CHAPTER XX

Chapter 2031,358 wordsPublic domain

A NOTE ON THINGS SPIRITUAL

In the first chapter of this volume I had occasion to remark that Wellington’s army had in its ranks a considerable sprinkling of men of religion, and that three or four of the better Peninsular memoirs were written by them. Some were Methodists, some Churchmen, so that both sides of the great spiritual movement which had started about the middle of the eighteenth century were represented in their diaries. The spiritual side of the soldier’s life during the great war has had so little written about it, that a few illustrative pages on this topic must not be omitted.

We may trace the existence of the admirable class of men who have left us these memoirs to two separate causes. The one, of course, was the way in which the movement started by the Wesleys had influenced all ranks of life, from the lowest upward. Its effects had not been confined to avowed Methodists, but had led to the rise of the Evangelical party within the Church of England, which was developing very rapidly all through the days of the Great War. But I think that even if the Wesleys had never lived, there would yet have been a strong reaction in favour of godly living and the open profession of Christianity, in consequence of the blasphemous antics of the French Revolution. Nothing in that movement so disgusted Englishmen (even those of them who were not much given to practical religion) as the story of the “Goddess of Reason,” enthroned on the high-altar of Notre Dame, at the time when an orgy of bloodshed was making odious the flatulent talk about humanitarianism and liberty which was the staple of Revolutionary oratory. The peculiar combination of insult to Christianity, open evil living, and wholesale judicial murder, which distinguished the time of the Terror, had an effect on observers comparable to nothing else that has been seen in modern times. Even men who had not hitherto taken their religion very seriously, began to think that a hell was logically necessary in the scheme of creation for beings like Chaumette or Hébert, Fouquier Tinville or Carrier of the _Noyades_. And, we may add, a personal devil was surely required, to account for the promptings of insane wickedness which led to the actions of such people. A tightening up of religious observances, such as the use of family prayer and regular attendance at Church, was a marked feature of the time. It required some time for the movement to spread, but its effect was soon observable. It naturally took shape in adhesion to Evangelical societies within the Church of England, or Methodist societies without it; since these were the already existing nuclei round which those whose souls had been stirred by the horrors in France and the imminent peril of Great Britain would group themselves.

[Sidenote: Effects of the French Revolution]

Very soon the day was over in which “enthusiasm” was the dread of all normal easy-going men. Something more than the eighteenth century religious sentimentalism, and vague spiritual philosophy, was needed for a nation which had to fight for life and empire against the French Republic and all its works. Those methods of thought were sufficiently discredited by the fact that there was a touch of Rousseau in them: it was easy to look over the Channel, and see to what a belief in some nebulous Supreme Being, and in the perfectibility and essential righteousness of mankind at large, might lead. The God of the Old Testament was a much more satisfactory object of worship to the men who had to face the Jacobin, and Calvinism has always proved a good fighting creed. If ever there was a justification for a belief that the enemy were in a condition of complete reprobation, and that to smite them was the duty of every Christian man, it was surely at this time. The conviction of the universality of sin and the natural wickedness of the human heart was the exact opposite and antidote to the optimistic philosophy of the eighteenth century, and to its belief that man is essentially a benevolent being, and that if he sometimes breaks out into deplorable violence “_tout comprendre est tout pardonner_.” As a working hypothesis for an enemy of the French Revolution the Calvinistic theory had everything in its favour.

The army, like English society in general, contained an appreciable proportion of those whom the stress and terror of the times had made anxious about their souls. Some took their religious experience quietly, and found sufficient edification in accepted forms. Many, however, filled with a fervent belief in original sin and in the blackness of their own hearts, only got comfort by “conversion” in the prevalent form of the day, and in subsequent reliance on complete Justification by Faith.

“Conversion” was frequently a matter of dire spiritual agony and wrestling, often accompanied by fits of horrible depression, which were generally fought down, but sometimes ended in religious mania. Sergeant Donaldson of the 94th, whom I have often had to quote in other chapters, tells a terrible tale from his own regiment of a man whose weak point had been a violent temper, and a tendency to use his fists. Being under strong religious emotion, and having determined never again to offend in this way, he had the misfortune to break out once more in unjustifiable blows, administered to his peasant landlord in the village of Ustaritz. Ashamed of his backsliding he fell into a fit of despair, and brooding over the text “if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off,” he resolved that this was the only cure for his irascibility. Whereupon he went, and without any display of emotion or eccentricity, very quietly borrowed a felling-axe from one of the regimental pioneers, placed his right hand upon a window-sill, and cut it off with a single blow delivered very dexterously with his left. He then went and reported his act and its reason to the regimental surgeon, with great calmness and lucidity.[322]

[Sidenote: The Agonies of Conversion]

Such incidents as this were rare among those who were undergoing the process of Conversion, but it was generally accompanied by long spasms of conviction of sin, when, as one memoir-writer records, “all the crimes of his life passed before him in black array, when he felt that if he could but bury himself in a cave or den of the earth, and forego all intercourse with mankind, it would be to purchase pardon and peace easily and cheaply.... Life was but the dreadful expectation of that fatal hour when the fiend would be commissioned to seize and carry off the guilty soul to its abode of everlasting misery.”[323] Another diarist records that, as he went down toward the great breach of Badajoz, he was repeating to himself very forcibly, “You will be in hell before daylight” all the time, till he received a disabling wound. This rifleman, when he experienced conversion, received therewith an unexpected gift of metrical exposition. His autobiography is curiously sprinkled with his impromptu verses such as—

“Then why let our minds be encumbered ’Bout what such poor worms may befall, When the hairs of our head are all numbered By Him who reigns King over all?”

And again—

“I shall go where duty calls me, Patient bearing what befalls me, Jesus Christ will bring me through! Bullets, cannon balls or death Cannot hurt ‘the better part,’ So I’ll list to what He saith Till He bids me home depart.”[324]

This ecstatic confidence of the converted man is very clearly expressed in many a little book. A Guards’ sergeant, whose memoirs I have had occasion to quote in earlier chapters, mentions that, all through the hard experience of his brigade at Talavera, he was comforted by the thought that, however disastrous the day was looking, “the Lord can save us now.”

“Standing between the enemy and my own men, with the shot ploughing up the ground all about me, the Lord kept me from all fear, and I got back to my place in the line without injury and without agitation. Indeed, who should be so firm as the Christian soldier, who has the assurance in his breast that to depart and to be with Christ is far better than to continue toiling here below?”[325] On another occasion this diarist, in a long waiting spell before a dangerous disembarkation, found Wesley’s two hundred and twenty-seventh hymn running in his mind all the morning, to the inexpressible comfort of his soul during an anxious time.

This kind of comfortable ecstasy did not by any means preclude a ready and competent employment of musket and bayonet. One or two of the notable personal exploits of the Peninsular War were done by “saints.” There is a special mention in several diaries, regimental and general, of John Rae, of the 71st, a well-known Methodist, who at the combat of Sobral (October 14, 1810), being the last man of the skirmishers of his battalion to retire, was beset by three French _tirailleurs_, on whom he turned, and shot one and bayoneted the other two in the twinkling of an eye. He received a medal for his conduct from his brigadier, who had been an eye-witness of the affair.[326]

[Sidenote: Wellington’s Views on Religion]

The attitude of Wellington toward religion at large, and religious soldiers in particular, was very much what one might have expected from his peculiar blend of personal characteristics. He was a sincere believer in Christianity as presented by the Church of England, but he had not been in the least affected by recent evangelical developments, and his belief was of a rather dry and official sort; an officer who took to public preaching and the forming of religious societies was only two or three degrees less distasteful to him than an officer who was foul-mouthed in his language and openly contemned holy things. I fancy that the Duke would have been inclined to regard both as “ungentlemanly.” Religion with him was the due recognition of the fact that man has a Creator, who has imposed upon him a code of laws and a system of morality which it is man’s duty to remember, and so far as he may, to observe. He was quite ready to acknowledge that he had his own failings, but trusted that they were not unpardonable ones. The two or three Evangelical enthusiasts who had the courage to tackle him in his later days on the subject of his soul, got small profit thereby.[327]

It is highly to his credit that he made from 1810 onward a serious attempt to organize a system of brigade chaplaincies for his army, and to see that the men should not lack the possibility of public worship. Down to that year the chaplains’ department had been much neglected: large expeditions had gone out without a single clergyman attached, and in the first Peninsular Army of 1808 there had been very few—though two of them, Ormsby and Bradford, happen to have left interesting books behind them, the latter’s beautifully illustrated by sketches. Wellington complained that the provision that he found in 1809 was wholly inadequate, asked for and obtained an additional establishment, and made arrangements for regular Sunday services in each brigade.

The letter of February 6, 1811, in which he explains his views to the Adjutant General at the Horse Guards is a very characteristic document. “The army should have the advantage of religious instruction, from a knowledge that it is the greatest support and aid to military discipline and order.” But there are not enough chaplains, and those that exist are not always “respectable.” The prospects of a military chaplain are not attractive enough; on retirement he is much worse off than he would have been “if he had followed any other line of the clerical profession besides the army.” Hence few good men are obtained. For want of sufficiently numerous and influential official teachers, spontaneous religious life has broken out in the army. There are three Methodist meetings in the 1st Division alone. In the 9th regiment two officers are preaching, in despite of their colonels’ dissuasions.

“The meeting of soldiers in their cantonments to sing psalms, or to hear a sermon read by one of their comrades is, in the abstract, perfectly innocent; it is a better way of spending their time than many others to which they are addicted. But it may become otherwise, and yet, till the abuse has made some progress, their commanding officer would have no knowledge of it, nor could he interfere.”

Official religious instruction is the proper remedy. A “respectable clergyman” is wanted, who “by his personal influence and advice, and by that of true religion, would moderate the zeal and enthusiasm of those people, and prevent meetings from becoming mischievous, even if he could not prevail upon them to discontinue them entirely.” Wherefore the Adjutant General must provide for a larger establishment of “respectable and efficient clergymen.”

[Sidenote: The Chaplains]

The Horse Guards complied at once: chaplains, it was replied, should be sent out “selected with the utmost care and circumspection by the first prelates of the country.” Their pay was raised, and they were directed to conclude every service with a short practical sermon, suited to the habits and understanding of soldiers. “Good preaching,” adds the Adjutant General, “is more than ever required at a time peculiarly marked by the exertions and interference of sectaries of various denominations.”[328]

The chaplains duly appeared. There were good men among them, but they were not, taken as a whole, a complete success. Perhaps the idea, equally nourished by Wellington and by the Horse Guards, that “respectable” clergymen rather than enthusiasts should be drafted out, was the cardinal mistake; the sort of men that were really wanted at the front were precisely the enthusiasts, like that Rev. T. Owen (afterwards secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society), of whom we are told that he was in days of action so far forward in the field that officers warned him that he would infallibly be killed. His reply was that his primary duty was “to be of service to those now departing this life.”[329] This sort of laudable energy, I am bound to say, does not seem to have been the most common characteristic of the chaplains, if we may trust the diaries of the time.

A good many of them were sent straight out from a country curacy to the front, had no special knowledge of soldiers and their ways, and were appalled at having to face the great facts of life and death in their crudest form day after day. There is one distressing picture of a young clergyman suddenly confronted in the guard-tent with five deserters who were to be shot that afternoon. They were all criminals who had been actually taken in the French ranks, fighting against their old comrades, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo. The chaplain helplessly read prayers at them, felt that he could do no more with callous ruffians who had met the death-sentence with an oath, and followed them to the execution-place looking very uncomfortable, quite useless, and much ashamed of himself.

It was almost as trying, if not so horrible, to be tackled by a Calvinist in the throes of conversion, who gave glowing pictures of hell-fire, and asked for the means of avoiding it, refusing to take as an answer any dole of chapters from the New Testament or petitions from the Prayer Book. Here is a picture of the situation from the point of view of the penitent, Quartermaster Surtees, whom I have already had occasion to quote.

“From the clergyman, though a kind and sympathizing man, I, alas! derived but little benefit. He did not direct me to the only source of a sin-sick being’s hopes—the Lamb of God which taketh away the sins of the world. He tried to make my hopes centre more on good resolutions, and after-doings. How thankfully would I have accepted the true method of salvation pointed out in the gospel; but already I was but too much (as the natural man always is) inclined to expect pardon from the acts of penitence which, if God spared me, I intended to perform. The kind gentleman wrote me out prayers, and seemed much interested in my welfare. But reading and praying seemed more like an irksome task than an exercise which brought spiritual profit.... Indeed the Scriptures were still at this time a ‘sealed book’ to me; until the grace of God has dispelled our darkness there is no light in anything.”[330]

Clearly the Quartermaster had come upon one of those sensible and commonplace clergy whom Wellington had requisitioned from the Chaplain-general’s department, when he wanted an Evangelist who would have preached to him Justification by Faith in its simplest form.

There are a good many humorous anecdotes concerning the race of Chaplains preserved in the Peninsular diaries, not for the most part imputing to them any serious moral failing—though several are accused of having become “Belemites,”[331] and of shirking the front—but tending to prove that they often failed to rise to the occasion in their difficult calling. This was indeed to be expected when most of them had not the least knowledge of military life and customs, and were wandering about for many months in a world quite new to them. Clearly only men of experience should have been sent—but (as Wellington remarks in one of his letters) the pay offered was so small that only enthusiasts or very poor men could be expected to take it—and enthusiasts, for other reasons, the commander-in-chief did not like. The soldier seems often to have been struck by the helplessness of the chaplain—he let himself be robbed by his servants, wandered outside the picquets and got captured by the French, or was deceived by obvious hypocrites. There is one ridiculous story of a young clergyman who, when first brought forward to take a brigade Sunday service, and placed behind the big-drum, which was to serve him as a sort of central mark, mistook its function for that of a pulpit, and endeavoured to mount upon it, with disastrous results, and to the infinite laughter of the congregation.

[Sidenote: The Methodists]

Not unfrequently the chaplains fell out with the Methodists among their flocks. They had been specially imported by Wellington in order that they might discourage the prayer meetings—“getting up little conventicles” as one of them called these assemblies. “The Church service is sufficient for the instruction of mankind,” said another, and “the zeal for preaching” tended to self-sufficiency and incipient pharisaism. On the whole, however, there was no regular or normal opposition between Church of England and Methodist soldiers; they were in such a minority among the godless that it would have been absurd for them to have quarrelled. The Methodists regularly received the sacrament from the chaplains along with the churchmen, and the latter were frequently to be found at the prayer meetings of the former.

Sergeant Stevenson’s memoir, a mine of useful information in this respect, informs us that the regular organized prayer meeting of the Wesleyans in the 1st Division was begun in a gravel-pit just outside the walls of Badajoz, in September, 1809, and never ceased from that time forward. During the long sojourn behind the Lines of Torres Vedras it was held for many weeks in a large wine-press, holding more than a hundred men, behind the village of Cartaxo, quite close to Wellington’s headquarters, where indeed the hymns sung could be clearly heard. There were similar associations in other divisions, some mainly Church of England, some (as in the 79th regiment) Presbyterian. Stevenson says that he never heard of any opposition on the part of commanding officers, save in the case of one captain, whose preaching was finally ended by a course of persecution on the part of his colonel. But of course the “saints” had to endure a good deal of ridicule from their comrades, more especially those of them who took occasion to testify against drunkenness or blasphemy. Stevenson gives a verse of his own, which he says that he pasted up in the sergeants’ room of the 3rd Guards, to discourage profane swearing at large.

“It chills the blood to hear the Blest Supreme Rashly appealed to on each trifling theme, Maintain your rank: vulgarity despise; To swear is neither _brave_, _polite_, nor _wise_.”

We may observe a certain canny appeal to the self-respect of the non-commissioned officer, in the insinuation that by blasphemy he lowers himself to the ranks, and is guilty of vulgarity and want of politeness. It is to be feared that these couplets might have been not inappropriately hung up in the mess rooms of certain regiments whose colonels were by no means choice in their language.

[Sidenote: Soldier-Parsons]

Among the senior officers of the Peninsular Army there were a good number who were not merely like Wellington, conformists of an official sort, but zealous Christians, such were Hill, Le Marchant,[332] Colborne, and John Beckwith—the Light Division colonel, who devoted his later years to taking care of the Waldenses of Piedmont, among whom he settled down in the evening of his life. Quite a sprinkling of the younger officers took orders when the war was over, after the great disbandment of 1816–17, when all the second battalions were disembodied. Such were three men who have left us excellent Peninsular diaries, Gleig of the 85th, the author of “The Subaltern,” and other works, afterwards Chaplain-General to the forces; Dallas, who made a great name as an evangelist at Burford, was another soldier-parson; Boothby, who wrote a good journal concerning Maida, Corunna, and Talavera, was a third. The type generally ran to strong Evangelicalism, as was natural, considering that this was the really live and vigorous element in the Church of that day.

It is clear that the religious condition of regiments varied extremely—that in some the influence of serious and devout officers and men was large, in others practically invisible. The character of the colonel made some difference for good or bad, but I imagine that more depended on the existence or non-existence of some small knot of officers or sergeants who did not fear to let their views be known, and formed a nucleus around which steady men gathered. Their names are mostly forgotten, the record of their witnessing has perished, or emerges only in some obscure corner of a little-read biography or an old religious magazine. I could wish that some sympathetic hand could devote a whole book to collecting and recording that which I have only been able to touch upon in this short chapter. It is a side of the life of the Peninsular Army which well deserves recording, since without some notice of it the picture of military society during the great war is wholly incomplete.

APPENDIX I.

(A.) ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BRITISH INFANTRY OF THE LINE. July, 1809.

N.B.—The star * affixed to a battalion’s station means that it had just returned from Sir John Moore’s Corunna Campaign.

Total. 1st 2nd 3rd and Junior Total. Battalions. Battalions. Battalions. At Home 25[334] 42[335] 3[336] 70 Peninsula 11[337] 15 2 28 Sicily and Malta 10 3 1 14 East Indies 21 2 0 23 West Indies 21 2 4 27 Cape of Good Hope 5 0 0 5 Canada and Nova Scotia 6 0 0 6 New South Wales 2 0 0 2 Gibraltar and Madeira 2 2 0 4 --- Total 179

A consideration of the prefixed table of “establishments” shows the following results. Putting aside the regiments with many battalions (the 1st, 14th, 27th, 60th, 95th), the remainder fall into two-battalion and single-battalion corps.

Of the 61 double-battalion regiments--

9 were at a strength of 2250 or thereabouts.[338] 17 were at a strength of 2031 or thereabouts.[339] 16 were at a strength of 1820 or thereabouts.[340] 12 were at a strength of 1610 or thereabouts.[341] 7 were at a strength of under 1600.[342]

All the regiments on the two higher establishments (with one exception) had both battalions on active service in 1809, either one in the Indies and one in Europe, or both in Europe. Hence it was necessary to keep them at a very high figure.

Those with 1820 or 1610 men were nearly all regiments which had one battalion on active service and one on home service, though a very few had both overseas (such as the 18th, 34th, 39th, 62nd); in such cases the 2nd battalion, though on service, was very weak.

The two-battalion corps with under 1600 men were almost invariably regiments which had one battalion in the Indies, worked down to very low numbers by disease, and had failed to keep up its strength (the 15th, 25th, 96th in the West, the 59th, 69th in the East Indies).

The 37 single-battalion regiments stood on the following establishments--

6 were at a strength of 1126 or thereabouts.[343] 13 were at a strength of 940 or thereabouts.[344] 15 were at a strength of 700–730 or thereabouts.[345] 3 were at a strength of under 600.[346]

Those corps on the two higher establishments are either actually serving, or are designated for immediate service abroad, and have therefore their establishments fixed high. Those on the lower establishments (730 or under) fall into two classes: either they are regiments in the East or West Indies which have died down to a low figure [_e.g._ 16th, 37th, 46th, 54th, 55th, 65th, 68th, 70th, 86th] or they are battalions quartered in peaceful stations and not expected to be sent on active service, [_e.g._ 41st, 99th, 100th, 103rd, in Canada and Bermuda] or at home [74th, 75th, 77th, 85th, 94th]. All the last-named five, on home service, were raised to a higher establishment and sent to the front in 1810–12.

It will be noted that of the one hundred and three 1st battalions, or single-battalion regiments, a great many were not available, viz. twenty-one in the East Indies, twenty-one in the West Indies (including Bermuda), eleven in the Mediterranean Garrisons, five at the Cape of Good Hope, six in Canada, two in (or bound for) New South Wales. There were only twenty-five 1st battalions at home, and of these twenty had served under Moore in the Corunna retreat and then went on the Walcheren expedition, so that in 1809 they were unavailable. Three more battalions which had not served under Moore had shared in the same descent on the Scheldt (74th, 77th, 85th). There were actually only two single-battalion corps which had neither gone to Corunna nor to Walcheren and were available at home (75th and 94th).[347] In the way of the strongly organized first battalions, therefore, there was absolutely nil to send to Wellington in 1809 save Craufurd’s three Light Infantry battalions, which though they had been with Moore in January were back in the Peninsula by July (1/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th).

It is easy to see, therefore, that there was the greatest possible difficulty in finding battalions with which Wellesley’s Peninsular Army could be reinforced. Of troops which had not gone to Walcheren there were left in Great Britain only the 75th and 94th, with twenty-eight 2nd (or junior) battalions which had not joined in the expedition to the Scheldt. These were almost without exception very weak units, the first battalions of ten of these were in the Indies, then of five more already in the Peninsula, all their strength was used up in keeping their senior battalions full, of the remaining thirteen only two (2/5th 2/34th, 2/38th), were strong enough to be sent to Portugal. The reinforcements which Wellington was given in the autumn of 1809 and the summer of 1810 were largely scraped up from foreign garrisons—the 1/7th from Nova Scotia, the 1/11th from Madeira, the 1/57th from Gibraltar. But in 1810 Walcheren battalions began to come out, such as the 3/1st, 1/9th, 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/79th, and to load Wellington’s hospitals with ague-stricken convalescents. For later reinforcements see Chapter VII.

ESTABLISHMENT OF CAVALRY IN 1809.

--------------------+------+----------------------------- 1st Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 2nd Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 3rd Dragoon Guards | 905 | Peninsular Field Army 4th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 5th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 6th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 7th Dragoon Guards | 905 | Home 1st Dragoons | 1083 | Peninsular Field Army 2nd Dragoons | 905 | Home 3rd Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren] 4th Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army 6th Dragoons | 905 | Home 7th Hussars | 905 | *Home 8th Light Dragoons | 720 | East Indies 9th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren] 10th Hussars | 905 | *Home 11th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home 12th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home [went to Walcheren] 13th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home 14th Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army 15th Hussars | 905 | *Home 16th Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army 17th Light Dragoons | 940 | East Indies 18th Hussars | 905 | *Home 19th Light Dragoons | 905 | Home 20th Light Dragoons | 905 | 1/2 Sicily and 1/2 Peninsula 21st Light Dragoons | 905 | Cape of Good Hope 22nd Light Dragoons | 928 | East Indies 23rd Light Dragoons | 905 | Peninsular Field Army 24th Light Dragoons | 928 | East Indies 25th Light Dragoons | 940 | East Indies --------------------+------+-----------------------------

N.B.—Note that there was no 5th regiment of Dragoons in 1809. The corps last bearing that number had been disbanded in 1799, and its successor was not raised till 1858.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSEHOLD TROOPS IN 1809.

N.B.—The Second Batts. Coldstream and 3rd Foot Guards both sent their flank companies to Walcheren. The troops sent to Cadiz early in 1810 were detachments, viz. 4 companies of the 2/1st Guards, 3 of the 2/2nd, 3 of the 2/3rd.

MISCELLANEOUS CORPS.

In addition to the regular units shown in these lists, there are on the estimates of 1809 twelve veteran battalions, with effectives ranging from 693 to 1129, and eight garrison battalions, mostly with an establishment of 906. Most of these were at home, but a few in the Mediterranean garrisons.

There were also the foreign corps of Meuron, de Roll, Watteville, Dillon, _Chasseurs Britanniques_, Royal Malta, Royal Corsicans and the Sicilian regiment, all in the Mediterranean, with the York Light Infantry, York Rangers, and Royal West India Rangers in the West Indies. These were all single battalion corps ranging from 1361 men (de Roll) to 694 (York L. I.). The black regiments, eight West India battalions with 1125 men each, could only be used in their own regions.

Of the King’s German Legion there were at home the two Heavy Dragoon Regiments with an establishment of 694 each, and the 2nd and 3rd Hussars, with the same numbers. The 3rd Hussars were just back from the Corunna Retreat: the 2nd went to Walcheren. Of the ten infantry battalions, four (1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th Line) were with the Peninsular Field Army, as was the 1st Hussars; four (3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th Line) were in Sicily; 1st and 2nd Light battalions (just back from Corunna) were at home, and went to Walcheren. Four battalions had establishments of 1062, six of 902, of all ranks.

APPENDIX II

DIVISIONAL AND BRIGADE ORGANIZATION AND CHANGES.

1809–1814.

BY C. T. ATKINSON, M.A., FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD.

[Sidenote: Changes in 1809]

1809.

On April 22, when Wellesley arrived the troops were brigaded as follows:--

Cavalry. G.O.C., Cotton. 14th Light Dragoons, 16th Light Dragoons, 2 squadrons 20th Light Dragoons, detachment 3rd Hussars K.G.L.: Fane’s brigade (not at the Douro), 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons.

Guards’ Brigade (H. Campbell). 1st Coldstream, 1st 3rd Guards (_i.e._ Scots), 1 co. 5/60th.

1st Brigade (Hill). 1/3rd, 2/48th, 2/66th, 1 co. 5/60th.

2nd Brigade (Mackenzie). 2/24th (attached), 3/27th, 2/31st, 1/45th.

3rd Brigade (Tilson). Headquarters and 5 cos. 5/60th, 2/87th, 1/88th.

4th Brigade (Sontag). 97th, 2nd Detachments, 1 co. 5/60th.

5th Brigade (A. Campbell). 2/7th, 2/53rd, 1 co. 5/60th.

6th Brigade (R. Stewart). 29th, 1st Detachments.

7th Brigade (Cameron). 2/9th, 2/83rd, 1 co. 5/60th.

K.G.L. (Murray, Langwerth and Drieberg). 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions K.G.L.

The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Brigades each included a Portuguese battalion.

[N.B.—The “Battalions of Detachments” were composed of convalescents and stragglers, left behind from the regiments which had marched from Portugal under Sir John Moore in the preceding autumn.]

The organization in divisions dates from June 18. It was originally as follows:--

_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Payne. A [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Cotton], 14th and 16th Light Dragoons; Unattached, 2 squadrons 20th Light Dragoons, 23rd Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars K.G.L., detachment 3rd Hussars K.G.L.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., Sherbrooke. A [H. Campbell], 1st Coldstream, 1st Scots; B [Cameron], 2/9th, 2/83rd; C [Langwerth], 1st and 2nd Line K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions K.G.L.; D [Löw], 5th and 7th Line K.G.L.

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Hill], 1/3rd, 2/48th, 3/66th; B [R. Stewart], 29th, 1st Detachments.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Mackenzie. A [Mackenzie] 3/27th, 2/31st, 1/45th; B [Tilson], 5 companies 5/60th, 2/87th, 1/88th.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., A. Campbell. A [A. Campbell], 2/7th, 2/53rd; B [Sontag], 97th, 2nd Detachments.

The detached companies of 5/60th at Talavera were with I A, I B, II A, IV A, IV B.

Subsequent changes were as follows:--

_Cavalry._ 20th Light Dragoons and detachment 3rd Hussars K.G.L., left the Peninsula before the end of July.

By June 21 a new brigade, C, was added, under G. Anson, composed of 23rd Light Dragoons and 1st Hussars K.G.L.

On November 1 Granby Calcroft was commanding A for Fane, absent.

By November 24 1st Dragoons (who arrived at Lisbon in October) replaced the 16th Light Dragoons in B, now under Slade, as Cotton was assisting Payne in command of the division; 16th Light Dragoons were transferred to C _vice_ 23rd Light Dragoons, ordered home after their losses at Talavera.

_1st Division._ 1/40th, from Seville, replaced 2/9th before June 21, 2/9th going to Gibraltar and relieving 1/61st, who joined before Talavera, on which 1/40th were transferred to IV B.

After Talavera 2/24th and 2/42nd were added to I B, 2/83rd being sent down to Lisbon.

At Talavera, H. Campbell was wounded, Stopford replacing him in command of the division and brigade, but from November 8 to December 15, Hulse had the brigade. Langwerth having been killed at Talavera, Beck of 1st Line K.G.L. succeeded to his brigade, but the two K.G.L. brigades were amalgamated under Löw from November 1.

_2nd Division._ By June 21 Tilson (from III B) had taken over Hill’s own brigade. Before Talavera 1/48th (arrived at Lisbon June 22, on being relieved at Gibraltar by 2/30th) had been added to II B.

In September, a new brigade, C, under Catlin Craufurd, was added, composed of 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th, and about the same time 2/31st (from III A) was added to II A. By November 1, 1/57th (from Gibraltar) replaced 1st Detachments in II B, the Battalions of Detachments having been broken up.

From December 15 on II A was under command of Duckworth of 2/48th.

_3rd Division._ Tilson, moving to II A, was replaced by Donkin (June 21).

Before Talavera 2/24th replaced 3/27th (sent down to Lisbon) in III A.

Mackenzie was killed at Talavera, and the division passed under the command of R. Craufurd, whose brigade, 1/43rd, 1/52nd and 1/95th, arrived just too late for the battle, and was apparently added to the division in place of Mackenzie’s brigade which was amalgamated with Donkin’s. On September 15, 2/87th was ordered down to Lisbon for garrison duty, 2/24th being transferred to II B and 2/31st to II A about the same time.

In October, Donkin gave up his brigade, Mackinnon obtaining command.

_4th Division._ Myers of 2/7th seems to have commanded IV A for A. Campbell.

By Talavera 1/40th had been added to IV B, of which Kemmis had taken command vice Sontag.

At Talavera A. Campbell was wounded, and had to go home, the division being without a definite G.O.C. till the arrival of Lowry Cole in October.

In September 1/11th (arrived at Lisbon from Madeira in August) was added to IV A. On the Battalions of Detachments being sent home (October), 3/27th, in garrison at Lisbon since after the Douro, replaced the 2nd Battalion in IV B.

[Sidenote: Changes in 1810]

1810.

On January 1, the composition of the Army was as follows:--

_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Payne; Cotton, second in command.

A [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars K.G.L.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., Sherbrooke. A [Stopford], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots; B [A. Cameron], 2/24th, 2/42nd, 1/61st; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions, K.G.L.

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Duckworth, temporarily], 1/3rd, 2/31st, 2/48th, 2/66th; B [R. Stewart], 29th, 1/48th, 1/57th; C [C. Craufurd], 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [R. Craufurd], 1/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th; B [Mackinnon], 1/45th, 5/60th, 1/88th.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [Myers acting for Cole], 2/7th, 1/11th, 2/53rd; B [Kemmis] 3/27th, 1/40th, 97th; C [Lightburne], 2/5th, 2/58th.[348]

Subsequent changes were:--

_Cavalry._ Payne went home before June 1, Cotton obtaining sole command from June 3.

On April 1 the 13th Light Dragoons arrived at Lisbon, joining the army in May, and being attached to Hill’s division, along with four regiments of Portuguese cavalry, the whole under Fane, who gave over his brigade to de Grey from May 13. Two troops of the regiment went to Cadiz, but rejoined the regiment in September.

Before the end of the year Fane seems to have gone home ill.

_1st Division._ On April 26 Cotton was posted to the command of the division, _vice_ Sherbrooke, gone home ill, but gave place to Spencer, June 3, on getting the Cavalry Division.

In the “States” of March 8 to August 1, no brigadier is given for I B. On August 4 Lord Blantyre (of 2/42nd) was appointed to command I B “during the absence of Brigadier-General Cameron.” Cameron was back in command from October 1, but on November 26 he was invalided home, Blantyre probably commanding again.

By the Orders of September 12, 1/79th (just arrived from Cadiz), was posted to I B _vice_ 1/61st, to be transferred to a new brigade to form part of the 1st Division. These orders were suspended from September 14, and at Bussaco 1/7th (arrived from Halifax before end of July), and 1/79th formed a brigade (I D) under Pakenham.

On October 6, orders were given for the transfer of Pakenham’s brigade to the 4th Division, the exchange between the 1/61st and 1/79th having been carried out previously, and a new brigade was added under Erskine, comprising 1/50th (arrived September 24), 1/71st (arrived September 26), 1/92nd (arrived in October, before the 6th), and 1 company 3/95th.

_2nd Division._ On June 20 Leith was appointed to command “Tilson’s brigade,” and to command the division “under Hill,” but in the “State” of July 8 his name appears as commanding the brigade composed of 3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th. On August 8 orders were issued to W. Stewart to take command of Tilson’s brigade and of the division under Hill. In November Hill went on sick leave.

Leith’s name ceases to appear in the returns as commanding II A from July 8, and W. Stewart’s name appears in his place from July 27. When Stewart commanded the division, Colborne of 2/66th had the brigade. C. Craufurd died in September, and at Bussaco Wilson of 2/39th commanded II C. On September 30 Lumley was posted to command it.

Before September 1 R. Stewart had gone home ill, and at Bussaco Inglis (of 1/57th) commanded II B. On October 8 Hoghton was posted to it.

_3rd Division._ From January 8 on 5/60th no longer appear in the Returns as belonging to the division, and their place in the brigade was taken by 74th, who arrived at Lisbon February 8, and are mentioned in Orders on February 22 as in III B.

On February 22 the division was reorganized, R. Craufurd’s brigade becoming, with two battalions of Caçadores, the Light Division. Mackinnon’s brigade now became III A, and Lightburne’s brigade was transferred from the 4th Division and became III B. The headquarters and three companies 5/60th were posted to Lightburne’s brigade, the remaining companies having been posted to I A, I B, II A, II B, II C, IV A, IV B. At the same time a Portuguese brigade composed of the 9th and 21st Regiments (under Harvey) was added to the division.

At Bussaco Champlemond was in command of the Portuguese brigade, by October 29 Sutton had it, Champlemond being wounded at Bussaco.

On September 12 2/83rd was posted to III B, 2/88th having arrived from Cadiz to relieve them September 4. Hurrying to the front they joined their brigade before Bussaco. When they did join, 2/58th was detached from III B for garrison duty at Lisbon. 94th (arrived from Cadiz September 20), were added to III B on October 6, and on October 10 Colville was posted to command the brigade _vice_ Lightburne, who went home.

_4th Division._ On the transfer of Lightburne’s brigade to the 3rd Division the other two brigades exchanged places, Kemmis’ becoming IV A, and being Cole’s brigade, but under the immediate command of Kemmis. A. Campbell, who had rejoined, took command of his old brigade.

The 3rd and 15th Portuguese were added to the division in February, as a brigade under Collins.

At Bussaco the Portuguese brigade consisted of the 11th and 23rd, the 3rd and 15th having been removed to the 5th Division.

On October 6 A. Campbell’s brigade was removed from the division to become the nucleus of the newly-formed 6th Division, its place being taken by Pakenham’s from the 1st Division, _i.e._ 1/7th, 1/61st, to which the Brunswick Oels Light Infantry (arrived Lisbon September 17) were added.

On November 12 the Brunswick Oels were removed to the Light Division, but one company was posted to IV B, two more being detached to provide the newly-formed 5th Division, with extra light troops. Their place in IV B was taken by the newly arrived 1/23rd from Halifax, Nova Scotia.

On November 17 2/7th and 1/61st were ordered to exchange, IV B thus becoming the Fusilier Brigade.

_Light Division._ Formed on February 22 by the removal of R. Craufurd’s brigade from the 3rd Division, the 1st and 3rd Portuguese Caçadores being added to it. On August 4 it was broken up into two brigades, as follows: A [Beckwith of 1/95th] 1/43rd, 4 companies 1/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Barclay of 1/52nd] 1/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th, 3rd Caçadores. Barclay having been wounded at Bussaco, Wynch of 1/4th got the brigade (in Orders of November 14th).

A company of 2/95th (from Cadiz) was added to A before October 1. On November 12 nine companies Brunswick Oels joined B.

_5th Division._ Officially this division first appears in the “State” of August 8, when the 3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th,[349] are first called the “Fifth Division,” a Portuguese brigade, Spry’s (_i.e._ 3rd and 15th Line), being added, and Leith being G.O.C.

On August 4 J. S. Barns of 3/1st was appointed to command the British brigade, being superseded by Hay September 30.

On October 6 orders were issued that Leith should command the 5th Division, and that it should be composed of Brigadier-General Hay’s brigade, a brigade made up of 1/4th (from England, they first appear in the “State” of November 15), 2/30th (from Cadiz), and 2/44th (from Cadiz), and Spry’s Portuguese.

On November 5 Dunlop was posted to V B, hitherto under its senior battalion commander.

On November 12 a company of the Brunswick Oels was posted to each of the British brigades.

_6th Division._ Ordered to be formed October 6, by taking A. Campbell’s brigade out of the 4th Division and adding Eben’s Portuguese (_i.e._ 8th Line and Lusitanian Legion) to it: A. Campbell being G.O.C.

On November 14, Hulse was posted to A. Campbell’s brigade.

On November 17 1/61st from IV B exchanged with 2/7th.

In addition to the Portuguese brigades attached to the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Divisions there were at least five others, two of which, the 4th under Archibald Campbell (=4th and 10th Line), and 2nd under Fonseca (=2nd and 14th Line) formed a division under Hamilton, which acted throughout under Hill. Wellington says that he intended to organize this division like the rest, but the heavy losses at Albuera and the consequent necessity of reforming the 2nd Division made it impossible for him to carry out his resolve. [Cf. _Wellington Dispatches_, viii. 111.]

The remaining brigades were the 1st (Pack’s), consisting of the 1st and 16th Line and 4th Caçadores, the 5th (A. Campbell’s), 6th and 18th Line, and 6th Caçadores; the 6th (Coleman’s), 7th and 19th Line and 2nd Caçadores. On the formation of the 7th Division in March, 1811, Coleman’s brigade was posted to it, the other two remaining unattached.

The 12th and 13th Line and 5th Caçadores seem to have formed yet another brigade under Bradford, but in October the 13th Line was in garrison at Abrantes.

Spry’s brigade ranked at the 3rd, Eben’s as the 7th, Sutton’s as the 8th, and Collins’ as the 9th.

[Sidenote: State of January 1, 1811]

1811.

On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:--

_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Cotton. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; unbrigaded, 13th Light Dragoons.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., Spencer. A [Stopford], 1st Coldstream, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Blantyre, acting], 2/24th, 2/42nd, 1/79th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 7th Line, K.G.L., detachment Light Battalions, K.G.L.; D [Erskine], 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/92nd, 1 company 3/95th.

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Colborne], 1/3rd, 2/31st, 2/48th, 2/66th, 1 company 5/60th; B [Hoghton], 29th, 1/48th, 1/57th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Lumley], 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th, 1 company 5/60th.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Mackinnon], 1/45th, 1/74th, 1/88th; B [Colville], 2/5th, 3 companies 5/60th, 2/83rd, 94th; also Sutton’s Portuguese.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [Kemmis], 3/27th, 1/40th, 97th, 1 company 5/60th; B [Pakenham], 1/7th, 2/7th, 1/23rd, 1 Company Brunswick Oels; also Collins’ Portuguese.

_5th Division._ G.O.C., Leith. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 2/38th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Dunlop], 1/4th, 2/30th, 2/44th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.

_6th Division._ G.O.C., A. Campbell. A [Hulse], 1/11th, 2/53rd, 1/61st, 1 company 5/60th; also Eben’s Portuguese.

_Light Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [Beckwith], 1/43rd, 4 companies 1/95th, 1 company 2/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Wynch], 1/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th, Brunswick Oels, 3rd Caçadores.

_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s Division, brigades under Fonseca (2nd) and Archibald Campbell (4th). Unattached brigades under Pack (1st), Ashworth, late A. Campbell (5th), Coleman (6th), and Bradford (10th).

Subsequent changes were:--

_Cavalry._ Cotton went home January 15, returning April 22; in his absence Slade commanded the division until March 7, when Erskine seems to have been placed in command of both the Cavalry and the Light Division. While Slade had the division, his brigade was apparently under Hawker of 14th Light Dragoons, and from March 1 to May 15, G. Anson being absent, Arentschildt of 1st K.G.L. Hussars, commanded C.

On March 19 Long was posted to command the cavalry of the force usually under Hill, but commanded by Beresford during Hill’s absence. At Albuera Lumley (of II C) was in command of Beresford’s cavalry, Long’s conduct not having given satisfaction to the Marshal. On May 11 Erskine was appointed to command “the cavalry south of the Tagus.”

On June 13 a new brigade, D, was formed under Long, composed of 13th Light Dragoons and 2nd Hussars K.G.L., two squadrons of which had landed April 8. On June 18 the 11th Light Dragoons (arrived June 1) replaced the 13th, transferred to Slade’s brigade.

On June 19 a reorganization of the cavalry in two divisions was ordered, as follows:--

1st Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 13th and 14th Light Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; also Madden’s Portuguese.

2nd Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Erskine. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; D [Long], 11th Light Dragoons, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.

On July 19 another reorganization took place, the final result being as follows:--

1st Cavalry Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 12th Light Dragoons (arrived July 1), vice 13th (to C) and 14th (to D); C [G. Anson], 13th and 16th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten, a new brigade], 11th Light Dragoons (from D) and 1st Hussars, K.G.L. (from C); Madden’s Portuguese.

2nd Cavalry Division. A [de Grey], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; D [Long], 14th Light Dragoons, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.

On August 1, 9th Light Dragoons (newly arrived) were posted to Long’s brigade, together with 13th Light Dragoons, which exchanged from C with 14th.

On August 30, a new brigade, F, was added, comprising 4th Dragoon Guards, arrived August 15, and 3rd Dragoons, arrived before August 20, its commander being Le Marchant. By October 1, 5th Dragoon Guards had been added to this brigade.

On October 5 de Grey’s brigade was transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division, to which Le Marchant’s was attached by Orders of November 8, the Portuguese brigade being struck off that division.

From December 8 on the States do not give any G.O.C. for the 2nd Cavalry Division.

_1st Division._ On January 23 Nightingale was posted to I B: on February 6 Howard obtained I D, when Erskine was transferred to the command of the 5th Division. On June 8 H. Campbell’s name is given in the “State” as in command of I A, Stopford being transferred to IV B (in Orders for this June 18). Nightingale departing to Bengal before June 25 his brigade had no permanent commander till July 28, when Stopford got it.

Owing to the heavy losses of the 2nd Division at Albuera and its consequent reconstruction, Howard’s brigade was transferred to it on June 6, and at the same time the detachment of the Light Battalions of the K.G.L., hitherto in I C, rejoined those battalions, which had been posted to VII A.

On June 26 orders were issued for the 7th Line K.G.L., to go home, its rank and file being drafted into the other three battalions. On July 21 1/26th were added to I B, having recently arrived from England.

On August 9, Graham was appointed to command the division, Spencer having gone home in July, he received leave July 25. From December 1 onward I B appears in the “States” as having no G.O.C.

_2nd Division._ The heavy losses at Albuera led to the reorganization of the division, detailed in Orders June 6. Howard’s brigade of the 1st Division was transferred to the 2nd Division, becoming II A. The remainder of the brigades of Colborne and Hoghton (who was killed) were formed into a Provisional Battalion, less 1/48th and 2/48th; 1/48th, to which the rank and file of 2/48th were drafted (the cadre of 2/48th going home), was transferred to IV B.

This Provisional Battalion was placed in Lumley’s brigade, of which Abercromby (of 2/28th) had had temporary command at Albuera, while Lumley was in charge of the cavalry. At the same time, Ashworth’s Portuguese brigade was definitely attached to it: this was the 5th Brigade, which had been under A. Campbell in October, 1810, but had come under Ashworth by March 11; it comprised the 6th and 18th Line and 6th Caçadores. Cf. also _Wellington Dispatches_, viii, 566, and S. D. vii. 135.

Before the end of May Hill returned and took over command of the division, as well as of the whole force commanded by Beresford at Albuera.

On July 22 1/28th (newly arrived from Gibraltar) was posted to Lumley’s brigade.

On August 7 orders were issued for 1/3rd and 1/57th to resume their separate formations, large drafts having arrived from their second battalions in England. The division was again formed in three brigades, Howard’s being II A, and 1/3rd, 1/57th, and the Provisional Battalion, [_i.e._ 29th (3 companies), 2/31st (4 companies) and 2/66th (3 companies)] forming II B, apparently under Inglis of 1/57th, while 1/28th, 2/28th, 2/34th, and 2/39th under Lumley formed II C.

On August 21 2/28th was drafted into 1/28th, and sent home, and the company 3/95th, hitherto in Howard’s brigade, were transferred to Beckwith’s brigade of the Light Division, being replaced in II A by a company of 5/60th, there being three with the division.

On September 21 Byng was posted to command II B, and on October 9 Wilson was appointed to command II C, Lumley having gone home sick early in August.

On October 3 orders were issued for 29th to go home to recruit; on October 20 1/39th, just arrived from Sicily, was added to II C, 2/39th being drafted into it and sent home by Orders issued December 17.

_3rd Division._ Orders of March 5 direct the transfer of the headquarter companies 5/60th to III A, 2/88th, on garrison duty at Lisbon since September 4, 1810, being added to III B. On July 10, 2/88th was ordered to be drafted into 1/88th, and the cadre sent home.

On July 22 the 77th were added to III B.

From July 1 to October 31 Mackinnon was absent from his brigade, ill, Wallace of 1/88th commanding it in his place.

On December 22 Colville was transferred to the command of the 4th Division, in Cole’s absence on leave, J. Campbell of the 94th getting III B.

Champlemond had the Portuguese brigade on March 19; but by Fuentes Power had it.

_4th Division._ By February 1 the headquarters and 9 companies Brunswick Oels had been added to IV A, having been removed from the Light Division, but on the formation of the 7th Division (March 5), they were removed to it.

On January 23 Houston was appointed to IV B _vice_ Pakenham, but left the brigade again March 5, on being appointed to command the 7th Division: Myers would seem to have commanded IV B till Albuera, where he was killed. On June 18 Stopford was appointed to command IV B, but was transferred to I B on July 28, Pakenham again getting IV B. From November 15 onwards the “States” do not give any brigadier for IV B, but it continued to be described as “Pakenham’s.”

After Albuera 2/7th was drafted into 1/7th, the remnants being sent home June 26; 1/48th from the 2nd Division was added to IV B June 6. On October 3, the 97th, a single battalion regiment, was ordered home in consequence of its severe losses.

On December 22 Colville was appointed to command the division, Cole having gone home ill.

At Albuera Harvey was in command of the Portuguese brigade of the division, to which 1st battalion Loyal Lusitanian Legion had been added on March 14: by September this unit was renamed 7th Caçadores, the brigade was then again under Collins, who at Albuera had led a provisional brigade from the Elvas garrison [5th Line, 5th Caçadores].

_5th Division._ From February 1 to February 6 the division was without a G.O.C., Leith being absent: on February 6, Erskine was appointed to command it, but was transferred to the command of the advanced guard (the Light Division and cavalry), from March 7 to April 22. During this period Dunlop seems to have commanded the division, Egerton of 2/44th commanding V B.

On May 11 Erskine was appointed to the 2nd Cavalry Division, and Dunlop again had temporary command of the division until October 2, when G. T. Walker was appointed to command his brigade. By December 1 Leith was again in command of the division.

On March 14 the 2nd Battalion Loyal Lusitanian Legion had been added to Spry’s Portuguese brigade. By September it had been renamed 8th Caçadores.

_6th Division._ Orders of March 5 directed the addition to the division of a new brigade under Burne (of 1/36th), comprising 2nd and 1/36th.

It seems to have been intended to put the Brunswick Oels into the 6th Division, but on the formation of the 7th Division (March 5), they were put in C. Alten’s brigade.

On July 21 1/32nd, arrived at Lisbon before July 8, was posted to VI B.

A. Campbell leaving for India in November, the division was without a definite G.O.C. till the end of the year, Burne commanding it temporarily.

On March 14 the Loyal Lusitanian Legion was removed from the Portuguese brigade of the division, and distributed as Caçador battalions to the 4th and 5th Divisions, being replaced by the 12th Line, formerly in Bradford’s brigade. At Fuentes Madden commanded the brigade.

_Light Division._ Wynch dying January 6, the 2nd Brigade was without a commander till February 7, when Drummond (of 1/52nd) was appointed to it. Craufurd having gone home on leave before February 8, the division had no G.O.C., but was under Erskine from March 7 on, together with the Cavalry who also were in the advanced guard.

On March 5 2/52nd, newly arrived at Lisbon, was added to Drummond’s brigade.

R. Craufurd returned April 22 and took over the division from Erskine.

By August 1 Beckwith had been invalided home, Andrew Barnard of the 95th commanding the brigade in his place.

On August 21 the headquarters and four companies of the 3/95th, which had gone out to Cadiz in 1810, arrived at Lisbon, and were added to the 1st Brigade, the company 3/95th hitherto with II A being also added to the same brigade.

Drummond dying before September 8, Vandeleur was appointed to the vacant brigade on September 30. By October 1 another company 2/95th had been added to the 1st Brigade.

_7th Division._ Orders were issued on March 5 for the formation of this division, to be composed of two British brigades under C. Alten and Long, and Coleman’s Portuguese, _i.e._ 7th and 19th Line and 2nd Caçadores. The composition of the British brigades is not given, but General Orders say that the Brunswick Oels should be in Alten’s brigade, and the Chasseurs Britanniques (arrived at Lisbon from Cadiz, January 28) in Long’s. The other regiments in the division were 51st (arrived during February), 85th (arrived March 4), which were in Long’s brigade, and the 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., in Alten’s. These last only landed on March 21, and did not join the division till it came down with Wellington from Almeida to the Guadiana Valley for the second siege of Badajoz. Till then they had been attached to the force under Beresford: Schwertfeger (_Geschichte der K.G.L._, i. 317) says the battalions formed part of the 2nd Division, but this does not seem accurate. As they had no casualties at the siege of Badajoz, in which the 7th Division suffered severely, one may presume that they finally joined the division after the siege was raised.

Thus the British brigade (at first there was only one) was 51st, 85th, Chasseurs Britanniques, Brunswick Oels. On March 31 Sontag was posted to it _vice_ Long, removed to command Beresford’s cavalry, March 19.

On July 19 68th (just arrived) was posted to VII B.

Houston was invalided home before August 1, Sontag commanding the division. By October he too was invalided (his A.D.C. received orders to rejoin his regiment on October 29). Alten was in temporary command, C. Halkett commanding his brigade. VII B was without a G.O.C. from October 15 till de Bernewitz got it on December 23.

On October 3 85th (a single-battalion regiment) was ordered to go home to recruit.

Le Cor was posted to Coleman’s brigade on March 14; at Fuentes Doyle had it.

_Portuguese._ No changes seem to have taken place in Hamilton’s division, or in Pack’s brigade, but the other unattached brigade was under McMahon in September, and included the 13th and 22nd Line and 5th Caçadores, the 12th Line having been transferred to the 6th Division.

[Sidenote: Organization on January 1, 1812]

1812.

On January 1 the organization of the Army was as follows:--

_Cavalry._ 1st Division. G.O.C., Cotton. B [Slade], 1st Dragoons, 12th Light Dragoons; C [no G.O.C., G. Anson absent], 14th and 16th Light Dragoons; E [Cuming of 11th Light Dragoons in absence of V. Alten], 11th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.; A [no G.O.C., de Grey absent], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons; F [Le Marchant], 4th and 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd Dragoons.

_Cavalry._ 2nd Division. No G.O.C.; D [Long], 9th and 13th Light Dragoons, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., Graham. A [H. Campbell], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Blantyre for Stopford], 2/24th, 1/26th, 2/42nd, 1/79th, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, and 5th Line, K.G.L.

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Howard], 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/92nd 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st Provisional Battalion (i.e. 2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company 5/60th; C [Wilson], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th; also Ashworth’s Portuguese.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Mackinnon], 1/45th, Headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [J. Campbell for Colville], 2/5th, 77th, 2/83rd, 94th; also Palmeirim’s Portuguese.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., Colville (for Cole). A [Kemmis], 3/27th, 1/40th, 1 company 5/60th; B [? Pakenham], 1/7th, 1/23rd, 1/48th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Collins’ Portuguese.

_5th Division._ G.O.C., Leith. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 2/38th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Walker], 1/4th, 2/30th, 2/44th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.

_6th Division._ No G.O.C., Burne in temporary charge. A [Hulse], 1/11th, 2/53rd, 1/61st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Burne], 2nd, 1/32nd, 1/36th; also Madden’s [?] Portuguese.

_7th Division._ No G.O.C., Alten in temporary charge. A [C. Halkett for Alten], 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., Brunswick Oels; B [de Bernewitz], 51st, 68th, Chasseurs Britanniques: also Coleman’s Portuguese.

_Light Division._ G.O.C., R. Craufurd. A [? Barnard], 1/43rd, 4 companies 1/95th, 2 companies 2/95th, 5 companies 3/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Vandeleur], 1/52nd, 2/52nd, 4 companies 1/95th, 3rd Caçadores.

_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s division, with brigades under Fonseca and Arch. Campbell. Unattached brigades under Pack and McMahon.

Subsequent changes were:--

_Cavalry._ On January 1 the 1st and 2nd Dragoons, K.G.L., under Bock arrived at Lisbon: they remained near there till March 12, joining the army at Estremoz March 23, and being reckoned as the 2nd Brigade (= G) of the 2nd Cavalry Division.

By January 8 V. Alten was again in command of his brigade.

Several changes took place under orders issued January 29; the 3rd and 4th Dragoon Guards were posted to Slade’s brigade, from which the 12th Light Dragoons were removed to G. Anson’s, the 4th Dragoons replaced the 4th Dragoon Guards in Le Marchant’s, and de Grey’s brigade disappeared. F. Ponsonby of the 12th Light Dragoons took command of C in Anson’s absence.

By April 8 Erskine had resumed command of the 2nd Cavalry Division, to which Slade’s brigade was transferred April 14, Bock’s joining the 1st Division.

On July 1, an exchange was ordered between the 11th and 14th Light Dragoons: G. Anson, who had resumed command of his brigade, having 11th, 12th and 16th Light Dragoons, V. Alten 14th Light Dragoons and 1st Hussars, K.G.L.

At Salamanca Cotton was wounded, and Le Marchant killed. While Cotton was disabled, Bock commanded the Cavalry, de Jonquières having his brigade. W. Ponsonby, of 5th Dragoon Guards, succeeded to Le Marchant’s brigade (by orders of July 23). Cotton rejoined before October 15, but had to go home again in December invalided. From August 1 V. Alten was absent, but rejoined by the middle of September.

By Orders of October 17, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L., were transferred to V. Alten’s brigade.

_1st Division._ Stopford resumed command of I B before February 1, but was gone again by April 8. On May 7 Wheatley was appointed to command the brigade until Stopford’s return.

1/26th, being too sickly for field service, was out of I B before March 8, being sent down to Lisbon, and thence to Gibraltar to relieve 1/82nd. Their place in I B was taken by 1/42nd, just arrived from England and posted to I B April 23. On May 19 2/42nd was ordered home, drafting its rank and file into 1/42nd. 2/58th was posted to I B by Orders of April 2; on June 1 its transfer to V B was ordered, but “orders will hereafter be given as to the regiment joining the brigade.” It seems to have remained with I B till after the retreat from Burgos.

Graham going home ill July 6, H. Campbell was appointed to command the division, Fermor getting I A.

Wheatley died September 1, Stirling (of 1/42nd) being appointed to I B September 11.

On October 11 E. Paget was posted to command the division, but he was taken prisoner November 17, his place being taken by W. Stewart, who had just returned to the Peninsula.

After the retreat from Burgos the division was reorganized. A new brigade of Guards was added, composed of 1/1st (Grenadier) Guards, who arrived at Corunna from England October 1 and joined the army on the Carrion October 24, and 3/1st Guards, who had been at Cadiz, and came up to Madrid with Skerrett’s column. This was ordered October 17, but cannot have been carried out till later. On November 10 Howard was transferred from II A to command this brigade. On November 11 Stirling’s brigade was ordered to be removed to the 6th Division, the company of 5/60th attached to it remaining in the 1st Division. On December 6 the 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., were removed from VII A to the K.G.L. brigade of the 1st Division.

_2nd Division._ In Orders of April 14, Tilson-Chowne (formerly Tilson) was appointed to command the division, “under Hill,” but though present at Almaraz in May does not seem to have been present to the end of the year. Howard being transferred to the 1st Division, November 10, Cadogan (of 1/71st) took command of II A.

_3rd Division._ At Ciudad Rodrigo Mackinnon was killed (January 19), his brigade going to Kempt—in Orders February 8.

At Badajoz Picton and Kempt were wounded (April 6), Wallace taking over Kempt’s brigade, and also having temporary command of the division when Picton was disabled: Forbes (of 1/45th) then commanded III A.

After the fall of Badajoz 77th (a single battalion regiment) was sent down to Lisbon, being much reduced.

On June 28 Pakenham was appointed to command “Colville’s brigade in the 3rd Division,” _i.e._ III B. At Salamanca he commanded the division, Picton having gone sick again, Wallace and J. Campbell having the brigades.

1/5th, which arrived in May, was posted to III B June 1, both battalions were at Salamanca, but on July 27 2/5th was drafted into 1/5th, the skeleton going home in October.

By Orders of October 17 2/87th, which had come up from Cadiz with Skerrett, was posted to III B, then still called “Colville’s.”

Wallace was invalided home after the retreat from Burgos.

Pakenham was to retain command of the division till the return of “Colville or some other” (_W. D._, v. 399), his name does not appear in the States as commanding III B after November 1: Colville apparently came back before the end of the year: _D. N. B._ says in October.

On April 8 Power took over the Portuguese brigade, Champlemond, who had it _vice_ Palmeirim by March 17, having been wounded at Badajoz: 12th Caçadores were added to it on April 8.

_4th Division._ On February 9, Bowes was appointed to command “the brigade late under Pakenham,” _i.e._ IV B. In April Colville was wounded at Badajoz, and the division was without a G.O.C. till Cole returned—before July 8.

At Salamanca (July 22), Cole was wounded, and was absent in consequence till October 15. In Cole’s absence W. Anson, who was appointed to IV A April 9, would have commanded the division. The vacancy in IV A was caused by the departure of Kemmis—before April 1: at Badajoz Harcourt (of 1/40th) commanded IV A.

Bowes was transferred to the 6th Division May 2, and it would appear that Ellis (of 1/23rd) commanded IV B temporarily. He certainly was in charge of it at Salamanca, and apparently kept it till Skerrett took charge of it. It was then still described as “Pakenham’s,” as was also the case as late as November 28. Skerrett was appointed to it on October 17, but his force from Cadiz only joined Hill on October 26, and the arrangements ordered on October 17 can hardly have been carried out at once.

Skerrett’s brigade (3/1st Guards, 2/47th, 2/87th and 2 companies 2/95th) seems to have acted with IV after joining Hill’s force, but was broken up when operations ceased.

Orders of October 17 directed 1/82nd, which had come up from Gibraltar in June and was with the 4th Division at Madrid, to join IV B, but the battalion was transferred to VII A by Orders of November 28, the 20th which arrived in December being posted to IV B instead. On 1/82nd joining, 1/48th was transferred to IV A.

On December 6 the 2nd Provisional Battalion (_i.e._ 2nd and 1/53rd) was posted to IV A.

By Salamanca Stubbs had taken over command of the Portuguese Brigade, which had been under Harvey by March 17 and at the siege of Badajoz.

_5th Division._ At Badajoz Walker was wounded (April 6): his brigade had no regular G.O.C. till Pringle was appointed to it June 28.

On May 10 2/4th, arrived at Lisbon during April, was posted to V B. In June 1/38th came out and was present at Salamanca, apparently with V A, but it only appears as part of that brigade in the “States” of August 8 and afterwards.

Orders of June 1 directed 2/58th to join V B, but the battalion seems to have been with I B till reorganized as part of the 3rd Provisional Battalion in December.

Hay was absent from June 8, Greville of 1/38th commanding the brigade till July 31, when Hulse was transferred to it. Hulse must have also commanded the division, as Leith was wounded at Salamanca and invalided home. Hulse dying (September 6), Pringle commanded the division, until Oswald was appointed to it (October 25), when Pringle reverted to his brigade, of which Brooke (of 4th) had been in command.

Orders of June 18 directed 1/9th to exchange with 2/30th and 2/44th, but these were cancelled June 28. E. Barnes was in Orders to command V A October 28, but seems to have been with the brigade at Villa Muriel three days earlier. On December 6 he was transferred to VII A. Hay appears to have returned before December 31.

On December 6 Orders directed the drafting 2/4th into 1/4th and 2/38th into 1/38th, the skeletons being sent home, also for forming 2/30th and 2/44th into a Provisional Battalion, the 4th. By Orders of October 17 2/47th of Skerrett’s column had been posted to V B, which was then described as Walker’s brigade.

_6th Division._ On February 9 H. Clinton was appointed to command the division.

By April 1 VI B was without a brigadier: Bowes was appointed to it May 2, but he was killed in the attack on the Salamanca forts (June 24). On this Hinde, of 32nd, commanded the brigade, being appointed definitely to it September 30, but ante-dated to June.

On Hulse being transferred to V A, July 31, VI A was without a brigadier, Bingham, of 2/53rd, being actually in command, until the amalgamation of the two brigades by Orders of November 11. At the same time Stirling’s brigade was transferred from the 1st Division to the 6th, 1/91st, which arrived at Corunna October 8, being added to it by Orders of November 28—it actually joined December 14.

On December 6 orders were issued for the formation of 2nd and 2/53rd as the 2nd Provisional Battalion, and of 2/24th, and 2/58th as the 3rd Provisional Battalion, and for their transfer to IV A and VII A respectively.

The Portuguese Brigade was under Eben till April 30, when the Conde de Rezende took command. It was joined by 9th Caçadores on April 10. Rezende was invalided in November, and succeeded by Madden.

_7th Division._ On May 2 Alten was transferred to command the Light Division: John Hope being given command of the 7th. Halkett of 2nd Light Battalion, K.G.L. seems to have commanded VII A, though in the “States” no brigadier is named from May 2 till December 6, when E. Barnes was appointed to it.

Hope having to quit the army on account of his health September 23, the division had no G.O.C. till October 25, when Lord Dalhousie was appointed to it, having been put on the Staff of the Army September 12.

On November 28, 1/6th, newly arrived from England, was added to VII A, then called “Colonel Halkett’s,” and 1/82nd, from IV B, was added to VII B.

Orders of December 6 directed the transfer of the Light Battalions, K.G.L., to the 1st Division, the 3rd Provisional Battalion (_i.e._ 2/24th and 2/58th) being added to VII A.

The Portuguese Brigade was under Palmeirim in March: later it seems to have been under Doyle of the 19th Line.

_Light Division._ At Ciudad Rodrigo (January 19), Craufurd was killed, and Vandeleur wounded; Barnard then took command of the division, and Gibbs of 1/52nd of the 2nd Brigade. By April 15 Vandeleur had resumed command, 2/52nd was drafted to 1/52nd by Orders of February 23, the skeleton being sent home.

On May 2 C. Alten received command of the division.

By May 8 1/95th had been united in the 2nd Brigade, but Orders of August 24 again divided it, 3 companies in each brigade: before the end of the year it was again united and placed in the 1st Brigade.

Two more companies 2/95th came out from England in May, and joined those already out, the four being in the 2nd Brigade. Two more came up from Cadiz with Skerrett, and joined the brigade.

3/95th seems to have been transferred temporarily to the 2nd Brigade, but was back in the 1st by the end of the year.

The 20th Portuguese, which had come up with Skerrett, were posted to “Beckwith’s brigade,” October 17.

_Portuguese._ In April, 1812, Power had replaced Arch. Campbell in command of the 4th Brigade, while Bradford had the 11th _vice_ McMahon: this now included the 5th Caçadores, 13th and 24th Line.

By July Power had exchanged the 4th Brigade for the 8th, which was in the 3rd Division. A. Campbell would seem to have again commanded the 4th, to which on April 8 the 10th Caçadores were added.

[Sidenote: Changes in 1813]

1813.

On January 1 the Army was organized as follows:--

_Cavalry._ 1st Division. No G.O.C., Cotton absent. F [W. Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons; C [G. Anson], 11th, 12th, and 16th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 14th Light Dragoons, 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Dragoons.

_Cavalry._ 2nd Division. No G.O.C. B [Slade], 3rd and 4th Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; D [Long], 9th and 13th Light Dragoons.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Howard], 1/1st Guards, 3/1st Guards, 1 company 5/60th; B [Fermor], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; C [Löw], 1st, 2nd, and 5th Line, K.G.L., 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L.[350]

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., Hill. A [Cadogan], 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/92nd, 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st Provisional Battalion (= 2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company 5/60th; C [Wilson], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th; also Ashworth’s Portuguese.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C.,? Pakenham. A [no brigadier], 1/45th, headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [J. Campbell for Colville], 1/5th, 2/83rd, 2/87th, 94th; also Power’s Portuguese.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [W. Anson], 3/27th, 1/40th, 1/48th, 2nd Provisional Battalion (= 2nd and 2/53rd), 1 company 5/60th; B [Skerrett], 1/7th, 20th, 1/23rd, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Stubbs’ Portuguese.

_5th Division._ G.O.C.,? Hay, acting. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 1/38th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Pringle], 1/4th, 2/47th, 4th Provisional Battalion (= 2/30th and 2/44th), 1 company Brunswick Oels; also Spry’s Portuguese.

_6th Division._ G.O.C., H. Clinton. A [Stirling], 1/42nd, 1/79th, 1/91st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Hinde], 1/11th, 1/32nd, 1/36th, 1/61st; also Madden’s Portuguese.

_7th Division._ G.O.C., Dalhousie. A [Barnes], 1/6th, 3rd Provisional Battalion (= 2/24th and 2/58th), Headquarters and 9 companies Brunswick Oels; B [de Bernewitz], 51st, 68th, 1/82nd; Chasseurs Britanniques; also Doyle’s Portuguese.

_Light Division._ G.O.C., C. Alten. A [no brigadier present: still called Beckwith’s], 1/43rd, 1/95th, 3/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Vandeleur], 1/52nd, 2/95th, 3rd Caçadores,? 20th Portuguese.

_Portuguese._ Hamilton’s division, brigades under (?) Fonseca and Campbell. Unattached brigades, Pack’s and Bradford’s.

Subsequent changes were:--

_Cavalry._ By January 25 a new brigade (H) was added, composed of two squadrons each of 1st and 2nd Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards, O’Loghlin had apparently been appointed to command it, but by Orders of November 28, 1812, F. S. Rebow was appointed to command it in his place. It ranked as 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, but was transferred to the 1st on February 5. In March it was under Sir Robert Hill, Rebow having gone home.

Orders of March 13 directed the distribution among the regiments remaining in the Peninsula of the horses of 4th Dragoon Guards, 9th and 11th Light Dragoons, and 2nd K.G.L. Hussars, these regiments going home. Their place was taken by a new brigade (I), under Colquhoun Grant, of 15th Hussars, composed of the 10th, 15th and 18th Hussars: this first appears in the “States” on April 15.

Orders were issued April 21 for the amalgamation of the two divisions, “under the command of Sir S. Cotton”: Cotton did not, however, rejoin till June 25, and in his absence Bock seems to have commanded the cavalry, his brigade being under Bülow.

On May 20 Fane, appointed a Major-General on the Staff April 24, was given B vice Slade, who had been ordered home April 23.

On July 2 orders were issued to transfer the 18th Hussars to V. Alten’s brigade, vice the 14th Light Dragoons moved to Long’s, which had been reduced to one regiment by the departure of the 9th Light Dragoons (out of the “States” by April 4). Lord E. Somerset at the same time was given command of the Hussar brigade _vice_ Grant and Vandeleur, that of C _vice_ G. Anson, removed to the Home Staff.

On September 6 Grant was appointed to take over Long’s brigade, Long having apparently gone home before the battles of the Pyrenees, as his name was not among the commanders of Cavalry brigades thanked by Parliament on November 8 for those operations. On November 24 Hussey Vivian was appointed to take Grant’s place.

7th Hussars arrived in Spain in September, and were added to the Hussar brigade. They would seem to have been with the brigade by October 21, but were not in Orders till November 24.

In October O’Loghlin seems to have taken over the Household Brigade, he had been placed on the Staff June 17.

_1st Division._ In March Howard replaced W. Stewart in command, but on May 19 Graham was appointed to command the division Howard acting as his assistant while Graham commanded the left wing of the army. On October 8 Graham resigned command and went home ill. Sir John Hope[351] took his place: he was placed on the Staff October 10, as from September 25.

While Howard commanded the division his brigade was under Lambert; it missed Vittoria, being too sickly to take the field with the army and only joined in August.

On July 2 Lambert was transferred to VI B, and Maitland got the brigade.

Löw went home May 6, the K.G.L. being certainly one brigade only at Vittoria, where Halkett commanded them.

Lord Aylmer’s brigade (76th, 2/84th and 85th) which is first mentioned in Orders on July 23, and joined the army during August, may be reckoned as part of the 1st Division with which it always acted. By Orders of October 17 2/62nd was added to it vice 2/84th transferred to V B. On November 24 the 77th (from Lisbon) was added to it.

On October 20 Hinüber was appointed to command the K.G.L. infantry.

_2nd Division._ On March 25 W. Stewart was appointed to command the division “under Hill’s direction.” At the same time G. T. Walker got Howard’s brigade, on the latter taking over the 1st Division from Stewart.

Wilson died in January and O’Callaghan of 39th commanded the brigade till July 23, when Pringle was appointed to it. On May 1 Wellington had written that he was keeping it vacant for Oswald, should Leith come out and take over the 5th Division.

At Vittoria Cadogan was killed and J. Cameron of 92nd took over II A; he was wounded at Maya (July 25), and Fitzgerald of 5/60th commanded, till Walker actually joined in August. On November 18 Walker was transferred to command the 7th Division, Barnes being appointed to II A November 20.

_3rd Division._ Pakenham was transferred to the 6th Division January 26, the division being under Colville who had returned before that date. Picton rejoined in May, Colville reverting to the command of his brigade. Picton was again absent from September 8, but returned just before the end of the year. Colville was in command at the Nivelle (November), but was transferred to command the 5th Division, when Picton came back in December.

The 11th Caçadores were posted to Power’s brigade before April 26, taking the place of the 12th.

Brisbane, appointed to Staff of Army January 7, was given command of III A, _vice_ Kempt, March 25.

Colville being given temporary command of the 6th Division on August 8, Keane commanded III B, as also when Colville came back to the division.

_4th Division._ By Orders of July 2 Skerrett was transferred to the Light Division, his brigade going to Ross of 20th.

By September 1 the Portuguese brigade was under Miller: at the Nivelle (November 10) Vasconcellos had it.

_5th Division._ While Hay commanded the division Greville of 38th had his brigade. In April Oswald took over the division and commanded it till Leith returned—August 30. Leith was wounded at San Sebastian on September 1, and Oswald again took command; but at the Bidassoa, (October 9) Hay was in command, Greville having V A. On March 9 Robinson was appointed to “Walker’s brigade,” _i.e._ V B.

On April 12 2/59th from Cadiz was added to V B; on May 10 the 4th Provisional Battalion was ordered to return home. On October 17 2/84th from Lord Aylmer’s brigade was added to V B, 2/47th being transferred to V A. Robinson was wounded before Bayonne December 10, and his successor, Piper of 4th, being wounded next day the command passed to Tonson of 2/84th.

At the passage of the Bidassoa the Portuguese brigade was commanded by de Regoa and until the end of the year.

_6th Division._ On January 26 Pakenham was appointed to command the division in Clinton’s absence. On June 25 he was appointed Adjutant-General, and Clinton returned and resumed command. By July 22 Clinton was again absent, Pack getting the division. At Sorauren (July 28) Pack was wounded, and Pakenham took over the division temporarily, giving it over to Colville before August 8, Colville seems to have still been in command at the passage of the Bidassoa (October 9), but Clinton then returned, Colville reverting to the 3rd Division.

Pack had been appointed to command VI A, _vice_ Stirling, July 2, Lambert at the same time getting VI B, _vice_ Hinde. Stirling commanded VI A when Pack got the division, but went home in October.

The Portuguese brigade was under the command of Madden till the autumn: Douglas of the 8th Line had it at the Nivelle.

_7th Division._ By April 16 de Bernewitz was no longer in command of his brigade, to which Inglis was appointed May 21, though at Vittoria Grant of 1/82nd commanded it, but Inglis took charge before the Pyrenees.

Le Cor received command of the Portuguese brigade on March 9. When he was promoted in November Doyle had it.

Dalhousie went home after the Bidassoa, October 9, and at the Nivelle (November 9) Le Cor was in command. On November 18 G. T. Walker was given command “in Dalhousie’s absence.” Le Cor would seem to have been transferred to command the Portuguese division formerly under Hamilton.

On Barnes returning to the 2nd Division November 20, his brigade seems to have gone to Gardiner.

_Light Division._ On March 23 Kempt was appointed to A. On July 2 Vandeleur was transferred to a cavalry brigade, Skerrett getting B. At the passage of the Bidassoa and to the end of the year Colborne of 52nd was in command of B, vice Skerrett, who went home in September.

The 20th Portuguese never joined the division: in place of them on April 26 the 17th Portuguese appear in its “State.”

_Portuguese._ Hamilton had had to give up command of his Portuguese division in February, owing to ill-health, upon which it was under Silveira, the brigades being under Da Costa and Campbell during the battles of the Pyrenees. By the passage of the Nivelle (November 9) Hamilton was again in command, Buchan had Da Costa’s brigade, but during the fighting on the Nive (December 9–11), Le Cor had the division and Buchan and Da Costa the brigades. Buchan was ordered to transfer himself to the Portuguese Brigade of the 7th Division on Nov. 9, but this move was countermanded.

When Pack was moved to a British command (July 2) his brigade went to Wilson, who commanded it at the Bidassoa, but had been replaced by A. Campbell by the Nive (December 9), Wilson having been wounded November 18.

Bradford seems to have retained the other unattached brigade all the year.

[Sidenote: Organization on Jan. 1, 1814]

1814.

On January 1 the organization was as follows:--

_Cavalry._ G.O.C., Cotton. I [O’Loghlin], 1st and 2nd Life Guards, R.H.G.; F [W. Ponsonby], 5th Dragoon Guards, 3rd and 4th Dragoons; C [Vandeleur], 12th and 16th Light Dragoons; D [Vivian], 13th and 14th Light Dragoons; E [V. Alten], 18th Hussars, 1st K.G.L. Hussars; G [Bock], 1st and 2nd K.G.L. Dragoons; B [Fane], 3rd Dragoon Guards, 1st Dragoons; H [Somerset], 7th, 10th and 15th Hussars.

_1st Division._ G.O.C., Hope, with Howard as assistant; A [Maitland for Howard], 1/1st Guards, 3/1st Guards, 1 company 5/60th; B [Stopford], 1st Coldstreams, 1st Scots, 1 company 5/60th; C [Hinüber], 1st, 2nd and 5th Line, K.G.L.; 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L.; D [Aylmer], 2/62nd, 76th, 77th, 85th.

_2nd Division._ G.O.C., W. Stewart. A [Barnes], 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/92nd, 1 company 5/60th; B [Byng], 1/3rd, 1/57th, 1st Provisional Battalion (2/31st and 2/66th), 1 company 5/60th; C [Pringle], 1/28th, 2/34th, 1/39th, 1 company 5/60th; also Ashworth’s Portuguese.

_3rd Division._ G.O.C., Picton. A [Brisbane], 1/45th, Headquarters 5/60th, 74th, 1/88th; B [Keane], 1/5th, 2/83rd, 2/87th, 94th; also Power’s Portuguese.

_4th Division._ G.O.C., Cole. A [W. Anson], 3/27th, 1/40th, 1/48th, 2nd Provisional Battalion (2nd and 2/53rd), 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Ross], 1/7th, 1/20th, 1/23rd, 1 company 5/60th; also Vasconcellos’ Portuguese.

_5th Division._ G.O.C., Colville. A [Hay], 3/1st, 1/9th, 1/38th, 2/47th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; B [Robinson], 1/4th, 2/59th, 2/84th, 1 company Brunswick Oels; also de Regoa’s Portuguese.

_6th Division._ G.O.C., Clinton. A [Pack], 1/42nd, 1/79th, 1/91st, 1 company 5/60th; B [Lambert], 1/11th, 1/32nd, 1/36th, 1/61st; also Douglas’ Portuguese.

_7th Division._ G.O.C., Walker. A [Gardiner], 1/6th, 3rd Provisional Battalion (2/24th and 2/58th), Headquarters Brunswick Oels; B [Inglis], 51st, 68th, 1/82nd, Chasseurs Britanniques; also Doyle’s Portuguese.

_Light Division._ G.O.C., C. Alten. A [Kempt], 1/43rd, 1/95th, 3/95th, 1st Caçadores; B [Colborne], 1/52nd, 2/95th, 3rd Caçadores, 17th Portuguese.

_Portuguese._ Le Cor’s division, with Da Costa and Buchan commanding brigades. Unattached brigades under A. Campbell and Bradford.

Subsequent changes were:--

_Cavalry._ By January 16 several changes had taken place: V. Alten had gone and Vivian had been transferred to his brigade, Fane having transferred from B to D (late Vivian’s). Bock also went (he was drowned off the coast of Brittany in February) about the same time.

From January 25 W. Ponsonby was absent, Lord C. Manners of 3rd Dragoons commanding his brigade.

By March 25 Arentschildt (of 1st K.G.L. Hussars) had been given Bock’s old brigade: on Vivian being wounded (April 8) Arentschildt was transferred to E, and Bülow got the “German Heavy Brigade.”

Fane’s name appears in the “States” both as commanding B and D. According to the _Regimental History of the 14th Hussars_ (by Col. H. B. Hamilton) he commanded both, working them practically as a division, the brigades being respectively commanded by Clifton of the Royals (B), and Doherty of the 13th Light Dragoons (D).

_1st Division._ 1/37th joined Aylmer’s brigade before March 25. On April 14 Stopford was wounded at Bayonne and his division went to Guise.

_2nd Division._ On February 15 Pringle was wounded and O’Callaghan commanded the brigade.

It was arranged that when Lord Dalhousie rejoined, and resumed command of the 7th Division, Walker should revert to II A and Barnes take over III B, but Walker was wounded at Orthez and went home, so the arrangement was never carried out.

By January 16 Harding had replaced Ashworth in command of the 5th Portuguese brigade.

_3rd Division._ No changes: Brisbane was slightly wounded at Toulouse.

_4th Division._ Ross was wounded at Orthez (February 27) and the brigade was without a G.O.C.

_5th Division._ After February 1 Robinson was absent. Hay was killed before Bayonne April 14.

_6th Division._ Pack was wounded at Toulouse, as was also Douglas.

1/32nd missed Toulouse, being at San Jean de Luz refitting.

_7th Division._ Walker was wounded at Orthez and went home: Dalhousie arriving almost immediately after the battle and resuming command.

By January 16, the Portuguese brigade was under Doyle (he may have got it when Le Cor obtained command of the Portuguese division.)

_Light Division._ 1/43rd and 1/95th both missed Orthez, being away refitting.

_Portuguese._ Da Costa was ordered back to Portugal before March 15.

APPENDIX III.

PENINSULAR AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, JOURNALS, LETTERS, ETC.

The subjoined list, which includes all the printed autobiographies, diaries, journals, and series of letters utilized in this volume, makes no pretensions to be exhaustive. It contains, however, all the more important original sources of this character, as opposed to formal histories, controversial monographs, and biographies of Peninsular officers written by authors who were not themselves engaged in the war. But I have added to the list those later biographies which contain a great proportion of original and contemporary letters or diaries, such as Delavoye’s _Life of Lord Lynedoch_, Rait’s _Life of Lord Gough_, Wrottesley’s _Life of Sir John Burgoyne_, and C. Vivian’s _Life of Lord Vivian_. Much valuable first-hand information is imbedded in such works.

The books are arranged under headings according to the position which the writer held in the Peninsular War, mainly by regiments, but partly under departmental sections [staff, commissariat, medical, etc.]. I trust that the list may be found useful for those wishing to compile regimental, brigade, or divisional annals of any part of the war.

I. STAFF.

[_Including the Diaries, Memoirs, Correspondence, etc., of General Officers, their Aides-de-Camp, and Officers attached to Head-Quarters._]

Blayney (Lord). Narrative of a Forced Journey through Spain and France, by Major-General Lord Blayney [The Fuengirola Expedition, etc.]. London, 1814.

Burghersh (Lord). Memoir of the Early Campaign of the Duke of Wellington in Portugal and Spain [anon]. London, 1820.

Cotton, Sir S. Life and Correspondence of Field-Marshal Lord Combermere [Sir Stapleton Cotton], ed. by Viscountess Combermere and Capt. W. Knollys. London, 1866.

Douglas, Sir H. Life of General Sir Howard Douglas from his Notes, Conversation, and Letters [Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1863.

Fitzclarence, A. An Account of the British Campaign of 1809 under Sir A. Wellesley in Portugal and Spain by Lt.-Col. Fitzclarence [Earl of Munster]. London, 1831.

Graham, Sir T. Life and Letters of Sir Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch, by Captain A. M. Delavoye. London, 1868.

Gomm (Sir W.). His Letters and Journals from 1799 to Waterloo [1808–9 and 1810–14]. London, 1881.

Hill, Lord, Life and Letters of, by Rev. E. Sidney. London, 1845.

Larpent, F. S. The Private Journal of Judge-Advocate F. S. Larpent, attached to Lord Wellington’s Headquarters, 1812–14. London, 1853.

Leith Hay, A. Narrative of the Peninsular War, by Sir Andrew Leith Hay [Aide-de-Camp to General Leith]. 2 vols. London, 1879.

Mackinnon, General Henry. Journal in Portugal and Spain, 1809–12 [Privately Printed]. 1812.

Moore, Sir J. The Diary of Sir John Moore, ed. by General Sir T. F. Maurice. 2 vols. London, 1904.

Picton, Sir T. Memoirs and Correspondence of General Sir T. Picton, by H. B. Robinson. 2 vols. London, 1836.

Porter, Sir R. K. Letters from Portugal and Spain written during the March of the British Troops [by Sir Robert Ker Porter], 1808–9. London, 1809.

Shaw-Kennedy, T. [Aide-de-Camp to General Craufurd]. Diary of 1810, printed in Lord Fitzclarence’s _Manual of Outpost Duties_. London, 1849.

Sorell, T. S. Notes on the Campaign of 1808–9, by Lieut.-Col. T. S. Sorell, Aide-de-Camp to Sir D. Baird. London, 1828.

Stewart, Sir Chas. Lives and Correspondence of the Second and Third Marquesses of Londonderry [the third was Chas. Stewart, Adjutant-General to Wellington]. 3 vols. London, 1861.

Vere, C. B. Marches, Movements, and Operations of the 4th Division, in Spain and Portugal, 1810–12, by Chas. Brooke Vere, Assistant Quarter-Master General of the Division. Ipswich, 1841.

II. REGIMENTAL REMINISCENCES AND JOURNALS.

(_a_) CAVALRY.

7th Hussars. Vivian (Lord). Richard Hussey Vivian, First Baron Vivian, Memoir and Letters, by Hon. Claud Vivian [1808–9 and 1813–14]. London, 1897.

11th Light Dragoons. Farmer, G. “The Light Dragoon,” the story of Geo. Farmer, 11th Light Dragoons, ed. Rev. G. R. Gleig [1811 and Waterloo]. London, 1844.

14th Light Dragoons. Hawker, Peter. Journal of the Campaign of 1809, by Lieut.-Col. Hawker, 14th Light Dragoons. London, 1810.

——. Reminiscences of 1811–12 by Cornet Francis Hall. In _Journal United Service Institution_ for 1912.

16th Light Dragoons. Hay, W. Reminiscences under Wellington, 1808–15, by Captain William Hay, 52nd Foot and 16th Light Dragoons. London, 1901.

——. Tomkinson, W. The Diary of a Cavalry Officer in the Peninsular and Waterloo Campaigns, 1809–15. London, 1894.

18th Hussars. Woodberry, G. Journal of Lieutenant Woodberry in the Campaigns of 1813–15. Paris, 1896.

20th Light Dragoons. Landsheit (N.). The Hussar: the story of Norbert Landsheit, Sergeant in the York Hussars and the 20th Light Dragoons, ed. Rev. G. R. Gleig. London, 1837.

Anonymous. Jottings from my Sabretache, by a Chelsea Pensioner [Campaigns of 1813–14]. London, 1847.

——. Personal Narrative of Adventures in the Peninsular War, 1812–13, by an Officer in the Staff Corps Cavalry. London, 1827.

(_b_) INFANTRY.

1st Foot Guards. Batty, R. The Campaign in the Pyrenees and Southern France, 1813–14, by Captain Robert Batty, 1st Foot Guards. _Illustrated._ London, 1823.

2nd Foot Guards. Stepney, S. C. Leaves from the Diary of an Officer of the Guard, Sketches of Campaigning Life, by Lieut.-Col. S. Cowell Stepney, K.H., Coldstream Guards [Campaigns of 1810–12]. London, 1854.

3rd Foot Guards. Stevenson, J. Twenty-One Years in the British Foot Guards, by John Stevenson, 3rd Foot Guards, sixteen years a non-commissioned officer, forty years a Wesleyan class-leader [Campaigns of 1809–11]. London, 1830.

3rd Foot Guards. Stothert, W. Journal of the Campaigns of 1809–11, by Captain William Stothert, 3rd Foot Guards. London, 1812.

3rd Foot (the Buffs). Reminiscences of a Veteran, being Personal and Military Adventures in the Peninsula, etc., by Lieut.-Gen. T. Bunbury [only 1808–9 in the Buffs]. London, 1861.

5th Foot. Morley, S. Memoirs of a Sergeant of the 5th Regiment, by Sergeant Stephen Morley, 5th Foot [Campaigns of 1808–11]. Ashford, 1842.

7th Foot. Cooper, J. S. Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns in Portugal, etc., by John Spenser Cooper, Sergeant 7th Royal Fusiliers. Carlisle, 1869.

——. Knowles, R. Letters of Lieut. Robert Knowles, 7th Fusiliers, during the Campaigns of 1811–13, ed. by Sir Lees Knowles, Bart. Bolton, 1909.

9th Foot. Hale, J. Journal of James Hale, late Sergeant 9th Foot [1808–14]. Cirencester, 1826.

20th Foot. Steevens, C. Reminiscences of Col. Chas. Steevens, 1795–1818 [Campaigns of 1808 and 1813–14]. Winchester, 1878.

24th Foot. Tidy, C. Recollections of an Old Soldier, a Biographical Sketch of the Late Col. Tidy, C.B., 24th Regt. [1808]. London, 1849.

28th Foot. Cadell, C. Narrative of the Campaigns of the 28th Regt. from 1802 to 1832, by Col. Chas. Cadell [1809–1814]. London, 1835.

——. Blakeney, R. Services, Adventures, and Experiences of Capt. Robert Blakeney, “A Boy in the Peninsular War,” edited by Julian Sturgis [1808–14]. London, 1899.

29th Foot. Leslie. Journal during the Peninsular War, etc., of Colonel Leslie of Balquain [1809–14]. Aberdeen, 1887.

——. Leith Hay, A. A Narrative of the Peninsular War, by Sir Andrew Leith Hay (personal adventures, first with the 29th, then as Aide-de-Camp to General Leith). London, 1839.

31st Foot. L’Estrange, G. Recollections of Sir George L’Estrange, 1812–14. London, 1873.

32nd Foot. Ross-Lewin, H. Life of a Soldier, a Narrative of 27 years’ service in various parts of the World, by a Field Officer [Major H. Ross-Lewin] [1808–14]. 2 vols. London, 1834.

34th Foot. Bell, G. Rough Notes by an Old Soldier, during Fifty Years’ Service, from Ensign to Major-General. 2 vols. [Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1867.

40th Foot. Lawrence, W. The Autobiography of Sergeant Wm. Lawrence, 40th Regt., ed. by G. N. Banks [Campaigns of 1808–14]. London, 1901.

42nd Foot. Anton, J. Retrospect of a Military Life, during the most Eventful Period of the late War, by James Anton, Quartermaster-Sergeant, 42nd Highlanders [1813–14]. Edinburgh, 1841.

——. Malcolm, J. Reminiscences of the Campaign in the Pyrenees and the South of France in 1813–14, by John Malcolm, Lieut. 42nd Foot: in Constable’s _Memorials of the Late Wars_. Edinburgh, 1828.

——. Anon. Personal Narrative of a Private Soldier who served in the 42nd Highlanders for Twelve Years [1808–9 and 1811–14]. 1821.

43rd Foot. Cooke, J. H. Memoir of the late War, a Personal Narrative of Captain J. H. Cooke, 43rd Light Infantry [Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1831.

——. ——. A Narrative of Events in the South of France and America, 1814–15 [continuation of the above]. London, 1835.

——. Napier, Geo. The Early Military Life of Gen. Sir Geo. Napier, K.C.B., written by himself. London, 1886.

——. Anon. Memoirs of a Sergeant late of the 43rd Light Infantry, previously to and during the Peninsular War, including the account of his Conversion from Popery to the Protestant Religion. London, 1835.

47th Foot. Harley, J. The Veteran, or Forty Years in the British Service, by Capt. John Harley, late Paymaster 47th Regt. [Campaigns of 1811–14]. London, 1838.

48th Foot. Moyle Sherer, G. Recollections of the Peninsula, by Col. G. Moyle Sherer [Campaigns of 1809–13]. London, 1823.

50th Foot. MacCarthy, J. The Storm of Badajoz, with a Note on the Battle of Corunna, by J. MacCarthy, late 50th Regt. London, 1836.

——. Napier, Chas. Life and Opinions of Sir Charles James Napier, by Sir William Napier [First vol. for the 50th at Corunna, etc.]. London, 1857.

50th Foot. Patterson, J. Adventures of Captain John Patterson, with Notices of the Officers of the 50th Queen’s Regiment, 1807–21. London, 1837.

——. Patterson, J. Camp and Quarters, Scenes and Impressions of Military Life by the same Author. London, 1843.

51st Foot. Wheeler, W. Journal from the year 1809 to 1816 by William Wheeler, a Soldier of the 51st or King’s Own Light Infantry. Corfu, 1824.

52nd Foot. Hay, W. Reminiscences under Wellington, 1808–15, by Captain William Hay, 52nd Foot and 16th Light Dragoons. London, 1901.

——. Seaton (Lord). Life and Letters of Sir John Colborne [Lord Seaton], ed. by G. C. Moore-Smith. London, 1903.

66th Foot. Henry, W. Events of a Military Life, being Recollections of the Service in the Peninsula, etc., of Walter Henry, Surgeon, 66th Regt. [Campaign of 1812–14]. London, 1843.

68th Foot. Green, J. Vicissitudes of a Soldier’s Life, by John Green, late of the 68th Durham Light Infantry. Louth, 1827.

71st Foot. Anon. Vicissitudes in the Life of a Scottish Soldier, 1808 to 1815, including some particulars of the Battle of Waterloo. London, 1827.

——. Anon, TS. Journal of T. S. of the 71st Highland Light Infantry, in _Memorials of the Late Wars_ [ed. Constable]. Edinburgh, 1828.

82nd Foot. Wood, G. The Subaltern Officer, a Narrative by Captain Geo. Wood of the 82nd Prince of Wales’s Volunteers [1808 and 1813–14]. London, 1825.

85th Foot. Gleig, G. R. The Subaltern [Campaigns in the Pyrenees and South of France, 1813–14], by G. R. Gleig, 85th Foot. London, 1823.

87th Foot. Gough [Lord]. See Letters 1809–14 in R. S. Rait’s _Life of Lord Gough_.

88th Foot. Grattan, W. Adventures with the Connaught Rangers, 1804–14, by Lieut. Wm. Grattan. London, 1847.

——. ——. Second series of Reminiscences. London, 1853.

92nd Foot. Hope, J. Military Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, 1809–16 [Lieut. Jas. Hope, 92nd Highlanders]. London, 1833.

92nd Foot. Anon. Letters from Portugal, etc., during the Campaigns of 1811–14 by a British Officer [92nd Gordon Highlanders]. London, 1819.

——. Robertson, D. Journal of Sergeant D. Robertson, late 92nd Highlanders, during the Campaigns between 1797 and 1818. Perth, 1842.

94th Foot. Donaldson, J. Recollection of an Eventful Life, chiefly passed in the Army, by Joseph Donaldson, Sergeant 94th Scotch Brigade [1809–14]. London, 1825.

95th [Rifle Brigade]. Costello, E. Memoirs of Edward Costello of the Rifle Brigade, comprising narratives of Wellington’s Campaigns in the Peninsula, etc. London, 1857.

——. Fernyhough, R. Military Memoirs of Four Brothers, by the survivor, Lieut. R. Fernyhough, Rifle Brigade. London, 1829.

——. Green, W. A brief Outline of the Travels and Adventures of Wm. Green, Bugler, Rifle Brigade, during a period of ten years, 1802–12. Coventry, 1857.

——. Harris. Recollections of Rifleman Harris, ed. by Capt. Curling [1808–09]. London, 1848.

——. Kincaid, J. Adventures in the Rifle Brigade, in the Peninsula, France, and the Netherlands, 1810–15, by Captain Sir John Kincaid. London, 1830.

——. ——. Random Shots from a Rifleman [Miscellaneous Anecdotes]. London, 1835.

——. Leach, J. Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier, during a service in the West Indies, the Peninsula, etc. [1808–14], London, 1831.

——. ——. Rambles on the Banks of Styx [Peninsular Reminiscences], by the same author. London, 1847.

——. Simmons, G. A British Rifleman: Journals and Correspondence of Major Geo. Simmons (95th) during the Peninsular War, etc., ed. Col. Willoughby Verner. London, 1899.

——. Smith, H. The Autobiography of General Sir Harry Smith [vol. i. contains Peninsular Memoirs], ed. G. Moore Smith. London, 1901.

——. Surtees, W. Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade, by Wm. Surtees, Quartermaster [1808, 1811–14]. London, 1833.

III. ARTILLERY.

Dickson, Alex. The Dickson Papers, Diaries and Correspondence of Major-General Sir Alexander Dickson, G.C.B. Series 1809–18. ed. by Major John Leslie, R.A. 2 vols. Woolwich, 1908–12.

Frazer, A. S. Letters of Sir Augustus Simon Frazer, K.C.B., Commanding Royal Horse Artillery under Wellington, written during the Peninsular Campaigns. London, 1859.

[See also numerous short Journals and Series of Letters in the Journal of the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich, in recent years, Swabey, Ingilby, Downman, etc.]

IV. ENGINEERS.

Burgoyne, J. F. Life and Correspondence of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, ed. Hon. Geo. Wrottesley. London, 1873.

Boothby, C. Under England’s Flag, 1804–9, Memoirs, Diary, and Correspondence of Captain C. Boothby, R.E. [Corunna Campaign]. London, 1900.

——. A Prisoner of France, by the same [Oporto and Talavera Campaigns]. London, 1898.

Landmann, G. T. Recollections of Military Life, 1806–8 [Vimeiro Campaign], by Colonel Geo. Landmann, R.E. London, 1854.

V. TRAIN AND COMMISSARIAT.

Dallas, A. Autobiography of the Rev. Alexander Dallas, including his service in the Peninsula [1811–14] in the Commissariat Department. London, 1870.

Chesterton, G. L. Peace, War, and Adventure, an Autobiography by George Laval Chesterton [vol. i. contains service in Catalonia 1812–14]. London, 1853.

Graham, W. Travels in Portugal and Spain, 1812–14, by William Graham of the Commissariat Department. London, 1820.

Head, F. Memoirs of an Assistant-Commissary-General (in the Peninsular War), by Gen. F. Head. London, 1840.

Hennegan, R. D. Seven Years in the Peninsula and the Netherlands, by Sir Richard D. Hennegan, of the Field Train [Campaigns of 1808–14]. London, 1846.

VI. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

Henry, W. Events of a Military Life, Recollections of the Peninsular War, etc., by Surgeon Walter Henry, 66th Regt. London, 1843.

McGrigor, J. The Autobiography and Services of Sir Jas. McGrigor. Bart., late Director General of the Medical Department [1812–14]. London, 1861.

Neale, A. Letters from Portugal and Spain [Vimeiro and Corunna], by Adam Neale, M.D. London, 1809.

VII. WORKS BY CHAPLAINS.

Bradford, W. Sketches of the Country, Character, and Costume in Portugal and Spain, 1808–9, by Rev. Wm. Bradford, Chaplain of Brigade. 40 coloured plates. London, 1810.

Ormsby, J. W. Operations of the British Army in Portugal and Spain, 1808–9, by Rev. Jas. Wilmot Ormsby, with appendices, etc. London, 1809.

VIII. OFFICERS IN THE KING’S GERMAN LEGION.

Hartmann, Sir Julius, Ein Lebenskizze, 1808–15. Berlin, 1901.

Ompteda, Baron, C. Memoir and Letters of Baron Christian Ompteda, Colonel in the King’s German Legion [Campaigns of 1812–14]. London, 1894.

Anon. Journal of an Officer of the King’s German Legion, 1803–16. London, 1827.

IX. WORKS BY OFFICERS IN THE PORTUGUESE SERVICE.

Blakiston, J. Twelve Years’ Military Adventure, in three Quarters of the Globe [by Major John Blakiston], 1813–14, with the Portuguese Caçadores. 1829.

Bunbury, T. Reminiscences of a Veteran, Personal and Military Adventures in the Peninsula, etc. [1810–14 with the 20th Portuguese Line]. 1861.

Madden, G., Services of, 1809–13, by a Friend. London, 1815.

Mayne, R., and Lillie, J. W. The Loyal Lusitanian Legion, 1808–10. London, 1812.

Warre, G. Letters, 1808–12, of Sir George Warre [of the Portuguese Staff], ed. by Rev. E. Warre, D.D. London, 1909.

X. OFFICERS IN THE SPANISH SERVICE.

Whittingham, Sir S. Memoir [and Correspondence] of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Samuel Ford Whittingham. London, 1868.

FOOTNOTES

[1] John Shipp’s is the only book from the ranks which has been reprinted within the last ten years, I believe. Mr. Fitchett reproduced a few chapters of Anton and others in his rather disappointing _Wellington’s Men_.

[2] Kincaid, _Random Shots from a Rifleman_, p. 8.

[3] This was Woodberry of the 18th Hussars.

[4] _Sir William Gomm’s Life_, p. 31.

[5] See his curious dispatch from Cartaxo dated February 6th, 1811, concerning preaching officers.

[6] He describes himself as “rolling on the floor like one distracted, with the pains of hell getting hold, and hope seeming to be for ever shut out of my mind.”—_Surtees_, p. 172.

[7] He calls his little book _Memoir of a Sergeant late of the 43rd Light Infantry, previously to and during the Peninsular War, including an account of his Conversion from Popery to the Protestant Religion_.

[8] John Stevenson of the Scots Fusilier Guards.

[9] _Life of Sir W. Napier_, i. 235, 236.

[10] _Dispatches_, vii. p. 559.

[11] _Ibid._ vi. p. 485.

[12] This preposterous remark may be found on p. 28 of vol. vi.

[13] Only printed in 1894.

[14] Edited by Col. Willoughby Verner.

[15] Published 1881. Invaluable as a private record for the staff.

[16] Edited by his kinsman, the present Provost of Eton.

[17] Larpent was a lawyer who acted as Wellington’s Judge Advocate.

[18] It is hardly necessary to mention Jones’s slight Sketch (1818) or Goddard’s mass of undigested contemporary material (1814).

[19] _Journal_ in Girod de l’Ain, p. 98.

[20] His well-written two volumes (issued 1829) are said to have been very largely the work of his aide-de-camp, St. Cyr-Nugues.

[21] Vacani’s Italian general history of the war is very slight on the English side, being mainly devoted to the doings of the Italians in Catalonia.

[22] Published under the rather romantic title of _A Boy in the Peninsular War_ (which suggests a work of fiction), by Julian Corbett, in 1899.

[23] Published in the _Revue Hispanique_ in 1907.

[24] See p. 7.

[25] Published 1831. A first-rate authority for Rifle Brigade and Light Division matters.

[26] Of the 29th Regt. Published only in 1887.

[27] Published 1867.

[28] Not to be confused with Sir _George_ Bell.

[29] See for a dissection and disproof of this story Ropes’s _Waterloo_, pp. 238–242, 3rd edition. Mr. Horsburgh (p. 138) and others accept the story. But despite Lady Shelley’s note it is really incredible.

[30] For a dissection of Marbot’s blunders see the essay on his methods in Holland Rose’s _Pitt and Napoleon_, pp. 156–166.

[31] Blakeney wrote about 1835, at Paxos in the Ionian Isles; Smith in 1844, in India; Kincaid in 1847.

[32] His extraordinarily vivid narrative of the fortunes of Browne’s provisional battalion at Barrosa conflicts in detail with contemporary evidence which there is no reason to doubt, _e.g._ as to the numbers of the battalion, and as to the exact behaviour of General Whittingham.

[33] A strong case is that of the sergeant of the 43rd, mentioned above, on p. 7, who lets in scraps of Napier into his patchwork with the most unhappy effect.

[34] But only published by Constable & Co. in 1828. For more of his story, see the chapter on “The Rank and File.”

[35] Sergeant Lawrence’s _Autobiography_ was not published till 1886. Cooper’s _Seven Campaigns in Portugal_, etc., came out in 1869.

[36] Only printed quite lately in the _Revue Hispanique_ for 1907.

[37] Hanover, 1907, 2 vols.

[38] Published at Lisbon in 4 vols., 1862–80.

[39] His book is called _Reminiscences of a Veteran_, and was published so late as 1861.

[40] _Twelve Years of Military Adventure_, published 1829.

[41] Published in 1880.

[42] Published 1835, 2 vols.

[43] Published 1845.

[44] Two vols., published 1856.

[45] By D. Beresford-Pack, 1905.

[46] By Hon. Claud Vivian, 1897.

[47] Two vols., 1904.

[48] _E.g._ the cavalry general Long, who was writing in the spring of 1810 that “the next campaign in the Peninsula will close the eventful scene in the Peninsula, as far as we are concerned. I am strongly of opinion that neither ‘Marshal’ Wellington nor ‘Marshal’ Beresford will prevent the approaching subjugation of Portugal.” And, again, “Wellington, I suspect, feels himself tottering on his throne, and wishes to conciliate at any sacrifice.”

[49] Kincaid, chap. v., May, 1811.

[50] Cooke’s _Narrative of events in the South of France_, pp. 47, 48.

[51] Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 14.

[52] For a curious instance of this sort in the 92nd, see Hope’s _Military Memoirs of an Infantry Officer_, pp. 449–451. Cf. Sir George Napier’s _Autobiography_, pp. 125–128.

[53] Gronow’s _Recollections_, p. 66.

[54] McGrigor’s _Autobiography_, pp. 304, 305.

[55] When sending him to command in India.

[56] These two letters are in the Rice-Jones Correspondence (this R.E. officer is not to be confounded with Sir John Jones, the historian), lent to me by Hon. Henry Shore of Mount Elton, Clevedon.

[57] See _Colborne’s Life and Letters_, ed. Moore Smith, pp. 126, 127; 235, 236.

[58] _Napier_, vi. p. 175.

[59] _Grattan_, p. 332.

[60] The memorandum is on pp. 261–263 of vol. iv. of Wellington’s Dispatches.

[61] _Dispatches_, vol. v. pp. 123, 124.

[62] For an interesting chapter on the adventures of Colquhoun Grant see the autobiography of his brother-in-law, Sir J. McGrigor.

[63] Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 19.

[64] Foy’s diary in Girod de l’Ain, p. 178.

[65] For an analysis of the controversy, see Dumolin’s preface to his _Précis des Guerres de la Révolution_, and compare Colin’s _Education Militaire de Napoleon_.

[66] See especially the record of the great English and Austrian charges against French infantry at Villers-en-Cauchies, Beaumont, and Willems (Fortescue’s _British Army_, lv. 240–56).

[67] The French battalion then comprising nine companies, of which one, the Voltigeur company, would not be in the column.

[68] From an essay entitled _Character of the Armies of the various European Powers_, in a collection called _Essays on the Theory and Practice of the Art of War_. 3 vols. London: Philips & Co.

[69] Though Marshal Broglie had used something like an approach to permanent divisions in the Seven Years’ War: see Colin’s _Transformations de la Guerre_, p. 97.

[70] Colin quotes as bad examples of French armies coming on the field dispersedly, without the proper timing and co-operation, Wattignies, Neresheim (1796), and all Moreau’s operations beyond the Rhine in that year from Rastadt to Ettlingen (_Transformations de la Guerre_, p. 99).

[71] See Dumolin’s _Précis d’Histoire Militaire_, x. p. 263, and Colin’s _Tactique et Discipline_, p. lxxxv.

[72] At Arcola Augereau’s division attacked the bridge over a raised road passing over a dyke only 30 feet broad, with marshes on each side. There were three regiments, one behind the other. Cohorn’s column at Ebersburg was not so deep, only a brigade. But it had to defile over a bridge 200 yards long.

[73] _E.g._: this was the formation of the 3rd corps at Lützen, see Fabry, _Journal des 3^{me} et 5^{me} Corps en 1813_, p. 7.

[74] Foy’s _Vie Militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, p. 107.

[75] Habitually but not invariably: _e.g._ for a use of eight skirmishing companies from five battalions at Villamuriel in Oct. 12, by Maucune, see Béchaud’s _Journal_, pp. 406–7, in _Études Napoléoniemes_ I.

[76] Sir James Sinclair in his _Observations on the Military System of Great Britain, so far as respects the formation of Infantry_, deals with this idea at great length, and proposes to have 160 skirmishers to each battalion of 640 men.

[77] See Fortescue, _British Army_, iv. p. 921.

[78] See the anecdote of the 28th regiment at Alexandria, whose rear rank faced about, and fought back-to-back with the front rank, when unexpectedly assailed from behind by French cavalry which had passed through a gap in the line. Hence the grant of the double shako-plate, before and behind, made to the regiment.

[79] Till lately I had supposed that Reynier had at least his left wing, or striking _échelon_, in columns of battalions, but evidence shown me by Col. James proves that, despite of the fact that the French narratives do not show it, the majority at least of Reynier’s men were deployed. This is borne out by Bunbury’s narrative, p. 244, where it is definitely stated, as well as by Boothby’s, p. 78.

[80] Those of Reynier. See my _Peninsular War_, Bussaco chapter.

[81] See Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 109.

[82] The phrase comes from the _De Ros Manuscript_, quoted in Maxwell’s _Life of Wellington_, ii. p. 20.

[83] Foy’s _Vie Militaire_, ed. Girod de l’Ain, pp. 270, 271.

[84] Donkin’s Brigade, Wellington’s last reserve, which was never engaged with infantry all day, lost 195 men without firing a shot—save by its skirmishers.

[85] See Fortescue, iv. p. 841.

[86] The interesting circular to Brigadiers conveying this information runs, “The Commander of the Forces recommends the companies of the 5/60th regiment to the particular care of the officers commanding the brigades to which they are attached: they will find them to be most useful, active, and brave troops in the field, and they will add essentially to the strength of their brigades.”—_General Orders_, p. 262.

[87] These “independent rifle companies” of the K.G.L., which appear in so many “morning states,” were isolated men left behind (mainly, no doubt, in hospital) by the two “Light Battalions” of the K.G.L. when they left Portugal in company with Sir John Moore.

[88] To descend into detail, in May, 1811, the 5/60th supplied light companies to Stopford’s, Nightingale’s, Mackinnon’s (3 companies), Myers’, Hulse’s, Colborne’s, Hoghton’s, and Abercrombie’s brigades. The Brunswick Oels Jägers supplied the extra company to Hay’s and Dunlop’s brigades, while the rest of the battalion was in Sontag’s brigade. The 3/95th gave a company to Howard’s brigade, while the other battalions of this famous rifle corps were in the two brigades of the Light Division. The German brigade of Löwe had its own “independent light companies.” Only Colville’s and Burne’s brigades had no such provision in the whole army.

[89] Save in Hamilton’s Portuguese division, which did not get its Caçador battalions till 1812.

[90] In 1811 of the armies opposed to Wellington (Soult’s and Marmont’s) there was one division of 6 battalions, one of 9, two of 10, one of 11, seven of 12, one of 13. The battalions varied from 400 apiece in the 5th corps to over 600 in the 1st corps. The average was about 500, not including men detached or in hospital. A _voltigeur_ company would have varied between 80 and 110 men.

[91] Note especially Vigo-Roussillon’s account of Barrosa, where he speaks of his regiment having pierced the first British line, when all that it really did was to thrust back four companies of the 95th rifles, and two of the 20th Portuguese. Similarly Reynier’s report on Bussaco says that Merle’s division broke the front line of Picton, and only failed before his second. But the “front line” was only five light companies.

[92] Wellington to Beresford, _Dispatches_, vii. p. 427.

[93] If the _ordre mixte_ was formed by a regiment of three battalions of 600 men each, only 634 men out of 1800 were in the front two ranks. If by a regiment of four battalions (two deployed, two in column in the flanks), the slightly better result of 1034 men out of 2400 able to use their muskets would be produced.

[94] This I have from a document in the archives of the Ministry of War at Paris, which says that “the line of attack was formed by a brigade in column of attack. To its right and left the front line was in a mixed formation; that is to say, on each side of the central column was a battalion deployed in line, and on each of the outer sides of the deployed battalions was a battalion or regiment in column, so that at each end the line was composed of a column ready to form square, in case hostile cavalry should attempt to fall upon one of our flanks.”

[95] A phrase used by a French marshal at Bussaco!

[96] Reprinted by General Trochu in his _Armée française en 1867_, pp. 239, 240.

[97] See page 87 above.

[98] For details see below, in the chapter dealing with General Picton, p. 134.

[99] Though a few depleted regiments also went home, so that the total strength never was over 18 regiments, 9000 horse or under, to 70,000 men in all. See pages 192–3.

[100] See _Dispatches_, vol. viii. p. 112.

[101] _General Orders_ (collected volume), pp. 481, 482.

[102] See Chapter XVIII., “A note on Sieges.”

[103] See the Diary of Major Brooke, in _Blackwood_ for 1908, p. 448, which I edited.

[104] _Memoirs of Sergeant Donaldson (94th)_, ii. p. 217, and _cf._ for a similar story, _Rifleman Harris_, pp. 30, 31.

[105] See Sidney’s _Life of Lord Hill_, p. 228.

[106] He wanted, he wrote, “to have a place of meeting where they can enjoy social intercourse combined with economy, and cultivate old acquaintance formed on service.” Hitherto “officers coming to town for a short period were driven into expensive and bad taverns and coffee-houses, without a chance of meeting their friends or any good society.”

[107] _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, by Surtees of the 95th.

[108] Caddell of the 28th, p. 99.

[109] Especially Bunbury, Dallas, and Blakeney.

[110] “Le général était de haute stature,” says Vigo-Roussillon: “il avait les cheveux tous blancs, et était encore alerte et très vif, quoiqu’il avait soixante ans. Sa physionomie noble et ouverte m’avait inspiré le respect, même sur le champ de bataille.”—_Revue des deux Mondes_, August, 1891.

[111] Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 69.

[112] _Kincaid_, p. 116.

[113] That he made the request is definitely stated in Stanhope’s _Conversations_, p. 69.

[114] Grattan’s _Adventures with the Connaught Rangers_, p. 16.

[115] _Grattan_, pp. 116, 117.

[116] See McCarthy’s _Siege of Badajoz_, p. 35, and Robinson’s _Life of Picton_, ii. p. 170.

[117] McCarthy’s _Siege of Badajoz_, p. 41.

[118] Robinson’s _Life of Picton_, ii. p. 390.

[119] See especially McCarthy, quoted above, and Macpherson (notes in _Robinson_, ii. pp. 394–397).

[120] Cole’s _Peninsular Generals_, ii. p. 84.

[121] His brother, Sir Charles Craufurd, had married the Dowager Duchess of Newcastle, and as the duke was a minor, his mother and her husband disposed of the Pelham pocket-boroughs and other patronage.

[122] He was absent on leave from the winter of 1810 till May 1811, and only just rejoined in time for the battle of Fuentes de Oñoro.

[123] All this comes from Shaw-Kennedy’s Diary, which is printed at length in a most unlikely place,—the Appendix to Lord F. Fitzclarence’s _Manual of Outpost Duties_, a book of the 1840’s.

[124] See _Larpent’s Journal_, p. 85, and Alex. Craufurd’s _Life of General Robert Craufurd_, pp. 184, 185.

[125] William Napier refused to subscribe to a testimonial to Alten at the end of the war, openly saying that he saw no sufficient merit in him.

[126] For a bitter story of how his brigadiers, Barclay and Beckwith, spoke of him, see Moore-Smith’s _Life of Colborne_, p. 174. _Cf._ too p. 35 of Hay’s _Reminiscences_ of 1808–15, for an anecdote of Craufurd’s occasional snubbing of his officers. _Cf._ also George Simmond’s _British Rifleman_, pp. 26, 27.

[127] Jan. 20, 1912, in a letter from Colonel Willoughby Verner.

[128] See Hay’s _Peninsular Reminiscences, 1808–15_.

[129] See _Rifleman Harris_, p. 206.

[130] Hardinge advised the advance, but it was Cole who, being in responsible command, ordered and executed it. He it is who should have the credit both for the resolve and for the tactics.

[131] See Wellington to Torrens (the patronage secretary at the Horse Guards), August 4, 1810.

[132] See, _e.g._, Wellington, _Dispatches_, vi., under Oct. 4, 1810. Among the generals whose departure he viewed (for various reasons) with equanimity, were Sir Robert Wilson, Lightburne, Tilson, and Nightingale.

[133] _Minute_ on p. 572 of the _Collected General Orders_.

[134] Stewart chafed at his checks, and wrote bitterly to Castlereagh about the insignificance of his position.

[135] See Chapter XVIII. on Sieges, p. 286.

[136] For special note as to the functions of the “Staff Corps of Cavalry” raised in March, 1813, see the _General Order_ of that date. This body must be carefully distinguished from the Staff Corps, concerning which see Fortescue’s _British Army_, iv. p. 881: it was a kind of subsidiary corps of military artificers, independent of the Ordnance Office to which “Royal Military Artificers” belonged. This was a vicious duplication of parallel organizations.

[137] _General Order_, Freneda, Nov. 1, 1811.

[138] _Private Journal of Judge-Advocate Larpent, 1812–14_, published London, 1853.

[139] Names may suffice to show the class from which they were drawn: Marquis of Worcester, Lord March, Bathurst, Bouverie, Burghersh, Canning, Manners, Stanhope, Fremantle, Gordon, de Burgh, Cadogan, Fitzroy Somerset.

[140] See note on page 270 of chapter xvi on “Impedimenta.”

[141] See _General Order_ of May 4, 1809.

[142] Its most ambitious efforts were a small volume of maps printed at Cambray, during the occupation of France after Waterloo, with notes by Col. Carmichael Smith, R.E., and the _General Orders_ for 1815, printed at Paris, by Sergeant Buchan, 3rd Guards, head printer to the Army of Occupation.

[143] See, for example, York’s Alkmaar dispatch of Oct. 6, 1799.

[144] _E.g._ in Walsh’s _Expedition to Holland_ in 1799, p. 22, the whole original landing force of the British, 15,000 bayonets, is called the “first division,” but only in contrast to the troops not yet landed, not technically.

[145] With the exception, of course, that the 1st and 3rd Caçador battalions served all through the war in the two brigades of the Light Division.

[146] See p. 83.

[147] 1/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th.

[148] 2/5th, 1/11th, 2/28th, 2/34th, 2/39th, 2/42nd, 2/58th. The 1/40th and 2/24th joined Wellington in time for Talavera.

[149] The original British brigade of the 5th division consisted of the 3/1st, 1/9th, and 2/38th.

[150] The 2/30th and 2/44th, to which the 1/4th was subsequently added.

[151] The name Army-Corps appears first in the Waterloo Campaign of 1815.

[152] The succession of brigadiers seems to have been, in the one brigade, Pack followed by Wilson and Alex. Campbell; in the other Bradford continued almost through the whole war, but McMahon was in command in part of 1811–12. After June, 1811, Ashworth’s Brigade was regularly attached to the 2nd division.

[153] Now no longer wanted, as Leith had received his second British brigade.

[154] 2nd, 1/36th, and (added long months after) the 1/32nd.

[155] 1/50th, 1/71st, and 1/92nd.

[156] 51st, 85th, with the Chasseurs Britanniques and the Brunswick Oels Jägers. The 68th joined in July, but the 85th went home in October.

[157] 1st and 2nd Light Battalions, K.G.L., which landed very late, joined Beresford’s army in Estremadura, and only united with their proper division in June.

[158] See notes on these battalions in the chapter on “The Auxiliaries.”

[159] After Albuera their nickname was changed to “the Enthusiastics.”

[160] This happened with the 5th, 28th, 38th, 39th, 42nd. The 2/4th and 2/52nd came out for a short time, and then discharged their serviceable men into their 1st battalion, and went home.

[161] See p. 166.

[162] These thirty-seven were the 2nd, 12th, 13th, 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 29th, 33rd, 37th, 41st, 46th, 49th, 51st, 54th, 55th, 64th, 65th, 68th, 70th, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 80th, 85th, 86th, 93rd, 94th, and 97th to 103rd.

[163] Which were intended for home service only, and were called the “Army of Reserve.” But ere long they were utilized for general service.

[164] The regiments which raised belated second battalions were the 12th (in 1813), the 22nd (in 1814), the 37th (in 1811), the 41st (in 1814), the 73rd (in 1809), the 86th (in 1814), the 93rd (in 1814). The 95th (in 1809), and the 56th in 1813, raised a _third_ battalion.

[165] For all the establishments see Table in Appendix I.

[166] This was the case with the 7th, 48th, 52nd and 88th in 1811.

[167] The 3rd Hussars, K.G.L., 2/14th, 2/23rd, 2/43rd, 2/81st, never returned to serve under Wellington in 1809–14.

[168] In 1810 the following returned to Portugal 3/1st, 1/4th, 1/9th, 1/50th, 1/71st, 1/79th. In 1811 the following: 2nd, 1/26th, 1/28th, 1/32nd, 1/36th, 51st, 2/52nd, 1st and 2nd Light K.G.L. In 1812 the following: 1/5th, 1/6th, 20th, 1/38th, 1/42nd, 2/59th, 1/82nd, 1/91st. In 1813 the 7th, 10th, 15th, 18th Hussars, the first and third battalions of the 1st Foot Guards, and the 76th.

[169] These were the 1/3rd, 2/9th, 29th, 1/40th, 1/45th, 5/60th, 97th, the 1st, 2nd, 5th, 7th Line Battalions of the K.G.L., and the 20th Light Dragoons, the last-named incomplete.

[170] The regiments which arrived with Wellesley, or before him, during the spring and the preceding winter of 1808–1809, were 3/27th, 2/31st, and 14th Light Dragoons, during the winter; in April, 1st Coldstream Guards, 1st Scots Fusilier Guards, 2/7th, 2/30th, 2/48th, 2/53rd, 2/66th, 2/83rd, 2/87th, 1/88th, 16th Light Dragoons, 3rd Dragoon Guards, 4th Dragoons.

[171] Since April there had come out the 23rd Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L., 1/61st, 1/48th, 2/24th; but the 20th Light Dragoons had been deducted (sent to Sicily), while the 2/9th and 2/30th had been sent back to Lisbon, for passage to Gibraltar. The net gain, therefore, between April and July was only one cavalry regiment.

[172] To recapitulate again. 1st battalions: 1/3rd, 1/40th, 1/45th, 1/48th, 1/61st, 1/88th. 2nd battalions: 2/7th, 2/31st, 2/24th, 2/48th, 2/53rd, 2/66th, 2/83rd, 2/87th. Other junior battalions: 3/27th (left at Lisbon), 5/60th. Single battalion regiments, 29th, 97th. There were also two “Battalions of Detachments.”

[173] The strongest battalions at Talavera were 1/3rd Foot Guards 1019, 1st Coldstream 970, 1/48th 807; the weakest were 2/66th 526, 97th 502, 2/83rd 535.

[174] Viz. 2/7th, 2/48th.

[175] 2/24th, 2/31st, 2/53rd, 2/66th. The first battalions of three of these were in the East Indies, that of the fourth in Sicily.

[176] 1/7th, 1/11th, 1/23rd, 1/37th, 1/39th, 1/57th.

[177] 2/5th, 2/34th, 2/38th, 2/44th, 2/47th, 2/58th, 2/62nd, 2/84th.

[178] 68th, 74th, 77th, 85th, 94th.

[179] This was the case with the 2/62nd, 77th, 1/37th, 2/84th.

[180] The sixth of the units of the provisional battalions being a single battalion corps, the 2nd Foot or Queen’s.

[181] Typical figures are 77th, landed in July 859 of all ranks—had only 560 present in September. The 68th, landed about the same time, had 233 sick to 412 effective: the 51st, landed in April, 246 sick to 251 effective! But the 51st had lost men in the second siege of Badajoz. The other two regiments had not seen much service.

[182] Over 14,000 men in October, 1811.

[183] Wellington wrote to the Secretary of War (Lord Bathurst), “I assure you that some of the best battalions with the army are the provisional battalions. I have lately seen two of these engaged, that formed of the 2/24th and 2/58th, and that formed from the 2nd Queen’s and 2/53rd: it is impossible for any troops to behave better. The same arrangement could now be applied with great advantage to the 51st and 68th, and also to other regiments” (_Dispatches_, x. p. 629). There was another “provisional battalion” composed of the 2/30th and 2/44th for a short time in 1812–13.

[184] Probably a year later Wellington would not have allowed the 29th and 97th, both old single battalion regiments sent home after Albuera, to depart, but would have worked them together as a “provisional battalion.” He expresses great regret in his private correspondence at losing two excellent units because they had fallen to about 250 men each.

[185] After Albuera, where they both suffered heavily, the 2nd was sent home, discharging its serviceable men into the 1st, which was the first connection with the sister-battalion that it had.

[186] Such figures are, however, occasionally found, _e.g._ the 1/4th at Bussaco, and the 1/43rd in September, 1811, had over 1000 of all ranks. So had the 1/42nd at Salamanca.

[187] These chanced to be the 1/43rd and the 2/38th respectively. The two Guards battalions were each just under 900 of all ranks at this time.

[188] 3rd Dragoon Guards, 1st and 4th Dragoons, 14th and 16th Light Dragoons, 1st Hussars, K.G.L.

[189] 13th Light Dragoons.

[190] 3rd, 4th, 5th Dragoon Guards; 1st, 3rd, and 4th Dragoons; 9th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th Light Dragoons; 1st and 2nd Heavy Dragoons, K.G.L.; 1st and 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.

[191] Tomkinson in his diary observes (p. 230) that the 11th Light Dragoons was not in such bad state as the other condemned regiments, but that their colonel was so senior that he stood in the way of the promotion of several more capable officers to command brigades—hence Wellington resolved to get him out of the country.

[192] _Dispatches_, vii. p. 58. To Lord Liverpool.

[193] 9th and 11th Light Dragoons, 4th Dragoon Guards, 2nd Hussars, K.G.L.

[194] Viz. the 1st Royals, 13th, 14th, and 16th Light Dragoons, and 1st Hussars, K.G.L. See _General Orders_, October 2, 1811.

[195] In the Talavera army, taking the general totals, there were 536 lieutenants to 259 ensigns; in the Bussaco army 624 to 237; in the 1811 army (March) 739 to 323—in each case more than two to one.

[196] Viz. killed, the Brigadier-Gen. Hoghton and one major, wounded two lieutenant-colonels and two majors.

[197] Picton, though wounded in the foot at Badajoz, rode with his division for some time after it marched from Estremadura for the North, but the wound getting inflamed he was compelled to go into hospital, and Wallace had his place for some weeks in June, Pakenham appearing as divisional commander in July.

[198] See the bitter remarks on pp. 367–369 on Blakeney’s Autobiography. For a number of illustrative anecdotes see Leach’s curious little book, _Rambles on the Banks of Styx_, which is full of Peninsular grievances.

[199] The allusion is to the obscure business of influence in distributing commissions said to have been used by the Duke of York’s mistress, Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke.

[200] For more of this pamphlet, see Stocqueler’s _Personal History of the Horse Guards_, pp. 60–67.

[201] For an astounding story of an ensign who had been a billiard-marker in Dublin, and who was ultimately cashiered for theft, see Col. Bunbury’s _Reminiscences_, vol. i. pp. 26–28.

[202] _Memoirs of Captain George Ellers, 12th Foot_, p. 43.

[203] See the instances in _General Orders_ for April 23, 1810, and July 16, 1812.

[204] For a good example, see _Dickson Papers_, pp. 622, 623, where the good Dickson gets one officer to own that he was “betrayed in a moment of intoxication” into insulting words, and the other to say that the counter-charge with which he replied was made “in a moment of great irritation and passion.” The apologies were both passed as satisfactory.

[205] A series of court-martials in one Peninsular battalion shows us such a picture, with the colonel on one side and the two majors on the other. The former prosecuted the senior major for embezzlement, while at the same moment a subaltern was “broke” for alleging that the junior major had shown cowardice in the field. The Horse Guards finally dispersed all the officers into different corps, as the only way of ending the feud.

[206] See pp. 121–2 of vol. ii. of Robinson’s _Life of Picton_.

[207] Letter printed in _Vie Militaire_, _ed._ Girod de l’Ain, p. 98.

[208] See the heading “Lisbon” in the collected volume of _General Orders_, pp. 206, 207.

[209] _General Orders_, Freneda, December 4, 1811. For anecdotes about this officer’s shirking propensities, see pp. 27–36 of the second series of Grattan’s _Adventures with the Connaught Rangers_. He was ultimately cashiered.

[210] Gleig’s _Reminiscences of Wellington_, p. 303.

[211] _Conversations with Duke of Wellington_, pp. 13 and 18.

[212] See, for an instance, pp. 249–50.

[213] When the 90th was raised in 1794, out of the 746 men 165 were English and 56 Irish—not much less than a third of the whole. Cf. Delavoye’s _History of the 90th_, p. 3. In the Waterloo campaign the 71st had 83 English and 56 Irish in its ranks.

[214] Woolwright’s _History of the 77th_, p. 29.

[215] Rogerson’s _History of the 53rd_, p. 35.

[216] See Fortescue’s _History of the British Army_, vi. pp. 180–183.

[217] To quote an interesting explanatory note from the autobiography of Morris of the 73rd. “The militia would be drawn up in line, and the officers for the regiments requiring volunteers would give a glowing description of their several corps, describing the victories they had gained, and the honours they had acquired, and conclude by offering the bounty. If these inducements were not effectual in getting men, coercive measures were adopted: the militia colonel would put on heavy and long drills and field exercises, which were so tedious and oppressive that many men would embrace the alternative, and volunteer for the regulars” (p. 13).

[218] A canny Scot makes his explanation for volunteering in a fashion which combines patriotism, love of adventure, and calculation. “In the militia I serve secure of life and limb, but with no prospect of future benefit for old age (pension) to which I may attain. It is better to hazard both abroad in the regular service, than to have poverty and hard-labour accompanying me to a peaceful grave at home.” Anton’s _Retrospect of a Military Life_, p. 39.

[219] See the amusing narrative of Lawrence of the 20th and his two evasions from his stone-mason employer.

[220] See Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 13.

[221] Journal of T. S. of the 71st in Constable’s _Memorials of the Late War_, i. p. 25.

[222] Note by Colborne on p. 396 of his _Life_ by Moore-Smith.

[223] _Rifleman Harris_, pp. 10–16.

[224] In the Court-Martials on privates printed in _General Orders_, out of 280 trials I make out 80 certainly Irish names, and a good many more probably Irish—while there are only 23 Scots. There were certainly not four times as many Irish as Scots in the Peninsular Army, though there were more than twice as many.

[225] See also Stanhope’s _Conversations with Wellington_, p. 6.

[226] _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, pp. 47, 48.

[227] Both court-martialled, of course: see _General Orders_, vol. vii.

[228] This incident occurs in the unprinted letters of F. Monro, R.A., lent to me by his kinsfolk of to-day.

[229] One of the Duke’s acrid generalizations on this point was “the non-commissioned officers of the Guards regularly got drunk once a day, by eight in the evening, and got to bed soon after—but they always took care to do first what they were bid.”—Stanhope’s _Conversations with the Duke of Wellington_, p. 18.

[230] See Anton’s (42nd, Black Watch) _Retrospect of a Military Life_, pp. 239, 240.

[231] _Retrospect of a Military Life_, pp. 57, 58.

[232] _Memoirs of Sergeant Morley, 5th Foot_, p. 101.

[233] The survivors in 1809 were the regiments of de Meuron, Rolle, Dillon, and de Watteville.

[234] This proviso was neither submitted to nor approved by the British Government, who refused to take notice of it. Napoleon, during many disputes as to the exchange of prisoners in later years, always found a good excuse for breaking off negociations in the fact that he held that 4000 or 5000 Hanoverians of the K.G.L. should be reckoned as men requiring exchange.

[235] I note among the deserters from the German Legion in 1812–14 the strange and non-Teutonic names of Gormowsky, Melofsky, Schilinsky, Wutgok, Prochinsky, Borofsky, Ferdinando, Panderan, Kowalzuch, Matteivich, etc.

[236] The other two names are one Swiss the other Croatian.

[237] Names such as Davy, Woodgate, Galiffe, Andrews, McKenzie, Holmes, Linstow, Wynne, Joyce, Gilbert are unmistakably British. See Colonel Rigaud’s _History of the 5/60th_, Appendix i.

[238] See p. 120.

[239] See pp. 168–9.

[240] This corps only raised its second battalion in 1811.

[241] Algarve, Nos. 2 (Lagos) and 14 (Tavira). Alemtejo, Nos. 5 and 17 (1st and 2nd of Elvas), 8 (Evora), 20 (Campomayor), 22 (Serpa). Lisbon, Nos. 1, 4, 10, 16. Estremadura, No. 7 (Setubal), 19 (Cascaes), 11 (Peniche). Beira, Nos. 3 and 15 (raised in the Lamego district), 11 and 23 (1st and 2nd of Almeida). Oporto region, Nos. 6 and 18 (1st and 2nd of Oporto), 9 (Viana), 21 (Valença). Tras-os-Montes, Nos. 12 (Chaves), and 24 (Braganza).

[242] The three Lusitanian battalions wore a uniform of ivy-green, the nine others a dark brown dress. The cut of both was fashioned in imitation of that of the British Rifle Brigade.

[243] Beresford to Wellington, _Supplementary Dispatches_, vi. p. 774.

[244] From a memorandum by Benjamin D’Urban, Beresford’s Quartermaster-General, or rather Chief of the Staff, in the unpublished D’Urban papers.

[245] From a letter to his friend, J. Wilson, in the unpublished D’Urban Correspondence.

[246] General Orders, Santa Marinha, March 25, 1811.

[247] The case of an officer who openly cohabited with the wife of a private, and fought with and thrashed her not-unreasonably jealous husband.

[248] See General Orders, July 2, 1813.

[249] There is a long quarrel of this sort between Colonel Cochrane of the 36th and General A. Campbell, whose original cause was in details of mismanagement at the escape of Brennier from Almeida.

[250] General Orders, Lesaca, September 20, 1813. In this case a lieutenant of the 5/60th had been condemned for violently resisting the turning out of his horses from a stable by his senior, “using opprobrious and disgraceful language” and threatening to strike him.

[251] General Orders, Garris, February 24, 1814.

[252] _Ibid._, Freneda, February 3, 1813.

[253] See _Wellington Dispatches_, vol. ii., pp. 330 and 369, and for his recapture Stepney’s _Diary_, p. 55.

[254] Case of Corporal Hammond of the 87th, January 24, 1810.

[255] Viz. 5/60th, 97th, 1, 2, 5, 7 Line of the K.G.L., 1 and 2 Light K.G.L., Brunswick Oels and _Chasseurs Britanniques_.

[256] The tale comes from p. xxxi. of the Introduction to the _Collected General Orders_.

[257] General Orders, September 22, 1809.

[258] See the printed report of the Long _Court-Martial on Colonel Quentin_, London, 1814, p. 272.

[259] Printed in _General Orders_, vol. v. 1813, the accused being Col. Archdall of the 1/40th.

[260] Sergeant Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp. 145, 146.

[261] There are Peninsular-period Good-Conduct medals for the 10th and 11th Hussars (starting 1812), 5th Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers), 7th Fusiliers, 22nd, 38th, 52nd, 71st, 74th, 88th, 95th, 97th, and some other corps, not to speak of others which were medals for special deeds of courage or for marksmanship.

[262] See Hope’s _Memoirs of an Infantry Officer, 1808–15_, pp. 459–60.

[263] This is said to have been the case in the 1/48th when it was under Colonel Donnellan, who fell at Talavera.

[264] _Autobiography of Sergeant William Lawrence_, pp. 48, 49.

[265] _Rough Notes_, by Sir George Bell, i. p. 120.

[266] Probably the case of a private of the 34th who had struck his captain, in a rage. This flogging (1813) was the only one of such severity which occurred in the regiment while Bell was serving with it in 1812–1814.

[267] See footnote to p. xxv. of _Selected General Orders_.

[268] These can be found in _Fitzclarence on Outpost Duty_, mentioned above, in which they were printed at full length. It is still easy to procure.

[269] Donaldson of the 94th, pp. 179–181.

[270] General Order, May 23, 1809.

[271] See reproofs in 1811 and 1812 in _Collected General Orders_, p. 20.

[272] “Under the orders of Sir John Moore a horse or mule was allowed to each captain of a company of infantry, and a horse or mule in common among the subalterns. And under the orders of Sir John Cradock, which have been the rule for this army, the subalterns were allowed a horse or mule between them” (_General Orders_, p. 122).

[273] I find, _e.g._, in diaries, that 2nd Lieut. Hough, R.A., got “two domestics, a country horse, and a mule” immediately on landing. Geo. Simmons and Harry Smith of the 95th were certainly habitually riding when only lieutenants. So was Grattan of the 88th. Bell of the 34th being impecunious had “only half a _burro_ along with another lad.” Bunbury of the Buffs had half a horse and half a mule in conjunction with another subaltern. Hay of the 52nd was just in the regulation with one mule to himself, on his first campaign, but bought a Portuguese mare before he had been a year in the field.

[274] From that amusing piece of doggerel (strictly contemporary) _The Military Adventures of Johnny Newcome_.

[275] Notes to _Johnny Newcome_, p. 30.

[276] Grattan of the 88th, selling his horse on leaving the Peninsula at the Lisbon Horse-Fair, says that he got 125 dollars for it, equalling at the then rate of exchange £31 5_s._ Boothby, R.E., buying a red English stallion, considers himself very lucky to get it for 30 guineas. A donkey fetched about 15 dollars only.

[277] There are several court-martials on officers who (disregarding this order) kept a soldier-servant or bâtman out of the ranks.

[278] One officer relates that he came upon his own mule-boy, aged ten or twelve, deliberately beating out the brains of a wounded Frenchman, at Salamanca, with a large stone. Another diarist speaks of making a wounded Frenchman comfortable while he went for a surgeon, and returning to find him stabbed and stripped. A third (F. Monro, R.A.) says, “I found myself among the dead and dying, to the shame of human nature be it said, _both_ stripped, some half-naked, some wholly so, and this done principally by those infernal devils in mortal shape, the cruel, cowardly Portuguese followers, unfeeling ruffians. The Portuguese pillaged and plundered _our own wounded officers_ before they were dead!”

[279] See Ross Lewin’s _With the 32nd in the Peninsular War_, p. 205.

[280] Sergeant Anton’s _Retrospect of a Military Life_, pp. 60, 61.

[281] _Rough Notes of an Old Soldier_, vol. i. pp. 74, 75.

[282] Wellington (General Order of April 26, 1814) makes the concession that colonels may permit “a few who have proved themselves useful and regular,” to accompany the soldiers to whom they are attached “with a view to being ultimately married.”

[283] For details see Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp. 231, 232.

[284] _History of the Peninsular War_, vol. iv. p. 276. Also mentioned in Tomkinson’s _Diary_, p. 185.

[285] _Memoirs of Lejeune_, vol. ii. p. 108. I am a little inclined to think that this may have been the household establishment of Hill’s senior aide-de-camp, Currie, as the sight was seen by Lejeune in the Elvas-Olivenza direction, where the 2nd division was then quartered.

[286] See Dickson Papers I., p. 448.

[287] This letter, found among Lord Liverpool’s papers in 1869, was communicated to me by Mr. F. Turner of Frome.

[288] See Connolly’s _Royal Sappers and Miners_, pp. 187–8 and 194.

[289] Jones, _Sieges of the Peninsula_, i. p. 169.

[290] _General Orders_, p. 275.

[291] Jones’ _Sieges of the Peninsula_, ii. p. 97.

[292] Grattan’s _With the Connaught Rangers_, pp. 193, 194.

[293] Grattan, dealing with the Storm of Rodrigo, p. 145.

[294] Sergeant Donaldson, p. 155: he is speaking of the last assault on Badajoz.

[295] Instead of the brass plate with regimental badge or number, the Light infantry and rifles had only a bugle-horn.

[296] Light infantry had a small green tuft on the front of the shako; regiments of the rest of the line a larger upright plume fixed on the side.

[297] Cooke of the 43rd says (in his _Narrative of Events in the South of France_, p. 67) that “distorted by alternate rain and sunshine, as well as by having served as pillows and nightcaps, our caps had assumed the most monstrous and grotesque shapes.”

[298] Grattan’s _Connaught Rangers_, p. 51.

[299] See Leslie’s edition of the _Dickson Papers_, ii. p. 994.

[300] _Memoirs of Captain Ellers_, p. 124 (dealing with the year 1800). “He never wore powder though it was the regulation to do so. His hair was cropped close. I have heard him say that hair powder was very prejudicial to the health, as impeding perspiration, and he was no doubt right.”

[301] See for example the description of the 43rd preparing to storm Rodrigo, in Grattan, p. 145.

[302] _Military Journal of Col. Leslie of Balquhain_, p. 229.

[303] _Memoirs of Captain Cooke_, ii. p. 76.

[304] 7th, 10th, 15th Hussars. The 18th were still called Light Dragoons in 1808.

[305] In April, 1813, 10th, 15th, 18th Hussars, the 7th Hussars followed in September of the same year.

[306] Ker-Porter’s _Letters from Portugal and Spain, 1808–9_, p. 219.

[307] The Royal Military Artificers were wearing in the early years of the century a most extraordinary and ugly head-dress, a tall top-hat with brim, looking more fit for civilian’s wear, and having nothing military about it except the “shaving-brush” stuck at one side. It was not unlike, however, the hat of the Marines. For illustration of it see the plates in Connolly’s _History of the Royal Sappers and Miners_, vol. i.

[308] There are plenty of stories about him in Grattan’s _With the Connaught Rangers_. This one, however, is from Bell’s _Rough Notes_, i. 95.

[309] See the letter in General Rigaud’s _History of the 5/60th_.

[310] See illustration in Plate 8 of a sergeant and private in winter marching order.

[311] There is a curious anecdote in the diary (p. 28) of Cooper of the 1/7th, of a sergeant, who, running with the point of his pike low, caught it in the ground, and fell forward on its butt-end, which went right through his body.

[312] _E.g._ there is a Waterloo story of a sergeant of the 18th Hussars, who long engaged with a cuirassier, and unable to get at him because of his armour and helm, ultimately killed him with a thrust in the mouth. I should not like to take it as certain.

[313] For ample details about them see Mr. Milne’s _Standards and Colours of the Army_, Leeds, 1893.

[314] _Autobiography of Sergt. Lawrence_, p. 239.

[315] See above, p. 161.

[316] See p. 283.

[317] Cf. p. 266 above.

[318] Hennegan’s _Seven Years’ Campaigning_, i. p. 52.

[319] Dallas was taking care of the brigade of Skerrett, then marching (Oct., 1812) from Seville to Aranjuez, right across Central Spain.

[320] Autobiography of the Rev. Alexander Dallas, London, 1871, pp. 59, 60.

[321] For the maddening delays, caused by the impossibility of finding a mule-train ready to go back to the front, a good example may be found in the autobiography of Quartermaster Surtees of the 95th, stranded at Abrantes for unending weeks in the late autumn of 1812 with the new clothing of his battalion, which (as he knew) was suffering bitterly for want of it.

[322] See Donaldson’s _Eventful Life of a Soldier_, pp. 219, 220.

[323] Surtees’s _Twenty-five Years in the Rifle Brigade_, pp. 173, 175.

[324] From _Travels and Adventures of Bugler William Green, late of the Rifle Brigade_, Coventry, 1857—a most interesting little book.

[325] _Memoirs of John Stevenson, 3rd Foot Guards_, p. 191.

[326] Recorded in Tancred’s _Historical Medals_: for details see Stevenson, as also the _Life of a Scottish Soldier_, which is a 71st book (p. 118).

[327] The absurd semi-religious correspondence of the Duke and ‘Miss J.’ in the 1840’s, published some ten years back may be remembered.

[328] Sir H. Calvert, Adjutant General, to Wellington, 8th November, 1811.

[329] See Stevenson, p. 172.

[330] Surtees, pp. 177–9.

[331] For the “Belemites” see above, pp. 204–5.

[332] Who “never went into action without subjecting himself to a strict self-examination, when after having (as he humbly hoped) made his peace with God, he left the result in His hands with perfect confidence that He will determine what is best for him.”—See Cole’s _Peninsular Generals_, ii. 292.

[333] In 1809 the 14th, formerly Bedfordshire, took the Territorial Designation of Bucks; and the 16th, formerly Bucks, became Beds.

[334] Of these 25, twenty had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna Retreat, and 23 went to Walcheren.

[335] Of these 42, seven had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna Retreat, and 14 went to Walcheren.

[336] Of these 11, three (l/43rd, 1/52nd, 1/95th) had been with Moore’s army.

[337] Of these 3, one (3/1st) had been with Moore’s army in the Corunna Retreat and went to Walcheren.

[338] 9th, 30th, 47th, 48th, 53rd, 56th, 83rd, 84th, 87th. The 83rd was far over this figure, 2461, a wholly exceptional strength.

[339] 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th, 23rd, 24th, 28th, 31st, 42nd, 43rd, 44th, 52nd, 66th, 67th, 81st, 88th, 89th.

[340] 6th, 21st, 32nd, 34th, 35th, 38th, 39th, 40th, 50th, 58th, 61st, 71st, 78th, 79th, 82nd, 92nd.

[341] 3rd, 8th, 10th, 18th, 26th, 36th, 45th, 57th, 62nd, 63rd, 72nd, 90th.

[342] 15th, 25th, 59th, 69th, 73rd, 91st, 96th.

[343] 13th, 17th, 29th, 76th, 80th, 93rd.

[344] 2nd, 12th, 19th, 20th, 22nd, 33rd, 49th, 51st, 64th, 97th, 90th, 101st, 102nd.

[345] 37th, 41st, 54th, 55th, 65th, 68th, 70th, 74th, 75th, 77th, 85th, 86th, 94th, 99th, 100th.

[346] 16th, 46th, 103rd.

[347] The 94th went out to Cadiz in 1810; the 75th, not long back from India, was very weak and did not go on foreign service (Sicily) till 1812.

[348] This brigade was added to IV on January 2.

[349] These regiments had arrived at Lisbon in April, but having been at Walcheren were not at first sent into the field till July, since the 8th of which month they had been shown as a brigade under Leith.

[350] Some accounts represent the Light Battalions as forming a separate brigade under Halkett.

[351] Not the same man who commanded the 7th Division in 1812, but the 1st Earl of Hopetoun.

INDEX

Abrantes, importance of, as a depôt, 311

Accursio das Neves, José, Portuguese historian, 21

Adjutant-General, office and duties of, in Wellington’s army, 156–7

Albuera, battle of, strictures on Napier’s account of, 2; use of the _ordre mixte_ by the French at, 85, 86; Blakeney’s account of, 86; W. Stewart’s blunder at, 88; Beresford’s mistakes at, 120; losses at, 190; gallant behaviour of Harvey’s brigade at, 234

Americans, the Royal, or 60th Foot, their rifle-battalion, 75, 227–228; its uniform, 300

American War of 1775–82, use of light troops in, 75

American War of 1812–14, its influence on the Peninsular War, 308

_Archives de la Guerre_, French military documents at, 16

_Archives Nationales_, French military documents at, 16

Arroyo dos Molinos, surprise of the French at, 109, 117

Arteche, General, his History of the Peninsular War, 38

Artificers, the Royal Military, 281; reorganized as Sappers and Miners, 285–6; uniform of, 299

Artillery, Wellington’s use of, 113; distribution of, in divisions, 176; weakness of, in Wellington’s army, 281; use of, in sieges, 281–3; uniform of, 298

Auxiliary troops, the German and Portuguese, with Wellington’s army, 220–36

Badajoz, gallant services of Engineers at, 47, 48; storming of, 57; Picton at, 135; sack of, 213, 290; sieges of, 281–3, 284–5, 289

Baggage, with the British army, 268–71

Baird, General Sir David, his despatches in the Record Office, 15

“Baker Rifle,” the, 302–3

Barnard, Colonel Sir Andrew, commands Light Division after Craufurd’s death, 197–8

Barquilla, combat of, 100

Bathurst, Lieut.-Col. James, Military Secretary to Wellington, 153

Battalions, establishment of the various, in the British army, 178–81; _and see_ Appendix I

Beamish, Major Ludlow, his _History of the King’s German Legion_, 34; his description of combat of Garcia Hernandez, 101, 221

Beckwith, Colonel John, his dealings with the Waldenses, 331

“Belemites,” or “Belem Rangers,” the, 204, 328

Bell, Sir George, his _Rough Notes of Fifty Years’ Service_, 24, 254; his description of soldiers’ wives, 274–5

Bell, Sir John, his notes on Craufurd’s march to Talavera, 24

Belmas, Colonel, his _Journaux des Sièges dans la Peninsule, 1807–13_, 21

Bentinck, Lord W., his dispatches, 15

Beresford, William Carr, Lord, his strictures on Napier’s _History_, 2; his General Orders for the Portuguese Army, 13; account of, by Cole, 36; Wellington’s regard for, 46; his character and capacity, 119; reorganizes the Portuguese army, 119–20, 231–3; Wellington’s confidence in, 120

Blakeney, Captain Robert, 28th Foot, his Autobiography, _A Boy in the Peninsular War_, 22, 25, 28, 29, 200

Blakeney, Colonel T., 7th Foot, his account of Albuera, 86

Blakiston, Major John, his _Memoirs_, 35

Blayney, Lord, his MS. at the Record Office, 15

Bock, General, his mismanagement of cavalry at Venta del Pozo, 108; his exploit at Garcia Hernandez, 176, 224

Boothby, Captain Charles, R.E., his diaries, 7, 34, 331

Botelho, Major Texiera, his history of Portuguese Artillery, 35

Borthwick, Major-General, chief of artillery, 158

Brigades, the, of Wellington’s army, their organization, 163–71; _and see_ Appendix II

“Brown Bess” used in Peninsular army, 301

Brunswick Oels, regiment, history of, by Colonel Kortfleisch, 35; used as light infantry, 76; services of, in the Peninsula, 224, 225, 243

Bugeaud, Marshal, his account of an attack of column on line, 90–2

Bunbury, Colonel Thomas, Memoirs of, 35

Burgos, Wellington’s retreat from, 58, 59; hardships of the retreat, 266, 267; siege of, 286, 287

Bussaco, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 89; Craufurd’s tactics at, 145; Light Division Caçadores at, 234

Caçadores, Portuguese light battalions with British army, 83, 230; uniform of, 301

Camp-followers, with the Peninsular army, 272–3

Camp-kettles, improvements in, 263

Campo-Mayor, cavalry charge at, 105

Canning, George, his correspondence with Wellington about the war, 52

Cannon, Richard, his edition of Regimental Histories, 32–3

_Capataz_, the Portuguese, 312–13

Cashiering, the punishment of, how earned, 238–40

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, his correspondence with Sir J. Moore, 15, 183; with Wellington, 50; develops system of recruiting from the militia, 209

Cavalry, the, Wellington’s tactics, 94; difficulties of, in the Peninsula, 95–7; French tactics, 97–102; Wellington’s use of, 102–4; his remarks on British cavalry, 104, 109; shortcomings of British cavalry leaders, 106; Wellington’s “Instructions” for, 111, 112; strength of, in Wellington’s army, 191–4; uniforms of, 296–8

Chaplains, army, their shortcomings, Wellington asks for adequate establishment of, 325–6

_Chasseurs Britanniques_, no History of, 35; services of, 76, 86–7; formation and doings of, 225–7; desertion prevalent in, 243

Cimitière, Captain, command of a brigade devolved on, after Albuera, 196–7

Ciudad Rodrigo, storming of, 57; Craufurd slain at, 146; sack of, 213; siege of, 283, 289

Cocked hat, the, disused by regimental officers, 293–4; worn by heavy dragoons, 296; by doctors and commissaries, 299

“Conversion,” some anecdotes concerning, 322–4

Corporal punishment, Wellington on, 43; details of, 148, 237–8, 251–4

Clerc, Commandant, his account of Soult’s Pyrenean campaign, 38

Coa, combat of the, 144

Coiners in the army, 214

Colborne, Sir John, Lord Seaton, Life of, by Moore Smith, 37; his remarks on Wellington’s Waterloo dispatch, 48; commands brigade at Albuera, 197; his remarks on the system of recruiting, 212; his religious character, 330

Cole, J. W., his _Memoirs of British Generals_, 36

Cole, General Sir Lowry, his controversy with Napier, 2; his achievement at Albuera, 150

Combermere, Lord. _See_ Cotton

Commissariat Department, importance of, 161; management of, in Wellington’s army, 307–19

Commissary-General, his duties, 161, 311–14

Connaught Rangers, feud of, with Picton, 133; anecdotes of, 246–7

Connolly, T., his _History of the Royal Sappers and Miners_, 34

Cooper, J., Sergeant 7th Foot, his _Seven Campaigns in Portugal_, 31

Cope, Sir W. H., his _History of the Rifle Brigade_, 33

Costello, Edward, his _Reminiscences_, 30

Cotton, Sir Stapleton, Lord Combermere, biography of, 36; Wellington’s opinion of, 46; his capacity as leader of cavalry, 103, 104, 106, 110, 176

Court-martials, character of, 241–8

Craufurd, General Robert, his treatment by Wellington, 46; his abilities and career, 139–40; captured at Buenos Ayres, 141; commands the Light Division, 142–4, 167; fights the combat of the Coa, 144; his relations with Wellington, 145; repulses Ney at Bussaco, 145; his retreat at Fuentes de Oñoro, 145; killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 146; incident at his funeral, 149; institution of the Light Division, 168–9; his arrangements for marching, 263

Crime in the army, 237–51

Currie, Captain R., his wife with the army, 276, 278, _note_.

Dalbiac, Mrs., her adventures at Salamanca, 277

Dallas, Rev. Alexander, his diary, 7; description of his commissariat work, 317; takes orders, 331

Delafosse, Lemonnier, his _Souvenirs Militaires_, 31

Desertion, punishment of, 243; prevalence of, in the foreign corps, 223, 225–6

Dickson, Colonel Sir Alexander, commands artillery, 158; at the sieges of Badajoz, 281–3; at Villa da Ponte, 312; his papers edited by Major Leslie, 22, 34

D’Illens, Major A., his reminiscences of Soult’s campaigns, 32

Dispatches, the Wellington, 9–12; Supplementary, 12

Divisions, the, of Wellington’s army, 163–77; sobriquets of, 172; _and see_ Appendix II

Donaldson, Sergeant Joseph, 94th Foot, his Reminiscences, 30; anecdotes from, 249–50, 290, 322

Douro, river, importance of, as a line of supply, 312

Dragoons, uniform of, Heavy and Light, 296–7

Drill-books, the French, 63, 69; the British, 77

Duels, in the Army, 201–2

Dumas, Colonel, his account of Soult’s campaign in the Pyrenees, 38

Dundas, Sir David, his views on tactics, 77

D’Urban, General Sir Benjamin, criticizes Napier, 2; his memorandum on the Portuguese army, 233; at Salamanca, 234; his account of Majadahonda, 235

El Bodon, retreat of British troops in square at, 100; Grattan’s description of Picton at, 134

Elphinstone, Lieut.-Colonel, commands Royal Engineers, 158

Engineers, rank and file of, called “Royal Military Artificers,” and later “Royal Sappers and Miners,” 281, 286; weakness of Wellington’s army in, 281; Wellington’s criticism of, 284–5

Erskine, General Sir William, Wellington’s mention of him in dispatches, 47; his blunders at Casal Novo and Sabugal, 151

Executions, by shooting, 243; by hanging, 244

Fantin des Odoards, General L., his Memoirs, 31

Fisher, Colonel G. B., chief of artillery, 158

Flanders, British campaigns of 1793–4 in, 4, 66, 74, 80

“Flankers,” use of, in the British army, 74–5

Fletcher, Colonel Richard, remarks on Wellington’s omission to mention Engineers at Badajoz, 48; Wellington’s instructions to, for Lines of Torres Vedras, 53; commanding officer of Royal Engineers, 158

Forage, difficulty of providing, 112, 269

Fortescue, Hon. J., his _History of the British Army_, 38, 208

Foy, General M., his _Guerre de la Peninsule_, 19; his Life, 19; his estimate of English infantry, 20; remarks on Wellington’s strategy at Salamanca, 58; records Napoleon’s views on infantry tactics, 72; his account of cavalry charge at Garcia Hernandez, 101; his testimony to British officers, 204; his description of the impedimenta with the British army on the march, 268; note of, on the British dragoon uniform, 297

Foz d’Arouce, Ney surprised at, 109

Framingham, Colonel H., chief of artillery, 158

Frederic the Great, infantry tactics of, 62; followed by French, 63–5, 69–70; his cavalry tactics, 97–8

French Revolutionary War, its importance in English history, 4, 5, 320–1; tactics of the, 63–8

Fuente Guinaldo, Wellington’s tactics at, 55, 81

Fuentes de Oñoro, Wellington’s omission to mention artillery service at, 47; retreat of the Light Division at, 100; cavalry at, 103; Chasseurs Britanniques at, 227

Fusil, the, 302

Garcia Hernandez, combat of, 101, 103, 224

Gardyne, Colonel, his _Life of a Regiment_, 33

“General Orders,” Wellington’s collection of, its value, 13; Beresford’s for the Portuguese Army, 13

“Gentlemen Rankers,” notes on, 214–15

German Legion, the King’s, History of, by Major Beamish, 34; by Captain Schwertfeger, 34; Light Battalions of, 76; dragoons of, at Garcia Hernandez, 101; outpost work of its hussars, 111; good management of their horses, 112; under Craufurd, 143; raised in 1804, 221; in the Peninsula, 222–4, 242; uniform of, 298, 300

Gleig, Rev. G. R., his Diary, 7; _The Subaltern_, 25, 27, 331

Gomm, Sir William, his Life, 6; journals, 17

Gonneville, Colonel A. O., his Memories of the War in Spain, 32

Gordon, Colonel James, Quartermaster General, 156

Gough, Hugh, Lord, Life of, by R. S. Rait, 37

Graham, Sir Thomas, Lord Lynedoch, his diary, 5–6; Life of, by Captain Delavoye, 35; Wellington’s confidence in, 46; his career, 122; commands British troops at Cadiz, 123; his victory at Barrosa, 124; his failure at Bergen-op-Zoom, 126; his character and popularity, 127

Grattan, W., his _With the Connaught Rangers_, 27; complains of Wellington’s forgetfulness of Peninsular services, 49; his description of Picton, 132, 133; of the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 290; his description of the uniforms of the army, 293

Guards battalions in Wellington’s army, 179, 180, 181, 194

Guides, Corps of, in Wellington’s army, 158, 159

Guingret, Captain, his reminiscences of Masséna’s campaign in Portugal, 32

Guidons, disuse of, by the cavalry, 305

Gurwood, Colonel J., his edition of Wellington’s Dispatches, 9–12, 19

Guibert, General, tactical theories of, 63, 64, 70

Hair-powder, disused on active service, 293; Wellington’s dislike for, 294

Halberd, the, proper weapon of sergeants, 303

Hamilton, Colonel H. B., his _History of the 14th Light Dragoons_, 33

Hardinge, Sir Henry, his controversy with Napier, 2

Harris, Rifleman, of the 95th, 3, 31; his views on Craufurd, 147, 148

Hawker, Colonel Peter, his _Journal of the Talavera Campaign_, 17

Henegan, Sir R. D., his _Seven Years of Campaigning_, 25; describes the march of a convoy, 315

Hill, Rowland, Lord, his Life by Sidney, 36; Wellington’s regard for, 46; his success at Arroyo dos Molinos, 109, 117; character of, 115–116; his capacity as a leader, 116–117; Wellington’s confidence in, 117; his brilliant achievement at St. Pierre, 118; commander-in-chief, 118; commands the 2nd Division, 166; religious character of, 330

Horse Artillery, in the Peninsular Army, 177; uniform of, 299

Horses, difficulty of feeding, in the Peninsula, 112–13; private horses of officers, 269–71

Howarth, Brigadier-General E., chief of artillery in Wellington’s army, 157

Hussars, uniform of, 298

Infantry tactics, the, of Wellington, 61–93; French system of, 63; in Wellington’s army, 178–91

Jones, Sir John, his _Journal of the Sieges in Spain, in 1811–12_, 21; remarks on Wellington’s omission to record services of Engineers at Badajoz, 47; his note on the siege of St. Sebastian, 288

Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, Marshal, his _Guerre d’Espagne_, 20

Ker-Porter, Sir Robert, his _Journal, 1808–9_, 17

Kincaid, Sir John, 6 _note_; his _Adventures in the Rifle Brigade_, 28; his account of Ciudad Rodrigo, 130

King’s German Legion. _See_ German Legion

Ladies at the front, 276–8

La Peña, General, his inactivity at Barrosa, 124

Lapène, Major, his histories of Soult’s campaigns, 20

Larpent, Francis, his _Private Journal_, 17, 159

Latour-Maubourg, General, defeat of, by Lumley at Usagre, 107–8

Lawrence, W., 40th Foot, his flogging, 253; anecdote of his experiences at Waterloo, 306

Leach, Col. J., his _Rough Sketches of the Life of an Old Soldier_, 24

Leith, Gen. Sir James, his dispatches at the Record Office, 15; memoirs of, 37; commands 5th Division, 169

Lejeune, General, his picture of An English Officer’s family on the march, 278

Le Marchant, General Sir John Gaspard, his cavalry charge at Salamanca, 103, 104, 176; head of the Military College, 204; his religious convictions, 330

Lemonnier, Delafosse, his _Souvenirs Militaires_, 31

Leslie, Major John, his edition of the _Dickson Papers_, 34

Leslie, Colonel T., of Balquhain, his _Military Journal_, 24

Light companies, use of, 74

Light Division, institution of, 83, 168; achievements of under Craufurd, 142–9; at Bussaco, 145; at Fuentes de Oñoro, 145; commanded by Alten, 146

Line _v._ Column, 61–92

Ligny, Prussian tactics at, Wellington’s views on, 80–1

Londonderry, Chas. Stewart, Lord, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 12, 18; Adjutant-General in Wellington’s Army, 156–7

Long, General, R. B., his desponding views, 41; weak operations of, 106

Lumley, General W., at Usagre, 103; at Albuera, 107; praise of, by Picard, 107

Lusitanian Legion, the Loyal, formed by Sir R. Wilson, 84, 229

Luz, Soriano da, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 38

Lynedoch, Lord. _See_ Graham, Sir Thomas

Mackinnon, General H., his Journal, 17

Maguilla, cavalry combat of, 105

Maguire, Lieutenant, leads the “forlorn hope” at San Sebastian, 293

Maida, battle of, the use of skirmishers at, 74; tactics at, 77, 78

Marbot, General M., uses Napier’s History, 23; his mistakes and exaggerations, 26

March, the army on the, account of, 255–65; Foy’s description of the British, 268

Marmont, Auguste, Marshal, his autobiography, 20; his misrepresentations, 26; commands Army of Portugal, 56

Masséna, André, Marshal, his invasion of Portugal in 1809, 53; foiled by Lines of Torres Vedras, 53

Masterson, Sergeant, captures an eagle at Barrosa, 206

McGrigor, Sir James, his anecdotes of Wellington, 44, 45; his account of the Medical Department in the Peninsular army, 160

Medals, institution of, for good service in the regiments, 251

Medical Department, the, 160

Menil-Durand, General, his system of infantry tactics, 63

Methodists, the, influence of, in the army, 320–31

Military Secretary, office of the, at Headquarters, 152–3

Militia, recruiting from, in Wellington’s Army, 209–11

Minorca Regiment, Stuart’s, later 97th, 227–8

Money, current, difficulty of providing, in the Peninsula, 161, 214, 270, 317

Moore, General Sir John, biography of, by Sir F. Maurice, 37; his views on the defence of Portugal, 51; his army, 183

Moorsom, Captain W. S., his _History of the 52nd Oxfordshire Light Infantry_, 33

Mules, use of, for baggage and transport, 269–71, 308–9

Muleteers, organization of, for the army, 312, 313

Murray, Colonel George, Quartermaster-General to Wellington’s army, 155–6

Murray, John, Commissary-General, 156, 161

Murray, Major-General John, 15, 47, 155

Napier, Sir William, criticism of his _Peninsular War_ by Beresford, Cole, Hardinge, D’Urban, etc., 2; his History, 18; its influence on other publications, 23, 24, 29, 32; his controversy with Picton’s biographer, 36; complains of want of recompense of Peninsular veterans, 49; overstates Craufurd’s march to Talavera, 141, 167; his severe judgment of Craufurd, 147; his failure to appreciate the work of the Portuguese army, 234

Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor, his tactics at Marengo, 69; his infantry tactics, 70; his use of cavalry, 97; at Waterloo, 102; his use of artillery, 113, 177

Naval predominance of Great Britain, its importance, 310–11

Newman, Sergeant, of 43rd, his exploit, 206

Nive, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 59

Officers, establishment of, in Wellington’s army, 195; promotion among, 198–201; training of, 203; discipline of, 237–42

Oporto, campaign of, Wellington’s, 163, 164

Ordenança, the Portuguese, 235–6

Orders, General, publication of, 13; the Portuguese, 13; account of the marching of the army in, 255–65

_Ordre mixte_, the, Napoleon’s preference for, 70–72

Organization, the, of Wellington’s army, 153–77, and Appendix II

Ormsby, Rev. J. W., his _Journal of the Campaigns of 1809_, 9, 17, 325

Owen, Rev. T., army chaplain, his gallant behaviour in action, 327

Ox-waggons, use of, its drawbacks, 314–15

Pack, Sir Denis, Life of, 37

Paget, Lord, his ability as a cavalry leader, 106

Pakenham, Major-General Edward, commands expedition to New Orleans, 151; Adjutant-General in Wellington’s army, 157; commands 3rd Division at Salamanca, 198

Parquin, Captain D., his memoirs, 32

Paymaster-General, office of, 161

Peninsular War, history of, by Napier, 2, 18, 23, 24, 29, 32, 36; by Southey, 18; by Toreno, 21; by Accursio das Neves, 21; by Arteche, 38; by Soriano da Luz, 38; by Balagny, 38

Prisoners, the French, 14; recruiting of foreign corps from, 225–6

Picton, General Sir Thomas, Life of, by H. B. Robinson, 36; his personal relations with Wellington, 44, 46, 137, 138; character and career of, 129–38; Governor of Trinidad, 130; description of, by Grattan, 132, 133; at El Bodon, 134; his successful storm of the castle at Badajoz, 135, 284; wounded at Quatre Bras, 135; killed at Waterloo, 136; estimate of his character and abilities, 136–8

Popham, Sir Home, his MS. at the Record Office, 15

Portugal, defence of, Wellington’s scheme for, 50

Portuguese Army, account of, 35; artillery of, by Major Botelho, 35; troops incorporated in British Army, 83, 168; organization of, by Beresford, 119–122, 231–3; its composition, 229–33

Press, the Travelling, of Wellington’s army, 162

Promotion, system of, in British army, 198; from the ranks 206–7

“Provisional Battalions,” history of the, 187–8

Purveyor’s Department, the 160

Quartermaster-General, office of, in Wellington’s army, 155–6; duties of his subordinates, 258–9

Quill, Doctor Maurice, surgeon of the Connaught Rangers, anecdotes of, 299

Rae, John, 71st Foot, his exploit at Sobral, 324

Raglan, Lord. _See_ Somerset, Lord Fitzroy

Record Office, Peninsular documents in, 14

Recruiting, notes on, 208–213

Regiments, internal organization of, 208–219

Regimental Histories, series, compiled by R. Cannon, 32; later histories, 33–4

Reille, General, his mistake at Quatre Bras, 81

Religion, influence of, in Peninsular army, 6–7, 320–1

Reprimands, punishment by, 240–2

Revolution, the French, British detestation of, 5, 320–1

Reynier, General J. L., at Maida, 77, 78; at Bussaco, 85

Rifle battalions, formed in the British army, 75; use of, by Wellington, 83, 84; uniform of, 300–1

Rifle, the Baker type, its character, 302–3

Rifle Brigade, the 95th Foot, 75, 305

Rifleman Harris, 3, 23, 31; his account of Craufurd, 147–8

Roberts, Lord, his estimate of Wellington’s character, 49

Rocca, Captain M., his account of the war in Spain, 32

Rodrigo, Ciudad. _See_ under Ciudad Rodrigo

Ross, General W., commands expedition to America, 151

Royal Military College, the, 203–4

Russian War, its effect on the Peninsular War, 56, 59

Sabugal, combat of, 86

Salamanca, Wellington’s sudden attack at, 57; his tactics at, 80; use of cavalry at, 97, 170

San Sebastian, sack of, 213; siege of, 287–8; the Portuguese infantry at, 234

Sappers and Miners, the Royal, 286; uniform of, 299; weapons of, 304–5

Saxe, Marshal, infantry tactics of, 62, 63, 65

Schepeler, Colonel K., his _History of the Peninsular War_, 20

Scouts, Wellington’s, 53

Seaton, Lord. _See_ Colborne

Sergeants, status of, in the Peninsular army, 216–19; their halberds, 303

Shako, introduction of, in the British army, 292–3

Shaw-Kennedy, T., aide-de-camp to Craufurd, his description of Craufurd, 143

Sherbrooke, General J. C., commands the 1st Division, 166

Sherer, Captain Moyle, his _Recollections of the Peninsula_, 27

Shipp, John, his autobiography, 3; his romantic career, 206

Siege train, Wellington’s, organized by Alex. Dickson, 281–3

Sieges, the, of the Peninsular War, 279; of Badajoz, 281–6; of Ciudad Rodrigo, 283; of Burgos, 286–7; of San Sebastian, 288

Silveira, General, commands Portuguese Militia, 235

Simmons, George, 95th Foot, his _Journal_, 17

Slade, General J., his rash charge at Maguilla, 105; Wellington’s remarks on, 106; estimate of his capacity, 151

Smith, Sir Harry, his Autobiography, 28; romantic story of his marriage, 277

Somerset, Lord Fitzroy (afterwards Lord Raglan), Military Secretary to Wellington, 153; aide-de-camp to Wellington, 160

Sorauren, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 54, 81

Soult, Nicolas, Marshal, at Sorauren, 54, 55; at St. Pierre, 118; at San Sebastian, 288

Southey, Robert, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 18

Spain, geography of, 93–7

Spencer, Sir Brent, Wellington’s confidence in, 46; his limitations, 151

“Spring Waggons,” the, 314

Sprünglin, Colonel, his autobiography, 22, 32

St. Chamans, Colonel, his Memoirs, 31, 32

St. Cyr, Gouvion, Marshal, his History of the War, 20

St. Pierre, Hill at the battle of, 118; gallant conduct of Ashworth’s Portuguese at, 234

Staff Corps Cavalry, duties of the, 150

Standards, types of, used in Wellington’s army, 305–6

Stevenson, Sergeant, J., his memoirs, 4; his religious convictions, 324; description of the Methodist meetings at Badajoz, 329–30

Stewart, Sir Charles. _See_ Londonderry

Store-keeper General, office of, 162

Stothert, Captain W., his _Diary of 1809–11_, 17

Suchet, Marshal Louis Gabriel, his account of the war in Catalonia, 20

Surtees, Sergeant W., his religious experiences, 7; his reminiscences, 30, 215; his remarks on army chaplains, 328

“Suspension,” punishment of, 240–1

Swords, types of, used by Peninsular army, 303–4

T. S. of the 71st Foot, his autobiography, 30; why he joined the army, 211–12

Tactics, infantry, French, 63–73; British, 74–91

Talavera, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 82; charge of 23rd Light Dragoons at, 105

Tarleton, Colonel B., his History of the War in Carolina, 3; his “Legion” of light troops, 75

Tents, advantages and disadvantages of, 259–60, 264–5

Thiébault, General Dieudonné, his account of the war in Portugal, 20; of the combat of Aldea da Ponte, 26

Tirailleurs, employed in French army, 65–7, 69

Tomkinson, Colonel W., his Diary, 17, 106; his Notes on British Cavalry Regiments, 110, 193

Torres Vedras, Lines of, Wellington orders their construction in 1809, 52–3

Toreno, Conde de, his _History of the Peninsular War_, 21

Trant, Colonel N., leads Portuguese militia, 235

Trousers, introduced in the British army, 294–6

Uniforms, the, in the Peninsular army, 292

Usagre, cavalry combat of, 105

Vaughan, Sir Charles, his dispatches, 15; his MSS., 16

Venta del Pozo, cavalry combat of, 103, 108

Victor, Claude Perrin, Marshal, defeated at Barrosa, 124

Vigo-Roussillon, Colonel, his account of Barrosa, 32; his appreciation of Graham, 127

Vimeiro, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80

Vivian, Hussey, Lord, 6; Life of, 37

“Volunteers,” their status, 196

Walcheren, expedition, the, disastrous effects of on health of regiments, 187

Wallace, Colonel W., commands 3rd Division after fall of Badajoz, 198

Warre, Sir George, his _Letters_ of 1808–12, 17

Waterloo, battle of, Wellington’s tactics at, 80, 87

Wellesley, Henry, diplomatist, his dispatches at the Record Office, 15, 106

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, his dispatch concerning preaching officers, 7; Gurwood’s edition of his Dispatches, 9–12; the Supplementary Dispatches, 12; his General Orders, 13; views on publication of historical information, 9; his story of a visit to Blücher before Waterloo, 25; his early career, 39–41; his relations with his troops, 41–3; with his officers, 43; autocratic temper, 46; his dispatches, 47; Lord Roberts’ estimate of him, 49; extraordinary prescience of the course of the war, 50–3; his long-sighted calculation, 53–5; his strategy, 55; in offensive warfare, 57–80; his infantry tactics, 61, 73–93; his views on French tactics, 78; his tactics at Vimeiro, Bussaco, Salamanca, Waterloo, 80; remarks on the triumph of line over column, 86; his cavalry tactics, 94–102, 104; remarks on British cavalry, 104–109; “Instructions for Cavalry,” 111, 112; his confidence in Hill, 117; in Beresford, 120; in Graham, 125; his relations with Craufurd, 144; his estimate of Erskine, 151; his organization of the army, 154; his rapid early promotion, 199; remarks on promotion from the ranks, 206–7; adventure with the plunderer of bee-hives, 246; his orders for the army on the march, 255, 263; his remarks on the third siege of Badajoz, 284; at the siege of Burgos, 287; his attitude toward religion, 324–5; requisitions chaplains for the army, 325–7

Wellington, Arthur Richard Wellesley, second Duke of, his publication of the Supplementary Dispatches, 9, 12

Wesleys, the, influence of, 320

Whinyates, Colonel F. A., his history _From Corunna to Sebastopol_, 33

Windham, William, his appreciation of Craufurd, 140

Wives, the soldiers’, at the front, 274–6

Woodberry, Lieutenant G., 18th Hussars, his Diary, 6

York, Frederick, Duke of, his campaign in Flanders, 66, 74; his views on infantry tactics, 77; on promotion in the army, 199–200

THE END

PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED LONDON AND BECCLES

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were corrected when the change was obvious.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

The index was not systematically checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Sidenotes in this eBook contain the text of running headers in the original book. They have been placed between paragraphs that were near those headers. Like the original headers, the sidenotes are not necessarily at the beginnings of the topics to which they refer.

Page 193: “lost so many men as the 2nd” was misprinted with a gap where the word “as” should have been; corrected here.

Page 252: “to two of three” was printed that way.

Page 295: Transcriber added a missing closing quotation mark after “if we fancied it.” The correct position may be later in the paragraph.

Tables on pages 333, 340 and 341: Asterisks in these tables are not references to footnotes; their purpose is explained on page 333: “The star * affixed to a battalion’s station means that it had just returned from Sir John Moore’s Corunna Campaign.”

Page 339: “only two (2/5th 2/34th, 2/38th)” was printed that way, with “two” and no comma after the first number.

Footnote 344, originally on page 338: “97th, 90th, 101st, 102nd” probably includes a misprint, as “90th” is out of sequence and already was mentioned in Footnote 341.

End of Project Gutenberg's Wellington's Army 1809-1814, by Charles Oman