Chapter 23

or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Shak. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary. Beattie. The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil. Syn. - Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate. Ad¶verÏsaÏry (?), a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King. 2. (Law) Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as, an adversary suit. AdÏver¶saÏtive (?), a. [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as, an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc.); an adversative force. - AdÏver¶saÏtiveÏly, adv. AdÏver¶saÏtive, n. An adversative word. Harris. Ad¶verse (?), a. [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.] 1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as, adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste. 2. Opposite. ½Calpe's adverse height.¸ Byron. 3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one's wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as, adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune. Southey. ÷ possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott. Syn. - Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse. AdÏverse¶ (?), v. t. [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower. Ad¶verseÏly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise. Ad¶verseÏness, n. The quality or state of being adverse; opposition. AdÏver·siÏfo¶liÏate (?), AdÏver·siÏfo¶liÏous (?) } a. [L. adver + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem. AdÏver¶sion (?), n.[L. adversio] A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. AdÏver¶siÏty (?), n.; pl. Adversities (?).[OE. adversite, F. adversit‚, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A condition attended with severe trials; a state of adverse fortune; misfortune; calamity; affliction, trial; - opposed to wellÐbeing or prosperity. Adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon. Syn. - Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial. AdÏvert¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; - with to; as, he adverted to what was said. I may again advert to the distinction. Owen. Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer. AdÏvert¶ence (?), AdÏvert¶enÏcy (?), } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill. AdÏvert¶ent (?), a. [L. advertens, Ïentis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. Ð AdÏvert¶entÏly, adv. Ad·verÏtise¶ (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising (?).] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; - often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num. xxiv. 14. 4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting. Syn. - To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish. AdÏver¶tiseÏment (?; 277), n. [F.avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet. 2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement. Shak. 3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisement. Ad·verÏtis¶er (?), n. One who, or that which, advertises. AdÏvice¶ (?), n. [OE. avis, F. avis; ? + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin. 2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her? Shak. 3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; - commonly in the plural. µ In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; - used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath. 4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. ÷ boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. Ð To take ~. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others. Syn. - Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice. AdÏvis·aÏbil¶iÏty (?), n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness. AdÏvis¶aÏble (?), a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South. 2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South. Syn. - Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting. AdÏvis¶aÏbleÏness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability. AdÏvis¶aÏbly, adv. With advice; wisely. AdÏvise¶ (?), v. t.[imp. & p. p. Advised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (?).] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. ½I shall no more advise thee.¸ Milton. 2. To give information or notice to; to inform; - with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk. To ~ one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak. Syn. - To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint. AdÏvise¶, v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton. 2. To take counsel; to consult; - followed by with; as, to advise with friends. AdÏvis¶edÏly (?), adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak. 2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. ½ ½Advisedly undertaken.¸ Suckling. AdÏvise¶ment (?), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advise; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel. 2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser. AdÏvis¶er (?), n. One who advises. AdÏvis¶erÏship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.] AdÏvi¶so (?), n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. AdÏvi¶soÏry (?), a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull. Ad¶voÏcaÏcy (?), n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession. Ad¶voÏcate (?), n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor. µ In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as ½counsel,¸ ½counselor,¸ or ½barrister.¸ In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as ½counsel¸ at the common law. 2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth. 3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John ii. 1. Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. Ð Lord ~ (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. Ð Judge ~. See under Judge. Ad¶voÏcate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating (?).] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624). This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated. Burke. Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Mitford. Ad¶voÏcate, v. i. To act as ~. [Obs.] Fuller. Ad¶voÏcateÏship, n. Office or duty of an advocate. Ad·voÏca¶tion (?), n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] The holy Jesus... sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us. Jer. Taylor. 2. Advowson. [Obs.] The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson. 3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell. Ad¶voÏcaÏtoÏry (?), a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.] AdÏvoke¶ (?), v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.] Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller. Ad·voÏlu¶tion (?), n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.] AdÏvou¶trer (?), n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.] AdÏvou¶tress (?), n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon. AdÏvou¶try, AdÏvow¶try } (?), n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon. AdÏvowÏee¶ (?), n. [OE. avowe, F. avou‚, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell. AdÏvow¶son (?; 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avo‰son, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.] µ The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc. AdÏvoy¶er (?), n. See Avoyer. [Obs.] AdÏward¶ (?), n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser. Ø Ad·yÏna¶miÏa (?), n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. ? want of strength; ? priv + ? power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison. Ad·yÏnam¶ic (?), a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak. 2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force. ÷ fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility. AÏdyn¶aÏmy (?), n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin. Ø Ad¶yÏtum (?), n.; pl. Adyta (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, n., fr. ?, a., not to be entered; ? priv. + ? to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum. Adz, Adze } (?), n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood. Adz, v. t. To cut with an ~. [R.] Carlyle. ’ or Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ?. The AngloÐSaxon short ‘ was generally replaced by a, the long ? by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E. Ø ’Ïcid¶iÏum (?), n.; pl. ’cidia (?). [NL., dim. of Gr. ? injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants. ’¶dile (?), n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer. ’¶dileÏship, n. The office of an ‘dile. T. Arnold. ’Ïge¶an (?), a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago. Ø ’·giÏcra¶niÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, goat + ?, n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls. ’g¶iÏlops (?), n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. ?, fr. ?, gen. ?, goat + ? eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye. 2. (Bot.) (a) The great wildÐoat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass. Ø ’¶gis (?), n. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. ? a goat skin, a shield, ? goat, or fr. ? to rush.] A shield or protective armor; Ð applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection. ’Ïgoph¶oÏny (?), n. Same as Egophony. Ø ’Ïgro¶tat (?), n. [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill. ’Ïne¶id (?), n. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or Ïdos: cf. F. ?n‚de.] The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is ’neas. Aω¶neÏous (?), a. [L. a‰neus.] (Zo”l.) Colored like bronze. ’Ïo¶liÏan (?), a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. ?.] 1. Of or pertaining to ’olia or ’olis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; ‘olic; as, the ’olian dialect. 2. Pertaining to ’olus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; a‰rial. Viewless forms the ‘olian organ play. Campbell. ’olian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the

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