CHAPTER XV
UTRECHT AND ’S HERTOGENBOSCH
There can be only one reason for my clearing my conscience of Utrecht and ’S Hertogenbosch in one and the same chapter. This may or may not be apparent to him who has already toured Holland, for the two towns cannot be said to be on the same line of traffic; they are not even in the same province; neither are they alike in appearance. Utrecht, the capital of the province of that name, with its canals and old houses, its lime avenues and its shady parks, has more of the typical Dutch element in its make-up, and can be as easily reached, and as profitably, from either Rotterdam or Amsterdam.
’S Hertogenbosch, on the other hand, the frontier town of the southern provinces, lies along the route that leads into Germany, and its “windmills and wooden shoes” are conspicuous in their absence. It seems, out of respect for its geographical position, more of a Belgian city. Indeed, the Belgians, unable to conquer its Dutch nomenclature, long ago rechristened the place, and now it is as often spoken of by the more euphonious name of Bois le Duc--a merciful convenience for all of my personal purposes, because it is as difficult to write ’S Hertogenbosch as it is to pronounce it. Since to Bois le Duc it has been simplified, Bois le Duc it shall be henceforth called within these pages.
Now to divulge my secret for treating Utrecht and Bois le Duc in the same chapter: with their famous churches they are the most important ecclesiastical cities in Holland. Utrecht, in addition, is a university town, a cattle center, and one of the oldest places, as well as one of the largest, in the Netherlands. In Roman times it was known by the Latin translation of “The Ford of the Rhine”--_Trajectum ad Rhenum_. In the seventh century, under the Frisians, King Dagobert I founded here the first Frisian church. Subsequently the archbishops of Utrecht grew to be the most powerful of medieval prelates, and their see at an early date became renowned for the magnificence of its houses of worship. Utrecht was included in the French province of Lorraine, was later annexed to the German empire by force of circumstances, and enjoyed the distinction of being a favorite residence of the emperors. The union of the seven Dutch provinces was formed in Utrecht in 1579, under the sponsorship and direction of John of Nassau, brother of William, Prince of Orange, to establish the independence of the Netherlands. From that time on until 1593 the States-General assembled here; in that year the seat of the Dutch Government was transferred to The Hague. The most celebrated event in the old city’s history, however, took place on the 11th of April, 1713, when the peace was here concluded that terminated the Spanish wars of Succession.
That much for history.
Twentieth century Utrecht is different. Its old-time importance as one of the foremost commercial cities of the Middle Ages was owing to its enviable position on the Rhine where the river wrenches itself into two branches--the Old Rhine and the Vecht. The former percolates, according to the will and calculations of the Dutch engineers, into the North Sea at Katwyk, and the Vecht empties into the Zuyder Zee, near Muiden. The city’s commercial importance and activity have dwindled piteously into a weekly cattle market held in the Vreeburg, Utrecht’s great central square, occupying the site of a castle built in 1517 by Emperor Charles V.
With the break of day on Saturday the farmers from the surrounding country, “_klomped_” in more varied styles of wooden shoes than you will find in any other single town in Holland, begin to arrive with their stock at the Vreeburg. In the night a conglomerate collection of little side-show tents and canvas-covered stalls for the sale of almost everything, has sprung up like a bed of mushrooms on the outskirts of the market place, so that the cattle dealer, after he has negotiated a substitution of stock for its equivalent in the coin of the realm, may want for neither amusement nor a convenient place to purchase the hundred and one articles that his better seven-eighths has cautioned him not to come home without.
Singularly enough, the same methods obtain in bargaining for cows in Utrecht that are prevalent while dickering for cheeses in Alkmaar. There is the same placid composure on the part of the seller, the same minute examination on the part of the buyer; there is the same Captain John Smith pose; there is the same whacking of hands; there is the same general exodus from the market place, after the ceremonies, to the more blithesome lunchrooms and halls of frivolity. I wish I might have followed up the case of a cattle dealer whom I saw in a certain café after the market, making a lunch of the uncertain mixture of a glass of beer and a dish of currants. The notation of the after effects of the combination might have been of value to materia medica.
Utrecht’s famous old churches have been pillaged and desecrated to a great extent by the elements and the changes wrought by time and tide. Once, long ago, when the followers of the various creeds were all at sixes and sevens, the Munsterkerk, the Pieterskerk, the Janskerk, and the cathedral itself, no doubt, with their cloistersful of clergy, were walled in and moated, and patronized as much as asylums of refuge as for worship. To-day they are simply tolerated. A coffeehouse does a land office business in the archbishop’s palace, and the tramcar company has tunneled through the vaulted archway of the great detached cathedral tower rather than go to the trouble of laying the tracks around it.
And what a cathedral this Gothic curiosity of Utrecht is! Erected in the eleventh century upon the site of a former ecclesiastical edifice founded in 720, in its day it must have easily outclassed anything of its ilk in all the Netherlands. Now its back is broken, so to speak, beyond repair, for in 1674 a violent hurricane that bowled a spare with the church towers in the district, tore out the nave of the cathedral and left the tower and the choir completely disconnected. The site of the demolished nave now forms the center of the Cathedral Square, and is as much a thoroughfare as any street in the city.
The interior of the church, like the interior of almost every church of any size in Holland, offers little of originality or interest. The walls are covered with many layers of unbecoming whitewash, and any pleasing effect that the columned interior might have originally had is lost, for a portion in the center is boarded up, like a bull ring with its barrier, segregating the inclosed space for the purpose of uninterrupted worship. The one redeeming feature of the whole place, aside from a few meritorious monuments, is a handsome oaken pulpit, elaborately carved by hand, so as to give the effect of a miniature cathedral in itself.
After being a city of disabled and decrepit churches, Utrecht is a university town, and the seven or eight hundred students in attendance do their best to emulate the early ecclesiastics by trying to keep the place in a state of perennial siege, for it is to be remembered that the drudgery and frugality of university life in Holland is not what it is cracked up to be. In a way, a Dutch college education is a good bit of a farce. The student is under very few obligations except to himself. He does not have to appear in chapel; he does not even have to attend classes, and there are a large number of students in each of Holland’s three universities--young men of private fortune who take up a course in law or what not, with no intention of ever practicing, in order to avail themselves of the gaiety and freedom of university life--who never enter a lecture room from one term’s end to the other. Consequently, there is much hilarity and much extravagance, all of which is more or less resented by the thrifty, peaceful townspeople, and which sometimes places the two factions under strained relations. When a student does complete a course, having seen fit to relegate himself to the hard, honest work necessary to the attainment of a doctor’s degree, he deems it of such momentous occurrence that he forthwith has his thesis published in book form _de luxe_, and, hiring a carriage, which is manned by student initiates into his Corps, he drives in state to the residences of his several professors and intimate friends, leaving with each a copy of his work.
In the above mentioning of the Students’ Corps, I have named a salient feature of student life in Holland, and one which none of her universities is without. Although of broader membership, it takes the place of our own fraternities. It includes, however, all the students who can afford to pay its dues and subscriptions. A senate, comprising a rector, a secretary, and three other functionaries, elected annually by the Corps from among its members of four or more years’ standing, dictates the policy of the Corps and administers its affairs. Any member of the Corps is eligible for membership in the Corps Club, the culminating distinction of Dutch university life, or for any of its various subdivisions of athletic or social societies. The initiates undergo most of the harmless little byplays, not to mention some new ones, that provide for such a halcyon period in the careers of our own fraternal neophytes.
Among its numerous idiosyncrasies Utrecht has a canal, called the Oude Gracht, that is unique in comparison with other canals in other cities in Holland. The water in this canal lies far below the level of the bordering streets. Between the street and the water there is a great stone step that forms the real canal bank. In the old days the “riser” above this step was made up of foundation arches of stone upon which were built the specious mansions that fronted the thoroughfares alongside the canal. To make use of spaces which would otherwise be wasted, these vaulted foundations served as cellars, with the street for a roof, and were in as constant use as any other part of the dwelling. Most of them are now occupied as shops, to the entrances of which you must descend a flight of steps from the roadway above; but here and there their windows display the lace curtain and the boxful of flowers that give evidence of domestic habitation.
Utrecht, too, has many verdant beauty spots, the most verdant being the Hoogeland Park, with its circumference bordered with attractive villas and reached through a wide lime avenue they call the Maliebaan. In the Antiquarian Museum, situated in the park, one may behold the two most interesting relics in the possession of Utrecht, if we exclude, perhaps, the seventy different kinds of lace on view in the Archiepiscopal Museum on the Nieuwe Gracht. These are: a table, handsomely and delicately carved, at which the signatories of the famous Peace of Utrecht were said to have sat in 1713; and the “Doll’s House,” an accurate reproduction in miniature of a patrician dwelling of the period, executed in 1680, and worked out in the minutest detail from cellar to chimney pot, from kitchen utensils to genuine oil paintings by celebrated masters on the walls of the drawing room.
Surrounding Utrecht and penetrating far to the east and the south are the great fortifications, of whose presence the casual observer is entirely unaware, belonging to the first line of national defense that might be used to protect the Dutch capital from invasion--a defense in which she seeks the assistance of her mortal enemy, and discovers him weighed in the balance and not found wanting. Upon a process of general inundation, by fresh water wherever possible so as not to impair the future productiveness of the fields, does Holland depend for her safety from invasion both by land and by sea. In the probability of the latter, her power of self-exclusion is augmented by a treaty with Belgium, signed in 1892, confirmed in 1905, and only recently made public, reserving for her the right to block the great estuary of the Scheldt in case of war or rumors of war. In times of peace Belgium shares with the Netherlands all rights of navigation of the Scheldt, and Holland may not displace or remove buoys, lights, or other aids to navigation, without Belgian consent.
But with regard to Holland’s ability to isolate herself by general inundation, it is a scheme that gives little outward evidence of being in operation. A stranger might roam within her boundaries for a year and a day without even surmising that such a thing could be accomplished, so successfully are her greatest works hidden from the eye. The scheme provides, in brief, for the blowing up of railway bridges and for the opening of the sluice gates of great reservoirs, regulating the amount of water to be poured in over the country so that it should all be of the same depth, prohibiting both the possibility of wading through it and the passage of vessels over it.
A half a day, if time presses, will suffice to see Bois le Duc. After you have wandered about in its great Gothic cathedral of St. John, one of the largest and, by all odds, the fanciest church--if a church can be said to be fancy--in Holland, you will have done with the town. It holds nothing else of interest. Although of 32,000 population, and the capital of the Province of North Brabant, it is dull and unappealing to the tourist. There are few types and few distinctive mannerisms. Of its costumes, the only feature is a headdress, affected by some of the countrywomen of the surrounding district, composed of white lace and topped with garlands of artificial flowers as ridiculous and disappointing as the “poke bonnets” worn by the middle-aged matrons of Leeuwarden, and just as out of place.
Even the market square is devoid of the usual fringe of ancient buildings. Here they hold a cattle market on Wednesdays, but to strike every city in Holland upon the day of its distinctive market would necessitate a vast amount of vibratory traveling, which in itself, and not considering the markets, would soon grow monotonous. I happened upon Bois le Duc on a Saturday, when one of those nondescript, unsavory bazaars of cooking utensils and crockery was in full swing. It was a hot day, for Holland, and the sun beat down upon the unprotected square with a most uncomfortable effect. So I spent most of my spare time under the awning of a nearby café watching the business transactions of a couple of “hokey-pokey” wagons, decorated and garnished so that they resembled the floats in a Queen of the May pageant.
But an inspection of Bois le Duc’s cathedral will reimburse any traveler who has planned to pay the town a visit. It stands on the edge of a wide parade ground, not far from the market, from the opposite side of which the church’s Gothic gargoyles and entablatures can be seen to good advantage above the trees.
Founded in the eleventh century, this cathedral was originally erected as a Romanesque edifice. After suffering the inevitable results of a devastating conflagration, it was rebuilt in the early half of the fifteenth century, its Romanesque design having been discarded and a late Gothic one adopted. Since 1860 it has been subjected to a plan of restoration. And not only from without is it a pleasing contrast to the usual run of Dutch churches, but it is the only one in Holland whose interior, having marvelously escaped the iconoclasm of early days, and having been allowed to remain undesecrated by the customary coat of whitewash and the central bull ring, is what it ought to be. The visitor of to-day may obtain an uninterrupted view from one end of the cathedral to the other, for the authorities, always in need of funds to carry on the restorations to the church, sold its handsome choir screen some years ago and realized $4,500 on it. But the absence of the screen will scarcely be noticed in the cathedral--indeed, the general effect is more satisfying without it. Stowed away, however, among a collection of other ecclesiastical curios in the new Victoria and Albert Museum in South Kensington, London, without the lights and shadows of its church to enhance its richness, it has lost much of its beauty.
From Bois le Duc I was ticketed to quit the country. I had seen the cathedral, and time hung heavily, so I wandered back to the station all of an hour before the scheduled departure of my train, to jot down a few notes and indulge in a few final musings upon a great nation--the only little thing about which I found to be its area--a nation of great deeds in peace and in war, a nation of great men, a nation that has, by the sheer character of its people, surmounted great obstacles, and a nation with a future as great as its past.
Each time I have visited Holland I have been loath to leave, but in more ways than one this feeling was mitigated in Bois le Duc, for Bois le Duc is a more satisfactory place to leave from than The Hague, for example, and when the always solicitous station master, in black frock coat and bright red cap, finally came to tell me that my train was due, I gathered together my impedimenta and followed him resignedly toward the train shed.
As I passed through the waiting-room my eye caught some lettering over the mantel of an artistic fireplace. Its words pronounced the traveler’s benediction: “_Goede Reis_.” Whether he appreciated the fact or not, that old fireplace had stood there for years, wishing the voyageur a pleasant journey, and the gentleness, the simple kindliness of the message struck me as being characteristic of the men who put it there--the Hollanders.
THE END
INDEX
Aanspreker, the, 53, 54
Acreage, 1
Admiral de Ruyter, 111, 147
Admiral Dirkzoon, 154
Albert Cuyp, 41, 48, 49
Alexander of Parma, 66, 67
Alkmaar, 123, 124, 137, 138, 147, 153
Alma Tadema, Laurens, 172
Alva, Duke of, 20, 63, 65, 191
Amalia, Princess, 84
Amstel, 109
Amsterdam, 1, 5, 6, 14, 55, 57, 75, 83, 107, 108, 112, 118, 123, 124, 127–130, 137, 147, 150, 152, 153, 157
Amsterdam, Bank of, 122
Amusements, 88, 114, 115, 116, 156, 157
Animals, 57, 58
Anjou, Duke of, 66, 67
Antwerp, 20, 111
Apeldoorn, 189–191
Arnhem, 1, 193, 195, 198, 199
Arras, Bishop of, 63
Ary Scheffer, 41
Assen, 179, 182
Atlantic, 1
Australia, 152
Batavia, 151
Bathazar Gérard, 65–69
Beekhuizen, 198
Bergen-op-Zoom, 34, 36, 37
Beurs, 57
Bicycles, 23, 24
Biesbosch, 39
Biljoen, 198
Binnenhof, 41, 78–80
Bishop of Arras, 63
Bishop of Cambrai, 55
Bois le Duc, 202, 211–214
Bonaparte, Louis, 109, 110
Bosch, The, 84
Bossu, 153
Botanical Gardens, Leyden, 99
Boymans Museum, 50
Broek, 129
Bronbeek, 197
Buiksloot, 128
Building, 108
Bulbs, 103, 104
Canals, 7, 31, 34, 56, 57, 58, 61, 91, 101, 124, 125, 127, 131, 132, 137, 171, 173
Canal packets, 2
Castricum, 147
Catherine of Schwartzburg, 70
Cats, Father Jacob, 18
Cattle raising, 173
Charitable institutions, 100
Charles V, 19, 167
Church of St. Lawrence, 50
Cleanliness, 8, 34, 35, 59, 60, 129
Cleve, 199
Coen, 150
Coinage, 8
Coligny, Louisa de, 65
Colonial Offices, 80
Comparative size, 1, 2
Conference, International Peace, 84
Conquests of the sea, 4, 5
Corcoran Galleries, 80
Cornelius De Witt, 41, 79
Costumes, 22, 23, 135, 167, 168
Cromwell, Oliver, 19
Cultivation, 91, 158
Cuyp, Albert, 41, 48, 49
Dairy products, 173
Dam, The, 110
Damrak, 112, 128
Delft, 55, 59, 60–62, 65–67, 72
De Noord, 40
De Ruyter, Admiral, 111, 147
Descartes, 101
Deventer, 187
De Witt, Cornelius and John, 41, 79
Diamond trade, 118–120
Diemer Dike, 153
Dikes, 5–7, 26, 32, 42, 91, 92, 94, 95, 145, 146, 153
Dirkzoon, Admiral, 154
Domburg, 16, 25, 26, 100
Domestic animals, 57, 58
Dortrecht, 29, 39, 40–44, 48
Dou, Gerard, 92
Dredging, 5
Drenthe, 176, 181
Dronrijp, 172
Duke of Alva, 20, 63, 65, 191
Duke of Anjou, 66, 67
Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 82
Duke of Orange, 63
Duke of York, 147
Dutch East Indies, 151
Dutch East India Company, 61, 109, 151
Dutch West India Company, 80
Edam, 21, 124, 130, 131, 138, 153
Eendragtsweg, 55
Eise Eisenga, 165
Endegeest, 101
England, 19
Enkhuizen, 154, 157, 158
Erasmus, Desiderius, 55
Eusibiusbinnensingel, 194
Ewyksluis, 33
Eyerland, 148
Family life, 57
Feijenoord, 46
Fishing, 158
Flevo, Lake, 159
Floris V, 78, 109, 138
Flowers, 102–104, 158
Flushing, 14, 15, 19, 20, 25
Foolish Betsy, 21
France, 8
Franeker, 165
Franz Hals, 105
Frederic of Toledo, 104, 191, 192
Frederick Henry of Orange, Prince, 84
Friesland, 33, 63, 144, 148, 160, 165, 168, 173
Frisian Monks, 5
Frisian Museum, 170
Fuel, 181, 182
Gemeelandshuis, 62
Gérard, Bathazar, 65–69
Gerard Dou, 92
Gerard Terburg, 183
Germany, 8, 11
Gevangenpoort, 36, 79
Gherardts, Gherardt, 54, 55
Goes, 29, 31, 32, 34
Goldsmith, Oliver, 13, 92
Government, 8
Groningen, 123, 144, 146, 148, 176–178
Groote Ryndyk, 91
Grooteveerhaven, 55
Grotius, 79, 92
Guides, 76
Gysbrecht, 109
Haarlem, 77, 78, 102, 124
Haarlem Lake, 6
Haarlem Polder, 101
Haarlemermeer, 5, 6, 101
Hague, The, 14, 24, 41, 56, 75–78, 80, 83, 84–86, 91, 124, 138, 204
Haring, 152
Haring, John, 153, 155
Harlingen, 165
Hasselaer, Kenau, 105
Helder, The, 123, 128, 143–147
Hendrik de Keyser, 55
Hendrik Landman, 17, 18, 21
’S Hertogenbosch, 55, 202
Herr van Klaes, 52, 53
Het Loo, 190
Hindeloopen, 165
Holbein, 81
Holland, North, 4
Holland, South, 4
Hollandsch Diep, 39
Homes, 57
Hoogstraat, 83
Hook, The, 2, 59
Hoorn, 130, 150, 154, 155, 157
Hotels, 172
Ij, The, 124
Imports, 49, 50
Inundations, 5
Inquisition, 73, 74
Island of Texel, 148, 149
Island of Urk, 187
Israels, Josef, 177
Jansen, Zacharias, 18, 37
Jan Steen, 81, 92
Jan van Oldenbarnevelt, 79
Joden-Breestraat, 113
John, Long, 16, 17, 20
John Lothrop Motley, 65, 67, 72, 73, 84, 153, 154, 192
Josef Israels, 177
Juliana, Princess, 11, 82
Kaiser Friedrich’s Museum, 80
Kalf, Mynheer, 126
Kalverstraat, 83, 112
Kampen, 185, 186
Katwyk, 100, 101
Kenau Hasselaer, 105
King William I, 110
Kreekerak, 34
Lake Flevo, 159
Landman, Hendrik, 17, 18, 21
Language, 29, 30, 31
Leeuwarden, 123, 157, 165, 168, 169, 171
Leyden, 6, 42, 64, 91, 92, 93, 95, 98, 101, 104, 139
Lieutenant van Speyk, 111
Limburg, 201
Loevenstein, 79
Long John, 16, 17, 20
Louis Bonaparte, 110
Louis of Nassau, Count, 93
Louvre, 80
Maas, 1, 40, 45, 46, 49, 199
Maastricht, 201
Maes, Nicolas, 41
Maps, 3, 33
Margaret of Parma, 63
Marken, 126, 127, 129, 135
Markets, 34, 178, 194, 204, 205
Marriage, 9–11
Marsdiep, Strait of, 145, 146, 148
Marssum, 173
Maurice of Nassau, 78
Maurice of Orange, 79
Mauritshuis, 80, 81
Mauritsweg, 55
Mechlin, 191
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Duke of, 82
Meppel, 179, 183
Merwede, 40
Mesdag, H. W., 177
Mesdag Museum, 83, 172
Meuse, 94
Middelburg, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29, 64
Ministry of Justice, 80
Mint Tower, 112
Monnikendam, 21, 128, 129, 130, 135
Mons, 191
Morsch Gate, 99
Motley, John Lothrop, 65, 67, 72, 84, 153, 154, 192
Municipal Abbatoir, 121, 122
Municipal Pawnshop, 120, 121
Murillo, 81
Napoleon Bonaparte, 24, 81
New Zealand, 152
Nicolas Maes, 41
Nieuwediep, 148
Noordwyk, 100
North Holland, 4
North Sea, 4, 39, 124, 144
Nymwegen, 191, 198, 199
Oliver Goldsmith, 13, 92
Oosterkade, 51
Oosterpoort, 150
Orange, Prince of, 94, 105
Over-Yssel, 176
Parklaan, 55
Patriotism, 12
Paupers, 100
Pavements, 21, 22
Peace Palace, 85
Peter the Great, 126
Petroleum Harbor, 124
Philip II, 19, 62, 63
Piaam, 33
Pile Driving, 108, 110
Plein 1813, 83
Polder, 7, 31, 32, 33, 101, 137
Population, 1
Potter, Paul, 81
Prince of Orange, 20, 61, 64
Princess Juliana, 11, 82
Prinsenhof, 65
Queen Wilhelmina, 12, 74, 82, 110, 111, 190
Railways, 2, 7, 38, 39, 43, 57, 80, 91, 92, 137, 157, 179, 180, 181
Reclamation, 159
Rembrandt, 80, 92, 117
Rembrandtplein, 112, 114
Rhine, The, 12, 40, 46, 50, 101, 199
Rijks Museum, 116, 117
Rosendaal, 37, 197
Rotterdam, 1, 40, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54–58, 75, 79, 83, 94, 95, 110, 124
Royal Palace, 82, 110
Rubens, 81
Rynland, 101
Rynsburg, 101
Scheldt, 16, 19, 34
Schenkweg, 91
Scheveningen, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 100, 135
Schiedam, 94, 95
Schokland, 187
Schools, 9
Schouten, 150, 152
Sea, conquests of the, 4, 5
Sea, North, 4, 39, 124
Shoes, wooden, 4
Size, 1, 2
Smoking, 51, 52, 53
Sneek, 165
Society for the Public Welfare, 100
Solomon Islands, 152
Sonoy, 153
Sonsbeek, 196
South Holland, 4
Spaniards, 42, 64, 95–97, 139, 152, 153, 191
Spinoza, 101
Spuistraat, 83
St. Nicholas Abbey, 21
St. Pancras, 99
Staple, 40, 41
Stavoren, 157, 159, 160–164
Steen, Jan, 81, 92
Storks, 173–175
Strait of Marsdiep, 145, 146, 148
Straits Settlements, 52
Street railways, 51
Sumatra, 52
Switzerland, 8
Tasman, 150, 151
Tasmania, 151
Telegraph line, 56
Terburg, 81, 183
Texel, 149
The Hague, 14, 24, 41, 56, 75–78, 80, 83–86, 91, 124, 138, 204
The Hook, 2
The Rhine, 12, 40, 46, 50, 101, 199
Tolls, 27
Topography, 1
Tromp, 147
Tulips, 102–104
Utrecht, 63, 202–204, 208
Utrecht, University of, 207, 208
Valdez, 94
Van der Werf, 95
Van der Werf Park, 99
Van Dieman, 151
Van Dyke, 81
Van Ruysdael, Jacob, 105
Veere, 16, 21, 23–27
Velasquez, 81
Velperplein, 195
Venice, 44
Verdronken Land, 34
Vermeer, 81
Volendam, 124, 126, 127, 131–135
Voorburg, 92
Voorschoten, 92
Vroek, 130
Vrouwensand, 160
Waal, 40, 199, 200
Wagenaarstraat, 18
Walcheren, 14–17, 20, 22, 24, 26
Wegenstraat, 83
West Hove, 25
Westkapelle, 26, 27
Westplein, 46
Wilhelminakade, 47
Wilhelmina, Queen, 12, 74, 82, 110, 111, 190
Willem’splein, 80
Willem’s Park, 83
William I, 190
William II, 78, 79, 166, 190, 197
William III, 197
William of Orange, Prince, 20, 61, 64, 94
William the Silent, 62, 63, 65, 66, 69, 71–73, 80, 82, 93
Windmills, 4, 125
Wooden shoes, 4
Wynstraat, 41
Y, The, 124, 128
Yssel, 94, 95, 185, 191, 200
Zaan, 137
Zaandam, 123, 125, 126, 137, 147, 157
Zacharias Jansen, 37
Zandvoort, 124
Zeeland, 4, 14, 15, 22, 27, 34, 64
Zuid-Beveland Canal, 34
Zuid-Holland, 39
Zuidplas Polder, 7
Zuyder Zee, 1, 2, 4, 32, 35, 123, 124, 126–128, 130, 144, 157, 159, 166, 176, 185, 191
Zutphen, 191, 192
Zwolle, 123, 179, 183
Transcriber’s Note
The changes are as follows:
Page 16—seven and a half minutes changed to seven-and-a-half minutes. Page 22, Page 43 and Page 91—brick paved changed to brick-paved. Page 23—robbin’s changed to robin’s. Page 27—fifteenth century changed to fifteenth-century. Page 30—diaphram changed to diaphragm. Page 30—black-and-white cattle changed to black and white cattle. Page 49—machine-shops changed to machine shops. Page 57—awnnings changed to awnings. Page 63—anl changed to and. Page 70—half-way changed to halfway. Page 80—Friederich’s changed to Friedrich’s. Page 85—beside being changed to besides being. Page 95—marketplace changed to market place. Page 104—comma added after the siege of Lyden. Page 113—pleasure seeking changed to pleasure-seeking. Page 116—rused changed to rushed. Page 123 and Page 209—situate changed to situated. Page 130—four fifths changed to four-fifths. Page 136—brass work changed to brass-work. Page 172—Donrijp changed to Dronrijp. Page 191—blood-thirsty changed to bloodthirsty. Page 195—Velper Plein changed to Velperplein. Page 196—picnicers changed to picnickers. Page 197—Rozendaal changed to Rosendaal. Page 198—Keiser-Karelsplein changed to Keiser-Karelplein. Page 201—topograhy changed to topography. Page 201—Furhermore changed to Furthermore. Page 203—States General changed to States-General.
In the Index: Page 215—Pages 41–48 for Albert Cuyp changed to 41, 48, 49. Page 216—Donrijp changed to Dronrijp, and the alphabetical order corrected. Page 217—Osterpoort changed to Oosterpoort. Page 218—Schenckweg changed to Schenkweg. Page 218—Velper Plein changed to Velperplein. Page 218—Verdronkenland changed to Verdronken Land. Page 219—Zaandvoort changed to Zandvoort, and the alphabetical order corrected.
End of Project Gutenberg's Windmills and Wooden Shoes, by Blair Jaekel