CHAPTER VII.
CAXTON'S DEATH.
The exact date of Caxton's death has never been settled, but from the position of the entry in the parish accounts relating to his burial, it would appear to have taken place towards the end of the year 1491. All the early writers fixed on 1493 as the date, no doubt because his name appears in the colophon of the edition of the _Golden Legend_ printed in that year.
His will, could this be recovered, would doubtless throw light on this and many another obscure point, but the hope of finding it grows daily less and less. The ordinary repositories have been searched in vain; though it was still considered possible that it might be found amongst the large collection of documents preserved in Westminster Abbey. Mr. Scott, of the British Museum, who is at present engaged in calendaring these documents, and to whom I wrote on the subject, replied: "I believe it to be quite impossible that Caxton's will can be in the Muniment Rooms at the Abbey, because all the wills are together in one bundle, arranged chronologically, and also I have calendared, so far as I can see, all papers and deeds relating to Westminster." There is just the possibility that at some period the will, having been recognized as of supreme interest, has been removed to some place of greater security and its whereabouts forgotten.
In a copy of the _Fructus Temporum_ printed by Julyan Notary in 1515, which belonged at one time to a Mr. Ballard of Cambden, in Gloucestershire, a friend of Joseph Ames, the bibliographer, there was written in a very old hand the following epitaph on Caxton:
"Of your charitee pray for the soul of Mayster Wyllyam Caxton, that in hys time was a man of moche ornate and moche renommed wysdome and connyng, and decessed ful crystenly the yere of our Lord M.CCCC.Lxxxxj.
"Moder of Merci shyld him from thorribul fynd And bryng hym to lyff eternall that neuyr hath ynd."
There seems great probability that this is a genuine copy of a genuine inscription, for had it been a forgery of the time when it is first mentioned, early in the eighteenth century, the forger would have given the date as 1493, which was then supposed to be the date of Caxton's death, rather than 1491, the genuine date.
Two years later we find in the colophon to Gerard Leeu's reprint of _Caxton's Chronicles_ the same epithets applied to him by his workmen (by one of whom he had been killed during the progress of the work) as are applied to Caxton, "a man of grete wysedom in all maner of kunnying."
Of Caxton's domestic affairs we know hardly anything. A lucky discovery made by Mr. Gairdner in the Public Record Office proves that he was a married man. This is a copy of a document produced in a lawsuit relating to a separation between Gerard Croppe, a tailor of Westminster, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Caxton, and dated the 11th of May, 1496. Each was bound over, under penalty of one hundred pounds, not to vex, sue, or trouble the other about any matters relating to their marriage, and to live for the future apart, unless the said Gerard could recover the love and favour of the said Elizabeth. This having been agreed to, Gerard was to receive out of the bequest of William Caxton twenty printed Legends at thirteen shillings and four pence a Legend, giving a general quittance to the executors of William Caxton.
Could the record of the original trial be recovered, the evidence of the various witnesses would no doubt afford much information.
In the churchwarden's accounts of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, there occurs an entry in the year 1490.
"Item atte Bureyng of Mawde Caxston for torches and tapres iij_s._ ij_d._"
This has been supposed to refer to Caxton's wife, but beyond the similarity of names there is no evidence to support the conjecture. In the same way, too, the entry of a William Caxton's burial in 1479 in the parish records of St. Margaret's has caused several to conjecture that this may have been the printer's father.
It appears almost certain that Caxton left no son, for all his printing material passed into the hands of Wynkyn de Worde, who had for some time been his assistant.
Wynkyn de Worde, who took out letters of denization in April, 1496, is described as a printer, and a native of the Duchy of Lorraine. Many writers have mistakenly derived his name from the town of Woerden in Holland, whereas he really came from the town of Worth in Alsace, and sometimes uses the name Worth in place of Worde. The suggestion, too, that he came with Caxton from Bruges would appear improbable, for as that event took place in 1476, and De Worde did not die until 1535, he would have been too young to be an assistant.
Amongst the documents, however, in Westminster Abbey is one dated 1480, relating to the giving up of a tenement by Elizabeth, wife of Wynand van Worden. If this really refers to the printer, it is clear that he must have married an Englishwoman, who would be able to hold property, which the husband, as an alien, could not. It makes it also appear probable that he was an assistant of Caxton when he established himself as an English printer in 1476, but De Worde must at that time have been a fairly young man.
Several other printers have been quoted as apprentices of Caxton by different writers, but without any authority. Blades mentions Pynson, and even goes so far as to say that he used Caxton's device, a mistake which may be traced to an imperfect copy of Pynson's _Speculum Vitae Christi_ in the British Museum, formerly in the Offor Library, which has a leaf with Caxton's device inserted at the end.
Although Caxton makes frequent mention of the homeliness and rudeness of his language, yet it is clear that these expressions must not be taken quite literally. He was born in the Weald of Kent, where the peasants no doubt spoke a very marked dialect, but his own English shows no signs of this. His family was not of the peasant class, and he had received a good education, though where he does not say. Living as an apprentice in the house of one of the richest and most important London merchants, and in the company of his fellow-apprentices, he would soon lose any provincialisms he might possess. His position as head of the English merchants abroad, and his confidential position at the court of the Duchess of Burgundy, could hardly have been reached by one who spoke rude and provincial language. His statements must be taken rather as expressions of the mock humility which it was the fashion of the time to insert in prefaces, especially when they were addressed to people in high rank.
In the same way we must hardly take as literal his expressions as to his own want of education and learning. French and Dutch he knew fluently, and we know from his own words in the _Golden Legend_ that he could read Latin, for he made use of both a French and a Latin version in making his translation. He seems, indeed, to have been a really well-educated man of the middle classes, at a time when learning was difficult to obtain, and was generally confined to the professions and the members of the Universities.
His work as a printer and a translator is the best evidence as to what manner of man he was. It shows clearly that he did not look upon the printing-press merely as a means of making money, or his publications would have been of a very different character. His mind seems to have grasped the great possibilities of his art, though he could not have foreseen the immensity of the power it was destined to become. He laboured steadily to give to the English-speaking public the literature of their country, and where a suitable book was not to be found in the vernacular, he set to work and translated it. Death found him at his work. "Thus endyth," writes his successor in the colophon of Jerome's _Vitas Patrum_, "the moost vertuouse hystorye of the devoute and right renommed lyves of holy faders lyvynge in deserte, worthy of remembraunce to all well dysposed persones, whiche hath be translated out of Frensshe in to Englysshe by Wyllyam Caxton of Westmynstre late deed, and fynysshed it at the laste daye of his lyff."
APPENDIX.
LIST OF CAXTON'S BOOKS, WITH COLLATIONS.
[When the signatures are within brackets it denotes that the book has no printed signatures.]
BOOKS PRINTED AT BRUGES.
Cessolis (I. de). The game and play of the chess fol. [1475] [a-h^8, i^10]; 74 leaves. Leaves 1, 74 blank.
Cordiale. Les quartre derrenieres choses fol. [1476] [a-d^8, e^10, f-i^8]; 74 leaves. Leaves 1, 74 blank.
Le Fevre. The Recuyell of the histories of Troye fol. [1475] [a-o^10, p^8; A-I^10, K^8, L^6; aa-kk^10]; 352 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
BOOKS PRINTED AT WESTMINSTER.
Aesop. Fables fol. 1484 a-s^8; 144 leaves. Leaves 143, 144 blank.
Ars moriendi 4to [1491] A^8; 8 leaves.
Art and craft to know well to die fol. 1490 A^8, B^4, B3^2; 14 leaves. Leaf 14 blank.
Blanchardyn and Eglantine fol. [1489] [6] A-M^8 ... Full collation unknown.
Boethius de consolatione philosophiae fol. [1478] [a-l^8, m^6]; 94 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Bonaventura. Speculum vitae Christi fol. [1486] a-s^8, t^4; 148 leaves. Leaves 1, 148 blank.
Bonaventura. Speculum vitae Christi. Ed. 2 fol. [1490] a-s^8, t^4; 148 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Book of Courtesy 4to [1477] [a^8, b^6]; 14 leaves. Leaf 14 blank.
Book of divers ghostly matters 4to [1491] A-M^8; 96 leaves (1-96) Seven points. A-D^8; 32 leaves (97-128) Twelve profits. aa, bb^8, cc^4; 20 leaves (129-148) Rule of St. Benet.
Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus 4to [1477] [a-c^8, d^10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus. [Ed. 2] 4to [1477] [a-c^8, d^10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Cato. Cato, parvus et magnus. [Ed. 3] fol. [1481] a-c^8, d^4; 28 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Cato. Cathon. fol. [1483] [6] a-h^8, i^10; 80 leaves. Leaves 1, 6, 7, 80 blank.
Caxton. Advertisement of Sarum Pica [1477] Single sheet.
Cessolis (I. de). Game of chess fol. [1483] a-i^8, k, l^6; 84 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Charles the Great, Life fol. 1485 a-m^8; 96 leaves. Leaves 1, 96 blank.
Chartier (Alain). The Curial fol. [1484] i, ii, iii^6; 6 leaves.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Book of Fame fol. [1483] a-c^8, d^6; 30 leaves. Leaves 1, 30 blank.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Canterbury Tales fol. [1478] [a-z, A-I^8, K^10, L-Q^8, R^6, S-Z^8, aa^6]; 374 leaves. Leaves 1, 266, 374 blank.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). The Canterbury Tales. [Ed. 2] fol. [1484] a-t^8, v^6, aa-hh^8, ii^6, A-K^8, L^4; 312 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). Queen Anelida and the false Arcyte 4to [1477] [a^10]; 10 leaves.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). The temple of brass 4to [1477] [a-c^8 ... ]. End not known.
Chaucer (Geoffrey). Troilus and Creside fol. [1483] a-g^8, h^10, L-O^8, p^6; 120 leaves. Leaves 1, 119, 120 blank.
Christine of Pisan. Moral proverbs fol. 1478 [A^4]; 4 leaves.
Christine of Pisan. Fayts of arms and chivalry fol. 1489 [2] A-R^8, S^6; 144 leaves. Leaf 144 blank.
Chronicles of England fol. 1480 [8] a-x^8, y^6; 182 leaves. Leaves 1, 9 blank.
Chronicles of England. Ed. 2 fol. 1482 [8] a-x^8, y^6; 182 leaves. Leaves 1, 9 blank.
Cicero (M. T.). Of old age and friendship fol. 1481 1, a^6, b-h^8, i^4; 72 leaves (1-72) Old Age. a-f^8; 48 leaves (73-120) Friendship. Leaves 1, 12, 72 blank.
Commemoratio lamentationis del. B. V. Mariae 4to [1487] a-c^8, d^10; 34 leaves.
Cordyale fol. 1479 [a-i^8, k^6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 78 blank.
Death-bed prayers fol. [1483] Single leaf.
Description of Britain fol. 1480 [a-c^8, d^6]; 30 leaves. Leaf 30 blank.
Dictes or sayings fol. 1477 [a-i^8, k^6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank.
Dictes or sayings. [Variant copy with colophon.] fol. 1477 [a-i^8, k^6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank.
Dictes or sayings. Ed. 2 fol. [1479] [a-i^8, k^6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 77, 78 blank.
Dictes or sayings. Ed. 3 fol. [1489] [2] A-G^8, H-I^6; 70 leaves. Leaf 70 blank.
Doctrinal of Sapience fol. 1489 A-I^8, K, L^10; 92 leaves.
[The Windsor copy has four extra leaves at end, the last blank.]
Donatus (Ae). Donatus melior fol. [1487] Collation not known.
Festum transfigurationis Jesu Christi 4to [1491] a^6, b^4; 10 leaves.
Festum visitationis beate Mariae virginis 4to [1480] Collation not known.
Fifteen Oes 4to [1491] a, b^8, c^6; 22 leaves.
Four sons of Aymon fol. [1489] Collation not known.
Godfrey of Bologne fol. 1481 a^6, b^4, 1-16^8, 17^6; 144 leaves. Leaves 1, 11 blank.
Governal of Helthe 4to [1489] A, B^8, [2]; 18 leaves.
Gower (John). Confessio amantis fol. 1483 [8], 1, b-z, &, A, B^8, C^6; 222 leaves. Leaves 1, 8, 9, 222 blank.
Higden (Ranulph). Polycronicon fol. 1482 a, b^8, c^4, 1-28^8, 28*^2, 29-48^8, 49^4, 50, 52-55^8; 450 leaves. Leaves 1, 21, 25, 246, 450 blank.
Horae ad usum Sarum 8^o [1478] Collation not known.
Horae ad usum Sarum 4to [1480] Collation not known.
Horae ad usum Sarum 8^o [1490] Collation not known.
Horae ad usum Sarum 8^o [1490] Collation not known.
Image of Pity fol. [1487] Single sheet.
Image of Pity 4to [1490] Single sheet.
Indulgence of John Kendale. Singular issue, 1480 no year of pontificate Single sheet.
Indulgence of John Kendale. Plural issue, 1480 with year of pontificate Single sheet.
Indulgence of I. de Gigliis. Singular issue, 1481 with year of pontificate Single sheet.
Indulgence of I. de Gigliis. Plural issue, 1481 with year of pontificate Single sheet.
Indulgence of I. de Gigliis 1489 Single sheet.
Indulgence of I. de Gigliis 1489 Single sheet.
Infancia Salvatoris 4to [1477] [a^8, b^10]; 18 leaves.
Landry (De la Tour). The knight of the tower fol. 1484 [4] a-m^8, n^6; 106 leaves. Leaves 105, 106 blank.
Lefevre (Raoul). The history of Jason fol. [1477] [a-s^8, t^6]; 150 leaves. Leaves 1, 150 blank.
Legrand (I.). The book of good manners fol. 1487 a-g^8, h^10; 66 leaves.
Lidgate (John). The churl and the bird 4to [1477] [a^10]; 10 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Lidgate (John). The churl and the bird. Ed. 2 4to [1477] [a^10]; 10 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Lidgate (John). Curia sapientiae fol. [1480] a-e^8; 40 leaves. Leaves 1, 39, 40 blank.
Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose 4to [1477] [a^8, b^10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose. 4to [1477] Ed. 2 [a^8, b^10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Lidgate (John). The life of our lady fol. [1484] [2] a-l^8, m^6; 96 leaves. Leaf 96 blank.
Lidgate (John). The life of our lady. Ed. 2 fol. [1484] Collation not known.
Lidgate (John). The pilgrimage of the soul fol. 1483 [4] a-n^8, o^6; 114 leaves. Leaves 1, 5, 113, 114 blank.
Lidgate (John). Stans puer ad mensam 4to [1477] [a^4]; 4 leaves.
Lidgate (John). The temple of glass 4to [1477] [a-c^8, d^10]; 34 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Malory (Sir T.). Morte d'Arthur fol. 1485 1^8, 5^10, a-z, &, A-Z, aa-dd^8, ee^6; 432 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Maydeston (C.). Directorium sacerdotum fol. [1487] [6] a-q^8, r^10, s, t^8; 160 leaves.
Maydeston (C.). Directorium sacerdotum fol. [1489] a^8, a-y^8, z^10; 194 leaves.
Mirk (John). Liber festivalis fol. 1483 a-n^8, o, p^6; 116 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Mirk (John). Liber festivalis fol. [1491] a-p^8, q^2, R^8, s^6; 136 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Order of chivalry 4to [1484] a-f^8, g^4; 52 leaves. Leaves 1, 52 blank.
Ordinale secundum usum Sarum 4to [1477] Collation not known.
Paris and Vienne fol. 1485 a-c^8, d, e^6; 36 leaves. Leaf 36 blank.
Psalterium 4to [1480] a-x (+7* incipiunt), y^8; 177 leaves. Leaves 1, 177 blank.
Quattuor sermones fol. [1483] a-c^8, d^6; 30 leaves.
Quattuor sermones fol. [1491] A-C^8, D^10; 34 leaves.
Reynard the Fox fol. 1481 a-h (+8* your children), i^8, k, l^6; 85 leaves. Leaves 1, 85 blank.
Reynard the Fox. Ed. 2 fol. [1489] [2] a-h^8, i^6; 72 leaves.
Royal book fol. [1488] a-t^8, u^10; 162 leaves. Leaves 1, 162 blank.
Russell (John). Propositio 4to [1478] [a^4]; 4 leaves.
Saona (L. G. de). Nova rhetorica fol. [1479] [a^6, b^2, c-n^10, o^6]; 124 leaves.
Sixtus IV. Sex epistolae 4to [1483] a-c^8; 24 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Statutes of Henry VII. An. 1, 3, 4 fol. [1489] a-d^8, e^10; 42 leaves. Leaves 1, 42 blank.
Vincentius. The mirror of the world fol. [1481] a-m^8, n^4; 100 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Vincentius. The mirror of the world. Ed. 2 fol. [1490] a-l^8; 88 leaves.
Virgilius. Eneydos fol. 1490 A^4, A3^2, B-L^8; 86 leaves. Leaves 6, 86 blank.
Vocabulary in French and English fol. [1480] [a, b^8, c^10]; 26 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Voragine (I. de). The golden legend fol. 1483 AA^6, a-z, &^8, 2^6, A-V^8, X^6, Y^2 (+2*)^3, aa-ff^8, gg^6, hh, ii^8, kk^6; 449 leaves. Leaves 1, 449 blank.
Voragine (I. de). The golden legend fol. [1488] AA^6, a-z, &^8, [Greek: rho]^6, A-X^8, aa-ff^8, gg^6, hh, ii^8, kk^6; 448 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Winifred, Life fol. [1485] a, b^8; 16 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
BOOKS PRINTED FOR CAXTON.
Legenda secundum usum Sarum [Maynyal, Paris, fol. 1487] Collation not known.
Missale secundum usum Sarum Maynyal, Paris, fol. 1487 [10] a^10, b-z, &, [Greek: rho], A-F^8, G^6; 266 leaves. Leaves 1, 11 blank (?).
BOOKS PRINTED BY W. DE WORDE WITH CAXTON'S TYPES.
Book of Courtesy 4to [1492] Collation not known.
Chastising of God's children fol. [1492] [2] A-G^6, H^4; 48 leaves.
Treatise of Love fol. [1493] A-H^6; 48 leaves.
Vineis (R. de). Life of St. Katherine of Senis fol. [1493] a^8, b-p^6, q^4; 96 leaves.
Voragine (I. de). The golden legend fol. 1493 [4] a-e^8, F^2, f-z, &, [Greek: rho]^8, [=e]^4, A-Y, aa-ee^8, ff^6, gg^4; 436 leaves.
INDEX.
PAGE
A, Only ornamental initial used by Caxton, pl. XIII., 62
Aberdeen Breviary, 35
Advertisement, Caxton's, pl. V., 42, 43, 91
Aesop. _Fables. See Fables of Aesop._
Alost, Printing at, 26
Ames, Joseph, Error in _Typographical antiquities_, 45
_Anelida and Arcyte. See Queen Anelida, etc._
Angelus de Aretio. _Lectura super institutiones_, printed by Veldener at Louvain, 27
Appendix, 91-98
Archer, Thomas, 67
_Ars moriendi_, printed by Caxton, 77, 78, pl. XX. Collation, 91
_Art and Craft to know well to die_, translated and printed by Caxton, 76, 77 Collation, 91
Arundel, William Fitzalan, Earl of, 63, 84
Ashburnham sale, 1897, 37
Bagford, John, book-buyer, 41
Ballard of Camden, 86
Bamburgh castle, 49
Bartholomaeus Anglicus. _Bartholomaeus de proprietatibus rerum_, 22, 23, pl. I.
Bayntun, William, of Gray's Inn, 66
Bedford Literary Institute, 67
Bernard sale, 1698, 64
Bibliothèque Nationale, Manuscript of _L'Ordre de Chevallerie_, 62
Bindings. _See_ forward, Bookbindings.
Blades, William. Arguments concerning Caxton at Cologne, 22-26 Arrangement of Caxton's books by types, 73, 74 _Boethius_ at St. Alban's, 37, 38 Book-worms, 57 Dibdin censured, 37 Errors with regard to: _Ars Moriendi_, 78 _Confessio Amantis_, 59 _Dictes_, 39 _Eneydos_ (Spencer's copy), 77 _Indulgence_, 1489, 73 _Infancia Salvatoris_, 44 _Mirrour_, 76 Number of books printed by Caxton, 79 Perfect copies, 28 _Propositio Johannis Russell_, 43, 44 Pynson as apprentice, 89 _Treatise of Love_, 81 W. de Worde, 82
_Blanchardyn and Eglantine_, printed by Caxton, 74, 75, 91
Blandford, Lord, Copy of _Propositio_, 44
Boccaccio, Work printed by C. Mansion, 1476, 25
Bodleian Library, Oxford. Copies of: Advertisement for _Pica_, pl. V. _Ars moriendi_, 77, pl. XX. _Bartholomaeus_, pl. I. _Boethius_, pl. III. _Dictes_, pl. IV. _Directorium_, 75 _Mirrour_, pl. VI., VII. _Fables of Aesop_, 62 _Fifteen Oes_, pl. XXII. _Game of the Chess_, pl. VIII. _Liber Festivalis_, pl. IX. _Recuyell_, pl. II.
_Boethius de consolatione philosophiae_, tr. by Chaucer, printed by Caxton, 37, 38, 91, pl. III.
_Boke of Eneydos. See Eneydos._
Bolomyer, Henry, Canon of Lausanne, 65
Bonaccursus de Montemagno. _De nobilitate. See De nobilitate._
Bonaventura, St. _Speculum Vitae Christi. See Speculum, etc._
_Book of Courtesy_, printed by Caxton, 41, 92 By W. de Worde, 81, 98
_Book of divers ghostly matters_, printed by Caxton, 79, 92
_Book of Fame_ (Chaucer, G.). _See Hous of Fame_.
_Book of Good Manners_, tr. and printed by Caxton, 68
_Book of Hours_ of Salisbury use. _See Horae ad usum Sarum._
Bookbindings, 38, 44, 68, 75 Caxton's method, 84, 85, frontispiece
_Booke which the Knight of the Toure made_ (La Tour-Landry, G.), translated and printed by Caxton, 60, 95
Book-worms, Ravages of, 57
Bourbon, Louis, Duke of, 52
Brabant, Caxton in, 17
Bradshaw, Henry, Conjecture as to "pyes" in Caxton's advertisement, 43 Discovery of: _Ars moriendi_, 77-78 _Indulgence_ of J. de Gigliis, 73 _Margarita Eloquentiae_, 45
_Breviary_ of the Church of Salisbury, issued at Cologne, 31
_Breviary_, _Commemoratio_ and _Servitium_, intended for, 78
British Museum. Copies of: _Canterbury Tales_, 37, ed. 2, pl. X. _Charles the Great_, 65 _Directorium_, 66 _Fables of Aesop_, 61 _Fayts of Arms_ (French manuscript), 72 _Fifteen Oes_, 78 _Golden Legend_ (French version), 63 _Image of Pity_, 66, pl. XIV. _Indulgence_ of J. Kendale, 1480, 48 _Meditacions_, printed by Mansion, 32 _Order of Chivalry_, 62 _Paris and Vienne_, 65 _Psalter_, 50 _Quatre dernierres choses_, 30 _Servitium_, 78 _Sex Epistolae_, 57 _Speculum_, printed by Pynson, 89
Broadside, printed by Caxton, 62
Bruges, Caxton's press at, 17, 18, 22 _et seq._, 43 Mansion's, 25
Brut, printed by Caxton, 14
Bryce, Hugh, 51
Burgh, Benet, translator _Cato parvus et magnus_, 53, 60 _See also_ Cato.
Burgundy, Duchess of, 19, 20, 25
Burgundy, Duke of, 43
Calendar, Rules for adapting to the church services, 42, 66 _See also Directorium_ and _Ordinale_.
Cambridge, Caxton at, 45
Cambridge University Library, Collection of Caxton pamphlets, 41 Copies of: _Book of Good Manners_, 68 _Directorium_, 66 _Fayts of Arms_, 72 _Four Sons of Aymon_ (de Worde's), 74 _Golden Legend_ (French version), 63 _Legenda_ (Maynial), pl. XVII.
Campbell of The Hague, 78
_Canterbury Tales_ (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 37 Second edition, revised and illustrated, 57-59; fac-simile pl. X. Collations, 92
Canutus, Bishop of Aarhaus. _Treatise on Pestilence_, 80
Capital letters. _See_ Initials, Woodcut.
Carlisle, N., 59
Castel, Étienne and Jean, 40
_Cato parvus et magnus_ (Cato, D.), translated by B. Burgh, printed by Caxton 41, 53, 60 Collations, 92
_Caton_ or _Cathon_ (Cato D.), translated and printed by Caxton, 60 Collation, 92
Caxton, William. Advertisement, 42, 43, 91; fac-simile pl. V. Apprentices employed, 88, 89 Apprenticeship, 16, 17 Birth, 15, 16 Bookbindings. _See_ Bookbindings, in general alphabet. "Braband, Flandres, Holand, and Zealand," residence, 17 Bruges press, 17, 22 _et seq._ Collections of Caxtons. _See_ Collectors, in general alphabet; _also_ names of individual collectors. Cologne, Printing learned at (?), 22-26 Dates, Method of reckoning, 40, 41 Daughter, 20, 87 Death, 86-90 Device, 70, 71, pl. XVI. Duchess of Burgundy's service, 19, 20 Education, 16, 89, 90 England, First printer of, 13 _et seq._ Return to, 31 English language, Changes remarked in, 77 Services to, 14, 15 Spoken by, 89 Epitaph, 87 French influence first felt, 69 Gibbon and Disraeli, Sneers of, 13, 14 Handwriting, 51, 83, pl. XXV. Literary and editorial work, 53, 54, 58, 60, 90 _See also_ forward Translations. Mansion, Colard, partner, 24-27, 30 _See also_ Mansion. Marriage, 20, 87 Merchant, 17-19 Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 34 Name, Various spellings, 15 Our Blessed Lady Assumption, Member of Fraternity of, 34 Personal history, 15 _et seq._ Poetical attempts, 39, 40 Politics, 43, 57 Portrait, Illumination erroneously called, 39 Press, _Periods_: before 1476, 20-32 1476-1479, 33-46 1480-1483, 47-55 1483-1487, 56-69 1487-1491, 70-85 _Products_: List of books printed by or for Caxton, 91-97 List of books printed by De Worde, with Caxton's types, 98 Lost productions, 83, 84 Number of books printed, 79, 80 Pamphlets, 34, 35, 41-46 Reprints in later years, 75 Signatures first used, 47, 49 Statement in _Recuyell_, 20, 21 _See also_ titles of individual books. Translations: _Art and Craft to know well to die_, _Blanchardyn and Eglantine_, _Book of Good Manners_, _Book which the Knyght of the Tour made_, _Eneydos_, _Game of the Chess_, _Godfrey of Bologne_, _Golden Legend_ (most important), _Jason_, _Metamorphoses_, _Mirrour of the World_, _Oxford_ (_Life of Robert, Earl of_), _Reynard the Fox_, _Recuyell of the Hystories of Troye_, _Vitas Patrum_, _Winifred_ (_Life of St._). _See also_ these titles in general alphabet. Types. _See_ forward, in general alphabet, Types. Westminster press, 13, 33 _et seq._, 92-97 Continued by De Worde, 80-85, 98 Will, 82, 86
Cessolis, Jacobus de. _Liber de ludo scacchorum_. _See Game and playe of the Chess._
Chap-book, _Four Sons of Aymon_ in form of, 74
Charles the Bold, Marriage with Princess Margaret, 19
_Charles the Great, Life of_, translated and printed by Caxton, 16, 65, 92
Chartier Alain. _See Curial._
Chartres, Church of. _Manual_ and _Statutes_, 70
_Chastising of God's Children_, printed with Caxton's type by De Worde, 80, 81, 98
Chaucer, Geoffrey, Poems early printed by Caxton, 14 List, with collations, 92 Poems printed by A. Myllar, 35 Translation of _Boeccius_, 37, 38 _See also_, in general alphabet, _Canterbury Tales_, _Hous of Fame_, _Queen Anelida_, _Temple of Brass_, _Troilus and Creside_.
_Chorle and the Bird_ (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 42, 95
Christine de Pisan, Character and attainments, 39, 40 _See also Fayts of Arms, Morale Proverbes._
Chronological arrangement of Caxton's books not determined, 73
_Chronicles of England_, printed by Caxton, 50 Second edition, 53, 54 Collations, 93 Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65, 87
Church, Daniel, 60
_Churl and the Bird._ _See_ Chorle.
Cicero, M. T. _Of Old Age and Friendship_, translated from _De senectute_ and _De amicitia_; printed by Caxton, 52 Collation, 93
Collations of Caxton's books, 91-97 Of De Worde's books, 98
Collectors of Caxtons: American private collector owns finest copy, 37 Only two unique Caxtons outside England, 45, 78 Made-up copies of little value to, 54
_See also_ names of individual collectors,--as, Bamburgh castle; Bedford Library Institute; Bodleian Library; British Museum; Cambridge University; Congregational Library; Copenhagen Royal Library; Devonshire, Duke of; Edward IV.; Eton College; George III.; George IV.; Ghent, University of; Göttingen University Library; Harleian Library; Heber, W.; Hedrington, R; Herbert, W.; Holland, Colonel; Jersey, Lord; Lambeth Palace Library; Leicester, Earl of; Lenox Library, New York; Lincoln Minster; Magdalene College (Cambridge); Mary, Queen of England; Merton College (Oxford); Miller, C.; Moore, Bishop; Newton, Lord; Osborne, T.; Perde, W.; Peterborough, Earl of; Pope; Ripon Cathedral; Roxburghe, J., Duke of; St. Alban's Grammar School; St. John's College, Oxford; Selden collection; Shrewsbury School; Smith, Richard; Spencer, Lord; Trinity College, Dublin; Tutet; Windsor, Royal Library at; York Cathedral. _Also_ under titles of individual books.
Cologne, Controversy as to Caxton's learning to print there, 22-26
_Commemoratio Lamentationis Beatae Mariae Virginis_, printed by Caxton, 45, 78, 93
Commonest Caxtons, 53, 54
_Confessio Amantis_ (Gower, J.), printed by Caxton, 59, 94
Congregational Library, London, Copy of _Servitium_, 78
_Consolatio peccatorum._ _See_ Jacobus de Theramo.
Copenhagen, Royal Library. Copy of _Book of Good Manners_, 68
Copland, Robert, assistant of De Worde, and translator of _Dictes_, 34, 35
Copland, William, printer of _Four Sons_, 74, 84
_Cordyale_, translated by Lord Rivers, from _Quatre derrenieres choses_; printed by Caxton, 40, 41, 45, 46, 93 For French edition, _see Quatre derrenieres choses_.
Cotton, Archdeacon, Remarks on Caxton's _Indulgence_ type, 73
Croppe, Gerard, Separation from Caxton's daughter, 20, 87
Crucifixion, Wood-cut, pl. XXII.
_Curia Sapientiae_ (Lidgate J.), printed by Caxton, 50, 95
_Curial_ (Chartier, A.), printed by Caxton, 59
Dates: Definite date, 59 First book printed with, in England, 34 None in Caxton's books, 1487-1491 (excepting _Statutes_), 73 Variations in style as to, 40, 41
_De amicitia._ _See_ Cicero.
_De consolatione philosophiae. See_ Boethius.
_De nobilitate_ (Bonaccursus de Montemagno), printed by Caxton, 52
_De proprietatibus rerum. See_ Bartholomaeus Anglicus.
_De quattuor novissimis. See Quatre derrenieres choses._
_De senectute. See_ Cicero.
Death-bed Prayers, printed by Caxton, 62, 93
Deguilleville, Guillaume, 54 _See also Pilgrimage of the Soul._
_Description of Britain_, printed by Caxton, 50, 93
Devices, Caxton's, 70, 71, pl. XVI. De Worde's, 81
Devonshire, Duke of. Copies of: _Parvus Cato_, 41 _Recuyell_, 28 _Vocabulary_, 48-49 Overtures for _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Dibden, censured by Blades, 37 Description of _Bartholomaeus_, 23 Persuaded Dean of Lincoln to sell Caxtons, 30 Remarks on _Treatise of Love_ and _Chastising_, 81
_Dialogue of Salomon and Marcolphus_, printed by G. Leeu, 66
_Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres_, printed by Caxton, 34, 35, 38, 39, fac-simile pl. IV. Second edition, 46 Reprinted, 75 Translated by Scrope, 52 Collations, 93
Dickinson's _List of printed Service Books_, 56
_Dictionary of National Biography_, List of Caxton's books in, 74
Dies used by Caxton on bindings, 85, pl. XXVI.
_Directorium Sacerdotum_, or _Pica_ (Maydeston, C.), printed by Caxton, 66, 67 Reprinted, 75 Collation, 96
Disraeli, Isaac, sneers at Caxton, 13, 14
_Doctrinal of Sapience_, translated and printed by Caxton, 76, 93
_Donatus melior_ (Donatus, Ae.), printed by Caxton, 68, 93
Douce collection, Bodleian Library, 81
Dunbar, Stories by, 35
Edward IV., Copy of _Godfrey of Bologne_, 52 Grants charter to Mercer's Company, 18, 19 Authorizes translation of _Jason_, 36 _L'Ordre de Chevallerie_, written for, 62 Proclamation concerning Rhodes, 48
Elizabeth, Wife of Edward IV, 28
_Elizabeth of Hungary, Revelations of St._, 80
_Eneydos, Boke of_, translated and printed by Caxton, 77, pl. XIX.
England, Caxton first printer of, 13 First dated book in, 34 Only two unique Caxtons outside, 45, 78
English language, Caxton's remarks on changes in, 77, pl. XIX. First printed book in, 27 Services of Caxton to, 13, 14
English nation in the Low Countries. _See_ Merchant Adventurers.
_Erasmus, Life of St._, added by Caxton to _Golden Legend_, 71
_Esope, Fables of. See Fables of Aesop._
Estenay, John, Sacrist of Westminster, 33
Evil-merodach, Wood-cut of, 53
_Fables of Aesop_, printed by Caxton, 61, 62, fac-simile pls. XII., XIII. Collation, 91
_Faits et prouesses du chevalier Jason. See Jason._
Fairfax, Bryan, copy of _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Fastolfe, _Sir_ John, 52
_Fayts of Arms_ (Christine de Pisan), translated and printed by Caxton, 72 Collation, 93
Ferrara, Duke of, 57 _See also Sex Epistolae._
_Festial. See Liber Festialis._
_Festum Transfigurationis Jesu Christi. See Servitium._
_Festum Visitationis Beatae Mariae Virginis. See Servitium._
_Fifteen Oes_, printed by Caxton, 78 Cut of Crucifixion for, pl. XXII. Collation, 94
Flanders, Caxton in, 17
Flemish families in Kent, 16
Flemish goods prohibited in England, 19
_Four Sons of Aymon, History of_, printed by Caxton, 74 Collation, 94 Printed by Copland, 84
Folios, Caxton's early, 35 _et seq._
Fraternity of Our Blessed Lady Assumption, 34
_Fructus Temporum_, printed by Julyan Notary, 86
Gairdner discovers record of Caxton's marriage, 87
Gallopes, Jean de, 54
_Game and playe of the Chess_ (Cessolis, J. de), translated and printed by Caxton, 29-31, fac-simile pl. VIII. Second edition, 53 Collations, 91
George I. presents Caxton pamphlets to Cambridge, 41
George III., Copy of _Directorium_, 66
George IV., Copy of _Fables of Aesop_, 61
Germany, Origin of printing in, 13 Title-pages used in, 80
Ghent, Oration at, 1470, 43
Ghent, University of, Copy of _Commemoratio_, 78
Gibbon, Criticism of Caxton, 13, 14
Gigliis, John, 73 _See also Indulgence._
_Godfrey of Bologne, History of_, translated and printed by Caxton, 52, 94
Göttingen University Library, Copy of _Infancia Salvatoris_, 44 _Of Treatise of Love_, 81
_Golden Legend_ (Voragine, J. de), translated and printed by Caxton, 63 Second edition, 71, 72 Copies left to Caxton's son-in-law, 82, 83, 88 Introduction, 83 French and Latin version used in, 89 Third edition, reprint by De Worde, 81-83 Date of Caxton's death in colophon (?), 86 Collations, 97, 98
_Governal of Helthe_, printed by Caxton, 94
Gower, John, 14, 59 _See also Confessio Amantis._
Granton, John, debtor to Wm. Craes of Bruges, 18
Guild of St. John, 26
Gutenberg, Invention of movable type, 13
Halberstadt. Hecht-Heine Library, Copy of _Sex Epistolae_, 57
Harleian Library, Copy of _Infancia Salvatoris_, 44
Heber, Book-collector, 54, 55
Hedrington, Robert, Collector of Caxtons, 63
Henry VII., Founded almonry, 33 Loaned Caxton manuscript of _Fayts_, 72 _Statutes_, printed by Caxton. _See also Statutes._
Herbert, W., Bibliographer, 54
Higden, Ralph, 14, 50, 53 _See also Polycronicon._
_History of Blanchardyn and Eglantine. See Blanchardyn._
_History of Jason. See Jason._
_History of Reynard the Fox. See Reynard._
_History of the Four Sons of Aymon. See Four Sons, etc._
_History of the Knight Paris and the Fair Vienne. See Paris._
Holdsworth, Dr., 66
Holford, Col., Copy of _Game of the Chess_, 29 Of _Godfrey of Bologne_, 52
Holkham, Copy of _Speculum_, 1494, 73
Holland, Caxton in, 17
_Horae ad usum Sarum_, printed by Caxton, found in binding of _Boethius_, 38, 50 Wood-cuts intended for, 67 _Fifteen Oes_, supplement to, 78 Collations, 94
_Horse, the Shepe and the Goose_ (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 42 Collation, 95
_Hous of Fame_ (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 59 Collation, 92
Illustrations. _See_ Wood-cuts.
_Image of Pity_, 66, pl. XIV., 94
_Indulgence_ of John Kendale, printed by Caxton, 1480, 48, 94
_Indulgence_ of John de Gigliis, printed by Caxton, 1481, 68 1489, 73, pl. XVIII. Collations, 95
_Infancia Salvatoris_, printed by Caxton, 42, 44 Collation, 95
Initials, Wood-cut A, used by Caxton, 62, pl. XIII. Blank spaces usually left for, 36 First used in England, 48 Intended for _Life of St. Katherine_, printed by De Worde, 80
Jacobus de Cessolis. _See_ Cessolis.
Jacobus de Theramo. _Consolatio peccatorum_, printed by Veldener, 27
Jacobus Magnus. _See_ Legrand, Jacques.
_Jason, Faits et prouesses du chevalier_ (Lefevre, R.), printed by C. Mansion, 31, 32
_Jason, History of_ (Lefevre, R.), translated and printed by Caxton, 35-37, 95 Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65
Jerome, St. _Vitas Patrum_, colophon, 90
Jersey, Earl of. Copy of _Recuyell_ sold, 29 Library sold, 64
John of Westphalia, Printer, 26
John of Trevisa, 53
_Katherine, Life of St._, printed with Caxton's type by W. de Worde, 80, 98, pl. XXIII.
Kendale, John, _Indulgence_ of. _See Indulgence._
Kent, Weald of, Birthplace of Caxton, 15, 16
_King Apolin of Tyre_, printed by De Worde in 1510, 34
Knight of the Tour. _See_ La Tour-Landry, G.
Könnecke, Archivist at Marburg, 57
Lambarde, William. _Perambulation of Kent_, 15
Lambeth Palace Library, Copy of _Book of Good Manners_, 68 Manuscript of _Dictes_, 39
Landry, Geoffrey de la Tour-. _See_ La Tour-Landry.
La Tour-Landry, Geoffrey, 60 _See also Booke which the Knyght of the Toure made._
Large, Robert, Master of Caxton, 16, 17
Laurentius de Saona. _Margarita Eloquentiae_, or, _Nova rhetorica_. _See Margarita._
_Lectura super institutiones._ _See_ Angelus de Aretio.
Leeu, Gerard, Printer of Antwerp. Dutch edition of _Reynard_, 51 Reprint of _Paris and Vienne_, _History of Jason_, _Chronicles of England_, 65, 66, 87
Lefevre, Raoul, 27, 36 _See also Recueil des histoires de Troyes_ and _Recuyell_, etc.
_Legenda secundum usum Sarum_, printed for Caxton, probably by Maynial, 71, 82, pl. XVII. Collation, 97
"Legends" bequeathed by Caxton, 82
Legrand, Jacques (Jacobus Magnus), 68 _See also Book of Good Manners._
Leicester, Earl of. Copy of _Propositio_, 43
Lenox Library, New York, Copy of _Caton_, 60
Le Roy, G., Printer at Lyons, 77
Lettou, John, First London printer, 47, 48
Lewis de Bretaylles, 38
_Liber de ludo scacchorum_ (Cessolis, J. de). _See Game of Chess._
_Liber Festivalis_, or _Festial_ (Mirk, J., comp.), printed by Caxton, 56, pl. IX. Second edition, 77 Collation, 96
Lidgate, John, 14, 50, 57
_See also Chorle and the Bird_, _Curia Sapientiae_, _Horse, the Shepe and the Goose_, _Life of Our Lady_, _Pilgrimage of the Soul_, _Stans puer ad mensam_, _Temple of Glass_.
_Life of Charles the Great. See Charles the Great._
_Life of Our Lady_ (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 57, 95
_Life of St. Katherine of Senis. See Katherine._
_Life of the Holy and Blessed Virgin St. Winifred. See Winifred._
Lincoln Minster, Copies of _Recuyell_, 30 _Reynard_, 52 Sale of Caxtons, 30
Linton, Mr., Suggestion as to metal blocks, 53
List of Caxton's books, with collations, 91-97
_Little John. See Book of Courtesy._
_Livre des Eneydes_, printed at Lyons, 1483, by G. le Roy, 77
Lloyd, Mr., of Wygfair, Library sold, 1816, 64
London, John Lettou first printer of, 47, 48
Louvain, Printing at, 26
_Lover's Confession. See Confessio Amantis._
Low Countries, Caxton Governor of the English nation in, 34
Lumley, Lord, Autograph, 84
Lydgate. See Lidgate.
_Lyf of St. Katherin. See Katherine, Life of St._
Machlinia, William de, London printer, 80
Madden, Note on Caxton at Weidenbach, 24
Made-up copies of Caxtons, 54, 55
Magdalene College, Cambridge. Pepysian collection, Copy of _Reynard the Fox_, 76 Manuscript colophon of _Metamorphoses_, 83, pls. XXIV., XXV.
Malory, Sir Thomas. _See Morte d'Arthur_.
Mancinellus, Revision of Donatus, 68
_Manipulus Curatorum. See Doctrinal of Sapience._
Mansion, Colard, Illuminator and writer of manuscripts, 24, 26 Press at Bruges established, 25 Partner of Caxton, 26, 27, 30 Printed alone, 25, 31, 32
Manuscript preferred to printing for presentation, 84
Margaret, Lady, mother of Henry VII., patron of Caxton, 33, 34
Margaret, Queen, 72
_Margarita Eloquentiae_ or _Nova Rhetorica_ (Laurentius de Saona), printed by Caxton, 45, 97
Martens, Thierry, Printer, 26
Mary, Queen of England, Copy of _Psalter_, 49-50
Maydeston, Clement, 66 _See also Directorium._
Maynial, or Maynyal, Printer for Caxton, 70, 71, 97, pl. XVII.
Medal, Earliest known English, 48
_Meditaciones sur les sept pseaulmes_, printed by C. Mansion, 31, 32
_Memorare novissima. See Quatre derrenieres choses._
Mercers' Company, Caxton a member of, 34 Mention of, 51
Merchant Adventurers, or "English nation in the Low Countries," Caxton Governor of, 18, 19, 34
Merchant's mark in Caxton's device, 70, 71
Merton College, Oxford, Copy of _Canterbury Tales_, 37
_Metamorphoses of Ovid_, a lost product of Caxton's press, 83, pls. XXIV., XXV.
Mielot, Jean, 52
Mirk, John. _See Liber Festivalis._
_Mirrour of the World_ (Vincentius), translated and printed by Caxton, 50, 51, fac-simile pls. VI., VII. Reprinted, 75, 76 Collations, 97
_Missale secundum usum Sarum_, printed for Caxton by Maynial, 70, 97
Montemagno, Bonaccursus. _See_ Bonaccursus.
Moore, Bishop, Collector of Caxtons, 41
_Morale Proverbes of Cristyne_ (Christine de Pisan), translated by Earl Rivers, printed by Caxton, 39, 40, 93
_Morte d'Arthur_ (Malory, Sir T.), printed by Caxton, 63-65, 96
Mutilation of Caxtons, 54, 55
Myllar, Andrew, First printer of Scotland, 35
_New Testament. Apocrypha. Infancia Salvatoris. See Infancia._
Newton, Lord, Copy of _Missale_, 70
Notary, Julyan, Printer, 86
_Nova Rhetorica. See Margarita Eloquentiae._
Number of books printed by Caxton, 79, 80
O, Fifteen prayers commencing with. _See Fifteen Oes._
Obray, William, Governor of Merchant Adventurers, 19
_Of Old Age and Friendship._ _See_ Cicero, M. T.
Oldys on handwriting of Caxton, 51
_Order of Chivalry_, printed by Caxton, 62, 96
_Ordinale secundum usum Sarum_, printed by Caxton, 42, 74, 96, pl. V.
_Orologium Sapientiae_, part of _Book of divers ghostly matters_, _q. v._
Os, Gotfried van, 80
Osborne, Thomas, Bookseller. Copy of _Infancia Salvatoris_, 44 _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Osterly, Copy of _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Ovid. _Metamorphoses. See Metamorphoses._
Oxford, Earl of. Copies of _Charles the Great_ and _Paris and Vienne_, 65 Library sold, 64
_Oxford, Life of Robert, Earl of_, translated by Caxton, 84
Oxford, Press at, 47
Pamphlets printed by Caxton rare, 34, 35, 41-46
Parchment not used as binding material by Caxton, 75
_Paris and the fair Vienne_, translated and printed by Caxton, 65 Collation, 96 Reprinted by G. Leeu, 65
Parker, Archbishop, Books bequeathed to Corpus Christi, 45
_Parvus Cato._ _See_ Cato.
Pepysian library. _See_ Magdalene College.
Perde, William, Copy of _Polycronicon_, 54
Peterborough, Earl of, Copy of _Godfrey_, 52
Petrus Carmelianus, Editor of _Sex Epistolae_, 57
"Philosopher," Wood-cut, pl. VIII.
_Pica. See Directorium Sacerdotum; also Ordinale secundum usum Sarum._
_Pilgrimage of the Soul_ (Deguilleville, G.), translated by Lidgate, and printed by Caxton, 54, 95
Pisan, Christine de. _See_ Christine.
Pitt, Moses, 62
_Polycronicon_ (Higden, R., compiler), printed by Caxton, 53, 54, 94
Pope, American collector, Copy of _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Pratt, William, Mercer, 68
_Prayers, Death-bed. See Death-bed prayers._
Premierfait, Laurence de, 52
Prices, Highest, paid for a Caxton, 67 _See also_ under names of individual books.
Printing, Brito reputed inventor of, 25, 26 Introduced into Europe, 13 Into England, 13, 27
Prior, Robert, Reputed author of _Life of St. Winifred_, 59
Proctor, Robert, Discovery of _Donatus melior_, 68
_Propositio Johannis Russell_, printed by Caxton, 42, 44, 97
_Psalter_, printed by Caxton, with signatures, 49, 96
Pynson, Richard, not apprenticed to Caxton, 89 Reprinted _Servitium_, 49
Quartos, Almost all early ones unique, 35
_Quatre derrenieres choses_, also called _Cordiale, Memorare novissima_, or _De quattuor novissimis_, printed by Caxton and Mansion, 30 Collation, 91 For English translation printed later by Caxton, _see Cordyale_.
_Quattuor Sermones_, printed by Caxton, 56, 96
_Queen Anelida and the false Arcyte_ (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 41, 92
Quires of eight leaves, Caxton's books in, 80
Record Office, Document concerning Caxton's daughter, 87
_Recueil des histoires de Troyes_ (Lefevre, R.), translated by Caxton, 19, 20, 24, 25 Printed by Mansion, 31, 32
_Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye_ (Lefevre, R.), translated by Caxton, 20, 21 Manuscript presented to Duchess of Burgundy, 25 Printed by Caxton, 17, 20, 21, 28-30, fac-simile pl. II. Collation, 91 Prices, 20-30
Red ink, Caxton's method of printing in, 30, 78
Red Pale, Sign of the, 33
_Reynard the Fox_, translated and printed by Caxton, 49, 51, 52 Reprinted, 75, 76 Collations, 96
Reynes, John, Binding by, 62
Rhodes, Besieged by Turks, 48
Richard II., Command to poet Gower, 59
Ripon Cathedral, Copy of _Vocabulary_, 48-49
Rivers, Lord, Illuminated portrait of, 39 Translator of: _Dictes_, 38, 39 _Quatre derrenieres choses_, 45
Rood and Hunte, Oxford printers, 56
Roxburghe, John, Duke of, Copy of _Blanchardyn and Eglantine_, 75
_Royal Book_, translated and printed by Caxton, sold for £2,225, 67 Binding lined with _Indulgences_, 68 Collation, 96
_Rule of St. Benet_, Part of _Book of divers ghostly matters_, _q. v._
Russell, John. _Propositio Johannis Russell. See Propositio._
St. Alban's Grammar School, Copy of _Boethius_, 37-38, 50 Press, 47
St. John's, Bedford, Church library, 67
St. John's College, Oxford, Copy of _Canterbury Tales_, 59
St. Margaret's Church, Westminster, "Bureyng of Mawde Caxston", 88
Salisbury, Church of. _Hours_, _Legends_, _Missal_, _Ordinale_. _See_, respectively, _Horae_, _Legenda_, _Missale_, _Ordinale_, _ad usum Sarum_.
Saona, Laurentius de. _Nova Rhetorica. See Margarita Eloquentiae._
Sarum, Church of. _See_ Salisbury.
Scotland, Andrew Myllar first printer of, 35
Scott, Sir Walter, Comment on _Morte d'Arthur_, 64
Scott, Mr., of British Museum, Remark on Caxton's will, 86
Scrope, Translator of _Dictes_, 52
Selden collection, 75
_Sermones, Quattuor. See Quattuor Sermones._
_Servitium_, or _Festum de Transfiguratione Jesu Christi_, printed by Caxton, 78, 94, pl. XXI.
_Servitium_, or _Festum de Visitatione Beatae Mariae Virginis_, printed by Caxton, reprinted by De Worde and Pynson, 48, 49, 94
_Sex Epistolae_, edited by Petrus Carmelianus, printed by Caxton, 57
Shrewsbury School, Copy of _Confessio Amantis_, 59
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, Earl of, 72
Signatures adopted by Caxton, 47, 49
Sixtus IV. _Indulgence_, 48 _Sex Epistolae_, 57, 97
Skelton, John, Assisted Caxton in translation, 77
Smith, Richard, Copy of _Godfrey of Bologne_, 52
Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, 75
_Somme des vices et vertus_ (La). For English translation, _see_ Royal Book.
_Sophologium_, 68
_Speculum Vitae Christi_ (Bonaventura, St.), printed by Caxton, 67, fac-simile pl. XV. Second edition, 77 Wood-cut intended for, 79 Collations, 91 Printed by De Worde, 73
Spencer, Lord, Collection of Caxtons at Manchester, 62 Copies of: _Blanchardyn and Eglantine_, with manuscript note, 75 _Dictes_, 39 _Eneydos_, 77 _Four Sons of Aymon_, 74 _Game of the Chess_, 30 _Golden Legend_, 63 _Propositio_, 43, 44 _Recueil_, printed by Mansion, 31 _Recuyell_, 28 _Reynard_, 52 Supplied missing leaves for _Canterbury Tales_, 37
_Stans puer ad mensam_ (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 96
_Statutes_ of Henry VII., printed by Caxton, 73, 97
Stow, John, Description of "almonesrye," _etc._, 33, 34
Strype, Rev. John, Life of Archbishop Parker, 45
Taylor, Watson, Sale, 31
_Temple of Brass_ (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 41, 92
_Temple of Glas_ (Lidgate, J.), printed by Caxton, 41, 96
Theological and liturgical books printed by Caxton, 77
Thorney, Roger, 52
Title-page first used at Westminster press, 80
Tour-Landry. _See_ La Tour-Landry.
Trade regulations in England, 19
Translations made by Caxton. _See before under_ Caxton.
_Treatise of Love_, printed with Caxton's type by De Worde, 81, 98
_Treatise on Pestilence_ (Canutus), Title-page prefixed, 80
Trinity College, Dublin, Copy of _Indulgence_, 1489, 73
Triphook, Bookseller, 74
_Troilus and Creside_ (Chaucer, G.), printed by Caxton, 59, 92
Turks, Crusade against, 73
Tutet, Copy of _Chronicles_, 54
_Twelve Profits of Tribulation_, part of _Book of divers ghostly matters_, _q. v._
Type, Invention of movable, 13
Types, Caxton's No. 1, 22 _et seq._, pl. II. No. 2, 30, 31, pl. IV. Recast, 45 No. 2*, 48, pls. VI.-VIII. No. 3, 49, pls. III., V. No. 4, 48, 49 Recast, 56 _et seq._ No. 4*, pls. IX.-XI. De Worde's modification, 80, pl. XXIII. No. 5, 68, pls. XV., XXI. No. 6, 80, pls., XIX., XX. No. 7, 72, 73, pl. XVIII. No. 8, pl. XX. Caxton's types used by Mansion, 31, 32 By De Worde, 80-82, 98 Chronological arrangement of Caxton's books by, 73, 74 Smallest used. _See_ No. 7.
Upsala University Library, Copy of _Margarita Eloquentiae_, 45
Utrecht, Printing at, 26
Vander Haeghen, Dr. Ferdinand, 78
Veldener, John, printer at Louvain, 26, 27
Vellum, Copy of _Doctrinal of Sapience_ printed on, 76 Not used by Caxton for bindings, 75
Venetians, Letters in interest of, 57
Vincentius. _Mirrour of the World. See Mirrour._
Vineis, R. de. _Life of St. Katherine of Senis. See Katherine._
Virgilius. _Eneydos. See Eneydos._
Visitation, Feast of, 49 _See also Servitium._
_Vitas Patrum_ (St. Jerome), translated by Caxton, printed by De Worde, 90
_Vocabulary in French and English_, printed by Caxton, 48, 97
Voragine, Jacques de. _Golden Legend. See Golden Legend._
Waste sheets found in bindings, 38, 68
Weald of Kent, Birthplace of Caxton, 15, 16
Weidenbach, Monastery of, 24
Westminster Abbey, Caxton's will possibly preserved in, 86
Westminster press, Conducted by Caxton, 33-79 List of books printed by Caxton, 91-97 Continued by De Worde, 80-85 List of books printed by De Worde, 98
White Knights sale, 1819, 55
Windsor Royal Library, Copy of _Doctrinal of Sapience_, 76 _Fables of Aesop_, 61
_Winifred, Life of the Holy and Blessed Virgin St._, translated and printed by Caxton, 59, 97
Women, Caxton adds to _Dictes_ chapter on, 38
Wood-cuts. A, first wood-cut initial used in England, 48, 62 Caxton's first illustrations, 51 Not engraved abroad, 53 Doing double duty, 58 Special cuts mentioned: Crucifixion, pl. XXII. Caxton's device, 70, 71, pl. XVI. De Worde's device, 81 "Figure of a Philosopher", 76, pl. VIII. Transfiguration, 76 Special mention of illustrated books: _Cato parvus et magnus_, 3d ed., 53 _Canterbury Tales_, 58, pl. X. _Directorium_, 66 _Fables of Aesop_, 61, pls. XII., XIII. _Fifteen Oes_, 78, pl. XXII. _Game of Chess_, 2d ed., 53, pl. VIII. _Golden Legend_, 63 _Image of Pity_, 66, pl. XIV. _Mirrour_, 51, 76, pls. VI., VII. _Speculum_, 67, 79, pl. XV.
Wool trade, Abbots of Westminster in, 34
Worde, Wynkyn de, Printer. Birth, _etc._, 88, 89 Device, 81, 88 Printed books with Caxton's type, 79 _et seq._, 88, 98 _Also Ars moriendi_, 77-78 _Four Sons of Aymon_, 74 _King Apolyn of Tyre_, 34 _Polycronicon_, 52 _Speculum_, 73 Quatrain about Caxton at Cologne, 22, pl. I. Remark on Caxton's death in _Vitas Patrum_, 90 Wood-cut used by, pl. XXII.
York Cathedral, Copy of _Chorle_, 2d ed., 42 _Horse_, 41
Zel, Ulric, Printer at Cologne, 24
PRINTED FOR THE CAXTON CLUB BY R. R DONNELLEY & SONS COMPANY AT THE LAKESIDE PRESS, CHICAGO
[Advertisement pasted into the front of this Book:
WITH A GENUINE LEAF PRINTED BY W. CAXTON PRESERVED AT END.
44 CAXTON (William), by E. GORDON DUFF.
_With 25 full-plates of facsimiles of specimens of his work, etc._
4to, orig. boards, uncut. _Chicago, The Caxton Club_, 1905. (SEE ILLUSTRATION, PLATE NO. XVII.)
The above is one of a few special copies, each of which contains A GENUINE ORIGINAL LEAF (contained in a pocket at end), from a copy of the First Edition of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales," printed by Caxton, and formerly in Lord Ashburnham's Library, having been purchased for this purpose by the Caxton Club.
The Author has compiled an extremely interesting Biography of the First English Printer, avoiding, as far as possible, the merely mechanical bibliographical details (which have been relegated in an abridged form to an Appendix), and has confined himself to a more general description of the Books, especially of those not hitherto correctly or fully described, and is able to add to the Bibliographical List some discoveries and corrections, since Blades published his great work in 1861. ]
Transcriber's Note:
_ _ represents italic text
= = represents bold text
^ indicates a superscript. Characters after ^ are to be treated as superscript until the next space or punctuation mark, unless overridden by braces.
The spelling in parts of this book is from the 15th century, some centuries before spelling rules existed. The text is as printed.
Sundry missing or damaged punctuation has been repaired.
Both hyphenated and non-hyphenated variants of many words occur in this book. All have been retained.
Illustrations which interrupted paragraphs have been moved to more convenient positions between paragraphs, and Index page numbers amended, if necessary.
Page 24: 'plait' corrected to 'plaît'.
"tôt ou tard, s'il plait à Dieu, sur William Caxton...."
Page 93: '8' corrected to 'a'.
"Cordyale fol. 1479 [a-i^8, k^6]; 78 leaves. Leaves 1, 78 blank.
Page 95: 'Ed. 2' added to 2nd entry, as for similar entries above and below.
"Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose 4to [1477] [a^8, b^10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank.
Lidgate (John). The horse, the sheep and the goose. Ed. 2 4to [1477] [a^8, b^10]; 18 leaves. Leaf 1 blank."
Page 115: 'Somerest' corrected to 'Somerset'.
"Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, 75"