CHAPTER VIII.

DEATH OF JUDGE JAY.--HIS POSITION AMONG ANTISLAVERY MEN.--HIS OTHER PUBLIC AND PHILANTHROPIC INTERESTS.--HIS PRIVATE LIFE.--HIS CHARACTER.

Judge Jay was not destined to live to see the triumph of the antislavery cause and of the constitutional principles to which he had devoted his life. Several years of failing health preceded his death, which took place at Bedford, October the 14th, 1858.

His career in the antislavery cause, dating from the Missouri Compromise in 1821, was in several respects unique, and among the leaders of the movement his position continued to be distinctive.

His first active efforts in favour of the slave, the presentation to Congress in 1826 of petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, were marked by a careful regard to the provisions of the United States Constitution. At the first formation of antislavery societies he feared that philanthropic enthusiasm might place the movement in a wrong position by a failure to recognize those provisions. His advice was asked by the men who organized the American Society in Philadelphia, and it was carried into effect by the insertion into the constitution of the society of a complete recognition of the supreme national law, in strict accordance with which, only, the objects of the society should be sought. To maintain the abolitionists in the impregnable position thus adopted was the constant and characteristic labour of Jay's life. This position, consistently held by him against unconstitutional doctrines advanced by both abolitionists and slaveholders, was the position adopted by the Republican party in 1854, and maintained until real union and real liberty were won together.

The antislavery movement was begun and supported by those whom Lincoln called "the plain people." Men of "property and standing" were generally passively if not actively hostile. It received little help from the churches, from the learned professions or the wealthy mercantile classes. It was a very unpopular cause, denounced by politicians, merchants, and lawyers, despised by many of the clergy, certain to bring social and business injury, if not active persecution, to whomsoever adopted it. Hence the championship of William Jay derived a special importance. His judicial and social position, his independent means, his active membership in the most aristocratic of churches, made him a leader of peculiar value. His advocacy of the cause could be attributed neither to ignorant fanaticism nor to disorganizing tendencies. He set an example to the class most able and least willing to oppose the curse of slavery.

A third peculiarity of Jay's position among antislavery men was the nature of the work which he performed. Without health sufficient to make long journeys at a time when travelling was difficult, seldom leaving his country home, he was rarely seen at the meetings and conventions of the abolitionists. He was a voice, speaking words of reason, moderation and authority in times of blind excitement; a voice which spoke at the right moment and was always heard with respect. Jay's activity lay in his pen. In a crisis when the judicious course of action or the accurate view of events was obscured by doubt and passion, a pamphlet or a public letter from Judge Jay cast a clear and steady light. His writings were consulted by the most eminent men when considering subjects connected with slavery. Of this a notable instance was the use made of Jay's argument on the "Amistad" case by John Quincy Adams when addressing the House of Representatives in that celebrated cause. These writings form a continuous and lucid commentary on the history of the long and varied struggle between the forces of slavery and of freedom.

The published works of Judge Jay present but a part of the fruits and the influence of his pen. His correspondence was voluminous and extended to the rank and file as well as to the leaders of the antislavery movement. Constant resort was made to him for information and advice, which was always given with frankness and care.[E]

We may close appropriately our review of Jay's antislavery work with remarks made after his death to the coloured people of New York by Frederick Douglass, who escaped from the slave-driver to urge with native eloquence the emancipation of his race: "In common with you, my friends, I wear the hated complexion which William Jay never hated. I have worn the galling chain which William Jay earnestly endeavoured to break. I have felt the heavy lash, and have experienced in my own person the cruel wrongs which caused his manly heart to melt in pity for the slave.... In view of the mighty struggle for freedom in which we are now engaged, and the tremendous odds arrayed against us, every coloured man and every friend of the coloured man in this country must deeply feel the great loss we have sustained in this death, and look around with anxious solicitude for the man who shall rise to fill the place now made vacant. With emphasis it may be said of him, he was our wise counsellor, our firm friend, and our liberal benefactor. Against the fierce onsets of popular abuse he was our shield; against governmental intrigue and oppression he was our learned, able, and faithful defender; against the crafty counsels of wickedness in high places, where mischief is framed by law and sin is sanctioned and supported by religion, he was a perpetual and burning rebuke."

Besides his work for the negro race, William Jay had various public and philanthropic interests. Prominent among these were the duties of judge of Westchester County, which he exercised for more than twenty-five years. Jay revised the rules of the court, which had been handed down almost unchanged since 1728; and he introduced a strict observance of forms, which, combined with his prompt and explicit decisions, made the Westchester court one of the most dignified in the country. The sittings were held alternately at White Plains and at Bedford, the half-shire towns of the county. Jay also attended to chamber business in other towns. At that period the Westchester bar embraced many lawyers of marked ability, such as R. R. Voorhis, Aaron Ward, William Nelson, Peter Jay Munro, J. W. Strong, Minot Mitchell, and James Smith; and from New York, Alexander McDonald, William M. Price, and Peter Augustus Jay frequently appeared among them. It has been said of Judge Jay's charges to grand juries that "they commanded attention, from their clear exposition of the law without the slightest concession to the popular currents of the day and with careful regard to constitutional rights, morality, and justice." These charges were frequently requested for publication as timely reminders of legal and moral truths, the relation of which to current events was being overlooked. Judge Jay's conduct on the bench caused his reappointment term after term by governors of opposing political parties; and after his death, when a pro-slavery faction endeavoured to remove his portrait from the court-house at White Plains, members of the bar who disagreed with Jay's abolition opinions were foremost in preventing any act of disrespect to his memory.

Jay's philanthropy was religious in its motive and practical in its activity. A life-long worker in the cause of temperance, his efforts produced substantial results, as in the legislation proposed by him which forbade the sale of intoxicating liquors on credit.

For many years a member and president of the Peace Society, he was not satisfied with exposing the evils of war. His mind sought and found a remedy for it in the system of international arbitration, of which the practicability was immediately acknowledged, and towards which the civilized world has since turned with constantly growing confidence.

The organization of the American Bible Society in the face of the opposition of the authorities in his own church displayed in Jay's early life the self-reliance and independence of character which gave so much strength to his later career. Always true to his church, he never compromised his convictions to fit a position in which that church was untrue to itself. During the antislavery movement the churches were hostile. Fearful of alienating their Southern members and the Northern men whose business interests demanded subserviency to the Slave Power, hardly any ecclesiastical organization was guiltless of lending a passive support to slavery. Theological students, on leaving their seminary, were cautioned by their instructors to avoid the troublesome topic if they would be successful ministers of Christ. Clergymen who preached that property in man was sinful were disciplined by ecclesiastical superiors or cast off by outraged Christian congregations. An orthodox religious newspaper was the safest printed matter for a Northern man to have in his possession when travelling in the South. The Episcopal Church had its slaveholding bishops and ministers, not a few of whom justified slavery from the Scriptures. It had in the North its "cotton divines," who enjoined from the pulpit obedience to the odious law which sought to make slave-catchers of Christian men and women. It went so far as persistently to infringe its own laws by shutting the doors of its conventions upon legally chosen delegates of congregations composed of free coloured men. The church of Christ was turned into a social club which did not hesitate to exclude a black man as an "unfit associate." Shocked at this attitude, many conscientious men withdrew from the communion. But such a course was inconsistent with Jay's character. False and repulsive as was to him such a conception of the Christian religion, he refused, as a churchman, to accept it. He remained in the ranks, striving by his own conduct to show that a man could be a good churchman and hate slavery at the same time. Fearless in his expression of Christian truth, he was for twenty years a thorn in the side of pro-slavery churchmen, and a rallying-point for those who understood better the spirit of Christianity and recognized the brotherhood of man before God.

Jay's private life was happy and peaceful. The library at Bedford, with its book-shelves crowded to the ceiling and its windows looking out over the hills of Westchester to the blue outlines of the Catskills, claimed a considerable portion of every day. The hours there passed in reflection and in literary labour were hours of pleasure, enhanced by the desire and the hope of usefulness.

Out-of-doors were the avocations of a country life, which Jay was well constituted to enjoy: the farm, with its interesting record of crops and growing livestock; the garden, where a great variety of flowers and vegetables flourished within hedges of old box; the lawn, with its trees planted by his father and himself--all these gave occupation in pleasing contrast to that of the library. The public roads in the neighbourhood of the Jay farm are now adorned and shaded by noble trees planted by the Judge. Along these roads and over the Westchester hills he loved to ride on horseback, an exercise and pleasure which he enjoyed until the last year of his life. Judge Jay preferred to consider Bedford as a farm rather than as a country seat, and he observed to Bishop Coxe in this regard that a farm without a gate or a fence out of repair was more to his taste than an ornamental estate. The weak eyesight and somewhat delicate health which in his youth seemed a misfortune as debarring him from a career of activity in the city turned in the end to his advantage. A happier life than that at Bedford could hardly have been devised for him; and it is probable that the studious retirement of his country library gave to his views on public questions a thoroughness and moderation greater than could have been attained amidst the hurry and distraction of a great city.

In his family relations, Jay was still more fortunate. His wife lived to be his sympathetic companion until 1856, when he himself was near his end. Her accomplishments, especially in reading and drawing, her grace, gentleness, and goodness, her natural charity, added immeasurably to the happiness of Jay's life. "I have always regarded her," said the late Rev. J. W. Alexander, "as one of the happiest specimens of a Christian lady that it has been my lot to meet. Intelligent, graceful, pious, gentle, sportive in the right place, generous and catholic, she awakened a sincere respect and attachment, and our memory of her is blessed." The late Bishop Horatio Potter of New York, speaking of her later life, said: "The serene composure, the sweet simplicity and dignity, bespoke a peaceful and elevated spirit, and made an impression on the most transient visitor never to be effaced." Dr. John Henry Hobart, son of the Bishop, wrote to John Jay: "Your mother, always gentle, placid, and cheerful, with an unfailing smile and pleasant words for her young guests, sympathizing with their boyish enthusiasm for poetry and romance, and tempering their ardour with counsel and caution, which her own sensitive spirit conveyed in the most delicate forms--of her I must speak thus feelingly; it only indicates the debt of gratitude I owe to her memory."

Judge Jay had one brother, Peter Augustus Jay, who was thirteen years his senior. Between the brothers there continued through life an uninterrupted affection and confidence. Peter Augustus led an active professional and social life in New York City, holding office as judge, as recorder, and as a member of the State Assembly. On his death, in 1843, high tributes to his ability as a jurist and to his character as a public-spirited citizen were paid by Chancellor Kent, Chief-Justice Samuel Jones, and David B. Ogden. As a member of the Assembly, he was conspicuous in the advocacy of various important measures, among which may be mentioned his efforts to extend the right of suffrage to black citizens of the State. Peter Augustus Jay was not himself prominent in the antislavery cause, but he was generally in sympathy with his brother's work.

The Right Reverend A. Cleveland Coxe, Bishop of Western New York, was a frequent visitor in his youth at Bedford. Some extracts from a letter written by him to John Jay afford an interesting view of the domestic life of the Judge's home:

"William Jay was one of those true sons of the Republic who inherited sound views of its constitutional system from your illustrious grandfather, and from personal acquaintance with some other fathers of the nation who were high in the confidence of Washington and shared his just and lofty ideas of national policy. Your father was one of those born statesmen who breathed under the inspiration of such ideas, and was animated by them to efforts for the preservation of the Constitution itself in degenerate days. Those were the days when the 'spoils-system' had begun to act with corrosive effect on public affairs and public men. The science of true statesmanship seemed ready to perish. The country fell into the hands of mere politicians, with whom legislation was a trade and a struggle for personal aggrandizement. The epoch had little use for men of pure patriotism, but your father, incapable of ambition or the pursuit of personal ends, stood aside and devoted himself with intrepidity to unpopular principles, of which he foresaw the utility, while he was hardly less prophetic of the cruel war which must be the consequence of popular indifference and blindness to the national perils. He was little seen, but greatly felt, and has left a mark on the diplomacy of his time which is a gain to humanity and to civilization.

"I cannot forget the charms of that domestic life which he made so attractive to his children and to the large circle of kindred and friends who were admitted to its enjoyments. It was in 1836 that, with our beloved friend Hobart, I was invited to spend the Christmas holidays at Bedford. We were boys together at that time, and I remember to what hours we prolonged our recreations, with no other restriction than your father's cheerful injunction, as he bade us good-night: 'Young gentlemen, please remember not to laugh too loudly; it might deprive some of us of the sleep which you seem not to require for yourselves.' How merrily we 'saw the old year out and the new year in,' that Christmas-tide! I often thought of Irving's 'Bracebridge Hall' as realized in America, in the home of your happy boyhood. Year after year, winter and summer, through college life, you led me to renew my holidays in Bedford. How much I learned from your father's condescension to boyhood in conversing with his boy-visitors as if they were men! He drew out our opinions and encouraged us to state them frankly when he suspected that we had the boldness to prefer our crude ideas to his own judicial and grave conceptions of fact and principle. He played chess with his youthful guests, but never permitted them to beat him, as that would have been no compliment to lads who worked hard and wished to win in a fair game.

"I have rarely seen a household in which family life was ordered more particularly with reference to religion. There was much of the Huguenot in the piety of the Judge, but nothing of the Puritan. Family prayers were observed twice a day, the servants attending and sharing in the responses. After-evening prayers in those early days, we enjoyed a few cotillons and contra-dances, Mrs. Jay presiding at the piano. And when the ladies had withdrawn, chess-playing and other games occupied us, not infrequently until after midnight. Sundays in the old homestead, after church-going, were like other days, save in the chastened cheerfulness of conversation and employment. A feature of Sunday evenings was the custom for every member of the family to recite something in prose or poetry, and the Judge often closed such recitals by reading selections from Bishop Heber, Mr. Milman, and other favourites of those times. In the third decade of this century, the daughters of 'the governor,' Mrs. Banyer and Miss Jay, were often the guests of their brother. They would have been interesting figures in any society, and were eminent in New York for their Christian virtues and devotion to every good work. The elder sister, born in Spain, seemed to preserve in her face and carriage something borrowed from her native climate, while Mrs. Banyer, born in France, was not less conspicuously marked by characteristics of her French ancestry. While the only son of Judge Jay is a recognized type of his father's principles and character, his daughters not less resembled their mother--a lady whose memory I hold in very great respect, with an affectionate estimate of her worth as a beautiful example of her gracious sex, in all characteristics 'wherein there is virtue and wherein there is praise.'

"I feel, at this distance of time, that I owe much to the friendship of Judge Jay, apart from the pleasures it conferred upon me. How much he taught me! How often his maxims led me to correct my faults, though he never seemed to instruct, much less to rebuke! Even in his decline, and when he was nearing the end, he favoured me with an occasional letter. Need I say that, while entirely free from cant and pharisaic professions, such letters were models of Christian submission, and not less of 'faith, hope, and charity'? I have frequently reflected upon them as I find myself approaching the end. His lofty example leads me to say with the inspired moralist: 'Mark the perfect man and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace.'"

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

THE LIFE OF JOHN JAY. With Selections from his Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers. In two volumes, 1833.

WAR AND PEACE. The Evils of the First and a Plan for Preserving the Last. London, 1842.

A REVIEW OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE MEXICAN WAR, 1849.

MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS ON SLAVERY, 1853. In which are collected:

Inquiry into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, and American Antislavery Societies.

A View of the Action of the Federal Government in Behalf of Slavery.

On the Condition of the Free People of Colour in the United States.

Address to the Friends of Constitutional Liberty, on the Violation by the United States House of Representatives of the Right of Petition.

Introductory Remarks to the Reproof of the American Church contained in the recent "History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America" by the Bishop of Oxford.

A Letter to the Right Reverend L. Silliman Ives, Bishop of the Protestant Church in the State of North Carolina.

Address to the Inhabitants of New Mexico and California, on the Omission by Congress to provide them with Territorial Governments, and on the Social and Political Evils of Slavery.

Letter to Hon. William Nelson, M. C., on Mr. Clay's Compromise.

A Letter to the Hon. Samuel A. Eliot, Representative in Congress from the City of Boston, in Reply to his Apology for voting for the Fugitive-Slave Bill.

An Address to the Antislavery Christians of the United States. Signed by a number of clergymen and others.

Letter to Rev. R. S. Cook, Corresponding Secretary of the American Tract Society.

Letter to Lewis Tappan, Esq., Treasurer of the American Missionary Society.

PAMPHLETS.

Report of the Bedford Society for the Suppression of Vice, 1815.

Letter to Venders of Ardent Spirits, 1815.

Answer to Bishop Hobart's Pastoral Letter on the Subject of Bible Societies, by an Episcopalian, 1815.

Memoir on the Subject of a General Bible Society, by a Citizen of New York, 1816.

Appeal in Behalf of the American Bible Society, by a Lay Member of the Convention, 1816.

Dialogue between a Clergyman and a Layman on the Subject of Bible Societies, by a Churchman, 1817.

Remarks on a Petition to the Legislature praying for the Repeal of the Acts for Improving the Agriculture of this State, by a Westchester Farmer, 1821.

Letter to Bishop Hobart occasioned by the Strictures on Bible Societies contained in his late Charge to the Convention of New York, by a Churchman, 1823.

Letter to Bishop Hobart in Reply to the Pamphlet addressed by him to the Author under the Signature of "Corrector," by William Jay, 1823.

Reply to a Second Letter to the Author from Bishop Hobart, with Remarks on his Hostility to Bible Societies, by William Jay, 1823.

Essay on the Importance of the Sabbath considered merely as a Civil Institution, 1826.

Essay on the Perpetuity and Divine Authority of the Sabbath. Published by the Synod of Albany, 1827.

Remarks on the Proposed Changes in the Liturgy and Confirmation Service, 1827.

The Office of Assistant Bishop inconsistent with the Constitution of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 1829.

Essay on Duelling, 1830.

Address to the Inhabitants of Westchester County on Temperance, 1834.

Addresses to the Westchester County Auxiliary Bible Society, 1836, 1839, 1841, 1845, and other years.

Address before the New York Female Bible Society, 1840.

Letter of Hon. William Jay to Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen on Slavery, 1844.

Address before the American Peace Society, 1845.

Trial by Jury in New York, 1846.

Address to the Non-Slaveholders of the South, on the Social and Political Evils of Slavery, 1849.

The Calvary Pastoral, with Comments, a Tract for the Times, 1849.

Reply to Mr. Webster's 7th of March Speech, 1850.

Reply to Remarks of the Rev. Moses Stuart in his pamphlet entitled "Conscience and the Constitution." J. A. Gray, New York, 1850.

The Kossuth Excitement, 1852.

The Bible against Slavery. J. K. Wellman, Adrian, Michigan, 1852.

Petition of the American Peace Society to the United States Senate in behalf of Stipulated Arbitration, 1853.

An Examination of the Mosaic Law of Servitude, "The Statutes of the Lord are right--Psalm xix. 8." M. W. Dodd, New York, 1854.

"The Eastern War," an Argument for the Cause of Peace. Address before the American Peace Society, 1855.

A Letter to the Rev. Wm. Berrian, D.D., on the Resources, Present Position, and Duties, of Trinity Church, occasioned by his late Pamphlet, "Facts against Fancy." A. D. Randolph & Co., New York.

Judge Jay left in Manuscript an elaborate Commentary, the work of many years, on the Old and New Testaments.

INDEX.

_Abolition Intelligencer_, the, 28.

Abolition movement, its early history, 18 _et seq._

Abolition societies, early, 23, 27.

Abolitionists, hatred of, 41, 42, 56, 67, 135, 136.

----, differences among, 83, 103.

Adams, Charles Francis, 129.

----, John Quincy, 25, 31, 158, 159.

Alexander, George W., 159.

----, J. W., 164.

American and Foreign Antislavery Society, formation of, 103.

American Antislavery Society, formation of, 49, 50; division in, 103.

Anderson, W. W., 159.

Anti-Annexation Meeting, in New York, 126.

Antislavery movement, development of, 39 _et seq._

Antislavery societies, formation of, 45.

Antislavery Society of New York City, 46, 47.

Aspinwall, John, 12.

Bailey, G., Jr., xvii, 159.

Banyer, Mrs., 125, 167.

Bedford, 8, 9, 163.

Benezet, Anthony, 19.

Benson, Judge, 38.

Bible Society, iii, 10, 11, 12.

Birney, James G., xvi, 63, 103, 107, 117, 118, 159.

Bogardus, General, 46.

Bolton, John, 12.

Bouck, Gov., 14, 124, 125.

Boudinot, Elias, iii, 11, 12, 28.

Bourgueny, Baron, vi.

Bradish, Luther, 110.

Brent, W. L., 35.

Broglie, Duc de, 63, 126.

Brown, David P., 54.

Brownson, Dr. Orestes A., xix.

Brune, Baron, vi.

Buol-Schauenstein, Count, vi.

Buren, Van, Martin, 107, 124.

Burling, William, 18.

Calhoun, John C., xii, 4.

Canterbury, persecution at, 42.

Cass, Lewis, 149.

Cavour, Count, vi, xviii.

Chambers, John, 9.

Channing, W. E., 56.

Chapman, Mrs., xvi, 91.

Chase, Salmon P., 146, 159.

Chatham Street Chapel, 47, 53.

Child, Mrs. Lydia Maria, xvii, 40, 67, 112, 159.

Circourt, M. de, v.

Clarendon, Lord, vi, 131.

Clarkson, Matthew, 12.

Clarkson, Thomas, 159.

Clay, Henry, 24, 32.

Cleveland, C. D., 159.

Clinton, De Witt, 12, 14, 31, 32.

Clinton Hall, 46.

Cobden, R., vi.

Colebrook, Sir W., 159.

Colonization Society, 26.

_Commercial Advertiser_, 55.

Compromise of 1850, 137.

Constitutional questions, xi, 86, 87, 89, 91, 99.

Cooper, J. Fenimore, 2, 3, 5, 9, 14.

Cornish, Samuel E., 73.

Cortlandt, Van, Eve, 9.

----, Jacobus, 9.

----, Mary, 9.

----, Pierre, 9.

Cotton-gin, the, 23.

_Courier and Inquirer_, 47, 55.

Cowley, Lord, vi.

Cox, Abraham L., 55, 73.

Cox, Samuel H., 64.

Coxe, A. Cleveland, 165.

Crandall, Miss, 42.

----, Reuben, 41, 159.

Cummings, John, 13.

Dane, Nathan, 20.

Davis, Henry, 3.

----, Jefferson, xii.

Delavan, Edward, 61.

Denison, Charles W., 103.

Derby, Lord, vii.

Disunion, 153, 154, 155.

Douglas, Senator, 149.

Douglass, Frederick, 159.

Duelling, essay on, 13.

Dwight, Timothy, 7.

Earle, Thomas, 107.

Edwards, Jonathan, 23.

Ellison, Thomas, 1.

Emancipation, gradual, 41.

----, immediate, 23, 40, 41, 43.

----, in West Indies, 45.

_Emancipator_, the, 28, 75.

Episcopal Church, its attitude towards slavery, 132, 133, 144, 145, 147.

Evarts, Jeremiah, 12.

Everett, Alexander H., 82.

Fitzmaurice, Lord Edmond, v.

Forsythe, John, 35.

Franklin, Benjamin, iv, 23.

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 48.

Frere, John Hookham, 126.

Fugitive-Slave Law, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144.

Gadsden, Christopher Edward, 4.

Gallatin, Albert, 127.

Gallaudet, Thomas H., 4.

Garrison, William L., xvii, 40, 51, 53, 63, 64, 77, 84, 86, 89, 102, 153, 154.

Gay, S. H., xvii.

Gayle, Gov., 74.

_Genius of Universal Emancipation_, 28.

Gibbons, James S., xvii.

Giddings, Joshua R., 129.

Gladstone, W. E., vi.

Goodell, William, xvii, 27, 40, 107, 159.

Gouverneur, Samuel L., 65.

Gray, William, 12.

Grayson, William, 20.

Green, Rev. Beriah, 60, 159.

Green, Oliver, 30.

Griffin, George, 12.

Grimké, Misses, xvii, 91, 159.

----, Thomas Smith, 4.

Grundy, Felix, 12.

Habersham, R. W., 13, 159.

Hale, John P., 159.

Hamilton, Alexander, 23.

----, James, 35.

Hammond, J. D., 159.

Harrison, W. H., 107.

Henry, John B., 8.

----, Patrick, 20, 21.

Hicks, Elias, 27.

Higginson, T. W., 154.

Hillhouse, James A., 4.

Hobart, Bishop, iv, 11, 13.

----, John Henry, 164.

Holley, Myron, 107.

Holly, Horace, 6.

Hopkins, Samuel, 19, 23.

Hopper, Isaac T., xvii.

Hornblower, Chief-Justice, 159.

Horton, Gilbert, case of, 29, 30, 31.

Hubner, Baron, vi.

Huntington, William, 4.

Immediate Emancipation, first proclaimed as a duty, 23.

International arbitration, v, 130, 131.

Ives, Bishop, x.

Jackson, Andrew, 77.

----, Francis, 102.

----, J. C., 103.

Jarvis, Samuel F., 4.

Jay, John, iv, 1, 5, 9, 12, 20, 23, 38, 39, 127.

----, John, 2d, 55.

----, Miss, 125, 167.

----, Peter Augustus, 160, 165.

---- Treaty, iv.

----, William, his birth, 1; education, 2; at Yale College, 4, 6; studies law, 8; marriage, 8; begins life at Bedford, 8, 9; begins philanthropic work, 10; advocates Bible Societies, 10; conflict with Bishop Hobart and High-Church party, 10, 11, 13; organizes American Bible Society, 11, 12; takes prize for essay on the Sabbath, 13; for essay on duelling, 13; appointed judge, 14; early adoption of antislavery cause, 28; espouses cause of Gilbert Horton, 29; begins movement for abolition of slavery in District of Columbia, 29, 32, 34, 36, 37; writes "Life of John Jay," 39; his view of slavery problem in 1833, 43, 44; consulted regarding formation of American Antislavery Society, 45; advises acknowledgment of constitutional provisions, 45, 46; invited to join in organizing the American Antislavery Society, 49; his views on such an organization, 50; suggests a definite avowal of constitutional principles, 50, 51; becomes a member of Executive Committee of American Antislavery Society, 57; publishes his "Inquiry," 58; its influence, 60, 61; appointed foreign corresponding secretary, 63; gives advice on right to use the mails, 65; his "Address to the Public," 69; elected president of New York State Antislavery Society, 77; his reply to President Jackson's message, 78; protests against the introduction of irrelevant doctrines into antislavery societies, 84, 86, 100; protests against unconstitutional doctrines, 87, 90; defeats Alvan Stewart's resolution, 93; his opinion of the danger of unconstitutional doctrines, 90, 94; his opinion of Stewart's position, 95; his loss of faith in the usefulness of antislavery societies, 97, 100; placed on Executive Committee of American and Foreign Antislavery Society, 103; resigns membership in American Antislavery Society, 103; views on the woman question, 103, 104; his "View of the Action of the Federal Government," 105; his "Condition of the Free People of Colour," 106; his "Violation of the Right of Petition," 106; his attitude towards Liberty party in 1840, 107, 108, 109; his attitude towards antislavery societies after the schism, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116; his attitude towards Liberty party in 1843, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121; his views on the annexation of Texas, 118, 127, 128; nominated for Senator by the Liberty party, 120; deprived of his seat on the bench, 122; his visit to Europe, 125; his "Review of the Mexican War," 127, 128; his "War and Peace," and plan for International arbitration, 130, 131; his attitude towards the "come-outers," 132; his work in the Episcopal Church in favour of the slave, 132, 133, 144, 145, 147, 162; "Letter to Bishop Ives," 133; reply to Webster, 137, 138; attitude towards the Fugitive-Slave Law, 140, 141, 142, 143; views on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 149, 150, 152; views on disunion, 153, 154, 155; his death, 156; his distinctive position among antislavery men, 156, 157, 158; his writings, 158; his conduct as judge, 160; other philanthropic work, 161; his position as a churchman, 161, 162; his life at Bedford, 163, 164; his family life, 164, 165, 166.

----, William, 2d, 5, 8.

----, Mrs. William, 8, 164.

Jefferson, Thomas, 20, 24.

Jelliff, Hiram, 145.

Jocelyn, Simeon S., xvii, 73, 158.

Johnston, Oliver, xvii.

Jones, Samuel, 165.

Katonah, 9.

Keith, George, 18.

Kelley, Miss Abby, 102.

Kendall, Amos, 64, 65.

Kent, James, 53, 61, 127, 165.

King, Rufus, 20.

Langdon, John, 12.

Law, William, 13.

Lay, Benjamin, 18.

Leavitt, Joshua, xvi, 49, 73, 103, 107, 159.

Lee, Richard H., 20.

Leggett, William, 56.

_Liberalist_, the, 28.

_Liberator_, the, 40.

Liberty party, 107, 117, 118, 119.

Lincoln, Abraham, xiii, xviii, 157.

Loring, Ellis Gray, xvii, 87, 90, 91.

Lovejoy, Elijah P., 82.

Ludlow, Henry G., 53.

Lundy, Benjamin, 27, 40.

Lyons, Lord, xiv.

McAllister, Matthew H., 13.

McDonald, Alexander, 160.

McDuffie, George, 35.

McVickar, John, 8.

Mails, destruction of, 64.

Malmsbury, Lord, vii, 131.

Mann, Daniel, 154.

Marcy, Governor, 76, 110.

May, Samuel J., 50, 51, 86, 91, 159.

Miner, Charles, 32, 37.

Missouri Compromise, 24.

Mitchell, Minot, 122, 160.

Mobs, 56, 82, 135.

Morris, Thomas, 117.

Morrison, Dr., 159.

Mott, Lucretia, xvii.

Munro, Peter Jay, 160.

Nelson, William, 160.

Noyes Academy, 42.

Ogden, David B., 48, 165.

Orloff Count, vi.

Owen, John, 29.

Palfrey, J. G., 159.

Peyster, de, Frederic, 12.

Phelps, Amos A., 53, 86, 103, 159.

Phillips, Wendell, xvii, 154.

Pickering, Thomas, 20.

Pierpont, John, 4.

Pinckney, Charles C., 12.

Pintard, John, 12.

Playfair, Sir Lyon, viii, 132.

Potter, Alonzo, 61.

----, Horatio, 164.

Purvis, Robert, 53.

Quincy, Edmund, xvii.

Quincy, Josiah, 141.

Rankin, John, 27, 73.

Rensselaer, Van, Stephen, 12.

_Reporter_, the, 113.

Republican party, 52.

"Review of the Mexican War," ix.

Richard, Henry, vi, 131.

Riots, pro-slavery, 46, 54.

Romeyne, John B., 12.

Rush, Benjamin, 19.

Rutgers, Henry, 12.

St. Clair, Alanson, 91.

St. Philip's Church, 148.

Sandiford, Ralph, 18.

Sandwich, Lord, 19.

Scoble, John, 159.

Sedgwick, Henry D., 37.

----, Susan, 3.

----, Theodore, 127, 159.

----, Mrs. Theodore, 61.

Sewall, Samuel, 18.

Seward, W. H., xiv, 110, 159.

Simms, 150.

Slade, William, 159.

Slave Power, growth of, 135.

Smith, Gerrit, xvi, 77, 83, 103, 107, 118, 141, 159.

----, Goldwin, xviii.

----, James, 160.

----, John Cotton, 12.

Spring, Gardiner, 4.

Stanton, Henry B., 103, 119.

Stephens, A. H., xv.

Stevens, Alexander H., 4.

Stewart, Alvan, 52, 76, 92, 95, 96, 99, 107.

----, Charles, 53.

Stone, James A., 53.

Storrs, Henry R., 4.

Stowe, Harriet B., xvii.

Strong, J. W., 160.

Sturge, Joseph, v, 130, 131, 144, 159.

Stuyvesant, Peter G., 61.

Sumner, Charles, 136, 152, 159.

Tabernacle, the Broadway, 92.

Tappan, Arthur, xvi, 40, 45, 49, 53, 55, 64, 67, 68, 73, 102, 103, 158.

----, Lewis, xvi, 40, 47, 54, 73, 75, 103, 113, 158.

Taylor, Nathaniel W., 4.

Thompson, George, 63, 67.

Tighlman, William, 12.

Tocqueville, de, A., 15.

Tompkins, Daniel D., 12.

Torrey, Charles T., 101.

Tucker, Beverly, xiii.

Utica Convention, 76.

Varick, Richard, 12.

Vaux, Robert, 159.

Vergennes, Count de, v.

Villamarina, Marquis de, vi.

Voorhis, R. R., 160.

Walewski, Count, vi.

Walworth, Chancellor, 48.

"War and Peace," v, 130, 131.

Ward, Aaron, 34, 160.

----, Samuel R., xvii.

Washington, Bushrod, 12.

----, George, 155.

Wayne, James M., 13.

Webster, Daniel, 137, 139, 144, 150.

_Weekly Emancipator_, 40.

Weld, Theodore D., xvii.

Whittier, John G., xvii, 40, 51, 103.

Wickliffe, Charles A., 35.

Wilberforce, Samuel, 133, 134.

Williams, Ransom G., 74, 75.

Wilson, Henry, 58.

Wirt, William, 12.

Woman question, the, 103, 104, 105.

Woolman, John, 19.

Worthington, Governor, 12.

Wright, Elizur, Jr,, xvii, 40, 49, 53, 65, 67, 73, 107, 159.

----, Theodore S., 73.

APPENDIX.

REPRESENTATIVES OF ANTISLAVERY OPINION IN NEW YORK IN 1864.

A complimentary breakfast was given to Professor Goldwin Smith at the rooms of the Union League Club, on Union Square, New York, on Saturday morning, the 12th November, 1864.

The following gentlemen joined in the invitation:

Jonathan Sturges, _President of Union League Club_, _New York_; Charles Butler; John C. Hamilton; Wm. Curtis Noyes, LL.D.; Hon. Horace Greeley, _Editor of the New York Tribune_; Hon. H. J. Raymond, Editor of the New York Times; Rev. H. W. Bellows, D.D., _President of United States Sanitary Commission_; Francis Lieber, LL.D., _Professor of History in Columbia College_; Vincenzo Botta, Ph.D.; Elliot C. Cowdin; Col. James McKaye; Wm. H. Webb; Geo. C. Ward; Isaac Ferris, D.D., _Chancellor of the University_; Wm. Allen Butler; Hon. Samuel B. Ruggles, LL.D.; Hon. Wm. E. Dodge; Wm. H. Osborn; A. Gracie King; C. A. Bristed; Cyrus W. Field; T. B. Coddington; Wm. J. Hoppin; Charles H. Marshall; Alfred Pell; Horace Webster, LL.D., _Principal of the Free Academy_; John Jay; Wm. Cullen Bryant; Wm. M. Evarts; Parke Godwin, _Editor of the Evening Post_; F. A. P. Barnard, LL.D., _President of Columbia College_; W. T. Blodgett; Geo. Griswold; Hon. Chas. P. Kirkland; James Brown; John E. Williams; A. A. Low, _President of the Chamber of Commerce_; John Austin Stevens, Jr., _Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce_; Geo. T. Strong; John C. Green; Richard M. Hunt; Geo. W. Blunt; John A. Weeks; Otis D. Swan; Col. L. G. B. Cannon; Theodore Roosevelt; C. E. Detmold.

Among the distinguished guests invited to meet Professor Goldwin Smith, the following gentlemen were present:

Rev. Dr. Thompson; John A. Stevens; Prof. John W. Draper; Maj.-Gen. B. F. Butler, U. S. A; M. Auguste Laugel, of France; Hon. Geo. Bancroft; Geo. P. Putnam; Dr. Willard Parker; Rev. S. Osgood, D.D.; Hon. E. D. Morgan; Rev. H. Ward Beecher; Rev. A. P. Putnam; Rev. A. Cleveland Coxe, D.D., _Assistant Bishop-elect of the Western Diocese of New York_; Prof. H. B. Smith, D.D., _Professor of Systematic Theology in Union Theological Seminary, New York_; Chas. King, LL.D.; Peter Cooper, _Founder of the Cooper Union_; G. W. Curtis; Geo. L. Schuyler; Prof. Theo. W. Dwight, LL.D., _Law Professor in Columbia College_; Rev. G. L. Prentiss, D.D.

Among the letters of regret were notes from Lincoln, Fessenden, Major-General Halleck, and Attorney-General Bates.

FOOTNOTES:

[A] The title of M. de Circourt's work is:--"_Histoire de l'action commune de la France et de l'Amerique pour l'Indépendence des États Unis._" Paris, 1876.

[B] In view of their historic significance, their names are given in the Appendix.

[C] During Judge Jay's absence in Europe a striking anti-annexation Texas meeting was held at the Tabernacle in New York, on the 24th of April, 1844. It had been called by members of the King, Duer, Townsend, Goodhue, Sedgwick, Field, Griswold, and Hyslop families and many leading merchants of New York. The call was subsequently presented by John Jay to the New York Historical Society, for preservation in its records. A letter was read from Chancellor Kent denouncing the annexation of Texas without the consent of Mexico as a breach of national faith which would be universally condemned. Speeches were made by Theodore Sedgwick and D. D. Field. But the most imposing feature of the manifestation was the presence in the chair of Albert Gallatin, the last survivor of Jefferson's cabinet, who, despite his age and infirmities, had been carried to the meeting to protest in his own name and in that of his historic chief against so flagrant a violation of national honour and public faith. The appeal of Gallatin for a time promised to be successful. Van Buren, whose views had been doubtful, wrote, under its influence, his letter to Hammett objecting to annexation. But an annexation meeting was held in Richmond to counteract that at New York, and when the Democratic Convention met at Baltimore an adroit change of policy in regard to nominations displaced Van Buren and nominated Polk.

[D] The later history of international arbitration is set forth by Sir Lyon Playfair in the _North American Review_ for December, 1890.

[E] Among those with whom Judge Jay was most often in communication may be mentioned: Arthur and Lewis Tappan, Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, Rev. A. A. Phelps, Robert Vaux, E. Wright, Jr., Joshua Leavitt, Samuel J. May, Reuben Crandall, James G. Birney, Theodore Sedgwick, Beriah Green, Gerrit Smith, John Scoble of England, Mrs. L. M. Child, Miss Grimké, Wm. Goodell, G. Bailey, Jr., Rev. Dr. Morrison of England, Gov. R. W. Habersham, W. W. Anderson of Jamaica, W. I., Joseph Sturge of England, Jabez D. Hammond, Geo. W. Alexander of England, William Slade, John Quincy Adams, Wm. H. Seward, S. P. Chase, Prof. C. D. Cleveland, Thomas Clarkson of England, Sir W. Colebrook, governor of New Brunswick, Charles Sumner, Chief-Justice Hornblower, J. G. Palfrey, and John P. Hale.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:

Text in italics is surrounded with underscores: _italics_.

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.

Inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.

Punctuation has been corrected without note.