Part 9
=Notes=.—Mountain Laurel does not grow large enough to be of much importance as a wood producer. Occasionally small articles, such as bucket handles, penholders, pipes, etc. are made from it. Its rich evergreen foliage and its copious pink and white flowers are scarcely less attractive than those of _Rhododendron Maximum_.
SOURWOOD
=Oxydendrum arboreum=, (L.) D. C.
=Form=.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk medium long and slender; crown narrow and round-topped.
=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, smooth and shining, 5-7 inches long.
=Flowers=.—July; perfect; small, white, in long, one-sided racemes clustered in an open, terminal panicle.
=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; a 5-valved capsule, often persistent into the winter.
=Bark=.—Thick, roughened by fissures and broken, grayish ridges.
=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, close-grained reddish-brown with lighter sapwood.
=Range=.—Pennsylvania and Indiana southward mostly along the mountains to Florida and Louisiana.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in all sections west of the Alleghanies, rare in the eastern part of the State.
=Habitat=.—Light, well-drained soils of hillsides and bottoms.
=Notes=.—Sour-wood, or Sour Gum, although quite common in most parts of West Virginia, is not often used except for unimportant domestic purposes. The tree is very ornamental when in bloom but is infrequently planted.
COMMON PERSIMMON
=Diospyros virginiana=, L.
=Form=.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk usually short; crown broad and rounded when not too much crowded.
=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, 4-6 inches long, smooth, entire, dark-green and shining above, often somewhat hairy beneath.
=Flowers=.—May-June; polygamous, white or pale yellow; the staminate in 2-3-flowered cymes; the pistillate solitary and borne on short stalks.
=Fruit=.—Matures after frost in autumn; a spherical yellowish, plum-like berry, containing from 1-8 large seeds, and with large, persistent calyx; astringent when green, sweet and edible when fully ripe.
=Bark=.—Rough on old trunks, with dark gray ridges which are broken into somewhat rectangular sections.
=Wood=.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, taking a high polish, brown to black with yellowish sapwood, sometimes streaked with black.
=Range=.—Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Iowa.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not abundant but common locally in scattered clumps throughout the State, most common east of the Alleghanies. Not found at high elevations.
=Habitat=.—Thrives best in light sandy soils of bottoms and hillsides.
=Notes=.—This tree is not important as a wood-producer on account of its small size and scattered distribution. It is well known because of its peculiar fruit.
OPOSSUM WOOD
=Halesia Carolina=, L.
=Form=.—A small tree, reaching a height in this State of 30-50 feet with a diameter up to 10 or 12 inches. Farther south it reaches a much larger size.
=Leaves=.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong-ovate, finely serrate, smooth above when old, slightly pubescent beneath.
=Flowers=.—Early spring with the leaves; perfect, white, about 1 inch long, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels in crowded fascicles or short racemes.
=Fruit=.—Matures in autumn and persistent into the winter; a 4-celled, 4-winged, dry, drupaceous fruit, 1½-2 inches long, 1 inch wide; greenish turning brown when mature.
=Bark=.—Somewhat roughened by shallow fissures and narrow ridges.
=Wood=.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
=Range=.—Southern West Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, Arkansas and Illinois.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common along the Great Kanawha and New rivers from the eastern part of Kanawha County through Fayette and Summers counties.
=Habitat=.—Rich slopes and banks of streams.
=Notes=.—The Opossum Wood has two other common names, Snowdrop, and Silver-bell Tree, both names referring to the white bell-shaped flowers. The tree is of no commercial importance here, but is very attractive when planted as an ornament. Variety _monticola_, with longer leaves and fruit, also occurs with this species.
WHITE ASH
=Fraxinus americana=, L.
=Form=.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long and free from branches for many feet; crown pyramidal and open.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long; the 7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, nearly or quite entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale and either smooth or pubescent beneath.
=Flowers=.—May; dioecious; the staminate in dense red-purple clusters; the pistillate in loose panicles.
=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn, and persists into the winter; samaras 1-2 inches long in drooping paniculate clusters.
=Bark=.—Furrowed deeply, the ridges firm, narrow, flattened, brownish-gray.
=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough and elastic, brown with thick sapwood.
=Range=.—Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common throughout the State.
=Habitat=.—Grows in many situations, but prefers rich moist loamy soil.
=Notes=.—The White Ash is one of our valuable timber trees, producing wood which is manufactured into agricultural implements, wagons, furniture, tool handles, and interior finish. It is by far the most common Ash but is nowhere abundant.
RED ASH
=Fraxinus pennsylvanica=, Marsh.
=Form=.—Height 30-65 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk straight and clear with many upright branches which form a compact, broad, irregular crown.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long, with 7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent.
=Flowers=.—May; dioecious; in downy panicles on shoots of the previous season.
=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn and is persistent for several months; samaras 1-2 inches long, borne copiously in drooping clusters.
=Bark=.—Twigs usually pubescent, on old trunks rough with scaly dark gray-brown ridges.
=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown, with thick, yellow-streaked sapwood.
=Range=.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Collected along New River, Fayette County; reported from Randolph, Upshur, Wood and Mason counties.
=Habitat=.—Prefers moist soils of river bottoms and borders of swamps.
=Notes=.—Red Ash is occasionally found along some of the streams of the State but does not grow in sufficient quantities to be of any commercial importance. It can usually be distinguished from the White Ash by its pubescent twigs and petioles, and its somewhat different fruits. A variety of this species, _lanceolata_, is also to be found in some places along the streams.
BLACK ASH
=Fraxinus nigra=, Marsh.
=Form=.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk rather slender, and straight, bearing a narrow-ovoid or rounded crown of upright branches.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long; leaflets 7-11, 3-5 inches long, sessile, except the terminal one, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous.
=Flowers=.—May; polygamo-dioecious; borne in loose drooping panicles.
=Fruit=.—Matures in early autumn; samaras 1-1½ inches long, in open drooping clusters.
=Bark=.—Soft, ash-gray, and scaly on old trunks, not deeply fissured. The outside corky bark is easily rubbed off with the hand.
=Wood=.—Heavy, coarse-grained, weak, rather soft, brown with thin lighter sapwood.
=Range=.—Newfoundland and Manitoba south to Virginia and Arkansas.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Not common. Found in Fayette, Preston and Tucker counties. Reported from Randolph, Webster, Monongalia, Summers, and Wirt counties.
=Habitat=.—Low river bottoms and swamps.
=Notes=.—This tree is only occasionally found in West Virginia and cannot be considered as an important species. When in leaf it is easily distinguished from the other Ashes by the leaflets which are sessile on the main petiole.
FRINGE TREE
=Chionanthus virginica=, L.
=Form=.—A small, slender tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-30 feet; trunk short, bearing numerous stout ascending branches which form a deep, narrow crown.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8 inches long, entire, acute at apex, glabrous.
=Flowers=.—May-June; complete or polygamous; white, fragrant, borne in loose and drooping graceful panicles 4-6 inches long.
=Fruit=.—Purple berry-like ovoid drupes, ½-¾ of an inch long, borne in drooping clusters.
=Bark=.—Smooth, or somewhat scaly, thin, and reddish-brown.
=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown with thick lighter-colored sapwood.
=Range=.—New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found principally in the southern and eastern parts of the State but nowhere common.
=Habitat=.—Rich, moist soil of stream banks and swamp borders.
=Notes=.—The Fringe-tree is valuable only as an ornament for which its fringe-like flower clusters and dark purple fruits give it a decided value.
SWEET VIBURNUM
=Viburnum lentago=, L.
=Form=.—A shrub or small tree sometimes 15-25 feet high; trunk short and crown round-topped.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple 2½ inches long, ovate, long, abruptly taper-pointed, finely and sharply serrate; petioles winged.
=Flowers=.—May-June; perfect; small, white, in large many-flowered cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad.
=Fruit=.—Black, ovoid, or ellipsoid drupe, which is sweet and juicy and contains a flat, oval, stone; borne on reddish stalks in often drooping clusters.
=Bark=.—On old trunks roughened by thin scales; reddish-brown.
=Wood=.—Heavy, hard, yellow-brown, with a disagreeable odor.
=Range=.—Quebec and Manitoba southward to Georgia and Missouri.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Found in Tucker and Grant counties and reported from Randolph County.
=Habitat=.—Banks of streams and in swamps.
=Notes=.—This Viburnum can be most easily distinguished by its leaves which are very finely serrate and are abruptly tapered into long slender points. Its flowers, fruit and foliage make it very desirable as an ornamental tree. Sheep-berry and Nanny-berry are also common names by which the species is known.
BLACK HAW
=Viburnum prunifolium=, L.
=Form=.—A small tree or shrub reaching a height of 20-30 feet in favorable locations.
=Leaves=.—Opposite, simple, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, 1-3 inches long, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous.
=Flowers=.—May; perfect; small, white, borne in large terminal cymes.
=Fruit=.—Dark blue, fleshy, sweet, persistent drupes with large flat stones; borne on reddish stalks in few-fruited clusters.
=Bark=.—Roughened by plate-like scales, reddish-brown.
=Wood=.—Similar to that of Sweet Viburnum.
=Range=.—Connecticut and Michigan south to Georgia and Arkansas.
=Distribution in West Virginia=.—Common locally throughout the State.
=Habitat=.—Prefers dry, rocky hillsides and low ridges, growing in thickets along fences.
=Notes=.—As a wood-producer this tree has no value. The bark of its roots has a medicinal value and it deserves to be planted extensively for ornamental purposes.
WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES
=Taxus canadensis=, Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. A rare red-berried evergreen. Randolph: Glady; Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades and Winterburn; Grant: Greenland Gap; Preston: Cranesville; Raleigh: Piney River.
=Salix cordata=, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Monongalia: Aaron’s Run, near Morgantown.
=Salix humilis=, Marsh. Prairie Willow. Webster: near Upper Glade; Preston: near Terra Alta. (Millspaugh’s Flora).
=Salix sericea=, Marsh. Silky Willow. Monongalia: Decker’s Creek.
=Myrica asplenifolia=, L. Sweet Fern. Hampshire: Cacapon Creek. Rare. Morgan: Cacapon Mountain.
=Corylus americana=, Walt. Hazelnut. A common shrub.
=Corylus rostrata=, Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Pocahontas: Cranberry Mountain; Mercer: Bluestone River; Hampshire: Little Cacapon.
=Alnus rugosa=, (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. Abundant along streams.
=Alnus alnobetula=, (Ehrh.) K.K. Mountain Alder. Greenbrier: Columbia Sulphur Springs; Fayette: near Nuttallburg; Pocahontas: at Traveler’s Repose; Randolph: along Cheat River. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)
=Alnus incana=, (L.) Moench. Hoary Alder (?). Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades.
=Pyrularia pubera=, Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. “Colic-nut.” Common in many sections.
=Phoradendron flavescens=, (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Evergreen parasite. On trees along southern rivers.
=Aristolochia macrophylla=, Pam. Pine Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Woody vine. Frequent in rich mountain forests.
=Zanthorhiza apiifolia=, L’Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Small shrub on banks of streams. Upshur: near Buckhannon; Webster: on Gauley River near Bolair.
=Berberis canadensis=, Mill. American Barberry. Southern part of the State. Mercer: near Spanishburg.
=Calycanthus floridus=, L. Sweet-scented shrub. Randolph, Webster, Nicholas, Fayette, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)
=Calycanthus fertilis=, Walt. Sweet Shrub. McDowell: back of R. R. water tank near Welsh. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)
=Benzoin aestivale=, (L.) Nees. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. Abundant shrub.
=Hydrangea arborescens=, L. Wild Hydrangea. Abundant throughout the State.
=Ribes Cynosbati=, L. Prickly Gooseberry. Common in rocky woods.
=Ribes rotundifolium=, Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain.
=Ribes prostratum=, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Hampshire: Ice Mountain.
=Ribes floridum=, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Randolph, Grant. Preston, Fayette, and Ohio counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)
=Physocarpus opulifolius=, (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Common shrub along streams.
=Spiraea salicifolia=, L. Meadow-sweet. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Randolph: Elkins.
=Spiraea tomentosa=, L. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. Infrequent. Randolph: Elkins; Pocahontas: Seebert.
=Spiraea corymbosa=, Raf. Birch-leaved Meadow-sweet. Webster: near Upper Glade. Hardy: near Moorefield. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Spiraea virginiana=, Britt. West Virginia Meadow Sweet. Monongalia: along the Monongahela River, near Morgantown. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Pyrus melanocarpa=, (Michx.) Wild. Black Chokeberry. Frequent, in many sections.
=Pyrus arbutifolia=, (L.) L.f. Chokeberry. Webster, Preston, Nicholas, Fayette, and Upshur counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Amelanchier oligocarpa=, (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruited Juneberry. Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Tucker: Canaan Valley.
=Robinia hispida=, L. Rose Acacia. Monongalia, Preston, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Rhus glabra=, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the State.
=Rhus canadensis=, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach. Infrequent. Hampshire: Little Cacapon.
=Rhus Toxicodendron= var. =radicans=, L. Torr. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Abundant throughout the State.
=Ilex verticillata=, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Abundant in low grounds along rivers and in glades.
=Ilex longipes=, Chapm. Long-stemmed Holly. Randolph: near Cheat Bridge. Collected Sept. 1915, by C. S. Sargent.
=Nemopanthus mucronata=, (L.) Trel. Wild or Mountain Holly. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Preston: Cranesville; Pocahontas: Head of Greenbrier River.
=Evonymus atropurpureus=, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Boone: near Madison; Monongalia: near Morgantown; Upshur: near Buckhannon.
=Evonymus americanus=, L. Strawberry Bush. A common shrub.
=Evonymus obovatus=, Nutt. Marshall: Cameron and Board Tree. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Celastrus scandens=, L. Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent along streams and on dry hills.
=Staphylea triloba=, L. American Bladder Nut. Not common. Monongalia: near Morgantown; Wayne: near Wayne; Greenbrier: near Ronceverte.
=Rhamnus lanceolata=, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Rare. Hampshire: Little Cacapon.
=Rhamnus alnifolia=, L’Her. Dwarf Alder. Rare. Pocahontas: head of east Fork of Greenbrier River.
=Rhamnus caroliniana=, Walt. Indian Cherry. McDowell: Tug Fork. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Ceanothus americanus=, L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry gravelly ground.
=Vitis labrusca=, L. Northern Fox Grape. Infrequent. Upshur: French Creek; Monroe: Sinks Grove.
=Vitis aestivalis=, Michx. Summer Grape. Frost Grape. Abundant in most sections.
=Vitis cordifolia=, Michx. Chicken Grape. Pigeon Grape. A common species.
=Vitis vulpina=, L. Randolph, Summers, and Jefferson counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Vitis bicolor=, LeConte. Winter Grape. Webster: Hacker Valley. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Vitis rupestris=, Sch. Sand Grape. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Vitis rotundifolia=, Michx. Muscadine. Randolph, Fayette, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Hypericum prolificum=, L. Shrubby St. John’s wort. Plentiful in glady regions.
=Hypericum densiflorum=, Pursh. St. John’s wort. Glades.
=Dirca palustris=, L. Leatherwood. Wicopy. Infrequent. Webster: near Webster Springs; Randolph: Tygarts Valley River near Valley Head; Pocahontas: on Greenbrier River.
=Cornus canadensis=, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry. A small shrubby plant. Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: near Osceola; Hampshire: Ice Mountain.
=Cornus Amomum=, Mil. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Frequent along streams.
=Cornus paniculata=, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood. Rare. Grant: on Abram Creek; Preston: Reedsville.
=Cornus circinata=, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Upshur: near Lorentz. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Cornus stolonifera=, Michx. Red Osier. Ohio: near Wheeling. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Clethera acuminata=, Michx. White Alder. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Rhododendron catawbiense=, Michx. Lilac-colored Laurel. Mountain Rose Bay. Pendleton, Fayette, Greenbrier, and Summers counties.
=Rhododendron viscosum=, (L) Torr. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honeysuckle. Frequent along mountain streams.
=Rhododendron canescens=, (Michx.) G. Don. Mountain Azalea. Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob.
=Rhododendron nudiflorum=, (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea. Pinxter Flower. Abundant in many sections.
=Rhododendron calendulaceum=, (Michx.) Torr. Flame Azalea. Common in many sections.
=Menziesia pilosa=, (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. Not common. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Randolph: Point Mountain.
=Kalmia angustifolia=, L. Sheep Laurel. Calhoun, Upshur, Nicholas, Randolph, and Hardy counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Andromeda glaucophylla=, Link. (?) Bog Rosemary. Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades. Plants not in bloom or fruit when collected.
=Andromeda floribunda=. Pursh. Mountain Fetter-bush. Infrequent. Pocahontas: Greenbank; Greenbrier: near Neola.
=Lyonia lingustrina=, (L.) DC. Male Berry. Not common. Upshur: near Buckhannon; Webster: near Cowen.
=Gaylussacia dumosa=, (And.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. Kanawha: near Charleston; Hardy: near Moorefleld. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Gaylussacia frondosa=, (L.) T. & G. Dangleberry. Fayette: near Hawk’s Nest; Webster: Upper Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Gaylussacia baccata=, (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. “Buckberry”. Abundant on dry ground.
=Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum=, var. =nigrum=, Wood. Low Black Blueberry. Common in many localities. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain; Monongalia: near Morgantown.
=Vaccinium canadense=, Kalm. Sour-Top. Velvet-Leaf. Blueberry. Rare. Tucker: Canaan Valley; Preston: Cranesville.
=Vaccinium vacillans=, Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. An abundant species.
=Vaccinium corymbosum=, L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Common in some localities.
=Vaccinium erythrocarpum=, Michx. Southern Mountain Cranberry. Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: Shavers Mountain.
=Vaccinium Oxyoccos=, L. Small Cranberry. In glades. Pocahontas and Tucker.
=Vaccinium macrocarpon=, Ait. Large or American Cranberry. In glades. Pocahontas and Webster.
=Cephalanthus occidentalis=, L. Button Bush. Found in Greenbrier, Hampshire, Jefferson, Monongalia, and Wetzel. Doubtless occurs in many other sections.
=Diervilla Lonicera=, Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain.
=Lonicera canadensis=. Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce Knob.
=Viburnum alnifolium=, Marsh. Hobble-bush. Moosewood. “Hobble-rod.” Abundant in mountain regions.
=Viburnum Opulus= var. =Americanum=. (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree. High Bush Cranberry. Infrequent. Tucker: Canaan Valley.
=Viburnum acerifolium=, L. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood. A common shrub.
=Viburnum dentatum=, L. Arrow-wood. Infrequent. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Randolph: near Elkins.
=Viburnum cassinoides=, L. Withe-rod. Wild Raisin. Not common. Webster: Gauley River; Pendleton: Big Run; Monongalia: Deckers Creek.
=Viburnum nudum=, L. Randolph: Middle Fork River. Webster: Upper Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora)
=Viburnum pubescens=, (Ait.) Pursh. Greenbrier: White Sulphur Springs.
=Sambucus canadensis=, L. Common Elder. Abundant throughout the State.
=Sambucus racemosa=, L. Red-berried Elder. Frequent in rocky woods.
GLOSSARY
=Abortive= That which is brought forth prematurely; coming to naught before it is completed.
=Achene= A small hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit which does not open by valves.
=Acrid= Sharp or biting to the taste.
=Acuminate= Decidedly tapering at the end.
=Acute= Tapering at the end.
=Aesthetic= Pertaining to the beautiful.
=Alternate= Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along the axis.
=Ament= A peculiar, scaly, unisexual spike.
=Anther= The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the pollen.
=Apex= The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i. e., the part opposite the base.
=Apical= Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex.
=Appressed= Lying tight or close against.
=Arborescent= Tree-like in appearance, size and growth.
=Aromatic= Fragrant; with a pleasing odor.
=Astringent= Contracting; drawing together; binding.
=Awl-Shaped= Tapering from the base to a slender or rigid point.
=Axil= The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.
=Axillary= Situate in an axil.
=Axis= The central line of an organ; a stem.
=Basal= Pertaining to or situated at base.
=Berry= A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout.
=Bloom= A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off.
=Bract= A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an inflorescence.
=Calyx= The outer portion of a flower, usually green in color.
=Cambium= A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood.
=Capsule= A dry fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting open at maturity.
=Catkin= An ament or spike of unisexual flowers.
=Ciliate= Fringed with hairs on the margin.
=Complete= Said of flowers when all parts are present.
=Compound= Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole.
=Compressed= Flattened, especially laterally.
=Conical= Cone-shaped.
=Conifers= A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the form of a cone.
=Coniferous= Cone-bearing.
=Contorted= Twisted together or back upon itself.
=Cordate= Heart-shaped.