Chapter 76

ArÏtic¶uÏlarÏly , adv. In an articular or an articulate manner. Ø ArÏtic·uÏla¶ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zo”l.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. µ It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?), a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, n. (Zo”l.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?)(?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating (?). 1. To utter ~ sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. ½To articulate a word.¸ Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To... articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏla·ted (?), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏly (?), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller. 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏness, n. Quality of being articulate. ArÏtic·uÏla¶tion (?), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. µ Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge. 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant. ArÏtic¶uÏlaÏtive (?), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush. ArÏtic¶uÏla·tor (?), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering. Ø ArÏtic¶uÏlus (?)(?) n.; pl. Articuli (?). [L. See Article.] (Zo”l.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage. Ar¶tiÏfice (?), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik. 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay. ArÏtif¶iÏcer (?), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. ½Artificer of fraud.¸ Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. - Artisan; artist. See Artisan. Ar·tiÏfi¶cial (?), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak. 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. ½Artificial tears.¸ Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. ÷ arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. Ð ÷ classification (science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, ½the artificial system¸ in botany, which is the same as the Linn‘an system. Ð ÷ horizon. See under Horizon. ÷ light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. Ð ÷ lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. Ð ÷ numbers, logarithms. Ð ÷ person (Law). See under Person. Ð ÷ sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton. Ar·tiÏfi·ciÏal¶iÏty (?), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏize (?), v. t. To render artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson. 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏness, n. The quality of being artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cious (?), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson. Art¶iÏlize (?), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke. ArÏtil¶lerÏist (?), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. ArÏtil¶lerÏy (?), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. µ The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of ~. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of ~ are confided. 4. The science of ~ or gunnery. Campbell. ÷ park, or Park of ~. (a) A collective body of siege or field ~, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the ~ is encamped or collected. Ð ÷ train, or Train of ~, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching. ArÏtil¶lerÏyÏman (?), n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing. Ø Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏla (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? even + ? finger or toe.] (Zo”l.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; Ð opposed to Perissodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyle (?), n. (Zo”l.) One of the Artiodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏlous (?), a. (Zo”l.) EvenÐtoed. Ar¶tiÏsan (?; 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can... compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume. Syn. - Artificer; artist. Ð Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist. Art¶ist (?), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller. 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. µ The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. - Artisan. See Artisan. Ø ArÏtiste¶ (?), n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. µ This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. ArÏtis¶tic , ArÏtis¶ticÏal (?), } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. Ð ArÏtis¶ticÏalÏly, adv. Art¶istÏry (?), n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy. Art¶less (?), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton. 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper. Syn. - Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid. Art¶lessÏly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope. Art¶lessÏness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity. Art¶ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] Ar·toÏcar¶peÏous (?), Ar·toÏcar¶pous (?), } a. [Gr. ? bread + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus. Ar¶toÏtype (?), n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype. Ar·toÏty¶rite (?), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. ? bread + ? cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.] Ar¶tow (?). A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arts¶man (?), n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon. Art· un¶ion (?). An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists. Ø A¶rum , n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. ?.] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock. µ The American ½Jack in the pulpit¸ is now separated from the genus Arum. Ar·unÏdel¶ian (?), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624. Ar·unÏdif¶erÏous , a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes. AÏrun·diÏna¶ceous (?), a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane. Ar·unÏdin¶eÏous (?), a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy. Ø AÏrus¶pex (?), n.; pl. Aruspices (?). [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. AÏrus¶pice (?), n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.] AÏrus¶piÏcy (?), n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice. Ar¶val (?), n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arf”l; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. ”l ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose. Ar¶viÏcole (?), n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zo”l.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species. Ar¶yan (?), n. [Skr. ¾rya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo ???? and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also IndoÐEuropean or IndoÐGermanic.

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2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.] Ar¶yan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; IndoÐEuropean; IndoÐGermanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages. Ar¶yanÏize , v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston. AÏryt¶eÏnoid (?), a. [Gr. ? shaped like a ladle; ? a ladle + ? form.] (Anat.) LadleÐshaped; Ð applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords. As (?), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal sw¾, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay. µ As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. ½Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.¸ Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, Ð limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey. 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak. 4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms... they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay. 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such.ÿ[Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So ~, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; Ð used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller. 10 Expressing a wish. [Obs.] ½As have,¸ i. e., may he have. Chaucer.