somerville's, 159.

Medaglia, Diamante, 142.

Medical women in Greece, 267-271; in Rome, 271-274; in England and Germany, 290-295.

_Medical Women--A Thesis and a History_, by Dr. Sophia Jex-Blake, 307 _footnote_.

Medici, Michele, 237 _footnote_.

Medicine, attitude of Italian and Anglo-Saxon universities toward women students of, 80; women in, 266-308.

Medico-Chirurgical Academy of St. Petersburg, 304.

Melanchthon, daughter of, 70.

_Memoire sur le Feu_, by Marquise du Chatelet, 202.

_Memoirs on Chemistry_, by Lavoisier, 215.

_Memorial de l'Art des Accouchements_, by Mme. Bovin, 294.

Menagius, 137.

Menander, 10.

Mendelssohn, Fanny, 264.

Mendelssohn, Felix, 264, 359.

Mendoza, Dona Maria Pacheco de, 68.

Mercuriade, physician, 286.

Merian, Dorothea and Helena, 241.

Merian, Maria Sibylla, naturalist, 240-242.

Merriam, Florence, 254.

Messia Castula, duumvira, 27.

Metallurgy, 238, 240.

Metaneira, 10.

Metcalf, Betsy, 351.

Meteorologico Ozonometric station at Rome organized by Caterina Scarpellini, 192.

Metradora, physician, 270.

Mexican National Museum, 324.

Meyer, Ernest H. F., 234 _footnote_.

Michaelangelo, 359; Vittoria Colonna and, 62, 65.

Michaelis, 312 _footnote_.

_Michelet_, quoted, 70.

Middle Ages, the education of women during, 34-54.

Mill, John Stuart, 109; on intellectual capacity of women, 134; quoted, 381, 387, 397, 398.

Miller, Olive Thorne, 254.

Milton, quoted, 99.

Mineralogy, 238, 256; Herr Kablick's study of, 243.

Minerva, 338.

Mines, Denver School of, 254.

Mining, Mme. de Beausoleil's treatment of, 240.

Mitchell, Maria, achievements of, in astronomy, 191, 192.

Moliere, 30, 90; plays of, 85-87; _Femmes Savantes_, and _Precieuses Ridicules_ of, 172; _L'Ecole des Femmes of_, 412.

Molluoca, 254.

Molza, Tarquinia, 60.

Monasteries, as centers of learning in Middle Ages, 35.

Mondino, 237 _footnote_.

_Monographie de Turbellaries de la Mer Noire_, by Sophia Pereyaslawzewa, 245.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, quoted, 96, 97; 299 _footnote_.

Montaigne, attitude of, toward women, 75.

Montalembert, quoted, 37, 38.

Montespan, Mme. de, 84.

Montesquieu, attitude of, toward women, 93.

Montmorency, Charlotte de, 88.

Montpensier, Duchess of, 84, 87.

Morandi-Menzolini, Anna, 79.

Morati, Fulvia Olympia, 62, 70.

More, Sir Thomas, daughters of, 69.

Morella, Juana, 68, 69.

Morphology, cellular, 254.

Motherhood, intellectual development and, 415, 416.

Mozart, 359.

Mueller, John, of Koenigsburg, 170.

Murat, Joachim, 311.

Murfeldt, Mary E., 254.

Murphy, Anna. _See_ Jameson, Mrs.

Myrtides, 17.

Myrus, 17.

Nairne, Lady, 264.

Naples, school of medicine at, 297.

Napoleon, 155, 209, 299, 311, 313; weight of brain of, 120.

Natural sciences, women in, 233-264.

Naturalists, Congress of, in 1893, 245.

_Nautical Almanac_, Miss Mitchell, compiler for, 191, 192.

Navarre, Pierre de, quoted, 45 _footnote_.

Navier, 156.

Navigation, Janet Taylor's works on, 161.

Necker, Mme., 281 _footnote_.

Nelli, Suor Plantilla, 60.

Newnham College, 100; Jane E. Harrison's lectures at, 332.

Newton, 202, 207, 209, 371, 384.

_Newtonism for Women_, Algarotti's, 152.

Newton's _Principia_, 206; Mme. du Chatelet's translation of, 152, 175, 176, 201.

New York Infirmary, 303.

Nicarete, 11.

Nightingale, Florence, 267, 274, 281 _footnote_.

Ninon de Lenclos, 11, 90, 92.

Nobel prize, in chemistry awarded to Mme. Curie by King of Sweden, 228; in physics awarded to the Curies and M. H. Becquerel, 228; won by Madame Curie, 394.

Noe-Candedi, Maddelena, 298.

Nogorola, Ginevra, 58 _footnote_.

Nogorola, Isotta, 58 _footnote_.

Nossidis, 17.

_Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles_, by Francois Huber, 372.

Noves, Laura de, 357, 362.

Nuns, Anglo-Saxon, 36-42; German, 43-50; accomplishments of, 51; influence of, 51-53; medical work of, 274-281.

Nur Mahal, 336.

Nuttall, Zelia, archaeologist, 322-324.

Nutting, M. Adelaide, 280 _footnote_.

Oclo, Mama, inventions of, 336.

Octavia, 24.

Odyssey, 267; translated by Mme. Dacier, 82; quotation from, 267.

_On Curves and Surfaces of Higher Order_, by Mary Somerville, 160.

_On Molecular and Microscopic Science_, by Mary Somerville, 160, 212.

_On the Theory of Differences_, by Mary Somerville, 160.

_Opuscula_ of Anna Maria von Schurman, 95.

Ordronaux, J., 283 and 284 _footnote_.

Origenia, physician, 270.

_Origin de l'Homme et de Societes_, by Clemence Royer, 246.

_Orlando Furioso_, 276.

Ormerod, Eleanor, economic entomologist, 246-252, 264; entomological publications of, 249-250; important positions of, 251, 252.

Ornithology, 254.

Orr, M. A., 196.

Ostia, Fabiola's hospital at, 272.

Otto III, 52.

Ovid, 5; in praise of Livia, 24.

Oxford, H. Rashdall, 288 _footnote_.

Oxford, University of, funds from suppressed convents devoted to, 41, 42; attitude of, toward women, 65, 80, 100, 230.

Oxygen, discoveries of, 216; discovery of, by Lavoisier, 216.

Ozanam, quoted, 55.

Padua, 296.

Padua, University of, Elena Cornaro Piscopia honored by, 77.

Palatine, Princess, 82.

Paleontology, Frau Kablick's study of, 242-243.

Palgrave, comparison of Milton and Caedmon by, 38.

Pallas Athene, inventions of, 335.

Palmer, Mrs. Margaretta, of Yale, 195.

_Paradise Lost_, quoted from 389.

Paris, medical work of women in, 288-290, 292; Faculty of Medicine in, opposition by, to Jacobe Felicie, 289.

Parthenay, Catherine de, 362.

Pascal, 82, 113, 140.

Pascal, Gilberte and Jaqueline, 82.

_Passions de l'Ame_ of Descartes, 370.

Pasteur, Louis, 113, 114, 226, 247, 248.

Pasteur, Mme., 376, 377, 383 _footnote_.

Patch, Edith M., 254.

Patents granted to women inventors, 344-355.

Patterson, Florence Wambaugh, work in, 254.

Patterson, Florence Wambaugh, 254.

Paula, 31-34, 357, 361.

Pavia, 296; University of, degree conferred on Maria Pellegrina Amoretti by, 78.

Peckham, Elizabeth W., 254.

Pennington, Lady, quoted, 98 _footnote_.

Pennsylvania, University of, 322.

Pereyaslawzewa, Sophia, biologist, 244-245.

Perez, Antonio, 68.

Perez, Gregoria, 68.

Perez, Luisa, 68.

Pericles, quoted, 4; influence of Aspasia on, 12-14.

Perictione, 8.

Perugino, 66.

Petraccini-Terretti, Maria, 79.

Petrarch, 357, 358 _footnote_.

Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, 255, 256.

Phelps, Almira Lincoln, 254.

Phidias, 12.

Philosophy, achievements of women in, in ancient Greece, 8; Clemence Royer's books on, 245.

Phryne, 11.

_Physica_, 233, 234.

_Physica_, by St. Hildegard, 278.

_Physical Geography_, by Mary Somerville, 160, 211.

Physical power, relation of, to mental energy, arguments based on, 111-115, 127.

Physicians, women, in Italy, 295-300; American attitude toward, 300-304; _See also_ Medical women.

Physics, women in, 197-213; Clemence Royer's books on, 245.

Physiology, vegetable, Florence Patterson's work in, 254.

Pierry, Mme. du, 178, 179.

Pindar, defeated by Corinna, 6.

Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Maria Gaetana Agnesi in charge of, 149.

_Pioneer Work in Opening the Medical Profession to Women_, by Elizabeth Blackwell, 302 _footnote_.

Pisa, Leonardo da, 141.

Pisan, Christine de, 53, 106-108; on intellectual capacity of women, 134, 135.

Piscopia, Elena Cornaro, of Venice, 77, 142, 143.

Planisphere, invention of, by Hypatia, 140, 200.

Platearius, John, 284.

Plato, 10, 11, 137; in praise of Sappho, 5; quoted, 11; influence of Aspasia on, 13, 16; on education of women, 15, 16; on the seclusion of Athenian women, 26, 27; ideal of, of equal rights for women, 399.

Pliny, 270; quoted, 28, 29.

Plotinus, 200.

Plutarch, 22, 167; quoted, 4 _footnote_, 95; in praise of Cornelia, 26.

Poetry, achievements of women in, in ancient Greece, 5-7; in ancient Rome, 28; in the Renaissance, 61, 62.

Pogson, Miss, in the Observatory of Madras, India, 196.

Poisson, 154.

Polignac, Cardinal, 204.

Politian, 63, 73.

Political economy, Clemence Royer's work in, 245.

Polonium, discovery of, by Mme. Curie, 223.

Polydamna, physician, 267, 268.

Pompeii, excavations of Queen Caroline at, 311, 312.

Pope, 98, 113.

Porcia, 23.

Portico, the admission of women to, 10.

Portinari, Beatrice, 357.

Poupard, Mary E., 347 _footnote_.

_Pratique des Accouchements_, by Mme. La Chapelle, 294.

Praxilla, 6, 17.

Praxiteles, 11.

_Precieuses Ridicules_, of Moliere, 30, 85-87, 172.

Priestly, 216.

_Primitive Athens as Described by Thucydides_, by Jane E. Harrison, 332 _footnote_.

_Princesse de Cleves_, 91.

_Principia_, Newton's, Emilie du Chatelet's translation of, 152, 175, 176, 201.

_Principia Philosophiae_ of Descartes, 369, 370.

Priscianus, Theodorus, 271.

_Prix Bordin_, won by Sonya Kovalevsky, 163.

_Problema Practicum_ of Anna Van Schurman, 95 _footnote_.

Procopius, 277 _footnote_.

Proctor, Mary, 196.

Proctor, R. A., 196.

_Prodromus Astronomiae_, of Hevilius, 175.

_Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_ by Jane E. Harrison, 332 _footnote_.

Prony, 216.

Proudhon, 111, 245, 334, 338, 346.

Psalter, Latin, St. Jerome's version of, corrected by Paula and Eustochium, 32, 33.

Psychology, as a basis of woman's equality with man, 399.

Public affairs, woman's influence in, in ancient Rome, 23-25.

Pudentilla, 356.

_Punch_, quoted, 302 _footnote_.

Pusey, E. B., 113.

Putnam, Mary C., physician, 290 _footnote_; 304.

Pythagoras, 137, 197, 199.

Queensland Amalie Dietrich's botanical work in, 244.

Quintilian, Hortensia praised by, 27.

Quintus Maximus, 273.

Rabelais, 57; attitude of, toward women, 75.

Radcliffe College, 255.

Radium, discovery of, by the Curies, 224.

Rambouillet, Marquise de, 88, 89.

Randolph, Harriet, 254.

Raphael's _School of Athens_, 141.

Rashdall, quoted, 55, 56.

Rasponi, Donna Felice, 60.

Rathbun, Mary J., 254.

_Recognitions of Clement_ translated by Margaret Gibson, 330 _footnote_.

Red Cross, nurses of, 308.

_Reduction and Arrangement in the Form of Catalogue, in Zones, of All the Star-clusters and Nebulae Observed by Sir W. Herschel in His Sweeps_, by Caroline Herschel, 186.

_Reflexions sur le Bonheur_, by Emilie du Chatelet, 153.

_Regimen Santatis Salernitanum_, 282.

Regiomontanus, 170.

Reinhardt, Anna Barbara, 154.

Renaissance, 309, 310; women poets of, 7; dates of, 54-56; women and education during, 54-75; in Italy, 55; literary exponents of, 57; women of, in Italy, 57-68; women and education following, 76-105.

Renan, in praise of Mme. Royer, 246.

Renaud, A., 343 _footnote_.

Renee, Duchess of Ferrara, 65, 66.

Reni, Guido, 61.

Renzi, S. de, 287 and 288, _footnote_.

_Republic_ of Plato, 15, 16.

_Rerum Medicarum_, by Theodorus Priscianus, 271.

_Restitution de Pluton_, by Baroness de Beausoleil, 238.

Retzius, Prof., 124.

Reuss, Dr. F. A., quoted on St. Hildegard, 279.

Ribera, Catherine, 68.

Richards, Mrs. Ellen H., sanitary chemist, 217-220.

Richelieu, Cardinal, 88, 94, 239.

Ringle, Chevalier, 238.

Ritter, Frederic, 363 _footnote_.

Ritter, Karl, 256.

Roberval, 172.

Roccati, Cristina, 142.

Rochechouart, Elizabeth de, 82.

Rochechouart, Gabrielle de, 82.

Rohan, Anne de, 82.

Rohan, Marie-Eleanore de, 82.

Rohan, Princesse de, 362.

Romana, Francesca de, physician, 286.

Rome, ancient woman and education in, 18-34; medical women in, 271-274; medical faculty of, 297.

Ronsard, quoted, 70 _footnote_.

Roentgen, 223.

Rosales, Isabella, 145.

Rossi, Giovanni Battista de, 326.

Rossi, Properzia de, 60, 298.

Rousseau, 413; quoted, 30 _footnote_; attitude of, toward women, 92, 93.

Royal Agricultural Society of England, 251.

"Royal Asiatic Society," 258.

Royal Astronomical Society, Mary Somerville elected to, 159; gold medal bestowed upon Caroline Herschel by, 186, 187; Caroline Herschel's books published by, 186; Caroline Herschel elected to, 188.

Royal College of Science for Ireland, comparative standing of men and women in, 128, 129.

Royal Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland, 316.

Royal Institution of Great Britain, 228.

Royal Irish Academy, election of Caroline Herschel to, 189.

Royal Society of Great Britain, attitude of, toward women, 230, 393, 394.

Royal Swedish Academy, 228.

Royer, Clemence Augustine, scientist, 245-246.

_Rudolphine Tables_, Maria Cunitz's abridgment of, 171.

Ruemker, Mme., 191.

Rusticana, 356.

Ruteboeuf, in praise of Trotula, 285.

Ryssel, Professor V., 331 _footnote_.

Sabatier, Paul, 359 _footnote_.

Sabbadini, quoted, 59 _footnote_.

Sabliere, Mme. de la, 171-173.

_Sacred and Legendary Art_ by Mrs. Jameson, 313, 315, 316.

St. Andrews, University of, 332.

St. Augustine, 212.

St. Boniface, 39.

St. Clara, 358, 359, 361.

St. Cyr, Institut de, 83, 84, 85.

Saint-Evremond, 88, 390.

St. Hilda, Abbess of Whitby, 36-39.

St. Hildegard, Abbess of the Convent of St. Rupert, 45-48, 233-235; knowledge of astronomy of, 169, 170; as physician, 277-281.

St. Jerome, 31-33; quoted, 273.

St. Jerome's _Vulgate_, 357.

St. John of Beverly, 37.

St. John's College, Cambridge, endowment of, by funds from suppressed convents, 41, 42.

St. Lioba, Abbess of Bishopsheim, 39, 40.

St. Nicerata, physician, 272.

St. Radegund, Abbess of Poitiers, 36.

St. Theodosia, physician, 272.

Salerno, 53, 54 _footnotes_, 296.

Salerno, University of, 281-288; women as students and professors of medicine in, 80, 281-288.

Salons, French, 88-92.

Samarium, discovery of, 219.

Sand, George, 246, 264.

Sanitation, study of, by Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, 217-220.

Sapienza, chair in, offered to Marta Marchina, 78.

Sappho, 5-8, 17.

Sarti, 298.

_Satire contre les Femmes_, Boileau's, 172.

Saussure, de, 215.

Savari, Mme. Pauline, 231 _footnote_.

Saxony, privileges of abbesses in, 52.

Scala, Alessandra, 59.

Scarpellini, Caterina, 192.

Scarpellini, Feliciano, 192.

Scheele, 216.

Schiffi, Chiara. _See_ St. Clara.

Schiller, 113.

Schliemann, Dr. Henry, 317, 318, 319.

Schliemann, Mme. Sophia, archaeologist, 317, 318, 319, 362.

Scholasticism, 233.

_School of Athens_, Raphael's, 141.

Schopenhauer, 111, 414.

Schubert, 359.

Schumann, 359.

Scipio Africanus, Cornelia, daughter of, 22.

Scott, Miss Charlotte Angas, 166.

Scudery, Madeleine de, 88, 91.

Scutari, 274.

Sebastopol, biological station at, 244.

_Select Narratives of Holy Women_ translated by Agnes Lewis, 331 _footnote_.

_Selenographia_ of Hevilius, 175.

Se-ling-she, invention of silk by, 336.

Semiramis, 341 _footnote_.

Serment, Louise, 82.

Servilia, 23.

Sevigne, Mme. de, 88.

Seymour, Anne, Margaret and Jane, 69.

Shakespeare, 57, 67.

Sheldon, J. M. Arms, 254.

Shelley, 67.

Sidonius, Caius Apollinaris, 356.

Siebold, Carlotta von, physician, 292.

Siebold, Regina Joseph von, physician, 292.

Sigea, Luisa, 69.

Silkworms, Frau Merian's work on, 242.

Simms, Dr. Joseph, 120.

_Sir Isumbras_, 275.

Sixtus IV, Pope, 297, 309.

Skull, relation of size of, to mental energy, arguments based on, 115-117.

Slosson, Annie T., 254.

Small-pox, prevention of, 299 _footnote_.

Smith, Emily A., 254.

Smith, Sydney, quoted, 92, 413 _footnote_.

Smithsonian Institute, 323.

Snow, Dr. Julia W., 254.

Social and economic conditions, intellectual growth of women and, 405, 406.

Socrates, 199, 200; tribute of, to Diotima of Mantinea, 11; influence of Aspasia on, 12, 13, 16; woman's equality with man asserted by, 15, 16.

Solomon, quoted, 336.

Solon, in praise of Sappho, 5.

_Some Pages of the Four Gospels Retranscribed from the Sinaitic Palimpsest_, by Agnes Lewis, 330 _footnote_.

Somerville, Mary, 157-161, 211, 391, 392; early life of, 157, 158; translation of Laplace's _Mechanique Celeste_ by, 159; honors of, 159, 160; books by, 160, 211, 212; home life of, 161; election of, to Royal Astronomical Society, 188, 189; achievements of, in astronomy, 190, 211, 212; death of, 212.

Somerville, Rev. Dr., 158.

Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia, 370, 371.

Sophocles, 12.

Sorbonne, lectures of Mme. Curie at, 227.

South America, Mme. Coudreau's explorations in, 258-263.

Spain, women of the Renaissance in, 68, 69.

Spalding, Most Rev. Archbishop J. L., quoted, 413 and 414 _footnote_.

Spanheim, 94.

Specialization in scientific research, 408, 409.

_Spectator_, 306.

Spencer, Herbert, 2, 113.

Spenser, 67.

Spiegelberg, Moritz von, 62.

Spilimbergo, Irene di, 61 _footnote_.

Stael, Mme. de, 89, 91, 246; Marquise du Chatelet ridiculed by, 177.

Stampa, Gaspara, 61.

Steele, 98.

Stephens, Mabel C., 195.

_Steppes de la Mer Caspienne_, by Mme. Hommaire de Hell, 373.

Stevenson, Sarah Yorke, archaeologist, 322, 323.

Stilpo, 11.

Stockholm, University of, appointment of Sonya Kovalevsky to chair of higher mathematics in, 162, 183; Sonya Kovalevsky's lectures at, 164 _footnote_.

Stotes, Margaret, archaeologist, 316, 317.

Strindberg, 163, 165.

Strozi, Lorenza, 59.

_Studia Sinaitica_, 330.

Suetonius, quoted, 19.

Suidas, 200.

Sulpicia, 28.

_Supellex Manzoliniana_, 237.

Surgery, women in, 266-308.

Surinam, insects of, Frau Merian's book on, 240-241.

_Survey of the Heavens_, by Sir William Herschel, 187.

Suslowa, Nadejda, physician, 304.

Sviani, Elisabetta, 298.

Swallow, Ellen. _See_ Richards, Mrs. Ellen H.

Swammerdam, 248.

Swetchine, Mme., 89.

Swift, 98, quoted, 98 _footnote_.

_Symbols and Emblems of Early Mediaeval Christian Art_ by Louise Twining, 316.

Symonds, J. A., 113.

Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais, 141, 168, 199, 200.

Tacitus, 24, 25, 28.

Taine, comparison of Milton and Caedmon by, 38.

Taj Mahal, 337 _footnote_.

Tambroni, Clotilda, professor of Greek, 78, 79, 209, 298.

Tasso, Torquato, 66.

Taylor, Janet, 161.

Telesilla, 6, 17.

Tencin, Mme., 92.

Tennyson, quoted, 416, 417.

Terentia, 356, 361.

Tertulla, 23.

Thais, 11.

Theano, 8, 17, 199, 269.

Themista, 8.

_Theodicy_, by Leibnitz, 371.

Theodora, 359.

Theon, 137, 168, 199.

Thucydides, quoted, 4 _footnote_.

Thurm, Christopher, 174.

Tiberius, wife of, 24.

_Tides of the Ocean and Atmosphere, The_, by Mary Somerville, 212.

Tischendorf, 328, 329.

Titian, 61, _footnote_, 66.

_Traite de Chimie_, by Lavoisier, 215.

_Traite d'Horlogerie_, 179.

_Traite de Radio-Activite_, by Mme. Curie, 228.

Travelers, women, 255-264.

_Travels in West Africa_, by Mary H. Kingsley, 257.

Treat, Mary, 254.

Trinity college, Dublin, 100.

_Tristan und Isolde_, by Godfrey of Strasburg, 276.

Trombetas, explored by Madame Coudreau, 258.

Trotula of Salerno, physician, 284-286, 296, 297, 299.

Tulia, letters of, 29.

Turgenieff, weight of brain of, 119.

Twining, Louise, archaeologist, 316.

Tyndall, 385.

_Types and Figures of the Bible Illustrated by Art_, by Louise Twining, 316.

United States, women in, in post-Renaissance period, 99, 100; women mathematicians in, 166; women astronomers in, 195; famous women naturalists in, 253-255; women physicians in, 300-304; education in, 401, 402.

United States National Museum, 254.

Universities, of England, Scotland and Ireland, attitude of, toward women, 100, 101; of Germany open to women, 101; European, women as professors in, 102; coeducational, comparative standing of men and women in, 128, 129.

Universities, Italian, attitude of, toward women, 57, 58; women in, during the Renaissance, 62-65; women professors in, 78-80; attitude of, toward women, compared with that of Anglo-Saxons, 80.

Urania, muse of astronomy, 167.

_Urania Propitia_, by Maria Cunitz, 171.

Urbino, court of, 66, 67.

Urbino, Duchess of, 310, 311.

Urbino, University of, 62.

Vaccination, 299 _footnote_.

_Valiae_, physician, 272.

Van Schurman, Anna Maria, 94, 95.

Vasari, in praise of Suor Plantilla Nelli, 60.

Vasca de Gama, 56.

Vasourie, 236.

Vassar, Matthew, 100.

Vassar College, 100, 192, 216, 253.

Vatican, 309.

Vega, Lopez, 68.

Veitch, Professor John, quoted, 382, 383 _footnote_.

Venerable Bede, quoted, 37, 38.

Verronese, Guarino, 58 and 59 _footnote_.

Vico, Father de, 191.

Victoria, physician, 271.

Victoria, Queen, 316.

Viete, Francois, 362.

Vigri, Caterina, 60 _footnote_.

Virchow, Rudolph, 117, 278.

Virgil, quoted, 112, 335.

_Vis viva_, views of Marquise du Chatelet on, 202.

_Vita Nuova_, by Dante, 357.

Vitalis, Ordericus, 285.

Vives, Juan, 68, 69, 73, 75.

Voet, 94.

Voght, 246.

Voiture, 88.

Voltaire, 89, 117; attitude of, toward women, 93; Emilie du Chatelet and, 151, 153, 178 and 179 _footnote_; quoted 175, 206, 334, 346; election of, to the Bologna Academy, 207; letters of, to Laura Bassi, 207.

_Voyage a la Mapuera_, by Mme. Coudreau, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Cumina_, by Mme. Coudreau, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Itaboca et a l'Etacayuna_, by the Coudreaux, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Maycuru_, by Madame Coudreau, 262 and 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Rio Curua_, by Madame Coudreau, 262 and 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Tapaos_, by the Coudreaux, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Tocantins-Araguaya_, by the Coudreaux, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Trombetas_, by Madame Coudreau, 258, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage au Xingu_, by the Coudreaux, 263 _footnote_.

_Voyage entre Tocantins et Xingu, et Voyage au Yamunda_, by the Coudreaux, 263 _footnote_.

Vulgate, 357; assistance of Paula and Eustochium in preparation of, 32.

Wagner, Rudolph, 120.

Wallace, Robert, 252 _footnote_.

Walpole, Horace, 89; quoted, 97 _footnote_.

_Waltharius_, by Ekkehard, 276.

Warsaw, 221.

Watson, Sir William, quoted, 184.

Weber, 359.

Wells, Louisa D., 195.

_West African Studies_, by Mary H. Kingsley, 257.

Westwood, 248.

Wheeler, Miss B. E., archaeologist, 321.

Whewell, Dr., 160.

Whiting, Sarah F., of Wellesley, 195.

Whitney, Eli, 352.

Whitney, Mary W., of Vassar, 195.

Wilhelm II, attitude of, toward women, 94.

William of Auxerre, in praise of St. Hildegard, 47, 48.

Williams, Blanche E., archaeologist, 321.

Winckelmann, 311.

Winlock, Anna, 195.

_Wisdom_, by Perictione, 8.

_Woman Under Monasticism_, Eckenstein's, 52.

_Women in English Life_, by Georgiana Hill, 41.

Wordsworth, quoted, 372.

Wordsworth, Dorothy, 372.

Worms, Fannie Langdon's study of, 254.

Wuerzburg, University of, 279.

Xenophon, quoted, 4; 25.

Young, Annie S., of Mt. Holyoke, 195.

Young, Arthur, 214.

Zoology, Herr Kablick's study of, 243.

Zoyosa, Casa, 59 _footnote_.

Zurich, University of, 244, 304.

* * * * *

FOLLOWING THE CONQUISTADORES

Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdalena

By H. J. MOZANS, A. M., Ph. D. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, uncut edges. Price $3.00 net. By mail $3.20.

"His pages breathe the poetry of travel, the romance of Sir John Mandeville, tempered by the moderation of scientific research. This is a very model of a travel book, and the author is to be congratulated on a result that will insure a wide public for the promised sequel."--_The World_, London, England.

"The book is beyond question the most valuable of all the books on South America which has appeared. It is as interesting as a novel, full of entertaining anecdote and of real value to the student. It contains some maps and excellent illustrations from photographs."--_The Call_, San Francisco, Cal.

"This is a remarkably interesting book, leading us through a region little known to the majority of English travelers, and possessing, in consequence, that charm of novelty in which works of the same description are occasionally deficient."--_The Standard_, London, England.

"The reader will find this trip with the author, "Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdalena," as agreeable and instructive as a personally conducted visit to the heart of the Andes."--_Evening Transcript_, Boston, Mass.

"This volume, remarkable alike for its instructive qualities and the excellent composition, will open a vista of delight to the reader who relishes travel."--_The News_, Charleston, S. C.

"Dr. Mozans sees the country with the trained and experienced eye of a world traveler and with the well stocked mind of the lover of literature. The past is linked with the present, the unknown with the known, and poetically appreciated in a way that is most delightful."--_The Tribune_, Chicago, Ill.

"The author, a traveler of many years of experience, who has explored strange corners of the globe in every zone, combines with accurate observation and a facile power of description a knowledge of history that enables him to illuminate his work with something of the romance that attaches to the tales of the conquistadores in whose trail he followed on this journey. The resulting book is one that gives the reader a complete new set of impressions and ideas concerning Venezuela and Columbia and the great rivers that water these still unsettled lands."--The _Times Star_, Cincinnati, Ohio.

"Not since the appearance of Humboldt's "_Personal Narrative of Travels in the Equinoctial Regions of America_" has the fertile and romantic region of _Tierra Firma_--the scene of the exploits of some of this most illustrious of the _Conquistadores_--been so fully and so vividly described as by Doctor Mozans in his instructive and fascinating volume "_Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdalena_.""--_Bulletin of the Pan-American Union._

Along the Andes and Down the Amazon

By H. J. MOZANS, A. M., Ph. D. With an Introduction by THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Illustrated. 8vo, cloth, gilt top, uncut edges. Price $3.50 net. By mail $3.70

"It was a great project and a grand journey, but we do not recall any writer who could describe it so delightfully as Dr. Mozans. He has not only an irresistible literary charm, but he is so saturated with knowledge of what he writes about that all he writes has an irresistible interest."--_The Herald_, Glasgow, Scotland.

"Readers of Dr. Mozans' book have been impressed by the remarkable, almost amazing, erudition shown in it. It has also a modernity that is unusual in scholarly persons. Dr. Mozans seems to have been everywhere and studied everything. His especial interest in life has been thoroughly to acquaint himself with the history, antiquities and people, past and present, of northern South America."--_The Literary Digest_, New York City.

"Dr. Mozans writes English after our own style, and has a point of view half philosophical and half poetic. He is highly sensitive to the mystery of the dead civilizations of the Andean plateaux, as well as to the abounding life of the modern States, and the book generally is the pleasantest account of South America we have encountered for a considerable time."--_The Standard_, London, England.

"To read his book is not only to travel with him to strange places but also to be steeped in good literature."--_The Record-Herald_, Chicago, Ill.

"Great learning is often allied with great simplicity. It is so in the case of Dr. Mozans. He is bubbling over with information about the achievements of the Spanish conquistadores and the subsequent history of the lands over which they established their sway."--_The Field_, London, England.

"Whether Dr. Mozans' volume is resorted to for solid information or mere entertainment it will well repay the reading."--The _New York Times_.

"A book which every traveler to South America, especially every traveler to the west coast of the continent, will wish to have in his handbag."--_Bulletin of the Pan-American Union._

"This is a delightful book from every standpoint."--Ex-President Roosevelt, in the Introduction to Dr. Mozans' book.

"Like the well-known works of Waterton and Humboldt on South America, the two books by Dr. Mozans are sure to have a permanent value and to be recognized as soon as known, as authorities on the countless subjects discussed in their illuminating pages with such fairness and scholarship."--_The Freeman's Journal_, New York City.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK