Part 13

The lowest buds open first; the blossoms last but a day,--they do not often spread in overcast weather, nor open until the sun is shining full, and they close by four o’clock in the afternoon. This habit causes the folk-name, which is more surely applicable to the plant when it grows by the sea, for though it is found inland in a flourishing condition, it is never acclimated thoroughly enough to adjust its reckoning with the weather, and is continually making false forecasts in its calculations.

DOGBANE FAMILY.

APOCYNACEÆ.

*Spreading Dogbane.* _Apocynum androsæmifolium._

Found along the borders of wayside thickets in June and July.

The branching, woody-fibred stalk grows from 2 to 3 feet in height; it has a sticky, milky juice, and is smooth; dull-red on the upper side, greenish on the under.

The entire, smooth leaves are slightly pointed at the ends; dull green; they are set on extremely short stems in pairs.

The small bell-shaped flowers have 5 recurved points, and are white, striped on the inside with hair lines of pink; their 5 yellowish stamens are arranged in a short, pointed cone. They hang on short stems, in small clusters from the ends of the branches and the angles of the leaves.

Taken by itself the Dogbane’s flower is pretty, but the plant is sprangly in growth and awkward in gesture; its branches spread at an unpleasing angle, and the leaves are stiffly set. It is seen at its best among tall grasses, where only the pink bells of the flowering tips arise above the neighboring growths. The plant is much visited by a small iridescent green beetle.

*Indian Hemp.* _Apocynum cannabinum._

Found on river banks during July and August.

This branching plant, from 2 to 3 feet in height, has milky juice, smooth and exceedingly tough bark, and is dull red in color.

The tip of the oval leaf is abruptly sharp-pointed; the margin is entire, the surface is smooth, and the color is dark green. The leaves are set on short stems, and placed in pairs.

The small and inconspicuous flowers are 5-pointed, and greenish white. They form small flat clusters on the ends of the branches.

The leaves and flowers have a faint pleasant odor. The plant is extremely awkward in gesture, without the redeeming grace of bloom belonging to its next of kin, the Dogbane.

MILKWEED FAMILY.

ASCLEPIADACEÆ.

*Four-leaved Milkweed.* _Asclepias quadrifolia._

Found during June and July, in shady places, on dry uplands.

The stalk is leafy and slender, round, and tough fibred, and 1 or 2 feet high; it is downy with soft hairs; in color light green, with an indication of pink at the joints.

The oval leaf has a broad base and a sharp-tapering point; the margin is entire or slightly scalloped and wavy or ruffled, the ribs are prominent and hairy underneath, the texture is thin, and the surface is downy above; light green, with a whitey bloom,--pale underneath. The leaves, on slender short stems, are arranged in pairs, or in whorls of 4 of which 2 are smaller than the others; they occur at a considerable distance apart.

The flower is small and delicate in form and texture; its crown, of 5 tubes and 5 little horns, is tinted pale lilac, the 5 lobes are small, down-bent, and creamy pink; the calyx is light green; the foot-stem is long, and pale lilac color. The flowers are gathered in small globe-shaped clusters, set upon terminal pink stems.

Only a few flower-clusters occur on the plant, and the 4-leaved whorls are found midway the height of the stalk. The details of the whole plant are delicately perfected, and the quality of its leafage is pleasing.

*Sand Milkweed.* _Asclepias obtusifolia._

Found on sandy barrens and fields in July.

The stalk, which grows from 2 to 3 feet in height, is very leafy in its middle part, and is round, or sometimes a little flattened beneath the leaves; its fibre is strong, and surface smooth. Color, pale green, frequently toned with bronze, or brown.

The leaf is long, square-pointed with a sharp little tip, and heart-shaped at its partly clasping base; its margin is entire, the blade being much ruffled by the tautness of the strong midrib, and its edge is slightly thickened; the texture is thick and tough, and the surface is smooth and soft to the touch; the color is a strong full green, showing purplish at the edge and ribs, and pale silvery underneath where the mid-rib is white. The leaves occur in pairs which grow at right angles to each other.

The crown tubes are short, broad, and slightly toothed, with noticeable sharp little horns; the lobes are long, pointed, and curving. All these parts are pale greenish-purple, while the small calyx is green. The foot-stems are rather long and slender, and the flower-cluster is large, loose, and terminal.

At about a third of the height of the stalk the leaves begin to crowd together,--sometimes as many as five or six pairs will occur with barely an inch of space between them; they overlap their bases about the stalk, and describe fine curves with their wavy blades. Occasionally a second cluster of flowers is borne at the base of the stem which supports the usual cluster. The juice is very little milky.

*Swamp Milkweed.* _Asclepias incarnata, var. pulchra._

Found in damp hollows and swamps, in July.

The leafy stalk is commonly 2 or 3 feet high, woody-fibred and hollow, with slight ridges on its surface, and downy to the touch. Green in color, modified by pale crimson.

The large leaf (7 inches long sometimes) is sharp-pointed at the tip and slightly heart-shaped at the base; the ribs are prominent underneath, and the margin is entire, the edge being thickened; the texture is thick, the surface downy and hairy underneath; in color a strong yellow-green. The leaves are set on short, stout stems, which partly clasp the stalk, and grow in pairs, that occur at right angles to each other.

The flower is small; the crown is reared high upon its little neck, the horns very slender and pointed, the lobes narrow and curving; the texture of the corolla is fine, and its color is a rich crimson, toned to violet, the calyx parts are half as long as the lobes, and are pale green with a crimson tint. The flowers are set on short, small foot-stems, which are downy, and crimson toned; they form rather large loose clusters, on stout green stems, and grow in a terminal group, or singly from the angles of the upper leaves.

The buds are oval in shape, and of a noticeably richer hue than belongs to the opened flower; they form flat-topped clusters before they reach maturity.

This variety varies from the typical _incarnata_ chiefly in being more downy, and shorter of leaf-stem.

*Purple Milkweed.* _Asclepias purpurascens._

Found along dry roadsides in July.

The generally single stalk varies from 1 to 3 feet in height, is tough-fibred, slightly grooved, and a trifle downy to the touch; it is very milky. The color is light green, crimson at the joints.

The long, oval leaf is sharp-pointed at the tip and blunt at the base; its midrib is very flat on the top but round beneath, and the cross-veins show plainly; the margin is entire, the edge curling under, and the upper surface is smooth while the underside is velvety; the color is yellow-green, with a crimson midrib that is purple underneath. The leaves, on short, thick purple stems, are placed in pairs, at alternate angles with one another.

The tubes belonging to the crown of this rather large flower are long and oval in shape, their horns being short and broad with suddenly-straight tips; the lobes are long, oval, and widely flaring; all these parts are colored a strong, dark glowing crimson. The flowers are set on foot-stems that are twice their own length, and pale green in color; they are arranged in a loose cluster upon a short, stout purplish stem, and grow terminally, and from the angles of the upper leaves.

This plant is inappropriately designated _purpurascens_, since its full and beautiful crimson flowers are unusually pure in tone.

*Poke Milkweed.* _Asclepias phytolaccoides._

Found in moist and shady banks in July.

The leafy stalk is not hollow, but very milky, of a close, firm fibre; it is smooth or slightly downy--especially when young; from 2 to 5 feet in height; clear green.

The large lower leaves (5 or 6 inches long by 3 inches in width) are oval, pointed at both ends; the upper are narrower; their margins are entire, midribs strong, and texture very thin and fine, downy and pleasant to the touch. In color a clear green, paler beneath, the midrib being pinkish above. They are set on short stems, in pairs, which grow at alternate angles.

The flower is large; its oval lobes are very much reversed, and colored a clear light green; the crown tubes are broad, short, and notched at their tips; the horns are long and needle-pointed, they curve, and meet together in the center; these parts are all ivory white, while the little calyx is green. The flowers nod and droop on long, slender, pale foot-stems that hang in a loose cluster on a stout thick stem, which springs from the angle of a side leaf.

Sometimes the plant bears more than one of these flower-clusters; it is the most delicate of our common Milkweeds, exceeding even the Four-leaved in fineness, and the ivory white of its flower crown is remarkable for its clarity of hue.

*Butterfly Weed.* _Asclepias tuberosa._ *Orange Milkweed.* *Pleurisy Root.*

Found in dry pastures and fields in July.

The stalk branches often for the flowers; it is leafy, and grows from 2 to 3 feet high, with a strong fibre, its surface is hairy and its color is a strong green, purplish near the foot, and red-orange below the flower-clusters. The juice is not milky.

The long narrow leaf is somewhat blunt-pointed at the tip and heart-shaped at the base, with an entire margin, and a strong midrib; its fibre is strong and coarse, the veins showing, and it is hairy underneath and downy above; the color is a full green, much toned with orange. The leaves are set on short stems, and placed near together, alternately, and with an upward inclination.

The flower is small and long; the crown is set up high on its slender neck, its hoods short and narrow, and yet somewhat longer than the fine-pointed straight horns,--in color a splendid glowing orange; the narrow, fine-pointed lobes are slightly curling, and bright yellow; the calyx is unobservable. The flowers are set on slender, rather long, light green foot-stems, forming a loose flat-topped cluster; the clusters being arranged in a leafy terminal group.

As many as eighteen clusters have been counted upon a single stalk. The color scheme of this plant is especially good; the green betrays the same tawny tone which belongs to the gorgeous flowers.

*Common Milkweed.* _Asclepias Cornuti._

Found in meadows and roadsides, from June to August.

The large, round, and tough-fibred stalk, which grows from 3 to 4 feet high, has a sticky and milky juice, is minutely downy, and pale green.

The leaf is often very large (from 4 to 8 inches long), oval, rounded at both ends, with an entire and somewhat wavy margin, and a large midrib; it is thick in texture, smooth above, but a little downy beneath, and grayish-green in color, the underside being silvery,--the wide midrib is light, or often tinged with dull red.

The flower is rather large; the crown is brownish-pink, the lobes light flesh-pink or pale lilac, and the foot-stems are pinkish. The flower-clusters are large, round, and drooping; they spring from the angles of the upper leaves.

Though regarded as a “weed” this Milkweed has many attractive features.

* * * * *

The seed-pods of the Milkweeds are most interesting; rough on the outside, they are beautifully finished within, with a fine, smooth, light lining. The silky plumes of the flat-brown seeds are closely folded together and the seeds lie overlapping like the scales of a fish. The light green outside of the Butterfly-Weed pod, tinged with crimson-tawny, becomes with age a fine tree-trunk gray. In some varieties a likeness to a dove may be found in the inverted pod.

GENTIAN FAMILY.

GENTIANACEÆ.

*Fringed Gentian.* _Gentiana crinita._

Found in fields, pastures, and along wayside thickets, frequently where it is damp; coming into bloom late in August and continuing until middle October or later.

The stalk, which branches for the flowers, grows usually from 6 inches to 2 feet in height, and is somewhat square near the blossoms, and sometimes twisted; it is grooved, smooth and shining, and light green, tempered with bronze.

The leaf is heart-shaped at the base, tapering sharply to a long-pointed tip, slightly creased on the midrib, with an entire margin, and thin smooth texture. In color it is light green. The leaves clasp the stalk in pairs, which occur at right angles to each other.

The corolla is a deep vase shape spreading at the top into 4 fringed lobes which curve like shells; of a delicate thin texture, and satin smooth surface, in color an evasive azure, impossible to describe, varying from pale to deep (sometimes reddish tinted), and marked upon the outside with fine lines of darker blue. The 4-parted calyx is pinched into 4 angles at its base, and is a light yellow-green color, its long, sharp tips sometimes bronzy. The flowers are set on short, and long, leafy stems; in groups, or singly.

Though often low, and bearing but one flower, it is not uncommon to find a single tall stalk adorned with a dozen or two of blossoms, and a reliable observer reports having found plants 5 feet in stature, and bearing upwards of a hundred flowers and buds apiece! This remarkable luxuriance could only have occurred in some solitary mountain glen unknown to the gentian-hunter, who, between greedy admiration of its beauty and ignorance of its habits, is doing his best to exterminate the plant. The seeds are exceedingly capricious in their choice of a home, and refuse to germinate when garden-sown. For the æsthetic pleasure also it is best not to pluck them; their charm loses its subtlety when carried into civilized environments--the spirit of their loveliness escapes imprisonment.

*Blind Gentian.* _Gentiana Andrewsii._ *Closed Gentian.*

Found in rich woodlands and pastures, blossoming in September and October.

The single leafy stalk, from 1 foot to 18 inches in height, is round, stout, smooth, and green.

The leaf is large (from 2 to 4 inches long), usually bread oval in shape, tapering to the tip, with an entire margin, and a thick texture; the surface is smooth, and the color a rich green that is frequently weather-worn and rusty. The leaves are set in pairs upon the stalk.

The flower is like a closed bud which never opens, an inflated club-shape from 1 to 1 and ½ inches in length; the corolla is a dark purple-blue color, growing lighter near the base, and in its folds; the 5-parted calyx is more or less green. The flowers are gathered together in a close cluster of four or five, upon the summit of the stalk, amidst the numerous green leaves.

The color of the closed gentian, being low and rich in tone rather than brilliant, loses greatly in value when gathered and fetched into the subdued light of the house.

BORAGE FAMILY.

BORRAGINACEÆ.

*Forget-me-not.* _Myosotis palustris._ *Mouse-ear.*

Found in moist meadows, and by brooks and runnels, flowering in June and July.

The large, somewhat square stalk, from 9 to 20 inches in height, is branching and leafy, rather roughish of surface, with short rootlets starting out on its sides, and light green. It supports itself upon surrounding vegetation.

The leaf, 2 or 3 inches long, is oval with a blunt tip, and partly clasping the stalk; its surface roughened with fine hairs, and it is light green in color.

The small 5-lobed flower is about a quarter of an inch across; its corolla is very fine and even in texture, in color light blue (occasionally pink) with a center of harmonious yellow; the calyx is small, 5-parted, and green. The buds are pinkish. The flowers grow in curving, one-sided, terminal clusters,--sometimes from the angles of the upper leaves.

This is one of the few true blue flowers of our flora; its color is pure and opaque, like that of a turquoise, or a fine enamel, and falls into harmony with the yellow of the center through an exquisite gradation of color. The plant remains in flower a long time, continually forming new buds, and leaving behind the little empty green calyx-cups on its ever-lengthening stem. The blossom of the wild plant is larger than that usually cultivated in the gardens; it is easily propagated by means of cuttings.

*Blue Weed.* _Echium vulgare._ *Viper’s Bugloss.* *Blue Thistle (Vt.).*

Found in July, in pastures chiefly, though occasionally straying along country roads.

The stalk, from 3 to 4 or 5 feet in height, is large, and strong; it is branching with short stems which diminish as they near the top; the fibre is coarse, it is roughened with hairs, and its light green color is frequently dotted with rusty-purple freckles.

The lower leaves are very long and narrow, occasionally cut or rudely notched on the edge, while the pointed upper leaves are entire; the texture is coarse, and rough to the touch; the color is green. The arrangement is alternate.

The flower is an irregular vase-shape, spreading into 5 rounding divisions of unequal length, with a very small, green, 5-parted calyx; the corolla is a bright deep blue, the 4 stamens and the pistil are rose-colored. Several flowers are set in a single row along the upper side of a short stem, which is coiled tightly at first, but straightens itself as the rose-colored buds expand. Many of these stems form a large and conspicuous terminal spike; and singly grow from the upper branches.

It is a pity this striking plant should have invaded the farmers’ pastures in such bold colonies as to be reckoned by him a pest, and so uprooted, for absolute blue flowers are rare. It deserves especial regard because of its unusual color combination of ultramarine and rose. The “spotted stem made men once think it efficacious for cure of viper’s bites, and its seeds, shaped like a viper’s head, confirmed the notion.”

CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.

CONVOLVULACEÆ.

*Upright Convolvulus.* _Convolvulus spithamæus._

Found in June, growing on dry and sandy places, in the open.

The stalk is seldom over 10 inches in height, single, leafy, and erect; it is round, and downy with small hairs. Pale green in color, but red near the foot.

The leaf is between 1 and 2 inches in length, oblong, with taper tip, and a narrow heart-shaped base; it is folded slightly on the midrib; all the ribs show plainly, the margin is entire, and the surface is roughened by hairs; in color a full green, somewhat lighter underneath, with a pinkish tint along the edge and the midrib. It is set on a short, downy, reddish stem. The arrangement is alternate.

The flower is large; the corolla a beautiful vase shape with a rolling, slightly 5-angled rim, in texture fine and thin, the outside of the throat shining; within the vase, at the bottom, may be seen 5 deep pits; it is of a pure and exquisite white, toned to creamy-green near the calyx; the 5 stamens are cream colored while the 2-tipped pistil is white. The greenish calyx is 5-parted with small pointed divisions which are almost concealed by the 2 longer, pale green bracts that clasp together closely about its throat. The flower is set on a rather large, flat, downy, pale stem which rises from the angle of a leaf. The plant bears but few flowers.

Far less common than the Bindweed this flower must be reckoned a treasure-trove by its finder. Its texture is so thin that the calyx-color glows within the throat of the vase with a golden green effulgence.

*Hedge Bindweed.* _Convolvulus sepium._

Blossoming along the roadside and in the meadow in June and July.

This twining leafy vine, climbing over low shrubbery, has a round, smooth, light green stem.

The broad arrow-shaped leaf is from 2 to 3 inches in length, tapering at the tip, and set on a long foot-stem; the surface is smooth, and the color a grayish-green.

The large funnel-shaped flower is about 2 inches broad and from 2 to 3 inches long; the spreading top is obscurely 5-sided, and singularly fine and delicate in texture, and of a pale shell-pink or white color; the stamens and a 2-divided white pistil are visible within the tube; the 5 pale-green parts of the calyx are nearly enfolded by two larger shell-shaped bracts.

The Bindweed blossoms luxuriantly along the edge of cultivated grounds, and often runs in among the crops to such an extent as to be deemed a pest by the farmer. Though it is the flower of the morning, on cool gray days it frequently remains in bloom late Into the afternoon.

*Dodder.* _Cuscuta Gronovii._

Blossoming from August to October in low, damp, and shady ground.

A parasite, climbing high on other plants by winding its smooth, round, bright orange stems closely about their stalks, and growing to them by many sharp little suckers.

There are no leaves, for the vine, stealing its food from honest workers, has no use for them.

The small, broad bell-shaped flower spreads at the top into 5 short divisions; the corolla is of a dull white color, and the inconspicuous calyx greenish-white. The flowers are crowded in thick humps, at short intervals along the twisting stems.

The globular seed-box begins soon to swell within the flower, and develops while the blossoming still goes on. The Dodder starts at first, like an honest plant, from the ground, but as soon as it finds a convenient plant to tap, it breaks its connection with the earth, and wraps itself closely about its victim.

NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.

SOLANACEÆ.

*Nightshade.* _Solanum Dulcamara._

Found in flower in June and July in moist grounds.

The stalk, erect at first, branches and takes to climbing later; it is nearly smooth, and quite tough, with a strong, coarse odor; green.

The leaves, from 2 to 3 inches long, are somewhat variable in shape, the lower ones being heart-shaped, while the upper ones are deeply cut at the base into 2 long narrow lobes; they taper at the tip, and are on short foot-stems (about 1 inch long); coarse in texture; dark green.

The 5-pointed star-shaped corolla is of a deep purple color, with a yellow cone, made of 5 stamens, in the center; the calyx is small, bell-shaped and 5-notched; brownish-green. The flowers, on short curving foot-stems, hang in loosely branching clusters from the angles of the leaves.