Chapter 69

Ø ArÏchip·teÏryg¶iÏum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? (E. archÏ) + ? wing, fin.] (Anat.) The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus. Ar¶chiÏtect (?), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. ? chief artificer, master builder; pref. ? (E. archiÏ) + ? workman, akin to ? art, skill, ? to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed. 2. A contriver, designer, or maker. The architects of their own happiness. Milton. A French woman is a perfect architect in dress. Coldsmith. Ar·chiÏtec¶tive (?), a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham. Ar·chiÏtecÏton¶ic (?), Ar·chiÏtecÏton¶icÏal (?), } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. ?. See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. ½Architectonic wisdom.¸ Boyle. These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged. J. C. Shairp. 2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge. Ar·chiÏtecÏton¶ic, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture. 2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system. Ar·chiÏtecÏton¶ics, n. The science of architecture. Ar¶chiÏtec·tor (?), n. An architect. [Obs.] North. Ar¶chiÏtec·tress (?), n. A female architect. Ar·chiÏtec¶turÏal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. Ð Ar·chiÏtec¶turÏalÏly, adv. Ar¶chiÏtec·ture (?; 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; Ð often called civil architecture. 2. A method or style of building, characterized by certain peculiarities of structure, ornamentation, etc. Many other architectures besides Gothic. Ruskin. 3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship. The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees. Tyndall. The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture. Burnet. Military ~, the art of fortifications. Ð Naval ~, the art of building ships. Ø Ar·chiÏteu¶this (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? + ?, ?, a kind of squid.] (Zo”l.) A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand. Ar¶chiÏtrave (?), n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archiÏ + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form. Ar¶chiÏtraved (?), a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper. Ar¶chiÏval (?), a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke. Ar¶chive (?), n. ; pl. Archives (?). [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. ? government house, ? ? archives, fr. ? the first place, government. See ArchiÏ, pref.] 1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept. Our words.... become records in God's court, and are ?aid up in his archives as witnesses. Gov. of Tongue. 2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as, the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.] Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press. Lamb. Syn. - Registers; records; chronicles. Ar¶chiÏvist (?), n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.] Ar¶chiÏvolt (?), n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archiÏ + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. Arch¶lute (?), Arch¶iÏlute (?), } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or doubleÐnecked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison. Arch¶ly (?), adv. In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly. Archly the maiden smiled. Longfellow. Arch·mar¶shal (?), n. [G. erzmarschall. See ArchÏ, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony. Arch¶ness, n. The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith. Ar¶chon (?), n. [L. archon, Gr. ?, ?, ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of ? to be first, to rule.] (Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by pre‰minence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. Ð ArÏchon¶tic (?), a. Ar¶chonÏship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford. Ar¶chonÏtate (?), n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon's term of office. Gibbon. Ar¶chonts (?), n. pl. [Gr. ?, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zo”l.) The group including man alone. Arch·prel¶ate (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate. Arch·pres¶byÏter (?), n. Same as Archpriest. Arch·pres¶byÏterÏy (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + presbutery.] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton. Arch·priest¶ (?), n. A chief priest; also, a kind of vicar, or a rural dean. Arch·pri¶mate (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + primate.] The chief primate. Milton. Arch¶ stone· (?). A wedgeÐshaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir. Arch·trai¶tor (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts. Arch·treas¶urÏer (?; 135), n. [Pref. archÏ + treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire. Arch¶way (?), n. A way or passage under an arch. Arch·wife¶ (?), n. [Pref. archÏ + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arch¶wise (?), adv. ArchÐshaped. Arch¶y (?), a. Arched; as, archy brows. Ïar¶chy (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? chief. See ArchÏ, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. Ïarch. Ar¶ciÏform (?), a. [L. arcus bow + Ïform.] Having the form of an arch; curved. Arc¶oÏgraph (?), n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + Ïgraph.] An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph. ArcÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation. Arc¶tic (?), a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. ?ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. µ The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23o 28· from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone. Arc¶tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.] Ø ArcÏtis¶ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? bear.] (Zo”l.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix. Arc·toÏge¶al (?), a. [Gr. ? the north + ?, ?, country.] (Zo”l.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna. Ø ArcÏtoid¶eÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? bear + Ïoid.] (Zo”l.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc. ArcÏtu¶rus (?), n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. ? bearward, equiv. to ?; ? bear + ? ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bo”tes. µ Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: ½the Bear with her train¸]. Job xxxviii. 32. Arc¶uÏal (?), a. Of or pertaining to an arc. ÷ measure of an angle (Math.), that which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. Arc¶uÏate (?), Arc¶uÏa·ted (?)(?), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. ½Arcuate stalks.¸ Gray. Arc¶uÏateÏly (?), adv. In the form of a bow. Arc·uÏa¶tion (?), n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe. 2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers. Ar¶cuÏbaÏlist (?), n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke. Ar·cuÏbal¶istÏer (?), n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden. Ar¶cuÏbus (?), n. See Arquebus. [Obs.] Ïard, Ïart. The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard. Ø ArÏdas¶sine (?), n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk. Ar¶denÏcy (?), n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal. Ar¶dent (?), a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever. 2.ÿHaving the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden. 3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay. Syn. - Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate. Ar¶dentÏly (?), adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately. Ar¶dentÏness, n. Ardency. [R.] Ar¶dor (?), n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays. 2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor. 3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.] Syn. - Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor. Ar¶duÏous (?; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. Those arduous pats they trod. Pope. 2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise. Syn. - Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. Ð Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. ½It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others.¸ Ar¶duÏousÏly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness. Ar¶duÏousÏness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution. Ar¶duÏrous (?), a. Burning; ardent. [R.] Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore. Cary. Are (?). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. ?, Skr. smas; all from a root as. ? See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as. Are (?), n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards. A¶reÏa (?; 277), n. pl. Areas (?). [L. area a broad piece of level gro???. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. The Alban lake... looks like the area of some vast amphitheater. Addison. 2. The inclosed space on which a building stands. 3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building. 4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas. 5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle. 6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area. 7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought. The largest area of human history and man's common nature. F. Harrison. Dry ~. See under Dry. AÏread¶, AÏreed¶ } (?), v. t. [OE. areden, AS. ¾r?dan to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser. 2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton. 3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt! Milton. 4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton. A¶reÏal (?), a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves). AÏrear¶ (?), v. t. & i. [AS. ¾r?ran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.] AÏrear¶, adv. [See Arrear, adv.] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser. Ø AÏre¶ca (?), n. [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the ~ nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime. AÏreek¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift. Ar·eÏfac¶tion (?), n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry. The arefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale. Ar¶eÏfy (?), v. t. [L. arere to be dry + Ïfly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon. AÏre¶na (?), n.; pl. E. Arenas (?); L. Aren‘ (?). [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; Ð so called because it was covered with sand. 2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of line. 3. (Med.) ½Sand¸ or ½gravel¸ in the kidneys. Ar·eÏna¶ceous (?), a. [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone. Ar·eÏna¶riÏous (?), a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as, arenarious soil.

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