Chapter 8

AÏway¶Ðgo¶ing (?), a. (Law) Sown during the last years of a tenancy, but not ripe until after its expiration; Ð said of crops. Wharton. AÏway¶ward (?), adv. Turned away; away. [Obs.] Chaucer. Awe (?), n. [OE. a?e, aghe, fr. Icel. agi; akin to AS. ege, ?ga, Goth. agis, Dan. ave chastisement, fear, Gr. ? pain, distress, from the same root as E. ail. ?3. Cf. Ugly.] 1. Dread; great fear mingled with respect. [Obs. or Obsolescent] His frown was full of terror, and his voice Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe. Cowper. 2. The emotion inspired by something dreadful and sublime; an undefined sense of the dreadful and the sublime; reverential fear, or solemn wonder; profound reverence. There is an awe in mortals' joy, A deep mysterious fear. Keble. To tame the pride of that power which held the Continent in awe. Macaulay. The solitude of the desert, or the loftiness of the mountain, may fill the mind with awe Ð the sense of our own littleness in some greater presence or power. C. J. Smith. To stand in awe of, to fear greatly; to reverence profoundly. Syn. Ð See Reverence. Awe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Awed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Awing.] To strike with fear and reverence; to inspire with awe; to control by inspiring dread. That same eye whose bend doth awe the world. Shak. His solemn and pathetic exhortation awed and melted the bystanders. Macaulay. AÏwea¶ried (?), p. p. Wearied. [Poetic] AÏwea¶ry (?), a. [Pref. aÏ + weary.] Weary. [Poetic] ½I begin to be aweary of thee.¸ Shak. AÏweath¶er (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + weather.] (Naut.) On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; Ð opposed to alee; as, helm aweather ! Totten. AÏweigh¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + weigh.] (Naut.) Just drawn out of the ground, and hanging perpendicularly; atrip; Ð said of the anchor. Totten. Awe¶less (?), a. See Awless. Awe¶some (?), a. 1. Causing awe; appalling; awful; as, an awesome sight. Wright. 2. Expressive of awe or terror. An awesome glance up at the auld castle. Sir W. Scott. Awe¶someÏness, n. The quality of being awesome. Awe¶Ðstrick·en (?), a. AweÐstruck. Awe¶Ðstruck· (?), a. Struck with awe. Milton. Aw¶ful (?), a. 1. Oppressing with fear or horror; appalling; terrible; as, an awful scene. ½The hour of Nature's awful throes.¸ Hemans. 2. Inspiring awe; filling with profound reverence, or with fear and admiration; fitted to inspire reverential fear; profoundly impressive. Heaven's awful Monarch. Milton. 3. Struck or filled with awe; terrorÐstricken. [Obs.] A weak and awful reverence for antiquity. I. Watts. 4. Worshipful; reverential; lawÐabiding. [Obs.] Thrust from the company of awful men. Shak. 5. Frightful; exceedingly bad; great; Ð applied intensively; as, an awful bonnet; an awful boaster. [Slang] Syn. Ð See Frightful. Aw¶fulÏly, adv. 1. In an awful manner; in a manner to fill with terror or awe; fearfully; reverently. 2. Very; excessively. [Slang] Aw¶fulÏness, n. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with reverence; dreadfulness; solemnity; as, the awfulness of this sacred place. The awfulness of grandeur. Johnson. 2. The state of being struck with awe; a spirit of solemnity; profound reverence. [Obs.] Producing in us reverence and awfulness. Jer. Taylor. AÏwhape¶ (?), v. t. [Cf. whap blow.] To confound; to terrify; to amaze. [Obs.] Spenser. AÏwhile¶ (?), adv. [Adj. a + while time, interval.] For a while; for some time; for a short time. AÏwing¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÐ + wing.] On the wing; flying; fluttering. Wallace. Awk (?), a. [OE. auk, awk (properly) turned away; (hence) contrary, wrong, from Icel. ”figr, ”fugr, afigr, turning the wrong way, fr. af off, away; cf. OHG. abuh, Skr. ap¾c turned away, fr. apa off, away + a root ak, a?k, to bend, from which come also E. angle, anchor.] 1. Odd; out of order; perverse. [Obs.] 2. Wrong, or not commonly used; clumsy; sinister; as, the awk end of a rod (the but end). [Obs.] Golding. 3. Clumsy in performance or manners; unhandy; not dexterous; awkward. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Awk, adv. Perversely; in the wrong way. L'Estrange. Awk¶ly, adv. 1. In an unlucky (leftÐhanded) or perverse manner. [Obs.] Holland. 2. Awkwardly. [Obs.] Fuller. Awk¶ward (?), a. [Awk + Ïward.] 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments; not dexterous; without skill; clumsy; wanting ease, grace, or effectiveness in movement; ungraceful; as, he was awkward at a trick; an awkward boy. And dropped an awkward courtesy. Dryden. 2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing. A long and awkward process. Macaulay. An awkward affair is one that has gone wrong, and is difficult to adjust. C. J. Smith. 3. Perverse; adverse; untoward. [Obs.] ½Awkward casualties.¸ ½Awkward wind.¸ Shak. O blind guides, which being of an awkward religion, do strain out a gnat, and swallow up a cancel. Udall. Syn. Ð Ungainly; unhandy; clownish; lubberly; gawky; maladroit; bungling; ?nelegant; ungraceful; unbecoming. Ð Awkward, Clumsy, Uncouth. Awkward has a special reference to outward deportment. A man is clumsy in his whole person, he is awkward in his gait and the movement of his limbs. Clumsiness is seen at the first view. Awkwardness is discovered only when a person begins to move. Hence the expressions, a clumsy appearance, and an awkward manner. When we speak figuratively of an awkward excuse, we think of a want of ease and grace in making it; when we speak of a clumsy excuse, we think of the whole thing as coarse and stupid. We apply the term uncouth most frequently to that which results from the want of instruction or training; as, uncouth manners; uncouth language. Ð Awk¶wardÏly (?), adv. Ð Awk¶wardÏness, n. Awl (?), n. [OE. aul, awel, al, AS. ?l, awel; akin to Icel. alr, OHG. ¾la, G. ahle, Lith. yla, Skr. ¾r¾.] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood; used by shoemakers, saddlers, cabinetmakers, etc. The blade is differently shaped and pointed for different uses, as in the brad awl, saddler's awl, shoemaker's awl, etc. Aw¶less (?), a. 1. Wanting reverence; void of respectful fear. ½Awless insolence.¸ Dryden. 2. Inspiring no awe. [Obs.] ½The awless throne.¸ Shak. [Written also aweless.] Aw¶lessÏness, n. The quality of being awless. Awl¶Ðshaped· (?), a. 1. Shaped like an awl. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Subulate. See Subulate. Gray. Awl¶wort· (?), n. [Awl + wort.] (Bot.) A plant (Subularia aquatica), with awlÐshaped leaves. Awm (?m), n. See Aam. Awn (?), n. [OE. awn, agune, from Icel. ”gn, pl. agnir; akin to Sw. agn, Dan. avne, Goth. ahana, OHG. agana, G. agen, ahne, chaff, Gr. ?, AS. egla; prob. from same root as E. acute. See 3d Ear. ?1.] (Bot.) The bristle or beard of barley, oats, grasses, etc., or any similar bristlelike appendage; arista. Gray. Awned (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with an awn, or long bristleÐshaped tip; bearded. Gray. Awn¶ing (?), n. [Origin uncertain: cf. F. auvent awing, or Pers. ¾wan, ¾wang, anything suspended, or LG. havening a place sheltered from wind and weather, E. haven.] 1. A rooflike cover, usually of canvas, extended over or before any place as a shelter from the sun, rain, or wind. 2. (Naut.) That part of the poop deck which is continued forward beyond the bulkhead of the cabin. Awn¶inged (?), a. Furnished with an awning. Awn¶less, a. Without awns or beard. Awn¶y (?), a. Having awns; bearded. AÏwork¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + work.] At work; in action. ½Set awork.¸ Shak. AÏwork¶ing, adv. [Pref. aÏ + working.] At work; in action. [Archaic or Colloq.] Spenser. AÏwreak¶, AÏwreke¶,} (?), v. t. & i. To avenge. [Obs.] See Wreak. AÏwrong¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + wrong.] Wrongly. Ford. AÏwry¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side; not in a straight or true direction, or position; out of the right course; distorted; obliquely; asquint; with oblique vision; as, to glance awry. ½Your crown's awry.¸ Shak. Blows them transverse, ten thousand leagues awry. Into the devious air. Milton. 2. Aside from the line of truth, or right reason; unreasonable or unreasonably; perverse or perversely. Or by her charms Draws him awry, enslaved. Milton. Nothing more awry from the law of God and nature than that a woman should give laws to men. Milton. Aw¶some (?), a. Same as Awesome. Ax, Axe,} (?), n. [OE. ax, axe, AS. eax, ‘x, acas; akin to D. akse, OS. accus, OHG. acchus, G. axt, Icel. ”x, ”xi, Sw. yxe, Dan. ”kse, Goth. aqizi, Gr. ?, L. ascia; not akin to E. acute.] A tool or instrument of steel, or of iron with a steel edge or blade, for felling trees, chopping and splitting wood, hewing timber, etc. It is wielded by a wooden helve or handle, so fixed in a socket or eye as to be in the same plane with the blade. The broadax, or carpenter's ax, is an ax for hewing timber, made heavier than the chopping ax, and with a broader and thinner blade and a shorter handle. The ancient battleÐax had sometimes a double edge. µ The word is used adjectively or in combination; as, axhead or ax head; ax helve; ax handle; ax shaft; axÐshaped; axlike. This word was originally spelt with e, axe; and so also was nearly every corresponding word of one syllable: as, flaxe, taxe, waxe, sixe, mixe, pixe, oxe, fluxe, etc. This superfluous e is not dropped; so that, in more than a hundred words ending in x, no one thinks of retaining the e except in axe. Analogy requires its exclusion here. ½The spelling ax is better on every ground, of etymology, phonology, and analogy, than axe, which has of late become prevalent.¸ New English Dict. (Murray). Ax (?), v. t. & i. [OE. axien and asken. See Ask.] To ask; to inquire or inquire of. µ This word is from Saxon, and is as old as the English language. Formerly it was in good use, but now is regarded as a vulgarism. It is still dialectic in England, and is sometimes heard among the uneducated in the United States. ½And Pilat axide him, Art thou kyng of Jewis?¸ ½Or if he axea fish.¸ Wyclif. ½The king axed after your Grace's welfare.¸ Pegge. Ax¶al (?), a. [See Axial.] [R.] Axe (?), Axe¶man (?), etc. See Ax, Axman. Ax¶iÏal (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an axis; of the nature of, or resembling, an axis; around an axis. To take on an axial, and not an equatorial, direction. Nichol. 2. (Anat.) Belonging to the axis of the body; as, the axial skeleton; or to the axis of any appendage or organ; as, the axial bones. Axial line (Magnetism), the line taken by the magnetic force in passing from one pole of a horseshoe magnet to the other. Faraday. Ax¶iÏalÏly (?), adv. In relation to, or in a line with, an axis; in the axial (magnetic) line. Ax¶il (?), n. [L. axilla. Cf. Axle.] (Bot.) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs. Gray. Ax¶ile (?), a. Situated in the axis of anything; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Gray. Ø AxÏil¶la (?), n.; pl. Axillae (?). [L.] (Anat.) The armpit, or the cavity beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder. 2. (Bot.) An axil. Ax¶ilÏlar (?), a. Axillary. Ax¶ilÏlaÏries (?), Ax¶ilÏlars (?),} n. pl. (Zo”l.) Feathers connecting the under surface of the wing and the body, and concealed by the closed wing. Ax¶ilÏlaÏry (?), a. [See Axil.] 1. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the axilla or armpit; as, axillary gland, artery, nerve. 2. (Bot.) Situated in, or rising from, an axil; of or pertaining to an axil. ½Axillary buds.¸ Gray. Ax¶iÏnite (?), n. [Named in allusion to the form of the crystals, fr. Gr. ? an ax.] (Min.) A borosilicate of alumina, iron, and lime, commonly found in glassy, brown crystals with acute edges. AxÏin¶oÏman·cy (?), n. [L. axinomantia, Gr. ? ax + Ïmancy.] A species of divination, by means of an ax or hatchet. Ax¶iÏom (?), n. [L. axioma, Gr. ? that which is thought worthy, that which is assumed, a basis of demonstration, a principle, fr. ? to think worthy, fr. ? worthy, weighing as much as; cf. ? to lead, drive, also to weigh so much: cf F. axiome. See Agent, a.] 1. (Logic & Math.) A selfÐevident and necessary truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident as first sight that no reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; a proposition which it is necessary to take for granted; as, ½The whole is greater than a part;¸ ½A thing can not, at the same time, be and not be.¸ 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received; as, the axioms of political economy. Syn. Ð Axiom, Maxim, Aphorism, Adage. An axiom is a selfÐevident truth which is taken for granted as the basis of reasoning. A maxim is a guiding principle sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life. An aphorism is a short sentence pithily expressing some valuable and general truth or sentiment. An adage is a saying of longÐestablished authority and of universal application. Ax·iÏoÏmat¶ic (?), Ax·iÏoÏmat¶icÏal,} a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to an axiom; having the nature of an axiom; selfÐevident; characterized by axioms. ½Axiomatical truth.¸ Johnson. The stores of axiomatic wisdom. I. Taylor. Ax·iÏoÏmat¶icÏalÏly, adv. By the use of axioms; in the form of an axiom. Ø Ax¶is (?), n. [L.] (Zo”l.) The spotted deer (Cervus axis or Axis maculata) of India, where it is called hog deer and parrah (Moorish name). Ax¶is (?), n.; pl. Axes (?). [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.] 1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line passing through a body or system around which the parts are symmetrically arranged. 2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged; as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone, that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight line passing through the center. 3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the central line of any body. Gray. 4. (Anat.) (a) The second vertebra of the neck, or vertebra dentata. (b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head to turn upon. 5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in describing the position of the planes by which a crystal is bounded. 6. (Fine Arts) The primary of secondary central line of any design. Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the strata slope downward on the two opposite sides. Ð Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward in opposite directions, so as to form a valley. Ð Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central substance of a nerve fiber; Ð called also axis band, axial fiber, and cylinder axis. Ð Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. Ð Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a system of parallel chords of a curve; called a principal axis, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it divides the curve into two symmetrical

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