Chapter 97

tones, or of a general expression of surprise or approbation. ½The constant buzz of a fly.¸ Macaulay. I found the whole room in a buzz of politics. Addison. There is a buzz all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray. 2. A whisper; a report spread secretly or cautiously. There's a certain buzz Of a stolen marriage. Massinger. 3. (Phonetics) The audible friction of voice consonants. H. Sweet. Buz¶zard(?),n.[O.E.busard,bosard,F. busard, fr. buse, L.buteo, a kind of falcon or hawk.] 1. (Zo”l.) A bird of prey of the Hawk family, belonging to the genus Buteo and related genera. µ The Buteo vulgaris is the common buzzard of Europe. The American species (of which the most common are B.borealis, B.Pennsylvanicus, and B.lineatus) are usually called hen hawks.Ð The roughÐlegged buzzard, or bee hawk, of Europe (Pernis apivorus) feeds on bees and their larv‘, with other insects, and reptiles.Ð The moor buzzard of Europe is Circus ‘ruginosus. See Turkey buzzard, and Carrion buzzard. Bald buzzard, the fishhawk or osprey. See Fishhawk. 2. A blockhead; a dunce. It is common, to a proverb, to call one who can not be taught, or who continues obstinately ignorant, a buzzard. Goldsmith. Buz¶zard, a. Senseless; stupid. [R.& Obs.] Milton. Buz¶zardÏet· (?), n. (Zo”l.) A hawk resembling the buzzard, but with legs relatively longer. Buzz¶er (?), n. One who, or that which, buzzes; a whisperer; a talebearer. And wants not buzzers to infect his ear With pestilent speeches of his father's death. Shak. Buzz¶ingÏly (?), adv. In a buzzing manner; with a buzzing sound. Buzz¶saw· (?) A circular saw; Ð so called from the buzzing it makes when running at full speed. By (?), prep. [ OE. bi, AS. bÆ, big, near to, by, of, from, after, according to; akin to OS.& OFries. bi, be, D. bij, OHG. bÆ, G. bie, Goth. bi, and perh. Gr.?. E. prefix beÐ is orig.the same word. ? See pref. BeÐ.] 1. In the neighborhood of; near or next to; not far from; close to; along with; as, come and sit by me. By foundation or by shady rivulet He sought them both. Milton. 2. On; along; in traversing. Compare 5. Long labors both by sea and land he bore. Dryden. By land, by water, they renew the charge. Pope. 3. Near to, while passing; hence, from one to the other side of; past; as, to go by a church. 4. Used in specifying adjacent dimensions; as, a cabin twenty feet by forty. 5. Against. [Obs.] Tyndale [1.Cor.iv.4]? 6. With, as means, way, process, etc.; through means of; with aid of; through; through the act or agency of; as, a city is destroyed by fire; profit is made by commerce; to take by force. To the meaning of by, as denoting means or agency, belong, more or less closely, most of the following uses of the word: (a) It points out the author and producer; as, ½Waverley¸, a novel by Sir W.Scott; a statue by Canova; a sonata by Beethoven. (b) In an oath or adjuration, it indicates the being or thing appealed to as sanction; as, I affirm to you by all that is sacred; he swears by his faith as a Christian; no, by Heaven. (c) According to; by direction, authority, or example of; after; Ð in such phrases as, it appears by his account; ten o'clock by my watch; to live by rule; a model to build by. (d) At the rate of; according to the ratio or proportion of; in the measure or quantity of; as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, meat by the pound; to board by the year. (e) In comparison, it denotes the measure of excess or deficiency; when anything is increased or diminished, it indicates the measure of increase or diminution; as, larger by a half; older by five years; to lessen by a third. (f) It expresses continuance or duration; during the course of; within the period of; as, by day, by night. (g) As soon as; not later than; near or at; Ð used in expressions of time; as, by this time the sun had risen; he will be here by two o'clock. In boxing the compass, by indicates a pint nearer to, or towards, the next cardinal point; as, north by east, i.e., a point towards the east from the north; northeast by east, i.e., on point nearer the east than northeast is. µ With is used instead of by before the instrument with which anything is done; as, to beat one with a stick; the board was fastened by the carpenter with nails. But there are many words which may be regarded as means or processes, or, figuratively, as instruments; and whether with or by shall be used with them is a matter of arbitrary, and often, of unsettled usage; as, to a reduce a town by famine; to consume stubble with fire; he gained his purpose by flattery; he entertained them with a story; he distressed us with or by a recital of his sufferings. see With. By all means, most assuredly; without fail; certainly. ÐBy and by. (a) Close together (of place).[Obs.] ½Two yonge knightes liggyng [lying] by and by.¸ Chaucer. (b) Immediately; at once. [Obs.] ½When ... persecution ariseth because of the word, by and by he is offended.¸ Matt. xiii.21. (c) Presently; pretty soon; before long. In this phrase, by seems to be used in the sense of nearness in time, and to be repeated for the sake of emphasis, and thus to be equivalent to ¸soon, and soon,¸ that is instantly; hence, Ð less emphatically, Ð pretty soon, presently. Ð By one's self, with only one's self near; alone; solitary.Ð By the bye. See under Bye. Ð By the head (Naut.), having the bows lower than the stern; Ðsaid of a vessel when her head is lower in the water than her stern. If her stern is lower, she is by the stern.Ð By the lee, the situation of a vessel, going free, when she has fallen off so much as to bring the wind round her stern, and to take her sails aback on the other side. Ð By the run, to let go by the run, to let go altogether, instead of slacking off. Ð By the way, by the bye; Ð used to introduce an incidental or secondary remark or subject. ÐDay by day, One by one, Piece by piece, etc., each day, each one, each piece, etc., by itself singly or separately; each severally. Ð To come by, to get possession of; to obtain.Ð To do by, to treat, to behave toward. Ð To set by, to value, to esteem. Ð To stand by, to aid, to support. µ The common phrase goodÐby is equivalent to farewell, and would be better written goodÐbye, as it is a corruption of God be with you (b'w'ye). By (?), adv. 1. Near; in the neighborhood; present; as, there was no person by at the time. 2. Passing near; going past; past; beyond; as, the procession has gone by; a bird flew by. 3. Aside; as, to lay by; to put by. By (?), a. Out of the common path; aside; Ð used in composition, giving the meaning of something aside, secondary, or incidental, or collateral matter, a thing private or avoiding notice; as, byÐline, byÐplace, byÐplay, byÐstreet. It was formerly more freely used in composition than it is now; as, byÐbusiness, byÐconcernment, byÐdesign, byÐinterest, etc. By¶ard (?), n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines. By¶Ïbid·der (?), n. One who bids at an auction in behalf of the auctioneer or owner, for the purpose of running up the price of articles. [U.S.] By¶Ïblow· (?), n. 1. A side or incidental blow; an accidental blow. With their byÐblows they did split the very stones in pieces. Bunyan. 2. An illegitimate child; a bastard. The Aga speedily ... brought her [his disgraced slave] to court, together with her pretty byÐblow, the present Padre Ottomano. Evelyn. By¶Ïcor·ner (?), n. A private corner. Britain being a byÐcorner, out of the road of the world. Fuller. By¶ÏdeÏpend·ence (?), n. An appendage; that which depends on something else, or is distinct from the main dependence; an accessory. Shak. By¶Ïdrink·ing, n. A drinking between meals. [Obs.] Bye (?), n. 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something which is a secondary object of regard; an object by the way, etc.; as in on or upon the bye, i.e., in passing; indirectly; by implication. [Obs. except in the phrase by the bye.] The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England. Fuller. 2. (Cricket) A run made upon a missed ball; as, to steal a bye. T.Hughes. By the bye, in passing; by way of digression; apropos to the matter in hand. [Written also by the by.] Bye (?) n. [AS.b?; cf. Icel. byg? dwelling, byggia, b?a, to dwell ? 97.] 1. A dwelling. Gibson. 2. In certain games, a station or place of an individual player. Emerson. By¶ÏeÏlec¶tion (?), n. An election held by itself, not at the time of a general election. By¶Ïend· (?), n. Private end or interest; secret purpose; selfish advantage. [Written also byeÐend.] ½Profit or some other byÐend.¸ L'Estrange. By¶gone· (?), a. Past; gone by. ½Bygone fooleries.¸ Shak By¶gone· (?), n. Something gone by or past; a past event. ½Let old bygones be¸ Tennyson. Let bygones be bygones, let the past be forgotten. By¶Ïin·terÏest (?), n. SelfÐinterest; private advantage. Atterbury. By¶land(?), n. A peninsula. [Obs.] By¶landÏer(?), n. See Bilander.[Obs.] By¶Ïlane·(?), n. A private lane, or one opening out of the usual road. By¶Ïlaw·(?), n. [Cf.Sw.bylag, D.bylov, Icel.b?arl”g, fr.Sw.& Dan. by town, Icel. b‘r, byr (fr. b–a to dwell)+the word for law; hence, a law for one town, a special law. Cf.Birlaw and see Law.] 1. A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government. There was likewise a law to restrain the byÐlaws, or ordinances of corporations. Bacon. The law or institution; to which are added two byÐlaws, as a comment upon the general law. Addison. 2. A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as, civic societies often adopt a constitution and byÐlaws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside. By¶Ïname·(?), n. A nickname. Camden. By¶name·, v.t. To give a nickname to. Camden. By¶Ïpass(?), n. (Mech.) A byÐpassage, for a pipe, or other channel, to divert circulation from the usual course. By¶Ïpas·sage (?), n. A passage different from the usual one; a byway. By¶Ïpast(?), a. Past; gone by ½ByÐpast perils.¸ Shak. By¶path·(?), n.; pl. Bypaths(?). A private path; an obscure way; indirect means. God known, my son, By what bypaths, and indirect crooked ways, I met this crown. Shak. By¶Ïplace· (?), n. A retired or private place. By¶play (?), n. Action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds. By¶Ïprod·uct (?), n. A secondary or additional product; something produced, as in the course of a manufacture, in addition to the principal product. Byre (?), n. [Cf, Icel. br pantry, Sw. bur cage,Dan. buur, E.bower.] A cow house. [N. of Eng.& Scot.] By¶ÏreÏspect·(?), n. Private end or view; byÐinterest. [Obs.] Dryden. By¶road·(?), n. A private or obscure road. ½Through slippery byroads¸ Swift. By¶Ïron·ic(?), a. Pertaining to, or in the style of, Lord Byron. With despair and Byronic misanthropy. Thackeray By¶Ïroom·(?), n. A private room or apartment ½Stand in some byÐroom¸ Shak. By¶Ïsmot·terÏed(?), p.a. [See Besmut.] Bespotted with mud or dirt. [Obs.] Chaucer. By¶Ïspeech·(?), n. An incidental or casual speech, not directly relating to the point. ½To quote byÐspeeches.¸ Hooker. By¶Ïspell·(?), n. [AS. bigspell.] A proverb. [Obs.] Byss (?), n. See Byssus, n.,1. BysÏsa¶ceous(?), a. [From Byssus.] (Bot.) Byssuslike; consisting of fine fibers or threads, as some very delicate filamentous alg‘. BysÏsif¶erÏous(?), a. [Byssus + Ðferous.] Bearing a byssus or tuft. Bys¶sin (?), n. See Byssus, n,1. Bys¶sine (?), a. [L. byssinus made of byssus, Gr.? See Byssus.] Made of silk; having a silky or flaxlike appearance. Coles. Bys¶soid(?), a. [Byssus + Ðoid.] Byssaceous. Bys¶soÏlite(?), n [Gr.? See flax + Ðlite.] (Min.) An oliveÐgreen fibrous variety of hornblende. ØBys¶sus(?), n.; pl. E. Byssuses(?); L. Byssi.(?) [L. byssus fine flax, fine linen or cotton, Gr. ? .] 1. A cloth of exceedingly fine texture, used by the ancients. It is disputed whether it was of cotton, linen, or silk. [Written also byss and byssin.] 2.(Zo”l.) A tuft of long, tough filaments which are formed in a groove of the foot, and issue from between the valves of certain bivalve mollusks, as the Pinna and Mytilus, by which they attach themselves to rocks, etc. 3. (Bot.) An obsolete name for certain fungi composed of slender threads. 4. Asbestus. By¶stand·er (?), n. [By + stander, equiv. to standerÐby; cf. AS. bigÐstandan to stand by or near.] One who stands near; a spectator; one who has no concern with the business transacting. He addressed the bystanders and scattered pamphlets among them. Palfrey. Syn.ÐLooker on; spectator; beholder; observer. By¶Ïstreet·(?), n. A separate, private, or obscure street; an out of the way or cross street. He seeks byÐstreets, and saves the expensive coach. Gay. By¶Ïstroke·(?), n. An accidental or a slyly given stroke. By¶Ïturn·ing(?), n. An obscure road; a way turning from the main road. Sir P.Sidney. By¶Ïview·(?), n. A private or selfish view; selfÐinterested aim or purpose. No byÐviews of his own shall mislead him. Atterbury. By¶Ïwalk·(?), n. A secluded or private walk. He moves afterward in byÐwalks. Dryden. By¶Ïwash·(?), n. ÿThe outlet from a dam or reservoir; also, a cut to divert the flow of water. By¶way·(?), n. A secluded, private, or obscure way; a path or road aside from the main one. ½ Take no byways.¸ Herbert. By¶Ïwipe·(?), n. A secret or side stroke, as of raillery or sarcasm. Milton.

By¶word· (?), n. [AS.b‹word; b‹, E.by+word.] 1. A common saying; a proverb; a saying that has a general currency. I knew a wise man that had it for a byword. Bacon. 2. The object of a contemptuous saying. Thou makest us a byword among the heathen. Ps.x?iv.14 By¶work (?), n. Work aside from regular work; subordinate or secondary business. Byz¶ant(?), Byz¶anÏtine (?) n.} [OE. besant, besaunt, F. besant, fr. LL. Byzantius, Byzantinus, fr. Byzantium.] (Numis.) A gold coin, so called from being coined at Byzantium. See Bezant. BiÏzan¶tian (?), a.& n. See Byzantine. ByÏzan¶tine (?), a. Of or pertaining to Byzantium. Ð n. A native or inhabitant of Byzantium, now Constantinople; sometimes, applied to an inhabitant of the modern city of Constantinople. [ Written also Bizantine.] Byzantine church, the Eastern or Greek church, as distinguished from the Western or Roman or Latin church.See under Greek.Ð Byzantine empire, the Eastern Roman or Greek empire from A.D. 364 or A.D. 395 to the capture of Constantinople by the Turks, A.D. 1453. Ð Byzantine historians, historians and writers (Zonaras, Procopius, etc.) who lived in the Byzantine empire. P.Cyc. Ð Byzantine style (Arch.), a style of architecture developed in the Byzantine empire. Its leading forms are the round arch, the dome, the pillar, the circle, and the cross. The capitals of the pillars are the endless variety, and full of invention. The mosque of St.Sophia, Constantinople, and the church of St.Mark, Venice, are prominent examples of Byzantine architecture.

<-- p. 199 -->

<-- p. 199 -->

C. (?) 1. C is the third letter of the English alphabet. It is from the Latin letter C, which in old Laton represend the sounds of k, and g (in go); its original value being the latter. In AngloÐSaxon words, or Old English before the Norman Conques, it always has the sound of k. The Latin C was the same letter as the Greek ?, ?, and came from the Greek alphabet. The Greek got it from the Phoenicians. The English name of C is from the Latin name ce, and was derived, probably, through the French Etymalogically C is related to g, h, k, q, s (and other sibilant sounds). Examples of these relations are in L. acutus, E. acute, aque; E. acrid, eagar; L. cornu, E. horn; E. cat, kitten; E. coy, quiet; L. circare, OF. cerchier, E. search. See Guide to Pronunciation, ?? 221Ð228. 2. (Mus.) (a) The keynote of the normal or ½natural¸ scale, which has neither flats nor sharps in its signature; also, the third note of the relative minor scale of the same (b) C after the clef is the mark of common time, in which each measure is a semibreve (four fourths or crotchets); for alla breve time it is written ? (c) The ½C clef,¸ a modification of the letter C, placed on any line of the staff, abows that line to be middle C. 3. As a numeral, C stands for Latin centum or 100, CC for 200, etc. C spring, a spring in the from of the letter C. ØCaÏa¶ba (?), n. [Ar. ka'ban, let, a square building, fr. ka'b cude] The small and nearly cubical stone building, toward which all Mohammedans must pray. [Written also kaaba.] µThe Caaba is situated in Messa, a city of Arabia, and contains a famous black stone said to have been brought from heaven. Before the time of Mohammed, the Caaba was an idolatrouse temple, but it has since been the chief sanctuary and object of pilgrimage of the Mohammedan world. Caas (?), n, sing. ? pl. Case [Obs.] Chaucer. Cab (?), n [Abrev. fr. cabriolet.] 1. A kind of close carriage with two or four wheesl, usually a public vehicle. ½A cab came clattering up.¸

Thackeray. µ A cab may have two seats at right to the driver's seat, and a door behind; or one seat parallel to the driver's, with the entrance from the side or front. Hansom cab. See Hansom. 2. The covered part of a locomotive, in which the engineer has his station. Knight. Cab (?), n. [Heb. gab, fr. q¾bab to hollow.] A Hebrew dry measure, containing a little over two (2,37) pints. W.H.Ward. 2 Kings vi. 25. CaÏbal¶ (?), n. [F. cabale cabal, cabala LL. cabala cabala, fr. Heb. qabb¾l?h reception, tradition, mysterious doctrine, fr. q¾bal to take or receive, in Pi‰l qibbel to abopt (a doctrine).] 1. Tradition; occult doctrine. See Cabala [Obs.] Hakewill. 2. A secret. [Obs.] ½The measuring of the temple, a cabal found out but lately.¸ B.Jonson. 3. A number of persons united in some close design, usually to pronote their private views and interests in church or state by intrigue; a secret association composed of a few designing persons; a junto. It so happend, by a whimsical coincidence, thet in 1671 the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word cabal; Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Macaulay. 4. The secret artifices or machinations of a few persons united in a close desing; in intrigue. By cursed cabals of women. Dryden. Syn. Ð Junto; intrigue; plot; combination; conspiracy. Ð Cabal, Combination, Faction. An association for some purpose considered to be bad is the idea common to these terms. A combination is an organized union of individuals for mutual support, in urging their demands or resisting the clams of others, and may be good or bad according to circumstances; as, a combiviation of workmen or of employers to effect or to prevent a chang in prices. A cabal is a secret association of a few individuals who seek by cunning practices to abtain affice and power. A faction is a larger body that a cabal, employed for selfish purpoeses in agitating the community and working up an excitement with a view to chenge the existing order of things. ½Selfishness, insubordination, and laxity of morals give rise to combinations, which belong particularly to the lower orders of society. Restlase, jealous, ambitious, and little minds are ever forming cabals. Factions belong especially to free governments, and are raised by busy and turbulent spirits for selfish parposes¸. Crabb. CaÏbal¶, v. i. [int. & p.p. Caballed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Caballing]. [Cf. F. cabaler.] To unite in a small party to promote private views and interests by intrigue; to intrigue; to plot. Caballing still against it with the great. Dryden. Cab¶aÐla (?), n. [LL. See Cabal, n.] 1. A kind of occult theosophy or traditional interpretation of the Scriptures among Jewish rabbis and certain mediaeval Christians, which treats of the nature of god and the mystery of humsn existence. It assumed that every letter, word, number, and accent of Scripture contains a hidden sense; and it teaches the methods of interpretation for ascertaining these occult meanings. The cabalists pretend even to foretell events by this means. 2. Secret science in general; mystic art; mystery. Cab¶aÏlism (?), n. [Cf. F. cabalisme.] 1. The secret science of the cabalists. 2. A superstitious devotion to the mysteries of the religion which one professes. [R] Emerson. Cab¶aÏlist (?), n. [Cf.F. cabaliste.] One versed in the cabala, or the mysteries of Jewish traditions. ½Studions cabalists.¸ Swift. Cab·aÏlis¶tic (?), Cab·aÐlis¶ticÐal (?)} a. Of or pertaining to the cabala; containing or conveying an occult meaning; mysic. The Heptarchus is a cabalistic of the first chapter of Genesia.

Hallam. Caba·aÏlis¶ticÏalÏly, adv. In a cabalistic manner. Cab¶aÏlize (?), v.i. [Cf.F. cabaliser.] To use cabalistic language. [R]