CHAPTER XXXV

AND THE NEW

We have given the prize of power to the strong, the cunning, the arithmetical, and we must expect nothing else but that they will use it cunningly and arithmetically. For what else can they suppose we gave it to them? If the power really flows from the people, and should be used for them; if its best administration can be got, as in government, only by the participation in it of men of all views and interests; if in the collision of all these, as in democracy, the better policy is progressively preponderant; if this is a policy which, with whatever defects, is better than that which can be evolved by narrower or more selfish or less multitudinous influences of persons or classes, then this power should be taken up by the people. "The mere conflict of private interests will never produce a well-ordered commonwealth of labor," says the author of the article on political economy in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_. The failure of monarchy and feudalism and the visibly impending failure of our business system all reveal a law of nature. The harmony of things insists that that which is the source of power, wealth, and delight shall also be the ruler of it. That which is must also seem. It is the people from whom come the forces with which kings and millionaires ride the world, and until the people take their proper place in the seat of sovereignty, these pseudo owners--mere claimants and usurpers--will, by the very falsity and iniquity of their position, be pushed into deceit, tyranny, and cruelty, ending in downfall.

Thousands of years' experience has proved that government must begin where it ends--with the people; that the general welfare demands that they who exercise the powers and they upon whom these are exercised must be the same, and that higher political ideals can be realized only through higher political forms. Myriads of experiments to get the substance of liberty out of the forms of tyranny, to believe in princes, to trust good men to do good as kings, have taught the inexorable truth that, in the economy of nature, form and substance must move together, and are as inextricably interdependent as are, within our experience, what we call matter and spirit. Identical is the lesson we are learning with regard to industrial power and property. We are calling upon their owners, as mankind called upon kings in their day, to be good and kind, wise and sweet, and we are calling in vain. We are asking them not to be what we have made them to be. We put power into their hands and ask them not to use it as power. If this power is a trust for the people, the people betrayed it when they made private estates out of it for individuals. If the spirit of power is to change, institutions must change as much. Liberty recast the old forms of government into the Republic, and it must remould our institutions of wealth into the Commonwealth.

The question is not whether monopoly is to continue. The sun sets every night on a greater majority against it. We are face to face with the practical issue: Is it to go through ruin or reform? Can we forestall ruin by reform? If we wait to be forced by events we shall be astounded to find how much more radical they are than our utopias. Louis XVI. waited until 1793, and gave his head and all his investitures to the people who in 1789 asked only to sit at his feet and speak their mind. Unless we reform of our own free will, nature will reform us by force, as nature does. Our evil courses have already gone too far in producing misery, plagues, hatreds, national enervation. Already the leader is unable to lead, and has begun to drive with judges armed with bayonets and Gatling guns. History is the serial obituary of the men who thought they could drive men.

Reform is the science and conscience with which mankind in its manhood overcomes temptations and escapes consequences by killing the germs. Ruin is already hard at work among us. Our libraries are full of the official inquiries and scientific interpretations which show how our master-motive is working decay in all our parts. The family crumbles into a competition between the father and the children whom he breeds to take his place in the factory, to unfit themselves to be fathers in their turn. A thorough, stalwart resimplification, a life governed by simple needs and loves, is the imperative want of the world. It will be accomplished: either self-conscious volition does it, or the slow wreck and decay of superfluous and unwholesome men and matters. The latter is the method of brutes and brute civilizations. The other is the method of man, so far as he is divine. Has not man, who has in personal reform risen above the brute method, come to the height at which he can achieve social reform in masses and by nations? We must learn; we can learn by reason. Why wait for the cruder teacher?

We have a people like which none has ever existed before. We have millions capable of conscious co-operation. The time must come in social evolution when the people can organize the free-will to choose salvation which the individual has been cultivating for 1900 years, and can adopt a policy more dignified and more effective than leaving themselves to be kicked along the path of reform by the recoil of their own vices. We must bring the size of our morality up to the size of our cities, corporations, and combinations, or these will be brought down to fit our half-grown virtue.

Industry and monopoly cannot live together. Our modern perfection of exchange and division of labor cannot last without equal perfection of morals and sympathy. Every one is living at the mercy of every one else in a way entirely peculiar to our times. Nothing is any longer made by a man; parts of things are made by parts of men, and become wholes by the luck of a good-humor which so far keeps men from flying asunder. It takes a whole company to make a match. A hundred men will easily produce a hundred million matches, but not one of them could make one match. No farm gets its plough from the cross-roads blacksmith, and no one in the chilled-steel factory knows the whole of the plough. The life of Boston hangs on a procession of reciprocities which must move, as steadily and sweetly as the roll of the planets, between its bakeries, the Falls of St. Anthony, and the valley of the Red River. Never was there a social machinery so delicate. Only on terms of love and justice can men endure contact so close.

The break-down of all other civilizations has been a slow decay. It took the Northerners hundreds of years to march to the Tiber. They grew their way through the old society as the tree planting itself on a grave is found to have sent its roots along every fibre and muscle of the dead. Our world is not the simple thing theirs was, of little groups sufficient to themselves, if need be. New York would begin to die to-morrow if it were not for Illinois and Dakota. We cannot afford a revulsion in the hearts by whose union locomotives run, mills grind, factories make. Practical men are speculating to-day on the possibility that our civilization may some afternoon be flashed away by the tick of a telegraph. All these co-operations can be scattered by a word of hate too many, and we left, with no one who knows how to make a plough or a match, a civilization cut off as by the Roman curse from food and fire. Less sensitive civilizations than ours have burst apart.

Liberty and monopoly cannot live together. What chance have we against the persistent coming and the easy coalescence of the confederated cliques, which aspire to say of all business, "This belongs to us," and whose members, though moving among us as brothers, are using against us, through the corporate forms we have given them, powers of invisibility, of entail and accumulation, unprecedented because impersonal and immortal, and, most peculiar of all, power to act as persons, as in the commission of crimes, with exemption from punishment as persons? Two classes study and practise politics and government: place hunters and privilege hunters. In a world of relativities like ours size of area has a great deal to do with the truth of principles. America has grown so big--and the tickets to be voted, and the powers of government, and the duties of citizens, and the profits of personal use of public functions have all grown so big--that the average citizen has broken down. No man can half understand or half operate the fulness of this big citizenship, except by giving his whole time to it. This the place hunter can do, and the privilege hunter. Government, therefore--municipal, State, national--is passing into the hands of these two classes, specialized for the functions of power by their appetite for the fruits of power. The power of citizenship is relinquished by those who do not and cannot know how to exercise it to those who can and do--by those who have a livelihood to make to those who make politics their livelihood.

These specialists of the ward club, the primary, the campaign, the election, and office unite, by a law as irresistible as that of the sexes, with those who want all the goods of government--charters, contracts, rulings, permits. From this marriage it is easy to imagine that among some other people than ourselves, and in some other century than this, the off-spring might be the most formidable, elusive, unrestrained, impersonal, and cruel tyranny the world has yet seen. There might come a time when the policeman and the railroad president would equally show that they cared nothing for the citizen, individually or collectively, because aware that they and not he were the government. Certainly such an attempt to corner "the dear people" and the earth and the fulness thereof will break down. It is for us to decide whether we will let it go on till it breaks down of itself, dragging down to die, as a savage dies of his vice, the civilization it has gripped with its hundred hands; or whether, while we are still young, still virtuous, we will break it down, self-consciously, as the civilized man, reforming, crushes down the evil. If we cannot find a remedy, all that we love in the word America must die. It will be an awful price to pay if this attempt at government of the people, by the people, for the people must perish from off the face of the earth to prove to mankind that political brotherhood cannot survive where industrial brotherhood is denied. But the demonstration is worth even that.

Aristotle's lost books of the Republics told the story of two hundred and fifty attempts at free government, and these were but some of the many that had to be melted down in the crucible of fate to teach Hamilton and Jefferson what they knew. Perhaps we must be melted by the same fierce flames to be a light to the feet of those who come after us. For as true as that a house divided against itself cannot stand, and that a nation half slave and half free cannot permanently endure, is it true that a people who are slaves to market-tyrants will surely come to be their slaves in all else, that all liberty begins to be lost when one liberty is lost, that a people half democratic and half plutocratic cannot permanently endure.

The secret of the history we are about to make is not that the world is poorer or worse. It is richer and better. Its new wealth is too great for the old forms. The success and beauties of our old mutualities have made us ready for new mutualities. The wonder of to-day is the modern multiplication of products by the union of forces; the marvel of to-morrow will be the greater product which will follow when that which is co-operatively produced is co-operatively enjoyed. It is the spectacle of its concentration in the private fortunes of our day which reveals this wealth to its real makers--the whole people--and summons them to extend the manners and institutions of civilization to this new tribal relation.

Whether the great change comes with peace or sword, freely through reform or by nature's involuntary forces, is a mere matter of detail, a question of convenience--not of the essence of the thing. The change will come. With reform, it may come to us. If with force, perhaps not to us. But it will come. The world is too full of amateurs who can play the golden rule as an aria with variations. All the runs and trills and transpositions have been done to death. All the "sayings" have been said. The only field for new effects is in epigrams of practice. Titillation of our sympathies has become a dissipation. We shed a daily tear over the misery of the slums as the toper takes his dram, and our liver becomes torpid with the floods of indignation and sentiment we have guzzled without converting them into their co-efficients of action.

"Regenerate the individual" is a half-truth; the reorganization of the society which he makes and which makes him is the other half. Man alone cannot be a Christian. Institutions are applied beliefs. The love of liberty became liberty in America by clothing itself in the complicated group of structures known as the government of the United States. Love is a half-truth, and kissing is a good deal less than half of that. We need not kiss all our fellow-men, but we must do for them all we ask them to do for us--nothing less than the fullest performance of every power. To love our neighbor is to submit to the discipline and arrangement which make his life reach its best, and so do we best love ourselves.

History has taught us nothing if not that men can continue to associate only by the laws of association. The golden rule is the first and last of these, but the first and last of the golden rule is that it can be operated only through laws, habits, forms, and institutions. The Constitution and laws of the United States are, however imperfectly, the translation into the language of politics of doing as you would be done by--the essence of equal rights and government by consent. To ask individuals to-day to lead by their single sacrifices the life of the brother in the world of business is as if the American colonist had been asked to lead by his individual enterprise the life of the citizen of a republic. That was made possible to him only by union with others. The business world is full of men who yearn to abandon its methods and live the love they feel; but to attempt to do so by themselves would be martyrdom, and that is "caviare to the general." "We admire martyrdom," Mazzini, the martyr, said, "but we do not recommend it." The change must be social, and its martyrdoms have already begun.

The new self-interest will remain unenforced in business until we invent the forms by which the vast multitudes who have been gathered together in modern production can organize themselves into a people there as in government. Nothing but this institutionalization will save them from being scattered away from each other again, and it can be achieved only by such averaging and concessions and co-operations as are the price of all union. These will be gains, not losses. Soldiers become partners in invincibility by the discipline which adopts an average rate of march instead of compelling all to keep step with the fastest and stay with the strongest. Moralists tell men to love each other and the right. How, by doing what things, by leaving what undone, shall men love each other? What have the ethicals to say upon the morality of putting public highways in private hands, and of allowing these private hands to make a private and privileged use of them? If bad, will a mere "change of heart," uninstitutionalized, change them?

New freedoms cannot be operated through the old forms of slavery. The ideals of Washington and Hamilton and Adams could not breathe under kingly rule. Idle to say they might. Under the mutual dependence of the inside and outside of things their change has all through history always been dual. Change of heart is no more redemption than hunger is dinner. We must have honesty, love, justice in the heart of the business world, but for these we must also have the forms which will fit them. These will be very different from those through which the intercourse of man with man in the exchange of services now moves to such ungracious ends. Forms of Asiatic and American government, of early institutions and to-day's, are not more different. The cardinal virtues cannot be established and kept at work in trade and on the highways with the old apparatus. In order that the spirit that gave rebates may go to stay, the rebate itself must go. If the private use of private ownership of highways is to go, the private ownership must go. There must be no private use of public power or public property. These are created by the common sacrifices of all, and can be rightfully used only for the common good of all--from all, by all, for all. All the grants and franchises that have been given to private hands for private profit are void in morals and void in that higher law which sets the copy for the laggard pens of legislatures and judges. "No private use of public powers" is but a threshold truth. The universe, says Emerson, is the property of every creature in it.

No home so low it may not hope that out of its fledglings one may grow the hooked claw that will make him a millionaire. To any adventurer of spirit and prowess in the Italy of the Renaissance might come the possibility of butchering or poisoning his way to a castle or a throne. Such prizes of power made the peninsula a menagerie of tyrants, murderers, voluptuaries, and multitudes of misery. We got republican liberty by agreeing each with the other never to seek to become kings or lords or dukes. We can get industrial and economic liberty only by a like covenant never to let ourselves or any one else be millionaires.

There can be no public prosperity without public virtue, and no public virtue without private virtue. But private cannot become public except by organization. Our attempts at control, regulation, are but the agitations of the Gracchi, evidencing the wrong, but not rising to the cure. We are waiting for some genius of good who will generalize into one body of doctrine our partial truths of reform, and will help us live the generalization. Never was mankind, across all lines of race, creed, and institutions, more nearly one in discontent and restless consciousness of new powers and a new hope and purpose, never more widely agitated by influences leading in one direction, never more nearly a committee of the whole on the question of the day. Never before were the means for flashing one thought into the minds of the million, and flashing that thought into action, what they are to-day. The good word or good deed of Chicago in the morning may be the inspiration of Calcutta before nightfall. The crusades were but an eddy in comparison with the universal tide waiting for another Peter the Hermit to lead us where the Man who is to rise again lies in the hands of the infidel.

Our problem can be read from its good side or its bad, and must be read from both, as: Business has become a vice, and defeats us and itself; or, Humanity quickens its step to add to its fellowships the new brotherhood of labor. The next emancipation, like all emancipations, must destroy and build. The most constructive thinker in history said, Love one another; but he also drove the money-changers from the temple, and denounced the scribes and Pharisees, and has been busy for nineteen hundred years pulling down tenements unfit for the habitation of the soul. We see something new and something old. Old principles run into mania, a wicked old world bursting into suicidal explosion, as Carlyle said of the French Revolution. New loves, new capabilities, new institutions, created by the expansion of old ideals and new opportunities of human contact. Our love of those to whom we have been "introduced" is but unlocking a door through which all men will pass into our hearts. What makes men lovable is not the accident of our knowing them. It is that they are men. Before 1776 there were thirteen patriotisms in America.

The bishops of Boswell's day had no ear for the lamentations of the victims of the slave-trade, but there came a new sympathy which rose superior to their divine displeasure that this commerce of Christian merchants should be attacked. We are coming to sympathize with the animals, and Queen Victoria contributes money to a hospital for the succor of decayed old gentlemen and lady cats. By-and-by royal hearts may widen to include men and women evicted in Ireland, or--worse fate--not evicted from Whitechapel. The spirit that defended the slave-trade now finds its last ditch behind the text, The poor ye have with you always. But a new sympathy rises again, like that which declared that the poor should be free of the slave-trade and slavery, and declares that the poor shall be freed from starvation of body, mind, and soul. Slave-trade, slavery, poverty; the form varies, but against them all runs the refusal of the human heart to be made happy at the cost of the misery of others, and its mathematical knowledge that its quotient of satisfactions will increase with the sum of the happiness of all.

The word of the day is that we are about to civilize industry. Mankind is quivering with its purpose to make men fellow-citizens, brothers, lovers in industry, as it has done with them in government and family, which are also industry. We already have on our shelves the sciences--hygienic, industrial, political, ethical--to free the world almost at a stroke from war, accidents, disease, poverty, and their flowing vices and insanities. The men of these sciences are here at call praying for employment. The people, by the books they read, show themselves to be praying to have them put at work. If we who call ourselves civilization would for one average span devote to life-dealing the moneys, armies, and genius we now give to death-dealing, and would establish over the weaker peoples a protectorate of the United States of Europe and America, we would take a long step towards settling forever the vexed question of the site of the Garden of Eden.

"Human nature," "monotony," and "individuality" are the lions which the reformer is always told will stop the way to a better world. "You cannot change human nature." There are two human natures--the human nature of Christ and of Judas; and Christ prevails. There is the human nature which seeks anonymity, secrecy, the fruits of power without its duties; and there is the human nature which rises against these and, province by province, is abolishing them from human affairs. Men have always been willing to die for their faith. The bad have died as bravely as the good, Charles I. with as smooth a front as Sir Harry Vane. In this readiness to die lies folded every loyalty of life.

"You would make the world a dead level of monotony." Good society does not think it monotonous that all its women should at the same time dust the streets with long-tailed gowns, or that its men should meet every night in funereal black and identical cut, but it shrinks from the monotony of having all share in reforms which would equalize surfeit and starvation. "Good society" is still to come, and it will find some better definition of "monotony" than a fair share for all--a better definition of variety than too much for ourselves at the cost of too little for all others. Shall we choose the monotony of sharing with every one under George III. or Alexander II. the denial of all right to participate in the supreme power, or shall we choose the monotony of sharing with every fellow-citizen the right to become President?--the monotony of being forbidden to enter all the great livelihoods, some syndicate blocking each way with "This business belongs to us"? Or the monotony of a democracy, where every laborer has equal rights with all other citizens to decide upon the administration of the common toil for the common welfare, and an equal right with every other to rise to be a Captain of Industry? Such are the alternatives of "monotony." We have made an historic choice in one; now for the other.

And "individuality." "You are going to destroy individuality." We can become individual only by submitting to be bound to others. We extend our freedom only by finding new laws to obey. Life outside the law is slavery on as many sides as there are disregarded laws. The locomotive off its tracks is not free. The more relations, ties, duties, the more "individual." The isolated man is the mere rudiment of an individual. But he who has become citizen, neighbor, friend, brother, son, husband, father, fellow-member, in one, is just by so many times individualized. Men's expanding powers of co-operation bring them to the conscious ability to unite for new benefits; but this extension of individuality is forbidden in the name of individuality. There are two individualities: that of the dullard, who submits to take his railroad transportation, his light, his coal, his salt, his reaping-machine at such prices and of such quality as arbitrary power forces upon him, and that of the shrewder man who, by an alliance of the individualities of all, supplies himself at his own price.

Time carries us so easily we do not realize how fast we move. This social debate has gone far beyond the question whether change there must be. What shall the change be? is the subject all the world is discussing. Exposure of abuses no longer excites more than a languid interest. But every clear plan how things might be rearranged raises the people. Before every revolution marches a book--the _Contrat Social_, _Uncle Tom's Cabin_. "Every man nowadays," says Emerson, "carries a revolution in his vest-pocket." The book which sells more copies than any other of our day abroad and at home, debated by all down to the boot-blacks as they sit on the curb-stones, is one calling men to draw from their success in insuring each other some of the necessaries of life the courage to move on to insure each other all the necessaries of life, bidding them abandon the self-defeating anarchy which puts railroad-wreckers at the head of railroads and famine-producers at the head of production, and inspiring them to share the common toil and the fruits of the toil under the ideals which make men Washingtons and Lincolns. You may question the importance of the plan; you cannot question the importance of its welcome. It shows the people gathering-points for the new constitution they know they must make.

In nothing has liberty justified itself more thoroughly than in the resolute determination spreading among the American people to add industrial to political independence. It is the hope of the world that good has its effects as well as evil, and that on the whole, and in the long-run, the seed of the good will overgrow the evil. "Heaven has kindly given our blood a moral flow." Liberty breeds liberties, slavery breeds slaveries, but the liberties will be the strongest stock. If the political and religious liberties which the people of this country aspired to set up had in them the real sap and fibre of a better life than the world had yet known, it must certainly follow that they would quicken and strengthen the people for discovery and obedience in still higher realms. And just this has happened. Nowhere else has the new claim to tax without representation been so quickly detected, so intelligently scrutinized, and so bravely fought. Nowhere else has this spreading plague of selfishness and false doctrine found a people whose average and general life was pitched on so high a level that they instantly took the alarm at its claims over their lives and liberties. It has found a people so disciplined by the aspiration and achievement of political and religious rights that they are already possessed of a body of doctrine capable, by an easy extension, of refuting all the pretensions of the new absolutism. At the very beginning of this new democratic life among the nations it was understood that to be safe liberty must be complete on its industrial as well as on its political and religious sides. This is the American principle. "Give a man power over my subsistence," said Alexander Hamilton, "and he has power over the whole of my moral being." To submit to such a power gives only the alternative of death or degradation, and the high spirit of America preferred then, as it prefers now, the rule of right, which gives life.

The mania of business has reached an acuter and extremer development in America than elsewhere, because nowhere else have bounteous nature and free institutions produced birthrights and pottages so well worth "swapping." But the follies and wickedness of business have nowhere been so sharply challenged as in free America. "Betake yourself to America," said Carlyle to a friend beginning a literary career; "there you can utter your freest thoughts in ways impossible here." It is to this stern wakefulness of a free people that the world owes it that more light has been thrown in America than in any other country on the processes of modern money-making. A free press, organ of a free people, has done invaluable service. The legislatures have pushed investigation after investigation into the ways in which large masses of the people have been deprived, for the benefit of single men or groups of men, of rights of subsistence and government. Through the courts the free people have pursued their depredators by civil and criminal process, by public and private prosecutions. Imperfect and corrupt, these agencies of press, courts, legislatures have often been; they have still done a work which has either been left undone altogether in other countries, or has been done with but a fraction of our thoroughness.

It is due to them that there exists in the reports of legislative investigations, State and national, in the proceedings of lawsuits and criminal trials, in the files of the newspapers, a mass of information which cannot be found in any other community in the world. There is in these archives an accumulation of the raw material of tragedy, comedy, romance, ravellings of the vicissitudes of human life, and social and personal fate, which will feed the fires of whole generations of literary men when once they awake to the existence of these precious rolls. In these pigeon-holes are to be found keys of the present and clews to the future. As America has the newest and widest liberty, it is the stage where play the newest and widest forces of evil as well as good. America is at the front of the forward line of evolution. It has taken the lead in developing competition to the extreme form in which it destroys competition, and in superfining the processes of exchange of services into those of the acquisition of the property of others without service.

The hope is that the old economic system we inherited has ripened so much more rapidly than the society and government we have created that the dead matter it deposits can be thrown off by our vigorous youth and health. "It is high time our bad wealth came to an end," says Emerson. It has grown into its monstrous forms so fast that the dullest eye can separate it from the Commonwealth, and the slowest mind comprehend its mischievousness. In making themselves free of arbitrary and corrupt power in government the Americans prepared themselves to be free in all else, and because foremost in political liberty they have the promise of being the first to realize industrial liberty--the trunk of a tree of which political liberty is the seed, and without which political liberty shrinks back into nothingness.

"The art of Italy will blossom over our graves," Mazzini said when, with true insight, he saw that the first artistic, first literary task before the Italians was to make their country free. Art, literature, culture, religion, in America, are already beginning to feel the restrictive pressure which results from the domination of a selfish, self-indulgent, luxurious, and anti-social power. This power, mastering the markets of a civilization which gives its main energies to markets, passes without difficulty to the mastery of all the other activities. When churches, political campaigns, the expounding of the law, maintenance of schools and colleges, and family life itself all depend on money, they must become servile to the money power. Song, picture, sermon, decrees of court, and the union of hearts must pass constantly under stronger control of those who give their lives to trade and encourage everybody else to trade, confident that the issue of it all will be that they will hold as property, in exclusive possession, to be doled out on their own terms, the matter by which alone man can live, either materially or spiritually.

In America, where the supreme political power and much of the government of church and college have been taken out of traditional hands and subjected to the changing determinations of popular will, it has inevitably resulted that the State, church, and school have passed under this mercantile aristocracy to a far greater extent than in other countries where stiffer régimes under other and older influences still stand. Our upper classes--elected, as always, by the equipoise of effort and opinion between them and the lower classes--are, under this commercial system, the men who trade best, who can control their features and their consciences so that they can always get more than they give, who can play with supply and demand so that at the end of the game all their brethren are their tributaries for life. It is the birthright-buying minds that, by the adoption of this ideal, we choose for our rulers. The progressive races have altered their ideals of kings with the indescribable advantage of being ruled by Washingtons and Lincolns and Gladstones instead of Caligulas and Pharaohs. We have now to make a similar step forward in another part of life. The previous changes expressed outwardly an inner change of heart. The reformer of to-day is simply he who, with quicker ear, detecting that another change of heart is going on, goes before.

Another great change is working in the inner mind of man, and will surely be followed by incorporation in institutions and morals and manners. The social head and heart are both being persuaded that too many are idle--rich and poor; too many are hurt in body and soul--rich and poor; too many children are "exposed," as in the old Greek and Roman market-places; too many are starving within reach of too much fertile waste; too many passions of envy, greed, and hate are raging among rich and poor. There is too much left undone that ought to be done along the whole scale of life, from the lowest physical to the highest spiritual needs, from better roads to sweeter music and nobler worship. It cannot be long, historically speaking, before all this new sense and sentiment will issue in acts. All will be as zealously protected against the oppression of the cruel in their daily labor as now against oppression from invader or rioter, and will be as warmly cheered in liberty to grow to their fullest capabilities as laborers--_i.e._, users of matter for the purpose of the spirit--as they are now welcomed to the liberty of the citizen and the worshipper. Infinite is the fountain of our rights. We can have all the rights we will create. All the rights we will give we can have. The American people will save the liberties they have inherited by winning new ones to bequeath.

With this will come fruits of new faculty almost beyond calculation. A new liberty will put an end to pauperism and millionairism and the crimes and death-rate born of both wretchednesses, just as the liberty of politics and religion put an end to martyrs and tyrants. The new liberty is identical in principle and purpose with the other; it is made inevitable by them. Those who love the liberties already won must open the door to the new, unless they wish to see them all take flight together. There can be no single liberty. Liberties go in clusters like the Pleiades.

We must either regulate, or own, or destroy, perishing by the sword we take. The possibility of regulation is a dream. As long as this control of the necessaries of life and this wealth remain private with individuals, it is they who will regulate, not we. The policy of regulation, disguise it as we may, is but moving to a compromise and equilibrium within the evil all complain of. It is to accept the principle of the sovereignty of the self-interest of the individual and apply constitutional checks to it. The unprogressive nations palter in this method with monarchy. But the wits of America are equal to seeing that as with kingship and slavery so with poverty--the weeding must be done at the roots. Sir Henry Sumner Maine says mankind moves from status to contract; from society ruled by inherited customs to one ruled by agreement, varied according to circumstances. Present experience suggests the addition that the movement, like all in nature, is pendulous, and that mankind moves progressively from status to contract, and from this stage of contract to another status. We march and rest and march again. If our society is settling down to an interval of inertia, perhaps ages long, we must before night comes establish all in as much equality and comfort as possible.

The aspirations are not new. We have had them since Plato. The knowledge of means for realizing them is not new. We have had it since Aristotle, and the history of civilization is but the record of the progressive embodiment of the ideals in institutions for the life together--sexual, social, spiritual. What is new in our moment is that mankind's accumulating forces are preparing for another step forward in this long processional realization of its best possible. Nothing so narrow as the mere governmentalizing of the means and processes of production. It is only the morally nerveless who ask government to do that which they will not rise to do. The conversion which is now working itself out within us, and perhaps is more nearly born than we suspect ("We shall not live to see slavery abolished," said Emerson, in 1859) is making itself felt on all sides of our life. In manners, in literature, in marriage, in church, in all, we see at work the saving ferment which is to make all things new by bringing them nearer to the old ideals. George Sand was revolted by the servile accent of the phrase of her day, "Madame est servie." Society has grown to the better fellowship her finer ear found wanting in these words, and is now told it is dinner, not madame or monsieur, that is served.

We are to have, of course, great political changes. We are to apply the co-operative methods of the post-office and the public school to many other common toils, to all toils in which private sovereignty has become through monopoly a despotism over the public, and to all in which the association of the people and the organization of processes have been so far developed that the profit-hunting Captain of Industry may be replaced by the public-serving Captain of Industry. But we are to have much more. We are to have a private life of a new beauty, of which these are to be merely the mechanical exhibitions on the side of politics. We are to move among each other, able, by the methodical and agreed adherence of all, to do what the words of Lamennais mean, instead of being able, as now, in most things, to afford only an indulgence in feeling them. We are to be commoners, travellers to Altruria.

We are to become fathers, mothers, for the spirit of the father and mother is not in us while we can say of any child it is not ours, and leave it in the grime. We are to become men, women, for to all about reinforcing us we shall insure full growth and thus insure it to ourselves. We are to become gentlemen, ladies, for we will not accept from another any service we are not willing to return in kind. We are to become honest, giving when we get, and getting with the knowledge and consent of all. We are to become rich, for we shall share in the wealth now latent in idle men and idle land, and in the fertility of work done by those who have ceased to withstand but stand with each other. As we walk our parks we already see that by saying "thine" to every neighbor we say "mine" of palaces, gardens, art, science, far beyond any possible to selfishness, even the selfishness of kings. We shall become patriots, for the heart will know why it thrills to the flag. Those folds wave the salute of a greater love than that of the man who will lay down his life for his friend. There floats the banner of the love of millions, who, though they do not know you and have never seen you, will die for you and are living for you, doing in a thousand services unto you as you would be done by. And the little patriotism, which is the love of the humanity fenced within our frontier will widen into the reciprocal service of all men. Generals were, merchants are, brothers will be, humanity's representative men.

There is to be a people in industry, as in government. The same rising genius of democracy which discovered that mankind did not co-operate in the State to provide a few with palaces and king's-evil, is disclosing that men do not co-operate in trade for any other purpose than to mobilize the labor of all for the benefit of all, and that the only true guidance comes from those who are led, and the only valid titles from those who create. Very wide must be the emancipation of this new self-interest. If we free America we shall still be not free, for the financial, commercial, possessory powers of modern industrial life are organized internationally. If we rose to the full execution of the first, simplest, and most pressing need of our times and put an end to all private use of public powers, we should still be confronted by monopolies existing simply as private property, as in coal-mines, oil lands.

It is not a verbal accident that science is the substance of the word conscience. We must know the right before we can do the right. When it comes to know the facts the human heart can no more endure monopoly than American slavery or Roman empire. The first step to a remedy is that the people care. If they know, they will care. To help them to know and care; to stimulate new hatred of evil, new love of the good, new sympathy for the victims of power, and, by enlarging its science, to quicken the old into a new conscience, this compilation of fact has been made. Democracy is not a lie. There live in the body of the commonalty the unexhausted virtue and the ever-refreshened strength which can rise equal to any problems of progress. In the hope of tapping some reserve of their powers of self-help this story is told to the people.

APPENDIX

PARTIAL LIST OF TRADE COMBINATIONS, OR TRUSTS, ACHIEVED OR ATTEMPTED, AND OF THE COMMODITIES COVERED BY THEM[770]

I.--LIGHT, HEAT, AND POWER

Boilers, for house heating.

Candle-makers, Great Britain, United States.

Coal: anthracite, bituminous.

Coke.

Electric: carbon points, 1885; candles,1888; electric goods, national, 1887; lighting, United States, Great Britain, 1882; light-fixtures, national, 1889.

Gas: illuminating and fuel, local, sectional, national; fixtures, national; pipes, 1875; natural.

Gasoline stoves, 1894.

Governors of steam-boilers.

Hot-water heaters, 1892.

House furnaces, 1889.

Kerosene, 1874.

Kindling wood, Boston, 1891.

Matches: United States; Great Britain; Canada; Sweden; international, 1894.

Paraffine.

Petroleum and its products, 1874.

Radiators, steam and hot-water, Western, 1891.

Scotch mineral oil, 1888.

Steam and hot-water master fitters, national, 1889.

Stearine.

Stove-boards, zinc, national, 1890.

Stoves and ranges, 1872.

Stoves, vapor, national, 1884.

II.--CHEMICALS

Acids: acetic, citric, muriatic, nitric, sulphuric, American, 1889; oxalic, Great Britain, 1882.

Alkali Union, England, 1888.

Alkaloids, United States.

Alum, sectional, 1889.

Ammonia, 1889.

Bismuth salts, United States.

Bleaching-powder, England, 1888.

Boracic acid, United States.

Borax: United States; Great Britain, 1888.

Chemical Union, England, 1890.

Chloroform, United States.

Drug manufacturers: United States; Canada, 1884.

Iodine, England, 1890.

Iodoform, United States, 1880.

Lime, acetate of, 1891.

Mercurials: as calomel, corrosive sublimate, etc., United States.

Nitrates, Chili, 1884.

Paris-green, 1889.

Potash: bichromate of, Great Britain; bichloride of, United States; chlorate, prussiate, Great Britain, 1888.

Quinine, international, 1893.

Rochelle salts, United States.

Saltpetre.

Santonine, United States.

Soda, bichromate, United States; carbonate, caustic, England, 1888; nitrate of, Chili and England, 1884.

Strychnine.

Sulphur, Italy.

Ultramarine: United States; Germany, 1890.

Vitriol, 1889.

III.--METALS

Aluminum, national, 1888.

Barbed wire, 1881.

Brass: sectional, 1884; rolled and sheet, sheet German silver, copper rivets and burrs, copper and German-silver wire, kerosene-oil burners and lamp trimmings, and braised brass tubing.

Copper: cold, bolt, rolled, sheet, 1888; ore, Lake Superior, 1879; international, 1887; bath-tubs, boilers, sinks, and general ware, 1891; wire.

Iron: founders; galvanized, national, 1875; malleable, national, 1882; manufacturers, Germany, 1887; nuts, 1884; ore, Germany, 1884, Atlantic coast, 1886, Michigan, 1882, Southern, 1884, Northwestern, 1887, Lake Superior, 1893; pig, Eastern, Southern, 1883, national, 1889; pipes, steam and gas, 1884; wrought iron, 1887; sheet, enamelled, Germany, 1893; structural, national, 1881; tubes, 1884; wire-cloth, national, 1882; Russian, 1893.

Lead: pig, pipe; sheet-lead, 1888; white, national, 1884.

Mica, national, 1887.

Nickel.

Quicksilver, California.

Silver and lead smelters.

Steel: armor-plate, Bessemer beams (in existence nearly thirty years), castings, 1894; galvanized; rails (see traffic and travel); rods, United States and Germany, 1888; rolling-mills.

Tin: jobbers; American, national, 1883; English, 1889.

Zinc.

IV.--SOME OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS OF INDUSTRY

Alcohol.

Axes and axe-poles.

Belting, leather, rubber.

Blankets (press), American Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association.

Bobbins, spools, and shuttles, 1886, for cotton, woollen, silk, and linen mills.

Bolts, 1884.

Boxes, wooden, local, 1885; Western and Southern.

Bridge-builders: Eastern, 1886; Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, 1889.

Butchers' skewers and supplies, Western, 1889.

Carpet yarns, Eastern, 1889.

Cash-registers, national, 1890.

Celluloid, lythoid, zylonite, Eastern, 1890.

Chains, national, 1883.

Color trust, Great Britain, 1889.

Cordage: rope, twine, United States, 1875; England, 1892.

Corks.

Cotton duck, national, 1891.

Cotton-seed oil, national, 1884.

Creels, for cloth and woollen mills, national, 1893.

Damasks, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Emery wheels, national.

Felting.

Fibre, indurated, pails, bowls, measures, water-coolers, filters, etc., national, 1888.

Files, 1875.

Fire-brick, 1875.

Fish-oil, menhaden, New England, 1885.

Forge companies, national, 1889.

Glass bottles: beer, United States, 1884; green glass, English bottle manufacturers, 1889.

Glass: flint, Western, 1891; crown, cylinder, unpolished; plate, French, 1888; German, 1887; international, 1890; window, 1875; sectional, national, international, 1884.

Glass, plate, Underwriters, 1894.

Glue.

Gutta-percha.

Hardware manufacturers, 1884.

Label printers.

Leather: belting, national; board, national, 1891; hides, Northwestern, 1888; morocco, Eastern, 1886; patent, national, 1888; sole, 1893; Tanners' Association, 1882; Oak Harness Leather Tanners, national, 1890.

Linen mills, Eastern, Western, 1892.

Linseed oil: local, 1877; national, 1887; dealers, Canada, 1892.

Manilla, international, 1887.

Oil: lubricating, 1874; for curing leather; menhaden; safety burning oil for miners.

Onyx, Mexican, 1890.

Paper: local, sectional, national; bags, Eastern and Western, 1887; book and newspaper; boxes, national, 1883; card-board, 1890; flour sacks, 1887; straw; tissue, 1892; wrapping, Western, 1878, Eastern, 1881; writing, national, 1884. Papermakers' trust in Great Britain to check the operation of the Alkali trust, 1889; Papermakers' Felt and Jacket Association, national; rags, Eastern, 1883; wood-pulp, Western, 1890; New York, Canada, Eastern, 1891.

Pitch, national, 1887 or earlier.

Planes, carpenters'.

Pumps, national, 1871.

Rubber: belting, 1875; electric web goring (for shoes), national, 1893; gossamers, 1887; hose, 1875; importers, national, 1882; manufacturers, national, 1882; Brazil producers, 1890; stamps and stencils, national, 1893.

Sandpaper, emery and emery cloth, flint, garnet, ruby, sand cloth, national, 1887.

Saws, national, 1890.

Scales.

Screws: machine, 1887; wood, national, international.

Seed Crushers' Union, England, 1889.

Sewer pipe, 1875.

Sewing-machines, 1885.

Sewing-machine supplies, New York and New England, 1883.

Spirits.

Straw braid.

Straw-board, 1887.

Tacks, 1875.

Talc mills, New York, 1893.

Tar, national, 1886.

Teasel, national, 1892.

Textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886--embracing dress goods, ginghams, upholstery goods, woollens, yarns, chintzes, worsteds, damasks.

Tools, edge, American Axe and Edged Tool Company, national, 1890.

Turpentine, Southern, 1892.

Type founders, national, 1888.

Washers, 1884.

Watch-cases, 1886.

Well tools, for oil, gas, and artesian wells, 1889.

Wood, excelsior, shavings for packing, national, 1889.

Wooden-ware, 1883 or earlier.

Woodworking machines, 1891.

Wool felt.

Wrenches, 1875.

V.--TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL

_The Road, Horse, and Wagon_

Bicycles, United States, 1893. Board of Trade formed to regulate prices.

Bicycle tires.

Bridge-builders, 1886.

Buggy pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Carriage builders, national, 1884.

Carriage hardware, 1884.

Harness dealers, manufacturers, national, 1886.

Liverymen's Associations, local, 1884.

Paving: asphalt, 1886; brick, Western, 1892; pitch, national, 1887.

Road-making machines, Western, 1890.

Saddlery Association, national, 1891.

Saddle-trees, Indiana, Missouri, 1892.

Wagons, local, 1886.

Wheels, Western, 1889.

Whips, national, 1892.

_Shipping_

Ballast, Havana, 1882.

Canal-boats, 1884.

Cotton duck, sail-cloth, national, 1888.

Ferries, New York and Brooklyn.

Lake carriers, Hull pool, 1886.

Lake Dock Trust.

Marine insurance, 1883.

Naval stores.

Ocean steamers: European, Asiatic, and American; German steamship companies, 1894.

Pilotage, New York, San Francisco.

Steamboats: in the Cincinnati and New Orleans trade, 1884; forwarding lines along the Hudson River, 1891.

_Railroads_

Car-axles, 1890.

Car-springs, steel, national, 1887.

Cars, freight and cattle.

Elevators, grain, local, Western, 1887.

Express companies.

Locomotives: national, 1892; boiler flues, 1875; tires, national, 1892.

Railroad: pools, freight and passenger, sectional, national; Eastern Railroad Association, of 800 railroads, to fight patents.

Steel sleepers, 1885; steel rails, national.

Street railways, local, sectional.

VI.--BUILDING

Asbestos, for paints, roofing, steam-pipe and boiler coverings, 1891.

Beams and channels, iron and steel, national, 1875.

Blinds: Northwestern, 1885; national, 1888.

Brass, gas, plumbing, steam, water goods, 1884.

Brick: local, sectional, 1884; Chicago, New York, New Jersey, Washington (State); pressed brick, 1890.

Cement: Mississippi valley, 1883; Eastern, 1884; Northwestern, 1884.

Cornice-makers, national, 1884.

Doors: Northwestern, 1885; national, 1888.

Fire engines, including hook and ladder trucks, hose-carriages, heaters, carts, stationary pumps, and other supplies, United States and Canada, 1892.

Fire insurance.

Glue, national, 1894.

Gypsum stucco, Eastern, Northwestern, 1884.

Hinges, 1875.

Lime, Western, 1883.

Lumber: California pine, 1883; California redwood, 1883; Chicago; Mississippi valley; Northwestern, 1880; Pacific coast, 1883; poplar, 1889; Puget Sound, 1883; yellow pine, Southern, 1890, Eastern, 1891; dealers, national, 1878.

Nails: Pennsylvania, 1875; Western Association, 1882; Atlantic States Association, 1883.

Paint.

Plaster, national, 1891.

Roofing: felt; iron; pitch, Vermont, national, 1887.

Sanitary pottery.

Sash, doors, and blinds, national.

Sewer pipes, national, 1884.

Stone: brown stone, Lake Superior, 1890, New York, 1884; cut-stone quarry owners, Western, 1892; free-stone; granite, national, 1891; limestone, rubble, and flag, Illinois, 1884; marble, Western dealers, 1885; Vermont marble quarries, 1889; sandstone, New York, 1883.

Structural steel.

Stucco, 1883.

Varnish dealers, national, 1888.

Wall-paper: national, 1879; international, 1882.

VII.--FARM AND PLANTATION

Agricultural implements, manufacturers, dealers, 1891.

Binders, Harvester Trust, 1883.

Churns, 1884.

Corn-harvesters, national, 1892.

Cotton bagging, 1888.

Cotton presses, local, 1892.

Drain tile, Indiana, 1894.

Fencing, barbed wire, national, 1881.

Fertilizers: 1888; guano; menhaden oil, New England, 1885; phosphate, South Carolina, 1887; Canada, 1890; Florida, 1891.

Forks, national, 1890.

Harrow manufacturers, national, 1890.

Harvesting-machines, national, 1883.

Hay-presses, national, 1889.

Hay tools, Western and Northwestern, 1884.

Hoes, national, 1890.

Horse-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Jute grain bags, national, 1888.

Mowers, national, 1883.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Paris green.

Ploughs, Northwestern, 1884.

Rakes, national, 1890.

Reapers, 1883.

Scythe-makers, national, 1884.

Shovels, national, 1890.

Snath manufacturers, national, 1891.

Threshing-machines, national, 1890, 1891.

Twine, binding, 1887.

Vehicles.

VIII.--SCHOOL, LIBRARY, AND COUNTING-ROOM

Blank-books, 1888.

Envelopes, 1888.

Lead-pencils, 1878.

Lithographic printers, national, 1892.

Novels (paper-covered "libraries"), 1890.

School-books, national, 1884.

School-furniture, national, 1892.

Slates and slate-pencils, national, 1887.

Subscription-books, local, sectional, 1892.

Type-founders, national, 1888.

Type-writers.

Writing-paper, national, 1884.

IX.--"THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD"

Ammunition, 1883.

Arms, 1883.

Cartridges, national, 1883.

Dynamite, Germany.

Fireworks, national, 1890.

Gunpowder, national, 1875.

Guns, 1883.

Shot-tower companies, national, 1873.

X.--FOR THE PERSON

Barbers, National Tonsorial Parlor Company, organized to establish barber-shops in all the large cities of the United States, 1890.

Buttons.

Calico, England, 1891.

Clothes-brushes, prison-made, 1889.

Coat and cloak manufacturers: New York, 1883; Chicago, 1893.

Collars and cuffs, New York, 1890.

Cotton: England, 1890; Fall River; Southern mills, 1881; thread (spool-cotton), 1888.

Diamonds: mines in South Africa; dealers in Europe, 1889.

Dress-goods, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Furs.

Ginghams, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Gloves, New York.

Hats: fur, 1885; woollen, national.

Knit goods: New York, 1884; Western, 1889.

Jewellers, national.

Laundries: Chicago; Chinese Laundry Union, New York City, 1889; St. Louis, 1893.

Pocket-knives, national, 1892.

Ribbons, national, 1892.

Rubber boots and shoes, national, 1882.

Seal-skin, national, 1892.

Shirts: Troy, New York City, 1890.

Shoe: manufacturers, national, 1887; retailers, New England, 1885; national, 1886.

Silk: manufacturers, international. France, England, Italy, Germany, 1888; sewing, national, 1887; ribbon, 1884.

Trunks, national, 1892.

Umbrellas, Eastern, 1891.

Watch: manufacturers, makers and jewellers, national, 1886; National Association of Jobbers of American Watches and Cases, 1886.

Woollens: manufacturers, 1882; worsteds, yarns, Pennsylvania, 1886.

XI.--SMOKING AND DRINKING

Beer, United States Brewers' Association, 1861.

Champagne, New York City, 1889; France, 1891.

Meerschaum pipes, New Jersey, 1892.

Soda fountains, 1890.

Spittoons, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Tobacco and cigars, local, sectional, national, 1882; cigarettes, 1890.

Waters, mineral, national, 1889.

Whiskey and "domestic"--or artificial--brandy, rum, gin, and cordials made in imitation of the genuine.

Wine-growers, California, 1889.

XII.--"HOME, SWEET HOME"

_In General_

Candles, coal, furnaces, gas, oil, matches, ranges, stoves, etc. (see Light, Heat, and Power).

Carpets: Eastern, 1885; Brussels, in-grain, 1888.

Chairs: cane, 1889; manufacturers, Western, 1880; seats, perforated, national, 1888.

Furniture: national, 1883; Chicago manufacturers, 1886; retailers, New England, 1888; national, 1893.

Hair-cloth, Rhode Island, 1893.

Oil-cloth, table and stair, Oil-cloth Association, 1887.

Pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Soap, national, 1890.

Upholsterers' felt.

Upholstery goods, textile manufacturers, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Window-shades, 1888.

_The Kitchen_

Boilers.

Bottles.

Brooms, 1886.

Brushes, scrubbing, prison-made, 1889.

Chopping-bowls, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Crockery, national, 1883.

Fruit-jars, 1891.

Glass-ware, 1883.

Hollow-ware, prison-made, 1888.

Keelers, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Kettles, prison-made, 1888.

Lamp-chimneys, 1883.

Measures, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Pans and pots, prison-made, 1888.

Potato-mashers, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Pottery, yellow-ware, national, 1889.

Sinks, copper.

Stamped-ware, national, 1882.

Tin-ware: national, 1883; English, 1889.

Water-coolers, filters, pails, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Water-pails, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Wooden-ware, national, 1884.

_Laundry_

Borax.

Clothes-pins, New York, 1888.

Clothes-wringers.

Soap, national, 1890.

Soda, 1884.

Starch: Western, 1882; national, 1890.

Washboards, New York, 1888.

Wash-tubs, wooden-ware, national, 1884.

Washing-machines, national, 1891.

Water-tubs, fibre trust, national, 1888.

Zinc, sheet, 1890.

_Dining-room_

Butter-dishes, 1886.

China, England, 1888.

Glass table-ware, 1889.

Plated-ware.

Silver-plated ware.

Silver-ware, national, 1892.

Table cutlery, national, 1881.

Table oil-cloth, national, 1888.

Tables, extension-tables, national, 1893.

_Parlor_

For carpets, furniture, upholstery, etc., see under "In General," above.

Mantel lambrequin, wool felt, 1888.

Music, books and instruments, Boston, New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, 1892.

Organs, local, sectional, 1889.

Parlor frame manufacturers.

Parlor furniture, Western Association, 1886.

Pianos, local, sectional, 1889; national, 1893.

Piano-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Picture-frames, 1890.

Rugs, Eastern, 1885.

Table-covers, wool felt, 1888.

Tapestries, Eastern, 1885.

_Bath-room_

Bath-tubs (see "Copper").

Sanitary-ware, 1889.

Sponges, Florida, New York, 1892.

_Bedroom_

Chintzes, Pennsylvania, 1886.

Looking-glass: French silvered plate-glass, 1888; German, national, 1887; international, 1890.

Spring beds, national, 1890.

Wire mattress: Northwestern, 1886; national, 1890.

XIII.--"OUR DAILY BREAD"

Bread, biscuit, crackers, local, sectional, national.

Butter, local, 1889.

Candy, local, national, 1884.

Canned goods: Western, 1885; national, 1889; California canned fruit, 1891.

Cider and vinegar, national, 1882.

Coffee, Arbuckle trust, 1888.

Corn-meal, Western, 1894.

Cotton-seed oil.

Dairy Association, national, 1893.

Eggs, local, in United States and Canada.

Fish: England, 1749 and before; New York and New England, 1892; salmon, Alaska, 1891; salmon canners of the Pacific coast, 1893; sardines, Eastern, 1885; international, 1890; sardine canneries, Canada, 1893.

Flour: United States, National Millers' Association, 1883; winter wheat mills, national, 1888; spring wheat mills of the United States; millers of northeast England, 1889; rye flour, local, 1891; flour-mills of Utah and Colorado, 1892.

Food Manufacturers' Association, United States, 1891.

Fruit: bananas, Southern, 1888; California fruit-growers, 1892; cranberries, Cape Cod, 1888; England, 1884; Florida, 1889; foreign fruit, New York, 1884; Fruit-trade Association, New York, 1882; fruit-growers of the Eastern and Middle States against commission-merchants, 1887; preserves and jellies, Western, 1883; American Preservers' Company, 1889; prunes, California; strawberry-growers, Wisconsin, 1892; watermelons, Indiana, South Carolina, 1889.

Grape-growers, northern Ohio, 1894.

Grocers: wholesale, retail; local, sectional, national.

Honey, local, 1888.

Ice: local, sectional, 1883; artificial, Southern, 1889.

Lard-refiners, Eastern, 1887.

Meat and cattle: beef, mutton, pork; Butchers' National Protective Association; Chicago packers; Inter-mountain Stock-growers' Association, Utah, 1893; International Cattle Range Association; Live-stock Association, 1887; Northwest Texas Live-stock Association, 1878; Western Kansas Stock-growers' Association, 1883; Wyoming Stock-growers' Association, 1874.

Milk: local, sectional, 1883; condensed milk, New York, Illinois, 1891.

Oatmeal, 1885; Canada, 1887.

Olive-oil.

Oysters, local, 1890.

Pea-nuts, 1888.

Pickles, national, 1891.

Produce: Produce Commission-merchants, eight large cities--North, South, East, West, 1883; West, 1888.

Raisins, California, 1894.

Rice-mills, Southern, 1888.

Salt: rock; English Salt Union, 1888; international, United States and Canada, 1889; Canada, 1891.

Sugar: Hawaii, 1876; United States, 1887. Glucose, national, 1883; international, 1891.

Wine, California, 1894.

XIV.--LIFE AND DEATH

Artificial teeth, United States, 1889.

Castor-oil, 1885.

Cocoa-nut oil, American importers, 1881.

Coffins, National Burial-case Association, 1884.

Dental machines and supplies, United States, 1889.

Drugs: importers; druggists, retail, sectional, national, 1883; wholesale, sectional, national, 1884; Canada, 1874; manufacturers, national, 1884.

Ergot, 1891.

Glycerine, New York, 1888.

Life insurance, 1883, national, 1891.

Patent medicines, national, 1884.

Peppermint, local, 1887.

Quinine, 1882.

Tombstones, local, Brooklyn, Chicago, 1891.

Vaseline.

XV.--MISCELLANEOUS

Athletic clubs, 1893, to reduce charges made by prize-fighters for exhibition.

Base-ball, national, 1876.

Billiard-tables and furniture, 1884.

Bill-posters, United States, Canada, 1872.

Dime museums, national, 1883.

Landlords' Union, London, England, 1890.

News-dealers, 1884; newspapers, Associated Press, United Press; sectional, national.

Photographers, national, 1889.

Playing-cards.

Printers, show and job, 1893.

Racing trust, jockey club, 1894.

Retailers, 1891. Small retail store-keepers of Kansas City protest against mammoth department stores.

Safes, national, 1892.

Theatrical trust, Interstate Amusement Company, Springfield, Ill., 1894.

Warehouses: Brooklyn, 1887; national, 1891.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: Annual Report Attorney-General of the United States, 1893.]

[Footnote 2: People of the State of New York _vs._ The North River Sugar Refining Company. Supreme Court of New York--at Circuit (January 9, 1889). New York Senate Trusts, 1889, p. 278.]

[Footnote 3: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 19.]

[Footnote 4: References:

1. Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.

2. Morris Run Coal Company _vs._ The Barclay Coal Company. Pennsylvania State Reports, Vol. 68, p. 173.

3. Report on the Coal Combination. New York Assembly Committee on Railroads, 1878.

4. Labor Troubles in Anthracite Regions, 1887-1888. House of Representatives, 50th Congress, Second Session. Report No. 4147.

5. New York Senate Investigation of the Coal Combination, 1892.

6. Alleged Coal Combination. House of Representatives, 52d Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 2278. January 18, 1893.

7. Coxe Brothers & Co. _vs._ The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission. Report and Opinion of the Commission.

8. John C. Haddock _vs._ Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.

9. Hocking Valley Investigation. General Assembly of Ohio, 1885.

10. Trusts or Pools. Investigation by Legislature of Ohio, 1889.

11. Alleged Combinations in Manufactures, Trade, etc. Dominion House of Commons, 1888.]

[Footnote 5: Richardson _vs._ Buhl _et al._ Michigan State Reports, vol. lxxvii., p. 632.]

[Footnote 6: Page ii.]

[Footnote 7: Page xxii.]

[Footnote 8: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893. Testimony of John C. Haddock, pp. 242-261.]

[Footnote 9: Same, p. iv.]

[Footnote 10: Report, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 11: Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, pp. iii., iv., vi.]

[Footnote 12: Same, p. i.]

[Footnote 13: Same. p. v.]

[Footnote 14: Report, pp. xiv., xv., xlix.]

[Footnote 15: Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888, pp. 5, 6, 7.]

[Footnote 16: Report, p. lxx.]

[Footnote 17: Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.]

[Footnote 18: Report, pp. lxx., and following.]

[Footnote 19: Same, p. lxxvi.]

[Footnote 20: Same, p. lxxvii.]

[Footnote 21: Report, pp. ix., xciv., and following.]

[Footnote 22: Same, p. xlv.]

[Footnote 23: Same, p. xiii.]

[Footnote 24: Coxe case before Interstate Commerce Commission, Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, p. 183.]

[Footnote 25: Same, p. v.]

[Footnote 26: Whiskey Trust Investigation. Committee on the Judiciary Report, March 1, 1893. 52d Congress, 2d Session, House of Representatives, Report No. 2601, p. 16 and following.]

[Footnote 27: Same testimony, p. 28.]

[Footnote 28: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, p. 62.]

[Footnote 29: Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, pp. 14, 15.]

[Footnote 30: Report of the Investigating Committee appointed by the Legislature of Minnesota of 1891, to determine whether wheat was taken without inspection from a public elevator in Duluth. April 7, 1892, p. 11.]

[Footnote 31: Trusts, New York Senate, 1891, pp. 9, 11.]

[Footnote 32: Meat Products, United States Senate, 51st Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 829, 1890, p. 2.]

[Footnote 33: New York Assembly, "Hepburn Report," 1879, p. 70.]

[Footnote 34: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 3.]

[Footnote 35: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, pp. 1, 2.]

[Footnote 36: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 6.]

[Footnote 37: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, Testimony, pp. 464, 465.]

[Footnote 38: Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890.]

[Footnote 39: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888. Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888.]

[Footnote 40: F.H. Storer, _American Journal of Science_, vol. xxx., 1860.]

[Footnote 41: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 159.]

[Footnote 42: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 160.]

[Footnote 43: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3549 and following.]

[Footnote 44: Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 45: Same, p. 93.]

[Footnote 46: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 214.]

[Footnote 47: Titusville _Morning Herald_, March 20, 1872.]

[Footnote 48: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 418.]

[Footnote 49: Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3548.]

[Footnote 50: Testimony, Freight Discriminations, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 184-5.]

[Footnote 51: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 304.]

[Footnote 52: Testimony, Pennsylvania Tax Case, 1883, p. 486.]

[Footnote 53: This contract is printed in full in Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 418-51, and Trust Report, Congress, 1888, pp. 357-61.]

[Footnote 54: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 353.]

[Footnote 55: Art. 2, sec. 3.]

[Footnote 56: Art. 2, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 57: Art. 2, sec. 5.]

[Footnote 58: Art. 2, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 59: The same.]

[Footnote 60: Art. 2, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 61: Art. 2, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 62: Art. 3.]

[Footnote 63: Art. 4.]

[Footnote 64: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 418-51.]

[Footnote 65: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1566.]

[Footnote 66: Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 300.]

[Footnote 67: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 42.]

[Footnote 68: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 418.]

[Footnote 69: Report of the Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872, p. 23.]

[Footnote 70: Testimony, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 237.]

[Footnote 71: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2525.]

[Footnote 72: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2527.]

[Footnote 73: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2525-35.]

[Footnote 74: See ch. xxxii. for "the state of the business" "unproductive of profit."]

[Footnote 75: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._ Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, O. Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company.]

[Footnote 76: 11 Harris.]

[Footnote 77: Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania, 1873, v. 3, pp. 522-3.]

[Footnote 78: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2766.]

[Footnote 79: Report of Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 80: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 81: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 82: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 290.]

[Footnote 83: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 84: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 289.]

[Footnote 85: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, 1879, p. 707.]

[Footnote 86: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 87: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 88: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 385.]

[Footnote 89: Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880, Section 7.]

[Footnote 90: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 91: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 92: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 93: Same.]

[Footnote 94: Same.]

[Footnote 95: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 547.]

[Footnote 96: Petition for Relief and Injunction, Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, etc.]

[Footnote 97: Affidavits of the defendants.]

[Footnote 98: _Combinations_, etc., S.C.T. Dodd, p. 25.]

[Footnote 99: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.]

[Footnote 100: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 772.]

[Footnote 101: Affidavit of Levi T. Scofield.]

[Footnote 102: Exhibit A, etc., Section 12.]

[Footnote 103: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 388, 421.]

[Footnote 104: Scofield _et al._ _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company, 43 Ohio State Report, p. 571.]

[Footnote 105: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 106: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 107: See Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 800.]

[Footnote 108: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, Testimony, p. 472.]

[Footnote 109: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1879, Testimony, p. 490.]

[Footnote 110: Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.]

[Footnote 111: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 112: Glasgow _Herald_, June 16, 1892.]

[Footnote 113: Affidavit, Oct. 18, 1880, Case of Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, Cleveland, 1880.]

[Footnote 114: Affidavit, Nov. 17, 1880.]

[Footnote 115: Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1880.]

[Footnote 116: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 117: See chapter "Not to Exceed Half."]

[Footnote 118: Affidavit, May 1, 1880.]

[Footnote 119: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, Testimony, p. 751.]

[Footnote 120: Exhibit A, Affidavit, October 18, 1880.]

[Footnote 121: See ch. xxvii.]

[Footnote 122: See ch. xviii. and following.]

[Footnote 123: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 124: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1693.]

[Footnote 125: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 126: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 127: Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.]

[Footnote 128: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1596.]

[Footnote 129: Same, Report, p. 43.]

[Footnote 130: Same, Testimony, p. 3429.]

[Footnote 131: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2792-95.]

[Footnote 132: Same, p. 2795.]

[Footnote 133: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 134: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 670.]

[Footnote 135: Testimony of A.J. Cassatt, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 666, 669, 671.]

[Footnote 136: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 137: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, p. 665.]

[Footnote 138: Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 139: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 735.]

[Footnote 140: Same, p. 672.]

[Footnote 141: Same, p. 460.]

[Footnote 142: See ch. vi.]

[Footnote 143: Standard Oil Company _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._ Affidavit of the treasurer of the Standard.]

[Footnote 144: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 771-72.]

[Footnote 145: For the full report of these remarkable interviews with the President and Third Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad see Testimony, Investigation Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 47 _et seq._, 60 _et seq._; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 160 _et seq._, 204 _et seq._, 237 _et seq._]

[Footnote 146: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 225-26.]

[Footnote 147: Testimony, Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 49, 59; Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 710, 3548-56; Exhibits, same, p. 176; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 247.]

[Footnote 148: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, p. 712.]

[Footnote 149: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 720.]

[Footnote 150: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.]

[Footnote 151: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 725-26.]

[Footnote 152: Exhibits, pp. 453-514.]

[Footnote 153: Testimony, pp. 174-207.]

[Footnote 154: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 11.]

[Footnote 155: Same, p. 352.]

[Footnote 156: Same, p. 510.]

[Footnote 157: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.]

[Footnote 158: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 374.]

[Footnote 159: Testimony, Discriminations in Freight Rates, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 181-85.]

[Footnote 160: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 800.]

[Footnote 161: Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 238-45.]

[Footnote 162: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, pp. 479-514.]

[Footnote 163: This was always denied by the New York Central. "I never heard of the American Transfer Company," Vanderbilt told the New York Legislature. "I don't know that we ever paid the American Transfer Company a dollar. If we did, I have no knowledge of it." New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1577.]

[Footnote 164: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 702. Same, Exhibits Nos. 45-47, pp. 732-33.]

[Footnote 165: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 691.]

[Footnote 166: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 3666-69.]

[Footnote 167: Same, p. 3959.]

[Footnote 168: Same, p. 2664.]

[Footnote 169: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 656-57.]

[Footnote 170: Art. 1, sec. 4.]

[Footnote 171: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-44.]

[Footnote 172: Speech of Simon Sterne, counsel of the New York Chamber of Commerce, before New York Assembly "Hepburn" Committee, 1879, p. 3964.]

[Footnote 173: Testimony, same, p. 2772.]

[Footnote 174: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 175: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 176: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 302, 314.]

[Footnote 177: Testimony, same, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29.]

[Footnote 178: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29, 32, 42.]

[Footnote 179: A History, etc. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690, 697, 705, 706.]

[Footnote 180: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, pp. 298-99.]

[Footnote 181: Same, p. 300.]

[Footnote 182: Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, p. 300.]

[Footnote 183: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 78-79.]

[Footnote 184: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 295.]

[Footnote 185: Same, p. 212.]

[Footnote 186: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 45.]

[Footnote 187: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 188: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, pp. 299-300.]

[Footnote 189: Same, pp. 521, 539.]

[Footnote 190: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 191: Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.]

[Footnote 192: Report, p. 45.]

[Footnote 193: Franklin B. Gowen, before Pennsylvania House of Representatives Committee on Railroads, Feb. 13, 1883.]

[Footnote 194: See ch. xiii.]

[Footnote 195: See ch. xxvi.]

[Footnote 196: Testimony of General Freight Agent of Pennsylvania Railroad (Logan, Emery, and Weaver _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad), McKean County Court of Common Pleas, 1889.]

[Footnote 197: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, Deposition, pp. 531-34.]

[Footnote 198: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company, Supreme Court of New York, Buffalo, May, 1888, before Judge Childs; Deposition of David McKelvey.]

[Footnote 199: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases; Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. v., pp. 4, 5.]

[Footnote 200: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 572.]

[Footnote 201: Same, pp. 389-99.]

[Footnote 202: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.]

[Footnote 203: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 925.]

[Footnote 204: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 28.]

[Footnote 205: New York _Independent_, March 17, 1893.]

[Footnote 206: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163, Interstate Commerce Commission; Deposition of General Freight Agent Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 531, 534.]

[Footnote 207: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.]

[Footnote 208: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 27.]

[Footnote 209: Same, p. 28.]

[Footnote 210: Same, p. 27.]

[Footnote 211: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 17.]

[Footnote 212: Answer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 365.]

[Footnote 213: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 256.]

[Footnote 214: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Petition and Complaint.]

[Footnote 215: Same, Testimony, p. 367.]

[Footnote 216: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 372.]

[Footnote 217: Same, pp. 380, 382.]

[Footnote 218: Same, p. 256.]

[Footnote 219: National Oil Company, Limited, to Interstate Commerce Commission, March 30, 1893.]

[Footnote 220: _Combinations: Their Uses and Abuses_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 26.]

[Footnote 221: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3688.]

[Footnote 222: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 71.]

[Footnote 223: Same, p. 426.]

[Footnote 224: Same, p. 425.]

[Footnote 225: _The Railways and the Republic_, by J.F. Hudson, p. 83.]

[Footnote 226: See pp. 69-70.]

[Footnote 227: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163. Petition and Complaint, p. 4.]

[Footnote 228: Interstate Commerce Commission, "In the Matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil," 1888. Letter of G.B. Roberts.]

[Footnote 229: See ch. v.]

[Footnote 230: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 231: See below, and ch. xvii.]

[Footnote 232: See ch. xxxiii.]

[Footnote 233: Rice, Robinson & Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.]

[Footnote 234: In the matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil. Letter of President Roberts, Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 235: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 236: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Exhibits, pp. 6, 7, 10.]

[Footnote 237: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 238: Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.]

[Footnote 239: Same.]

[Footnote 240: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 462.]

[Footnote 241: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 542, 543.]

[Footnote 242: Same, p. 542.]

[Footnote 243: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Petition and Complaint.]

[Footnote 244: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 44, 110, 393, 396.]

[Footnote 245: Same, p. 401.]

[Footnote 246: Same, p. 335.]

[Footnote 247: See p. 145.]

[Footnote 248: See ch. xv.]

[Footnote 249: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 283-84.]

[Footnote 250: Same, p. 283.]

[Footnote 251: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 415.]

[Footnote 252: See chs. xv., xvi., xvii.]

[Footnote 253: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 268-336.]

[Footnote 254: Same, p. 476.]

[Footnote 255: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 163, 461, 537.]

[Footnote 256: Same, p. 267.]

[Footnote 257: Same, p. 296.]

[Footnote 258: Same, Testimony of General Freight Manager of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, pp. 161-62.]

[Footnote 259: Same, Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 523, 537.]

[Footnote 260: Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Nicolai and Brady _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, before Interstate Commerce Commission, Jan. 28, 1888.]

[Footnote 261: The new rates prohibited the traffic. Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 97, 110, 139, 141, 146-48, 383-84, 393, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402.]

[Footnote 262: Decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 263: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 283.]

[Footnote 264: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 265: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 36.]

[Footnote 266: Same, p. 270.]

[Footnote 267: Same, p. 221.]

[Footnote 268: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 269: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Mr. Confer, June 17, 1891, p. 12.]

[Footnote 270: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 237-38.]

[Footnote 271: Same, Report and Opinion of the Commission.]

[Footnote 272: Same.]

[Footnote 273: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 127-28.]

[Footnote 274: Report of Senate Select Committee, Interstate Commerce, 49th Congress, 1st Session, 1886, p. 214.]

[Footnote 275: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 252.]

[Footnote 276: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 20, 45, 75, 128-29, 175-77.]

[Footnote 277: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 304-5.]

[Footnote 278: Same, p. 486.]

[Footnote 279: Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 280: Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 188, 193, 446, 466, 467.]

[Footnote 281: See chs. xvi, and xvii.]

[Footnote 282: Rice cases, Nos. 184, 185, 194. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 193.]

[Footnote 283: Same.]

[Footnote 284: George Rice _vs._ The St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. _et al._, and same _vs._ Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 660.]

[Footnote 285: See chap. ix.]

[Footnote 286: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 695.]

[Footnote 287: Same, p. 69.]

[Footnote 288: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 449.]

[Footnote 289: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 7, 19, 27, 28.]

[Footnote 290: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 291: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 64.]

[Footnote 292: New York _Tribune_, June 29, 1889.]

[Footnote 293: United States Department of the Interior. "Petroleum," by Joseph D. Weeks, p. 300. Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City Derrick_, 1893 and 1894.]

[Footnote 294: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 68.]

[Footnote 295: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 387.]

[Footnote 296: Same, p. 405.]

[Footnote 297: Same, p. 449.]

[Footnote 298: Annual Oil Supplement to _Oil City Derrick_, Jan. 2, 1893.]

[Footnote 299: Trusts, Congress, 1888. p. 52.]

[Footnote 300: Same, p. 67.]

[Footnote 301: Same, p. 29.]

[Footnote 302: Same, p. 65.]

[Footnote 303: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 304: See ch. xxiii.]

[Footnote 305: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3482.]

[Footnote 306: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 330.]

[Footnote 307: Testimony of P.M. Shannon, J.W. Lee, T.B. Westgate, in the case of J.J. Carter _vs._ Producers and Refiners' Oil Co., Ld., Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May, 1894.]

[Footnote 308: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 309: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, _ex rel._ Bolard and Dale _vs._ National Transit Co., Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pa., December, 1893.]

[Footnote 310: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 311: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, p. 527.]

[Footnote 312: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883. Testimony of Auditor-General Schell, p. 11 _et seq._, pp. 394-95, and of Corporation Clerk, same, p. 58 _et seq._]

[Footnote 313: Same, pp. 60, 61, 62.]

[Footnote 314: Same, pp. 374, 383.]

[Footnote 315: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 68, 69, 70, 381.]

[Footnote 316: Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 53, 70, 81-85.]

[Footnote 317: Appeal of Standard Oil Company to the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, June 20, 1881.]

[Footnote 318: Trusts, Congress, 1886, p. 707.]

[Footnote 319: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 143, 196, 476.]

[Footnote 320: Same, pp. 316-17.]

[Footnote 321: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229, 478.]

[Footnote 322: Same, pp. 478-79.]

[Footnote 323: Same, pp. 228-29.]

[Footnote 324: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 163, 185.]

[Footnote 325: Same, p. 631.]

[Footnote 326: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 267-70, 762-63.]

[Footnote 327: Same, pp. 310, 789.]

[Footnote 328: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 640-43, 830.]

[Footnote 329: Same, p. 231.]

[Footnote 330: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229-30, 284-95.]

[Footnote 331: Same, p. 498.]

[Footnote 332: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 343.]

[Footnote 333: Same, p. 500.]

[Footnote 334: Same, pp. 339-41.]

[Footnote 335: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 502-6.]

[Footnote 336: Same, pp. 297, 310, 315, 327.]

[Footnote 337: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 467, 521.]

[Footnote 338: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 661.]

[Footnote 339: Same, F.B. Gowen, p. 650.]

[Footnote 340: Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 713.]

[Footnote 341: Hudson's _Railways and Republic_, p. 465.]

[Footnote 342: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.]

[Footnote 343: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried in the Supreme Court at Buffalo, N.Y., May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 344: _The Early and Later History of Petroleum_, by J.G. Henry, 1873, p. 186.]

[Footnote 345: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 9.]

[Footnote 346: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, p. 566.]

[Footnote 347: Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, pp. 567-69.]

[Footnote 348: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 349: Same, p. 568.]

[Footnote 350: Same, p. 570.]

[Footnote 351: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 352: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 353: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 354: Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel _vs._ Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.]

[Footnote 355: Testimony, same.]

[Footnote 356: See ch. xxi.]

[Footnote 357: Samuel Van Syckel died in Buffalo, March 3, 1894, aged 83.]

[Footnote 358: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 573.]

[Footnote 359: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 28.]

[Footnote 360: Testimony, same, pp. 5, 41, 42, 124, 141, 162, 166, 170.]

[Footnote 361: Testimony, same, p. 129.]

[Footnote 362: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 12, 34, 172.]

[Footnote 363: See ch. xviii.]

[Footnote 364: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 129.]

[Footnote 365: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 579.]

[Footnote 366: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 33, 40-42.]

[Footnote 367: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 49, 51, 56.]

[Footnote 368: Same, pp. 159, 163.]

[Footnote 369: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 169.]

[Footnote 370: Same, pp. 249-50.]

[Footnote 371: Same, p. 250.]

[Footnote 372: Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 260.]

[Footnote 373: Same, p. 116.]

[Footnote 374: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 574.]

[Footnote 375: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 577-78.]

[Footnote 376: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 377: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578. Hardy and another _vs._ Cleveland and Marietta Railroad _et al._, Circuit Court, Ohio, E.D., 1887. _Federal Reporter_, vol. xxxi., pp. 689-93.]

[Footnote 378: 49th Congress, 1st Session, Report of the Senate Select Committee on Interstate Commerce, p. 199.]

[Footnote 379: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 534, 535.]

[Footnote 380: Same, pp. 730-38.]

[Footnote 381: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 743.]

[Footnote 382: Same, p. 729.]

[Footnote 383: Same, p. 732.]

[Footnote 384: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 416-20.]

[Footnote 385: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 442-43.]

[Footnote 386: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 524-30.]

[Footnote 387: Same, p. 620.]

[Footnote 388: Same, pp. 534-36.]

[Footnote 389: Same, p. 533.]

[Footnote 390: Same, p. 536.]

[Footnote 391: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 729.]

[Footnote 392: Same, p. 534.]

[Footnote 393: Same, p. 730.]

[Footnote 394: Same, p. 733.]

[Footnote 395: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 735.]

[Footnote 396: Same, p. 535.]

[Footnote 397: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578.]

[Footnote 398: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 579-80.]

[Footnote 399: Same, p. 584.]

[Footnote 400: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, p. 147.]

[Footnote 401: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 682-83.]

[Footnote 402: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 57.]

[Footnote 403: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 529-32.]

[Footnote 404: Supreme Court of Ohio: the State, _ex rel._, _vs._ The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Company. The State, _ex rel._, _vs._ The Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway Company, 47 Ohio State Reports, p. 130.]

[Footnote 405: Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 384.]

[Footnote 406: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 397, 398, 615-17.]

[Footnote 407: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 408: Same, pp. 586, 676. Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 391-92.]

[Footnote 409: Same, pp. 676-77.]

[Footnote 410: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 119.]

[Footnote 411: Trusts, Congress, 1880, p. 520.]

[Footnote 412: Trusts, Congress, 1880, pp. 410-11.]

[Footnote 413: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 599.]

[Footnote 414: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 688-89.]

[Footnote 415: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 416: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 607.]

[Footnote 417: Same, p. 678.]

[Footnote 418: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 29.]

[Footnote 419: "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 92.]

[Footnote 420: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 614.]

[Footnote 421: See ch. xxiv.]

[Footnote 422: Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 144.]

[Footnote 423: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 587, 675, 680. Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 487-88. For similar preferences to the palace cattle-car companies, see report on "Meat Products," United States Senate, 1890, p. 18.]

[Footnote 424: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 477.]

[Footnote 425: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675, 679-87.]

[Footnote 426: Same, p. 682.]

[Footnote 427: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 47.]

[Footnote 428: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 675.]

[Footnote 429: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 108-9.]

[Footnote 430: Same, p. 120.]

[Footnote 431: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 432: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 433: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 480.]

[Footnote 434: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.]

[Footnote 435: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 531-33.]

[Footnote 436: Same, pp. 646-47.]

[Footnote 437: Same, pp. 668-85.]

[Footnote 438: Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 65.]

[Footnote 439: Same, p. 131.]

[Footnote 440: Same, pp. 128-29, 143-47, 239.]

[Footnote 441: Same, p. 109. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-76.]

[Footnote 442: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 688.]

[Footnote 443: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 689.]

[Footnote 444: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 598-99. Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 28.]

[Footnote 445: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.]

[Footnote 446: See p. 205.]

[Footnote 447: See p. 206.]

[Footnote 448: Brundred, _et al._ _vs._ Rice, decided November 1, 1892, 49 Ohio State Reports.]

[Footnote 449: See p. 219.]

[Footnote 450: For the decisions in these Rice cases see Interstate Commerce Commission Report, vol. i., p. 503; same, p. 722; vol. ii., p. 389; vol. iii., p. 186; vol. iv., p. 228; vol. v., p. 193, and same, p. 660.]

[Footnote 451: The State of Ohio _ex rel._ David K. Watson, Attorney-General, _vs._ The Standard Oil Company, _N.E. Reporter_, vol. xxx., p. 279; 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.]

[Footnote 452: Rice _vs._ Standard Oil Trust. New York Court of Appeals--Case on Appeal, 1888.]

[Footnote 453: Testimony, Trusts, New York, 1888, pp. 385-87.]

[Footnote 454: People of the State of New York _vs._ Everest _et al._ Court of Oyer and Terminer, Erie County, February, 1886, court stenographer's report. This item is omitted in the transcript of evidence furnished by the oil trust to the Committee of Congress investigating trusts in 1888. See Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 801.]

[Footnote 455: See p. 52.]

[Footnote 456: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814, 882, 883.]

[Footnote 457: Same, p. 815.]

[Footnote 458: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 1135.]

[Footnote 459: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 460: Same, p. 816.]

[Footnote 461: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 817, 872-74.]

[Footnote 462: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 818, 873.]

[Footnote 463: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 820.]

[Footnote 464: See p. 64.]

[Footnote 465: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 854.]

[Footnote 466: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 826.]

[Footnote 467: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 821-22.]

[Footnote 468: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 824-25.]

[Footnote 469: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 825-26.]

[Footnote 470: See ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 471: History, etc., Petroleum Producers' Unions. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690-716.]

[Footnote 472: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 942.]

[Footnote 473: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814-15.]

[Footnote 474: Same, p. 834.]

[Footnote 475: Same, p. 847.]

[Footnote 476: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 842.]

[Footnote 477: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 821.]

[Footnote 478: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 842-43.]

[Footnote 479: Same, pp. 843-44.]

[Footnote 480: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 823.]

[Footnote 481: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 844.]

[Footnote 482: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 483: Same, p. 845.]

[Footnote 484: Same, p. 844.]

[Footnote 485: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2049. The last statement is omitted in the transcript furnished by the trust for the Congress Trust Report of 1888.]

[Footnote 486: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 911.]

[Footnote 487: Court Stenographer's Report, pp. 454-55.]

[Footnote 488: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2164.]

[Footnote 489: Testimony, Rice cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 367. Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 571, 577, 578, 579, 658. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 295.]

[Footnote 490: Testimony, Alleged Discriminations in Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 36-39.]

[Footnote 491: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 410.]

[Footnote 492: Court Stenographer's Report.]

[Footnote 493: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 871.]

[Footnote 494: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 456, 571.]

[Footnote 495: Court Stenographer's Report, p. 892.]

[Footnote 496: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 869.]

[Footnote 497: Same, p. 825.]

[Footnote 498: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 902.]

[Footnote 499: Same, pp. 905-41.]

[Footnote 500: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 939.]

[Footnote 501: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 932-33, 937.]

[Footnote 502: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.]

[Footnote 503: See chs. xxii. to xxvi.]

[Footnote 504: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 505: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 424.]

[Footnote 506: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 849.]

[Footnote 507: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.]

[Footnote 508: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 429, 894.]

[Footnote 509: Same, p. 894.]

[Footnote 510: Testimony, Stenographic Report, p. 895. This passage also is omitted in the transcript furnished the committee of Congress by the counsel of the trust.]

[Footnote 511: See p. 214.]

[Footnote 512: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 533; see also p. 734.]

[Footnote 513: See ch. xxv.]

[Footnote 514: Report of Citizens' Committee on City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.]

[Footnote 515: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.]

[Footnote 516: Chs. xiv and xxi.]

[Footnote 517: State, _ex rel._, _vs._ City of Toledo, 48th Ohio State Reports, p. 112.]

[Footnote 518: _Federal Court Reporter_, vol. xxxix., pp. 651-54.]

[Footnote 519: Report of the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.]

[Footnote 520: Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 36-37.]

[Footnote 521: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.]

[Footnote 522: See ch. xxix.]

[Footnote 523: See ch. xx.]

[Footnote 524: October 19, 1889.]

[Footnote 525: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 6-7.]

[Footnote 526: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.]

[Footnote 527: City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.]

[Footnote 528: Toledo Natural Gas Trustees' Report, 1890, p. 7.]

[Footnote 529: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 8.]

[Footnote 530: "Constitutional History as Seen in the Development of American Law." Lecture by D.H. Chamberlain. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.]

[Footnote 531: Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, pp. 8-9.]

[Footnote 532: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 659.]

[Footnote 533: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 428.]

[Footnote 534: See p. 99.]

[Footnote 535: See p. 206.]

[Footnote 536: Annual Report of Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.]

[Footnote 537: Toledo _Blade_, February 7 and 27, 1889.]

[Footnote 538: New York _Sun_ of March 31, 1891.]

[Footnote 539: New York _Tribune_, April 23, 1889.]

[Footnote 540: From _Life of William Lloyd Garrison, Told by His Children_, vol. iii., ch. i., p. 12.]

[Footnote 541: Petition of the Isaac Harter Company _vs._ the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, Court of Common Pleas, Seneca County, Ohio, June 16, 1890.]

[Footnote 542: Annual Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1891, p. 6.]

[Footnote 543: See p. 250 and ch. xxxi.]

[Footnote 544: See p. 154.]

[Footnote 545: See p. 250.]

[Footnote 546: See p. 21.]

[Footnote 547: Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees of Toledo, 1891, p. 4.]

[Footnote 548: Report to Stockholders, Northwestern Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.]

[Footnote 549: Report to Stockholders, Toledo Natural Gas Company, January, 1889.]

[Footnote 550: See ch. xxxii.]

[Footnote 551: See p. 113.]

[Footnote 552: See chs. ix. and xxxi.]

[Footnote 553: See ch. xxx.]

[Footnote 554: _Railroad Transportation_, by Arthur T. Hadley. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.]

[Footnote 555: Speech of Simon Sterne, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 98-118.]

[Footnote 556: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2723-24 and p. 3900.]

[Footnote 557: New York _Herald_, January 19, 1884.]

[Footnote 558: Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania by the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1878. Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 559: New York _Herald_, January 19, 1884.]

[Footnote 560: See ch. vii.]

[Footnote 561: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 1.]

[Footnote 562: Testimony, Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, 67th General Assembly, 1886, vol. lxxxii., p. 499.]

[Footnote 563: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 60.]

[Footnote 564: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 77, 78.]

[Footnote 565: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 58.]

[Footnote 566: Same, pp. 37, 40, 66; Miscellaneous Document No. 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 32, 46, 214, and _passim_.]

[Footnote 567: Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 50.]

[Footnote 568: Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 18.]

[Footnote 569: Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 81-82.]

[Footnote 570: _The Payne Bribery Case and the United States Senate_, by Albert H. Walker.]

[Footnote 571: Minority Report of Senators Hoar and Frye, 49th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, No. 1490, p. 34.]

[Footnote 572: Same, pp. 38, 39.]

[Footnote 573: Hudson's _Railways and the Republic_, p. 467.]

[Footnote 574: _Congressional Globe_, September 12, 1888, pp. 8520-8604.]

[Footnote 575: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 395.]

[Footnote 576: Speech of John M. Forbes, Boston, April 30, 1889.]

[Footnote 577: Congress Record, 51st Congress, 2d Session, p. 3651.]

[Footnote 578: Mr. John M. Forbes, in _Fossils, Free Ships, and Reform_.]

[Footnote 579: See p. 307.]

[Footnote 580: See p. 386.]

[Footnote 581: See chs. xviii.-xxi.]

[Footnote 582: Senate Report No. 485, 53d Congress, 2d Session, June 21, 1894.]

[Footnote 583: Supplemental Report of Senator W.V. Allen, of the Senate Special Committee (ordered May 17, 1894) to Investigate Alleged Attempts at Bribery by the Sugar Trust.]

[Footnote 584: United States _vs._ E.C. Knight & Co., _et al._ United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, March 26, 1894, 60 _Federal Reporter_, p. 34.]

[Footnote 585: Letter of President Cleveland to Hon. W.L. Wilson, Chairman House Committee of Ways and Means, July 2, 1894, read to the House of Representatives July 18, 1894.]

[Footnote 586: New York _Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin_, Sept. 21, 1893.]

[Footnote 587: II. Coke, 84.]

[Footnote 588: See ch. viii.]

[Footnote 589: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, Exhibits, pp. 614-19.]

[Footnote 590: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3678.]

[Footnote 591: Same, p. 3683.]

[Footnote 592: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3684.]

[Footnote 593: See ch. xiv., "I Want to Make Oil."]

[Footnote 594: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 3683-94.]

[Footnote 595: Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 415.]

[Footnote 596: Testimony, New York Assembly, 1879, p. 3678.]

[Footnote 597: See pp. 216, 320.]

[Footnote 598: See p. 188.]

[Footnote 599: Second Annual Report, Fire Marshal of Boston, May, 1888, p. 9.]

[Footnote 600: See p. 84.]

[Footnote 601: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 602: Journal of the Senate of Minnesota, March, 1891, p. 716.]

[Footnote 603: Omaha _Daily Bee_, November 24, 27; December 5, 13, 21, 1891.]

[Footnote 604: See p. 291.]

[Footnote 605: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 670.]

[Footnote 606: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.]

[Footnote 607: Same, p. 317.]

[Footnote 608: See p. 62.]

[Footnote 609: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, pp. 369-85, 435, 534-35.]

[Footnote 610: Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company _vs._ Everest _et al._ Supreme Court Erie Co., N.Y., 1886.]

[Footnote 611: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 846-47.]

[Footnote 612: Testimony in the case of George Rice _vs._ Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust, New York Court of Appeals, 1888.]

[Footnote 613: Testimony, Independent Refiners' Associations _vs._ Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad Company _et al._, p. 401.]

[Footnote 614: Testimony, George Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._, cases 51-60, p. 425.]

[Footnote 615: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 609-10.]

[Footnote 616: Same, p. 732.]

[Footnote 617: Same, p. 735.]

[Footnote 618: See chs. xii. and xxxi.]

[Footnote 619: See ch. xxii.]

[Footnote 620: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 734, 745.]

[Footnote 621: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 372.]

[Footnote 622: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 12.]

[Footnote 623: See ch. xi.]

[Footnote 624: President E. Benjamin Andrews, of Brown University, "Trusts According to Official Investigation," _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, January, 1889, p. 146.]

[Footnote 625: See ch. xiv.]

[Footnote 626: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2623-40.]

[Footnote 627: Same, Report, p. 44.]

[Footnote 628: Testimony, same, pp. 2615, 2696.]

[Footnote 629: George Rice _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 228.]

[Footnote 630: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 528-29.]

[Footnote 631: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.]

[Footnote 632: See pp. 56-57.]

[Footnote 633: Before the Pennsylvania Legislature, Harrisburg, February 19, 1891. Harrisburg _Daily Patriot_, February 25, 1891.]

[Footnote 634: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.]

[Footnote 635: _Scotsman_, October 7, 1892.]

[Footnote 636: _Pall Mall Gazette_, January 27, 1892.]

[Footnote 637: _Standard_, Shoe Lane, January 26, 1892.]

[Footnote 638: See p. 408.]

[Footnote 639: _Combinations_, by S.C.T. Dodd, 1888, p. 31.]

[Footnote 640: _Die Monopolisirung des Petroleum Handels und der Petroleum Industrie_, by E.F. Scemann. L. Simeon, Berlin.]

[Footnote 641: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 792.]

[Footnote 642: Harrisburg _Patriot_, February 25, 1891.]

[Footnote 643: Translation from the Berlin _Vossische Zeitung_, June 12, 1891. Report of Consul-General Edwards, of Berlin.]

[Footnote 644: See p. 106.]

[Footnote 645: See ch. xii.]

[Footnote 646: See chs. xi. and xxx.]

[Footnote 647: Testimony of J.J. Carter in the case of J.J. Carter _vs._ Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited. Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May Term, 1894.]

[Footnote 648: See pp. 111, 366.]

[Footnote 649: Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company of New York before the Attorney-General, May, 1894.]

[Footnote 650: State of Ohio _ex rel._ David K. Watson, Attorney-General, _vs._ Standard Oil Company of Ohio. 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.]

[Footnote 651: Rice _vs._ Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust. Supreme Court, Special Term, Part I. Andrews, Judge. Reported in the New York _Law Journal_, April 26, 1894.]

[Footnote 652: Testimony, Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._, before Interstate Commerce Committee, p. 366.]

[Footnote 653: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 577.]

[Footnote 654: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 18, 38, 65, 89, 111.]

[Footnote 655: W.H. Vanderbilt, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1597, 1669. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 218.]

[Footnote 656: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 9.]

[Footnote 657: Same, pp. 9, 10.]

[Footnote 658: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 679.]

[Footnote 659: Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 9, 10.]

[Footnote 660: Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722.]

[Footnote 661: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 398, 407, 411, 412, 415, 419-43, 594.]

[Footnote 662: Same, p. 571.]

[Footnote 663: Before the Attorney-General of New York. In the matter of the application of the Central Labor Union and others to the Attorney-General to have him apply to the Supreme Court for leave to begin action against the Standard Oil Company of New York to vacate the charter thereof. Affidavit, president Standard Oil Company, May, 1894.]

[Footnote 664: New York _Mail and Express_, November 12, 1890.]

[Footnote 665: Dr. J.P. Hale, of Charleston, West Virginia, in the volume prepared by Prof. M.L. Maury, and issued by the State Centennial Board, on the resources of the State. Quoted by S.F. Peckham, United States Census, 1885, p. 6.]

[Footnote 666: _Petroleum and Its Products_, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 7.]

[Footnote 667: S. Dana Hayes, quoted in Henry's _Early and Later History of Petroleum_, p. 186.]

[Footnote 668: Testimony, Joshua Merrill, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 570.]

[Footnote 669: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.]

[Footnote 670: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 82.]

[Footnote 671: See p. 165.]

[Footnote 672: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 258.]

[Footnote 673: See chs. xi. and xvii.]

[Footnote 674: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44. Testimony, same, pp. 2623, 2645. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 223-26, 542, 543, 548.]

[Footnote 675: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 43. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 213.]

[Footnote 676: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 712. Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 302.]

[Footnote 677: See p. 405.]

[Footnote 678: See pp. 61, 153.]

[Footnote 679: See p. 420.]

[Footnote 680: See pp. 49, 217.]

[Footnote 681: See p. 306.]

[Footnote 682: See p. 108.]

[Footnote 683: See pp. 111, 291, 446.]

[Footnote 684: See p. 291.]

[Footnote 685: See p. 162.]

[Footnote 686: See pp. 118-27.]

[Footnote 687: See pp. 97, 224.]

[Footnote 688: See pp. 106, 164.]

[Footnote 689: See pp. 107, 154.]

[Footnote 690: See pp. 62, 79.]

[Footnote 691: See pp. 42, 72, 188.]

[Footnote 692: See p. 251.]

[Footnote 693: See p. 216.]

[Footnote 694: See pp. 216, 413.]

[Footnote 695: See pp. 189, 228, 437.]

[Footnote 696: See pp. 102, 140.]

[Footnote 697: See pp. 182-98.]

[Footnote 698: See p. 298.]

[Footnote 699: See pp. 149, 447.]

[Footnote 700: _Railways and the Republic_, by J.F. Hudson, p. 77.]

[Footnote 701: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 637-42.]

[Footnote 702: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 298.]

[Footnote 703: Same, p. 784.]

[Footnote 704: Same, p. 295.]

[Footnote 705: Same, pp. 295, 778-80.]

[Footnote 706: Investigation of Relations of Standard Oil Company to the State, 1883, p. 473.]

[Footnote 707: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2665.]

[Footnote 708: Same, p. 2667.]

[Footnote 709: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 296, 322, 787, 788.]

[Footnote 710: Same, p. 365.]

[Footnote 711: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2603.]

[Footnote 712: Same, pp. 2604-14.]

[Footnote 713: Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 929, 931, 932.]

[Footnote 714: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 417.]

[Footnote 715: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1636.]

[Footnote 716: Testimony, Rice cases, 51-60, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, pp. 366, 368.]

[Footnote 717: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 455, 577.]

[Footnote 718: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 576-89.]

[Footnote 719: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 391, 392.]

[Footnote 720: Same, p. 294.]

[Footnote 721: Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.]

[Footnote 722: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 580.]

[Footnote 723: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 266, 287, 314, 365, 387, 395, 526, 537, 565, 627, 768, 790, 799.]

[Footnote 724: House of Representatives, 50th Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 4165, Part II., Appendix C, p. 33.]

[Footnote 725: Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 174-210, 801-951.]

[Footnote 726: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 195.]

[Footnote 727: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 206.]

[Footnote 728: Same, p. 208.]

[Footnote 729: Testimony in Buffalo Explosion case, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 894.]

[Footnote 730: Deposition of Albert N. Reynolds, Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company, Limited, vs. Everest & Everest. Supreme Court, New York, Erie County, City of Buffalo, August 29, 1884.]

[Footnote 731: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2668.]

[Footnote 732: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 215, 223, 226.]

[Footnote 733: Interstate Commerce Law, sec. 10.]

[Footnote 734: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-41.]

[Footnote 735: New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.]

[Footnote 736: See p. 202.]

[Footnote 737: Rice _vs._ Louisville and Nashville Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-84.]

[Footnote 738: Scofield _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. ii., p. 90.]

[Footnote 739: Rice, Robinson and Witherop _vs._ Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._ Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.]

[Footnote 740: Same.]

[Footnote 741: Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 597.]

[Footnote 742: South Improvement Company, p. 45; American Transfer Company, p. 99; Rutter Circular, p. 85; Contract with Pennsylvania Railroad in 1877, p. 89; Contract with New York Central and Lake Shore and Michigan Central Railroads, 1875 and 1876; New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 175; Contract with the Erie road, same, p. 573; Contract in the "Agreement for an Adventure" case, p. 62.]

[Footnote 743: See pp. 69, 130, 146, 149, 151, 208, 219, 224, 239.]

[Footnote 744: Wm. C. Bissel _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company _et al._]

[Footnote 745: Testimony, United States Pacific Railway Commission Report, 1887, p. 3301.]

[Footnote 746: Same, p. 3581.]

[Footnote 747: Same, pp. 1132-33.]

[Footnote 748: Sec pp. 49, 200, 218.]

[Footnote 749: See p. 48.]

[Footnote 750: Titusville _World_, July 12, 1894.]

[Footnote 751: Standard Oil Company _vs._ Southern Pacific Railroad and Whittier, Fuller & Co., 48 _Federal Reporter_, p. 109.]

[Footnote 752: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2753.]

[Footnote 753: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 333, 534.]

[Footnote 754: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2656-57.]

[Footnote 755: See pp. 145, 319, 320.]

[Footnote 756: Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.]

[Footnote 757: Debates, Constitutional Convention to amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania, 1872, vol. viii., pp. 261, 262.]

[Footnote 758: See p. 69.]

[Footnote 759: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1314-15.]

[Footnote 760: Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, p. 529.]

[Footnote 761: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 367-68.]

[Footnote 762: Same, p. 396.]

[Footnote 763: Report of the United States Senate Committee on Meat Products, 51st Congress, 1st Session, 1890, No. 829, p. 18.]

[Footnote 764: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 397, 781, 825, 924, 1383. United States Senate Report on Meat Products, p. 23.]

[Footnote 765: Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 808-9.]

[Footnote 766: Same, speech of Simon Sterne, p. 3996.]

[Footnote 767: See pp. 13, 19.]

[Footnote 768: Franklin B. Gowen, before the United States Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, March, 1888.]

[Footnote 769: Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 215.]

[Footnote 770: See page 4.]

INDEX

Abusive language, use of, 319, 485.

Acme Oil Company, Samuel Van Syckel _vs._, 187.

Adams, H.C., quoted on municipal monopolies, 322.

Adulteration of liquors, 27.

Advice of counsel, 249.

Alcohol in industry and politics, 20.

Allen, W.V., supplemental report on sugar-trust bribery, 404.

American, early, refiners of petroleum, 39.

American Transfer Company receives from 20 to 35 cents per barrel on all oil shipped by competitors, 99; the South Improvement Company reappears in, 100; false map of, before New York Legislature, 101.

Andrews, E. Benjamin, on prices under monopoly, 428; on oil-trust prices, 430 _n._

Anonymous circulars, in war against Toledo, 327.

Artificial liquors, 27.

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad _et al._, William C. Bissell _vs._, 479.

Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and South Improvement Company, 48, 50; war of 1877, 88.

Attorney-General, of Pennsylvania, management of tax-case against Standard Oil Company by, 170-81; of United States, on monopoly, 37; report for 1893, 3, 6; cases against the sugar trust, 404.

Austria, refineries of, consolidated, 439.

Bad oil, 405-19.

Baltimore and Ohio, and railroad war of 1877, 88; closes Baltimore to independent shippers, 102; withdraws rates, 221; freight agent escapes from Congress, 222.

Baltimore closed to independent shippers by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 102; sale of refineries at, 421.

Bank of England's income compared with an American millionaire's, 459.

Bankers indemnified for withdrawing bids on Toledo bonds, 336.

Bankruptcy of oil refineries in 1873, 60; 1879-92, 455-70.

_Baptist_, the _National_, quoted, 341.

Barrel shipments better for railroads than tanks, 138, 231; destroyed by railroads, 138.

Barrett, Judge, defines monopoly, 3; on sugar trust, 3, 4.

Batoum refuses Rothschild permission to lay pipe line, 443.

Baxter, Judge, decision on rebates paid oil combination, 207.

_Bee_, Omaha _Daily_, investigates oil inspection of Nebraska, 414.

Beef, combination of packers of, 33, 36; price of, under combination, 35.

Belgium, 437.

Bernheimer, Simon, testimony as to abundance of capital for early refiners, 41.

"Big Four" combination, 35.

Binney, E.W., quoted, 40.

Biscuit Association, 30.

Bissell, William C., _vs._ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad _et al._, 479.

Black-mail, when competition is, 215.

Blind-billing, 229; shippers benefited by, deny, 231.

Blount, Representative, on subsidies and bribery, 394.

Bolard & Dale _vs._ National Transit Company, 165.

Bonds not to refine, 79, 80.

Books, natural-gas companies will not show, 363; oil trust keeps none, 469.

Boston, South Improvement Company rates to, 47; fire marshal on bad oil, 411; prices of oil reduced from 20 to 8 by competition, 422.

Boycott, of butchers by packers' combination, 35; how working-men were punished for, 287.

Boyle, P.C., Ohio _vs._, 324.

Bread Union in London, 30.

Bremen, Congress of Chambers of Commerce, 406.

Bribery of jurors, 286; of Congress by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 394.

British government lowers test on oil, 436.

Brooklyn, consolidation of street-railways, 5.

Brundred _et al._ _vs._ Rice, 239.

Buffalo, explosion in Matthews' refinery, 250; pipe line to, destroyed, 291; prices reduced by competition, 421.

Buhl, Richardson _vs._, 10.

_Bulletin_, New York _Daily Commercial_, on oil-trust prices, 430 _n._; on sugar trust, 32, 449.

Burdick bill, Pennsylvania Legislature, 126.

Burial Case, National Association, 37.

Business, politics of, 403; "this belongs to us," 432; golden rule of, 495; runs into monopoly, 512.

Butchers, independent, refused cars by Erie Railroad, 35; National Protective Association, 34.

Butterworth, Benjamin, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in the Payne matter, 376.

Buyer, the only, refuses to buy, 106; only one, in Ohio, 107.

_Call_, San Francisco, on commercial treaty with China, 449.

Campaign contributions from trusts, 403.

Campbell, B.B., averts outbreak at Parker, 106.

Canada oil interests attacked by American combination, 12; retail coal-dealers' associations, 15; Grocers' Guild, 30; Parliamentary debate on American oil prices, 424; Parliament reduces tariff in 1894, 435; finance minister favors American oil trust, 435.

Canadian Copper Company, litigation among stockholders, 403.

Canal, independent shippers escape by, 96; tank-boats for, 96; railroad war against, 97.

Cancer, hospital for, endowed, 181.

Capital, of combinations, 4; easy for early refiners to get, 41; of oil combination, 457.

Carlyle, Thomas, on literary freedom in America, 529.

Cars, refusal of, by railroads to independent shippers, 12, 91, 94, 106.

Carter, J.J., _vs._ Producers' and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, 164, 446.

Cassatt, A.J., testimony concerning railroad war of 1877, 88; on lower rates to Standard Oil Company, 94, 472; on refusal of cars and rates, 94; on cheapness of oil, 428.

Cattle combination, 5, 33; traffic, railroad preferences in, 33; decline in prices of, 34; shippers discriminated against by the railroads, 36.

Cattle Range Association, International, 34.

Census, United States, on petroleum, 39; sugar trust refuses to answer questions, 404.

Charity decreases under monopoly, 502.

Cheapness of oil, 420; under the trusts, 431 _n._; how produced, 464-65; analysis of, 500.

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, charges for oil and cattle compared, 481.

Chicago, number of dry-goods stores in, in 1894, 488; Union Stock Yards, secrecy as to ownership of its stock, 487.

China, commercial treaty with, 449.

Church and wealth, 294.

Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific Railway, Ohio _vs._, 220; "mistakes," 234.

Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway, Ohio _vs._, 220.

Circulars, anonymous, in war against Toledo, 327.

Clamorer for dividends, 101.

Clarion County, Pennsylvania, indictment of members of Standard Oil Company, 170, 258; Supreme Court of Pennsylvania interferes, 180.

Clark, Horace F., on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Cleveland, disadvantages of, for the oil business, 53, 464; starting-point of the founders of the oil combination, 44; South Improvement Company rates to, 46; pipe line to, 65; pioneer refiner, 73; crude oil carried to, free for oil combination, 85.

Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, Handy _vs._, 206-8.

Cleveland, President, on sugar tariff, 404.

Clinton, De Witt, on petroleum, 38.

Coal, combination, capital of, 4; in Nova Scotia, 5, 11, 461; State, national, and judicial investigations, 9; bituminous lands bought by railroads, 11; anthracite monopolized by railroads, 11, 14; freights on, higher in 1893 than in 1879, 13; independent producers crushed by railroad discriminations, 13; miners oppressed by coal companies, 16, 17; price of, advanced by combination, 14, 431 _n._; extortion of anthracite monopoly, 14; combination between American and Canadian dealers, 15; retail associations of dealers, 15; dealers terrorized, 15; miners, freedom under competition, 16; miners' strike in Pennsylvania in 1871, 16; policemen in Pennsylvania, 18.

Coffin combination, 37.

Coke, Lord, on monopolies, 405.

Collusion between oil trust and railroads, 143, 482-4.

Colorado, oil war in, 427; prevented by railroads from shipping its oil to Pacific States, 427, 481.

Columbus, Miss., war on merchants of, 300; Ohio, gas shut off, 365.

Combinations, capital of, 4.

Communipaw, monopoly of terminals at, 142.

Competition, impossible in the meat and cattle business, 36; oil combination likes, 87; when it is black-mail, 215; cuts price, 281, 294; power for evil, 422.

Congress, investigation of South Improvement Company suppressed, 45; bribing by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 394.

Conspiracy, adoption of, 277.

Constitutional amendments concerning trusts, 451; convention of New York, 1894, 451.

Contract to restrict refining, 62; to shut down oil flow, 153; between dealers and the oil combination, 425.

Corners, 4.

Cotton-seed oil, rates on, 232.

Court records gone in Cleveland, 83; mutilated transcript for Congress, 244, 267; records mutilated in California, 484.

Coxe Brothers & Company _vs._ the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, 19.

Cracker-bakers' meeting, 30.

Dayton, experience with natural-gas company, 364.

Deaths from bad oil, in Michigan, 416; in Great Britain from explosiveness of American oil, 410.

Delay, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 147, 149, 150; in legal procedure in New York, 285; of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of independents, 447.

Democratic party and sugar trust, 404.

Detectives and coal-dealers, 15; railroads as, 48; in Wall Street, 334.

Detroit _Times_, on reduction of oil test, 416; _Tribune_, on reduction of oil test, 416.

Dewar, Thomas S., letter of United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue to, 26.

Discrimination in favor of oil combination, "wanton and oppressive," 207; of 333 per cent., 217; called "a vast discrepancy," 219; Supreme Court of Ohio on, 219; against Rice, Interstate Commerce Commission on, 227; charges of, sustained by Interstate Commerce Commission, 235; by natural-gas company in rates for gas, 365; no, by German railroads, 438; inures to the benefit of one powerful combination, 478. (See Freight Rates, Railroads, Rebates.)

Dismantling of petroleum refineries, 42, 72; Joshua Merrill's refinery, 188.

Disorder, public, in oil regions, 43, 54; in Pennsylvania, 1878, 105, 106; in Pennsylvania and Ohio, 456.

Dividends of oil trust, 246; of sugar trust, 32, 33, 404.

Dodd, S.C.T., on "parent of trust system," 8; in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1872, 55; on pipe lines, 117; on pipe-line rates, 125; on bonuses to railroad officials, 486.

Drake, E.L., strikes oil, 40; pensioned, 462.

Dressed-beef men, railroad rates to, 36.

Dynamite, and the whiskey trust, 21; in the "shut-down" of 1887, 154; threats of, against Toledo City pipe line, 357; oil that is as dangerous as, 416.

Electricity, 9.

Elevators, combination of Northwestern railroads with, 5, 31; State erection and operation of, recommended by Minnesota Legislature, 31.

Embargo on sales of oil, 1872, 56.

Emery, Jr., Hon. Lewis, testifies as to "immediate shipment," 104.

Eminent domain, use of, by railroads, 97.

Empire Transportation Company, 87.

Engineers, Society of American Marine, protest against foreign engineers, 399.

England oil trade meets to protest against poor American oil, 405.

Equality, railroad idea of, 86.

Erie Canal used by independent shippers, 96.

Erie Railroad, refuses cars to independent butchers, 35; New York Legislature investigates, 43; and South Improvement Company, 48, 50; refuses rates to competitor of South Improvement Company, 52; railroad war of 1877, 88; its oil-cars owned by oil combination, 92; payments to American Transfer Company, 99; contract with Standard Oil Company, 102; renews broken promises of equal rates, 119; invites independent refiners to rebuild, 119; refuses to ship independent oil to seaboard, 140; sends armed force against independent pipe line, 161; gives land to oil trust's pipe lines, 162; destroys line by force, 291.

"Evening" pool of cattle-shippers, 33.

Everest _et al._, People of the State of N.Y. _vs._, 244.

_Examiner_, The, quoted, 341, 345.

Expert testifies about pipe-line pool, 86; false maps of American Transfer Company, 101.

Explosions, in distillery, 21; during "shut-down," 154; in Buffalo refinery, 250; Louisville, 252; Rochester, 252.

Explosiveness of petroleum gases, 282; of American oil compared with Scotch and Russian, 410.

Extradition treaty between Russia and America, 448.

False accounts, 64.

Fellows _et al._ _vs._ Toledo _et al._, 314.

Field code of New York, 285.

Fires from bad oil, in Great Britain, 410; in Boston, 411; in Iowa, 413; in Michigan, 416; in San Francisco, 416; at Oil City and Titusville, June 5, 1892, 417; in Bradford refinery, 447.

Fish, 32.

Flour, dearer, wanted, 30.

Forbes, John M., speech on free ships, 393.

Foster, Charles, as Secretary of the Treasury favors retention of foreign captains, 398; issues license to foreign engineers, 399; his part in the war on Toledo, 400.

Fostoria, Ohio, Sunday raid on the flour-mill, 348.

Foucon, Felix, in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 39.

France, manufactures coal-oil in 1845, 38; government of, lowers oil tariff, 440; oil refiners of, make terms with American oil trust, 441.

Free breakfast-table, 32.

Freight rates on coal, 13; discriminations investigated by Ohio Legislature, 44; 8 cents a barrel less than nothing on oil, 88; rates advanced by pipe and rail, 122; rates increased at instance of oil combination, 132; rate 88 cents to oil combination, $1.68 to competitors, 210; increased 333 per cent. to one shipper, 217. (See Rebates, Discriminations.)

Freight-handlers strike, 296.

Fruit, 32.

Frye, William P., on subsidy to International line, 391, 395.

Furnaces, 9.

Gas, 9; natural, 9, 305.

Geologist, State, of Ohio, takes sides in Toledo contest, 329.

Germany changes oil tariff, 437; the German-American Oil Company, 437; decline in prices, 438; independents in, 439.

Gladden, Rev. Washington, on oil trust, 344.

Good society, 527.

Gospel Cars, 237.

Government and monopoly, 311.

Governors, steam-boiler, 9.

Gowen, Franklin B., on war against Tidewater, 108, 110; admits surrender of Tidewater Pipe Line, 112; severs connection with Tidewater, 114; speech before Pennsylvania Legislature, 1883, 115; on Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 181; on yearly loss of railroad revenue by rebates, 491.

Grand Trunk saves independent oil refiners, 136.

Granger movement, 371.

Great Britain, Railway Commission of 1873, 369; government lowers test of oil, 408.

Griffin, C.P., representative of Toledo in State Legislature, 333.

Grocers' Guild, Canadian Parliament on, 30.

Haddock, John C., testimony of, 13.

Hadley, A.T., on British railroads, 370.

Hale, J.P., quoted, 462.

Hamilton, Alexander, on power over subsistence, 529.

Hancock, Erie stops independent pipe line, 162.

Handy _vs._ Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, 206.

Harter, the Isaac Harter Company _vs._ the Northwestern Ohio Natural-gas Company, 349.

Hatch, Edward, quoted, 255, 281.

Haul, long and short, 221, 222, 223.

Heaters, hot-water and steam, 9.

_Herald_, Boston, on relations of oil combination and State inspectors, 411.

Hermann, Von, on Paris Exhibition of 1839, 39.

Highway, ownership of, is ownership of all, 12.

Hoar, George F., on oil trust in the President's Cabinet, 401.

Holland, 437.

Hopkins, Representative, moves for investigation of railroads by Congress, 372.

Human nature, 526.

Illinois Central Railroad, "mistakes," 234.

Immediate shipment, 104.

Improvement companies of Pennsylvania, 55.

Income of members of oil trust, 459.

_Independent_, the New York, quoted, 348.

Independents, rates withdrawn from, by Pennsylvania Railroad, 90; Pennsylvania Railroad refuses cars to, 91; Pennsylvania Railroad increases rates to, 91; crushed by oil combination's use of railroad terminals, 102; promised equal rates again, 119; invited to rebuild by the railroads, 119; attacked by Pennsylvania Railroad after being invited to rebuild, 120; survive attack by railroad and oil-trust pool, 128; appeal to Interstate Commission, 1888, 128; discrimination against, 130; freight rates to, increased at suggestion of oil combination, 132; forced to close their works, 135; saved by Grand Trunk Railroad, 136; lose trade of New England, 1888, 136; forced to sell oil to combination, 140; prevented by railroads from using tank-cars, 140; exactions suffered by, at the seaboard, 141; appeal to Interstate Commerce Commission against delay, 148; lose five years' business, 149; get tank-cars and terminals, 151; project pipe line to the seaboard in 1887, 152; in 1892, 160; pipe line stopped by Erie cannon at Hancock, 162; survival of, delays Russian-American division of world's oil market, 445; delay of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of, 447; in Germany, 439.

Indianapolis People's Trust, 320.

Individuality, 527

Industry, new law of, 12.

Inspection, State, used to end competition, 215, 216.

Inspectors, State, also in employ of those they inspect, 216, 411; of oils in New York represent oil combination in Bremen congress, 406; in Iowa, charged with allowing sellers to brand oil, 412; sued in Iowa for damages for passing bad oil, 413; in Minnesota, investigated by State Senate, 413; in Illinois, 415; in Nebraska, 414-16.

International steamship line subsidized, 389-400.

Interstate Commerce Commission, on coal rates, 13; Pennsylvania independent coal-mine operators appeal to, 19; decision on coal rates disregarded by the Pennsylvania railroads, 19; on pool of oil combination with Tidewater Pipe Line, 113; refuses to require production of secret contract between railroad and pipe line, 124; bullied by counsel of Pennsylvania Railroad, 124; orders reduction of freight rate on barrels in South, 130; decision misapplied by Pennsylvania Railroad, 131; interview with Pennsylvania Railroad officials, 132; correspondence with president of Pennsylvania railroad, 132; orders discrimination stopped, 139; on monopoly of terminal facilities, 142; chairman on collusive relations of oil trust and railroads, 143; witnesses refuse to appear before, 145; refrains from decision in case of Pennsylvania Railroad, 146; decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, 147; delays for two years decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, 147; grants Pennsylvania Railroad rehearings for two years, 148; railroads disobey orders of, 149; decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, 1892, 149; brings independents no help, 149; proceedings before, by railroads as only preliminary to litigation in the courts, 150; cannot decide after three years' hearings, 150; grants Pennsylvania Railroad further delay, 150; George Rice lets cases before, go by default, 151; theatre for litigation and delay, 160; calls discrimination "a vast discrepancy," 219; decides refusal to give rates "illegal," 224; on discriminations against Rice, 227; on "astonishingly low" rates, 232; on "mistakes" of railroads, 234; sustains charges of discrimination, 235; on control of industry by the oil combination, 433; on immense power of oil combination, 458; describes preferences given to the oil combination, 478.

Interstate Commerce law, only conviction under, 19; disobeyed by railroad managers, 218; opposed by Senator Payne, 388; Senator Cullom on railroads' excuses for violating, 498.

Investigation, of South Improvement Company by Congress, in 1872, not continued, 60; of railroad discriminations by Congress, suspended, 1876, 71; testimony stolen, 373.

_Investors' Review_, of London, on English government jobbery, 450.

Iowa, Governor of, refuses to investigate charges of violation of inspection law, 412.

Iron, railroads buying iron lands, 12; interests of members of oil combination, 461.

Italy, 440.

Jackson, Judge H.E., sustains Toledo, 315.

Joy, Professor, on explosiveness of naphtha, 253.

Judge, Federal, quashes indictment against secretary of whiskey trust, 22; of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, charged with violating the law, 181; fixes damages in Van Syckel's case at 6 cents, 195; excludes evidence against oil trust members, 268; rules out evidence concerning oil trust, 273; orders acquittal of members of oil trust, 278; how made, 296; decides anti-trust law not applicable to sugar trust, 404.

Jurors bribed to petition for mercy, 286.

Justice, delay of, 149.

Kanawha salt-wells, 462.

Karns, General S.D., suggests pipe-lines, 41.

Keystone refinery, 291; causes Oil City disaster, 418.

King's horses and king's men, 198.

Knight, E.C., _et al._, United States _vs._, 404.

_Laissez-faire_, true, 497.

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad and South Improvement Company, 48, 50; contract with the oil combination, 69; Scofield _et al._ _vs._, 70; railroad war of 1877, 88; contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89; gives its oil traffic to competing pipe line, 127.

Lamennais quoted, 507.

Lands, ownership changes, of coal, 11; of oil, 434.

Laugh, the, 257-71.

Law, Anti-trust, 3, 6, 404; Pennsylvania Free Pipe-Line, worthless, 57; delays of, 285; of oil inspection, how changed in Nebraska, 415. (See Interstate Commerce).

Lawson, J.D., _Leading Cases Simplified_, 181.

Lawsuits, threats of, 278, 289; to cripple competition, 290.

Lawyers, officers of the court, 114; relations of, to law-breakers, 249; pamphlet against Toledo issued by, 354.

Leases, oil and gas, rights claimed under, 306.

Leather, 5.

Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Coxe Brothers & Co., _vs._, 19; railroad war of 1877, 88.

Little, John, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in the Payne matter, 376.

Locomotives, 9.

Louisville and Nashville Railroad turns another screw, 213; "mistakes" of, 234.

_Mail_, New York, on income of members of oil trust, 459.

Mails, slower under subsidy, 397.

Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, on trade, 507; on contract and status, 533.

Marcy, W.L., in Buffalo explosion case, 259.

Marietta, freight rates raised against refiners at, 200.

Market, for oil, becomes erratic, 42; manipulation by oil trust, 104, 164, 420, 439; only one buyer, 104.

Matches, 9; combination, Supreme Court of Michigan on, 10.

Mather, People _vs._, 277.

Matthews, C.B., experiences of, 243-98.

Matthews, Hon. Stanley, 67; on the rebates of the oil combination, 69.

Maxim gun, English War Office opposition to, silenced, 450.

McClellan, Gen. G.B., on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Meat combination, 5; at Chicago, 33.

Medicine, adulterated liquors for, 27.

Merrill, Joshua, 39; testimony before Congress, 188; appeals to Railroad Commission of Massachusetts, 189; pioneer in oil, 463.

Michigan State Board of Health on fires and deaths from bad oil, 416.

Mileage paid to preferred shippers, 233.

Millers' national conventions, 30.

Millionaires, abolition of, 312, 524.

Minnesota Legislature recommends State elevators, 31; Senate investigation of oil inspectors, 413.

"Mistakes," by railroads not corrected, 138; always in favor of preferred shippers, 223, 234.

Monopoly, defined by Federal courts, 3; Judge Barrett defines, 3; difference of definitions, 3, 6; defined by United States Attorney-General, 37; of Standard Oil Company, Supreme Court of Ohio on, 70; ignorance of the public is the real capital of, 117; must control all, 298; and government, 311; Lord Coke on, 405; E. Benjamin Andrews on price manipulation, 428; State, advocated by national economists in Germany, 438; of oil in Germany, 438; Ohio Supreme Court and New York Supreme Court pronounce Standard Oil Trust a, 453; and industry, 518; and liberty, 519.

Monotony, 527.

Monthly reports required by the oil combination, 62; from producers in "shut-down," 155; of competitors' shipments, 212.

Morris, "Billy," inventor of the "slips," 463.

Municipal enterprise better and cheaper than private, 360.

Mutilation of court records, 83, 244, 267, 484.

National Transit Company, 87; controls pipe-line business, 113, 114; owned by oil combination, 113; president of the oil combination denies connection with, 114; Bolard & Dale _vs._, 165; secrecy as to ownership of its stock, 487.

Natural-gas company owned by Standard Oil Trust, 337.

Navy, Secretary of, urges subsidy, 389; and nickel appropriation, 402; relations to subsidy, 402.

Netherlands, East India colonies, 441.

Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, rules against retaining foreign captains, 398.

New England, trade in, lost by independent refiners, 136.

Newport News and Mississippi Valley Railroad, "mistakes," 234.

Newspapers controlled by oil combination, 160. (See Press.)

New York Central Railroad, and South Improvement Company, 48, 49; refuses rates to competitors of South Improvement Company, 52; war of 1877, 88; contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89; oil cars of, owned by oil combination, 92; payments to American Transfer Company, 99.

New York, People of, _vs._ North River Sugar Refining Company, 3; refiners do not dare to build large refineries, 107; People of, _vs._ Everest _et al._, 244; legal procedure, 285; Railway Commission of 1857, 370; in danger from refineries and tanks, 419; Senate committee on oil trust and prices, 429; Constitution of 1846 on railroads, 370; Constitutional Convention of 1894, 451; "Hepburn" legislative investigation on rebates, 476.

New York and New England Railroad, oil trustee president of, 189.

New Zealand Fire Insurance Company sues for losses by bad oil, 416.

Nickel appropriation, 402.

North River Sugar Refining Company, People of New York _vs._, 3.

Northwestern Natural-gas Company, the Isaac Harter Company _vs._, 349.

Notice, freights raised without, 136, 200.

"Not yet," president of the oil trust, 454.

Nova Scotia coal-mines, consolidation of, by American syndicate, 5, 12, 461.

Ohio, oil-field, oil combination the only buyer of oil in, 107; Supreme Court of, on discriminations, 219; State of, _vs._ Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific Railway, 220; State of, _vs._ Cincinnati, Washington, and Baltimore Railway, 220; _vs._ Standard Oil Company, 239, 453; senatorial election of 1884, 373; Legislature demands investigation of the election of Senator Payne, 374; Legislature defeats free pipe-line bill, 385; State of, _vs._ City of Toledo, 314; State of, _vs._ P.C. Boyle, 324; distress among oil producers in 1892, 456; Legislative report of 1879 on relations of railroads and oil combination, 477.

Ohio Oil Company _vs._ Toledo, Findlay and Springfield Railway, 306.

Oil, Canada, 12; Canada producers attacked by American combination, 12.

Oil City fire, June 5, 1892, 417.

Oil combination, parent of trust system, 8; founders of, 44; and South Improvement Company the same, 49; president of, explains its origin, 53; contracts with competitors to limit production, 61, 65; requires monthly reports, 62; insists on secrecy, 63, 65, 79; use of spies by, 65, 298, 334; contract in restraint of trade, 66; profits of restraint of trade, 66, 67; restricts its capacity one-half, 68; rebates from the railroads, 69, 474-87; scarcity the object of, 72; control of transportation, 76; buys out its widow competitor, 78; puts her under bonds not to refine, 79; binds competitors not to refine, 79, 80; secret of success, testimony of president, 80; value of the "works" of, 82; issues $90,000,000 of stock on $6,000,000 of works, 82; buys oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, 88; owns oil cars of New York Central and Erie railroads, 92; member of, denies, then admits, rebates, 95; receipts from American Transfer Company, 100, 101; owns United Pipe Lines, 101; owns American Transfer Company, 101; controls railroads' oil terminal facilities, 102; uses railroad terminals to crush opposition, 102; forces producers to sell below the market, 104; will not pipe or buy oil, 106, 164; shuts back Ohio oil wells, 107; restricts production in Ohio, 107; the only buyer of oil in Ohio oil-fields, 107; and railroads fight the Tidewater Pipe Line, 108; cuts prices of pipeage, 109; speculates on its "advance knowledge" of cut in freight rates, 110; enters into pool with Tidewater Pipe Line, 112; owns National Transit Company, 113; had no pipe line to seaboard, 116; builds pipe line to seaboard, 116; builds pipe lines from rebates given it by railroads, 116, 118; and railroads advance rates, 118; secret contract of 1885 with Pennsylvania Railroad, 120; guarantees Pennsylvania Railroad 26 per cent. of the oil traffic, 121; and Pennsylvania Railroad advance rates, 122; pool with Pennsylvania Railroad, 123; advances pipe-line rates, 125, 126; Interstate Commerce Commission, on discrimination in favor of, 130; gets New England business of independents, 137; controls seaboard terminals of railroads, 142; keeps Oil City and Titusville refineries closed, 143; prompts railroad litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission, 144; makes contract with producers to shut down wells, 153; compels subordinate companies to make monthly reports, 155; opposes piping of refined oil, 165; owns $40,000,000 in 1883 in Pennsylvania, 166; Pennsylvania tax case, 166; Clarion County indictment, 170; member of, admits rebates, 188; president New York and New England Railroad is member of, 189; prevents trial of Van Syckel's process of refining, 191; member of, forecloses mortgage on Solar refinery, 193; "another way of getting rid" of competitors, 200; makes money by closing its refineries, 201; how its earnings are pooled, 201; its freight rates lowered while competitors' rates are raised, 202; gets rebate of 25 cents out of 35 cents in freight, paid by competitor, 206; not popular in the South, 209; competes with grocers, 214, 300; relations to State inspectors, 216, 413; denies receipt of discriminating rates, 219; Supreme Court of Ohio oil monopoly of, 220; denies blind-billing, 231; denies receipt of mileage, 234; denies discriminations, 235; pleasant relations with competitors, 243; dividends of, 246; political power of, 260, 372-404; and press, in Pennsylvania, 160; in Buffalo, 298; in Toledo, 317, 327; defeated in suits on patents, 290; brings suits to embarrass competitors, 290; buys from the court suits against itself, 293; refuses to meet competitive prices, 299; abandons suit against Toledo in United States Supreme Court, 331; detectives of, in Wall Street, 334; evangelical and explosive, 358; natural-gas companies, profits of, at Toledo, 362; spends money in elections, 386; members of, interested in subsidy legislation, 390; acts with both political parties, 403; defence before Bremen congress, 406; its success explained by the president, 407; has State inspectors in its pay, 411; restricts production, 420; buys Baltimore refineries, 421; binds dealers not to buy of its competitors, 425; oil made scarce by, 68, 420-29; price of oil under, 67, 420-29, 431 _n._; drives out schooners, 433; controls 90 per cent. of industry, 433; pushing into every part of the world, 434; owns no oil lands in 1880, 434; large buyer of oil lands, 434; favored by Canadian government, 435; in Germany, 437; sells refined oil in Europe cheaper than crude, 439; in France, 440; denial of negotiations with Russian oil-men, 442; admits negotiations with Russian oil-men, 442; reasons for war upon independents, 455; and Extradition Treaty with Russia, 448; prosperous during panic, 455; growth of capitalization of, 457; produces "infinitesimal amount" of oil, 463; not an inventor, producer, pioneer, or capitalist, 464; produces poverty, 464-65; principals of, not practical oil-men, 466, 467; members of, deny rebates, 476; secrecy as to ownership of certain shares, 487.

Oil, regions, early prosperity of, 42, 43; public disorder in, 43; producers refuse to sell to members of South Improvement Company, 56; running on the ground, 91, 105, 106, 164; European congress on poor quality of American, 406; test of, lowered in Great Britain, 408; financial distress in 1879-92, 455-56.

Pacific Mail Steamship Company, report on bribery of Congress by, 394.

Pacific Railway officials admit rebates, 480.

Packers' Combination at Chicago investigated by Congress, 33.

Paint, to conceal numbers of tank-cars, 235.

_Pall Mall Gazette_ on prices of refined and crude oil, 439.

Panics in oil, 43.

Parker district, on verge of civil war, 106.

Pastor, visit from the, 294.

Payne, Henry B., objects to investigation of railroads, 70, 372; election of, to the Senate of the United States, 374; candidate for President, 387; votes against Interstate Commerce Commission bill, 388; solicits Democratic votes in the Senate for confirmation of Republican nominee, 400.

Peckham, S.F., United States Census report on petroleum, 39, 41; on railroads and tank-cars, 228.

Pennsylvania, Constitution of 1873 disobeyed by the railroads, 18; Legislature nullifies Constitution in interest of railroads, 18; uprising of 1872, 54; Constitutional Convention, 1873, 54; Commonwealth of, _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 1879, 94; Secretary of Internal Affairs hung in effigy, 105; Attorney-General brings tax suit against Standard Oil Company, 169; Legislature investigates Standard Oil Company tax case, 176; Supreme Court of, delays hearing on appeal of independents, 447; Constitution on railroads, 451; Secretary of Internal Affairs on relations of railroads and oil combination, 477.

Pennsylvania Railroad and South Improvement Company, 48; and Improvement Company charters, 55; put under bond not to refine, 79; keeps faith "some months," 84; reaches out for control of oil trade, 87; carries oil at eight cents a barrel less than nothing, 88; sells its refineries and pipe lines, 88; contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, 89; pledges not to compete with oil combination, 89; withdraws rates from independent refiners, 90; officials threaten independent pipe lines, 91; officials recommend "fix-up" with the oil combination to independent shippers, 90, 91; increases rates, refuses cars, to independent shippers, 91; refuses to haul cars owned by independent shippers, 92; refuses a business of ten thousand barrels of oil a day, 93; Commonwealth of Pennsylvania _vs._, 1879, 94; pays American Transfer Company three months' back pay, 99; refuses to furnish cars to oil producers, 106; officials testify to war on Tidewater Pipe Line, 109; discriminations against refineries using the Tidewater, 110; Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associations _vs._, 118, 165; renews broken promises of equal rates, 119; makes war on refiners it invited to rebuild, 120; secret contract of 1885, with oil combination, 120; guaranteed 26 per cent. of seaboard oil traffic by oil combination, 121; refuses to produce contract with oil combination, 121; and oil combination advance rail and pipe rates, 122; oil rates of, extortionate, 123; counsel of, bullies Interstate Commerce Commission, 124; perverts decision of Interstate Commerce Commission, 131; increases rates to barrel shippers, 131; ignores directions of Interstate Commerce Commission, 133-34; refuses to haul tank-cars for independents, 140; Interstate Commerce Commission delays for two years to enforce law against, 147; gets another rehearing from Interstate Commerce Commission, 150; said to run Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 181; divides the coal business of Pennsylvania among three dealers, 490.

Perth Amboy, independent shipments from, 135.

Peru, 441.

Petroleum, combination in, 38-493; De Witt Clinton's suggestion, 38; early manufacture of, 38, 44; Reichenbach's prediction, 38; in exhibitions of 1839 and 1851, 39; early American refiners, 39; early American manufacturers ready for new supply of oil, 40; price of, in 1862, 40.

Petroleum Producers' Union, report of General Council of, on attempts to lessen production of oil, 153.

Phantom Party, in McKean County, 105.

Philadelphia, Sharpless _vs._, 315.

Phillips, Wendell, on Pennsylvania Railroad, 147.

Piano-makers' combination, 5.

Pilots, Brotherhood of Steamboat, protest against foreign engineers, 399.

Pioneer refiner of Cleveland, 73.

Pipe lines, origin of, 41; first laid by Van Syckel, 41; Pennsylvania Free Pipe Line law worthless, 57; to Cleveland, 65; number of, in 1874, 84; Eighty per cent. of, died in 1874-5, 84; pool of 1874, 86; frozen out, 87; bankrupt, bought up by oil trust, 87; Equitable Pipe Line proposed, 91; independent, threatened by Pennsylvania Railroad, 91; United Pipe Lines, owned by the oil combination, 101; industry closed to the people, 1877, 104; refuse to carry oil unless sold to oil combination, 104; of oil combination refuse to pipe, 106; Tidewater, first to seaboard, 107; rates cut by oil combination in war with Tidewater, 109; to seaboard not built first by the oil combination, 116; competitors of the railway, 116; New York _Sun_ on, 117; pool with railroads, 121; cost of service, 122; rates of, advanced by oil combination, 125, 126; profits of, 126; rates higher under the oil combination, 125, 126; independent, to seaboard projected in 1887, 152; in 1892, 160; oil combination lays, upon railroad right of way, 162; refuse to take oil, 1893, 164; independent, transport refined oil, 165; built by George Rice, 208; independent, destroyed by Erie Railroad by force, 291; Toledo builds better than private company, 360; bill for free, defeated by the Ohio Legislature, 385; independent, and Russian-American monopoly, 445; independent, consolidate in 1894, 446; independent, cut, 447. (See Tidewater Pipe Line).

Policemen, coal and iron, 18.

Politics of business, 403.

Pool, steamship, 395; for sale of oil, 420.

Poor's _Railroad Manual_, railroad interests of members of oil combination, 460.

Pork, combination of packers of, 36.

Postal subsidy law, passed, 389-400; payment under, 396; Postmaster-General makes subsidy contracts, 390; his relations to those who receive postal subsidies, 403.

Poverty, abolition of, 526.

Premium on oil advanced, 144.

President of the oil combination denies contracts with railroads, 51; on "ways of making money you know nothing of," 52; the "only party that would buy," 52; offers 50 cents on the dollar, 52; explains its origin, 53; testifies about Southern Improvement Company, 59; member of South Improvement Company, 60; denies contracts to restrict competition, 61; testifies to "very small profit," 67; argues for restriction of production, 68; denies that it gets cheaper freights, 70; testifies as to secret of success, 80; testifies that it likes competition, 87; knew about freight rates, 96; cannot recall discriminating freight rates, 96; frequents office of Erie Railroad, 102; denies pool with the Tidewater Pipe Line, 113; sole attorney of the trust, 114; denies any connection with National Transit Company, 114; denies the "shut-down" of 1887, 158; described by Van Syckel, 184; interview about rebates on Rice's business, 207; on pleasant relations with competitors, 243; testifies the oil trust is not a manufacturing company, 272; testifies to reports by subordinate companies, 274; does not know about monthly reports by subordinate companies, 274; explains its success, 407; on its cheapness, 420; in the commission business, 432; on its ownership of oil lands, 434; its properties "not yet" sufficiently numerous, 454; testifies to shares in the trust owned by trustees individually, 458; "does not know," 467-68; made attorney of the trust, 470.

President of the Standard Oil Company denies ownership of company by Standard Oil Trust, 458.

Press, and oil combination, 160, 298, 317, 327; use of, to make subsidy popular, 392; Philadelphia, on Russian Extradition Treaty, 448.

Price of oil advances under restraint of trade, 66, 67; under oil combination, 67, 420, 431 _n._; manipulated by oil combination, 104; in Ohio, 107; in New York and Europe, 164; higher for crude than for refined oil, 164; manipulation of, 210; lowered by competition, 281, 294; advances after Baltimore consolidation, 421; regulated by committee, 421; in New York, fixed by oil combination, 423; in Texas, independent of competition, 423; evidence gathered by Congress, 423-24; put higher after "wars" than before, 424; fixation of, 425; E. Benjamin Andrews on, 430 _n._; New York _Daily Commercial Bulletin_ on, 430 _n._; under trusts, 431 _n._; decline in Germany, 438; refined oil lower than crude, 439; under monopoly, 502.

Private enterprise and public, 311.

Producers of oil, and South Improvement Company, 54; organization in Pennsylvania, 56; embargo broken, 57; Union, report, 1872, 60; forced to sell oil to trust, 104; forced to sell below market price, 105; lose their land, 434.

Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, Carter _vs._, 164, 446.

Production restricted, 72; in Ohio, 107; at Oil City and Titusville, 143; by shut-down of 1887, 153, 157; cheapness of, 217, 429, 445.

Profits of natural-gas company, at Toledo, 362.

Property, "is monopoly," 37; of the combinations, 513.

Prosperity, early, in oil regions, 42, 43.

Public powers and property, private use of, 523.

Publication of railroad tariff, how evaded, 230.

Punishment nominal, 292.

Quality, deterioration of, under monopoly, 405-19; of oil in Germany, 438.

Quinby, District Attorney, 247-98.

Railroads, northwestern, combination with elevators, 5; buying bituminous coal lands, 11; buying iron and timber lands, 12; refuse cars to independent coal shippers, 12; crushing independent coal producers, 13; monopolize anthracite coal, 11, 14; raise freights to prevent settlement of coal strike, 1871, 16; forbidden in Pennsylvania to own or operate coal-mines, 18; disregard Interstate Commerce Commission's decision on coal rates, 19; and elevators combined in Minnesota, 31; northwestern, coerce grain buyers, 31; northwestern, fix the price of wheat, 31; give discriminating rates to dressed-beef men, 36; contract with South Improvement Company, 45; contract to overcome competition for preferred shippers, 48; as detectives, 48; advance freight rates on oil 100 per cent., 50; grant special privileges to railroad directors, 54; lobbying at Harrisburg, 55; rebates to oil combination, 69; facilities controlled by oil combination, 76; carry crude oil to Cleveland for preferred shippers without charge, 85; force Cleveland refiners into unnatural equality, 85; how they equalize persons and places, 86; make war on Pennsylvania Railroad for oil combination, 87; of New York received $40,000,000 of public cash, 97; tribute paid by, to American Transfer Company, 99; pay American Transfer Company on oil not handled by it, 100; officials members of American Transfer Company, 100; oil terminal facilities transferred to oil combination, 101; fight Tidewater Pipe Line for the oil combination, 108; lose $10,000,000 in war against Tidewater Pipe Line, 109; will not tell how low rates were made against Tidewater Pipe Line, 109; give use of their lands to pipe lines of oil combination, 116; give oil combination money to build pipe lines, 116, 118; pool with pipe lines of the oil trust, 118; officials drive business from railroads to competing pipe line, 119, 134; broken pledges of, to independent refiners, 119; pool with pipe lines, 121; make war on barrel-shippers, 129, 132; carry tank-cars free, 131; increase freight rate on barrels, 131, 132; increase freight rates at instance of the oil combination, 132; raise freights without legal notice, 136, 218; vary rates according to destination beyond their lines, 137; mistakes not corrected, 138; destroy barrel shipments, 138; promises of reparation unfulfilled, 139; make rates that prohibit traffic, 139; surrender terminals to oil combination, 140, 142; relations with oil trust collusive, 143; litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission prompted by oil combination, 144; disobey Interstate Commerce Commission's decision, 149, 218; oppose new independent pipe line to seaboard, 160; give use of lands to pipe lines of the oil trust, 162; officials wasting stockholders' money in hopeless litigation, 163; force Joshua Merrill out of business, 189; consult with oil combination about raising rates against independents, 200; make rates that prohibit traffic at Marietta, 201, 203; refuse rates to Marietta refiners, 202; officials refuse to testify in Ohio in 1879, 202; increase rates 333 per cent. to one shipper, 217; deny discrimination, 218; make their favorites "sole people," 219; consult with preferred shippers as to freight rates to competitors, 219; refuse to answer letters of shippers, 220, 227; charge more for the shorter hauls, 221, 222, 223; "mistakes" for favored shippers, 223, 234; officials refuse to testify before Congress, 224; "illegal" refusal to give rates, 224, 227; refuse to answer questions about tank-car rates, 228; make charges regardless of quantity for preferred shippers, 229; haul tank-cars free for preferred shippers, 229; evasions of the law regarding publication of tariffs, 230; misstate tank-car rates to shippers, 230; make rates to preferred shippers "astonishingly low," 232; refuse to give rates, 233; pay preferred shippers mileage, 233; conceal mileage from independent shippers, 233; give Standard Oil Company 25 cents out of 35 cents freight paid by George Rice, 206; allegiance to the company, 203; construction aided by Toledo, 313; Commission of 1873, in Great Britain, 369; regulation, Duke of Wellington on, 369; and Constitution of New York of 1846, 370; British, A.T. Hadley on, 370; New York Commission of 1857, 370; procure abolition of New York Railway Commission of 1857, 371; State commissions to regulate, 371; officials refuse to answer questions of Congress, 373; prevent shipment of Colorado oil to Pacific states, 427; no discrimination on German, 438; Pennsylvania Constitution on, 451; lose the oil business worth $30,000,000 a year, 456; ownership of members of oil trust in, 460, 461; rates to oil combination secret, 474; preferences to oil combination described by the Interstate Commerce Commission, 478; officials admit rebates, 480; shut off shipments of Colorado and Wyoming oil, 481; collusive litigation between Southern Pacific Railroad and oil combination, 483; officials charged with receiving a bonus for giving rebates, 486; officials owners of stock in Chicago Union Stockyards, 487; tax the poor for the rich, 489; give $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 rebates out of $800,000,000 freights yearly, 491; excuses for violating Interstate Commerce law, 498; accidents to employés, 499; rights of employés, 506.

Ramsdell, Homer, on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Reading Railroad and railroad war of 1877, 88.

Rebates, to South Improvement Company, 46; equal to 21 per cent. a year on capital, 69; Ohio Supreme Court decision on, 69; to the oil combination, 69, 474-87; denied by president of the oil combination, 96; to Standard Oil Company, 96, 206; to American Transfer Company, 100; from railroads build pipe lines for oil combination, 116, 118; to oil combination admitted, 188; unknown to outside shippers, 475; giving or receiving, a penitentiary offence, 475; denied by members of the oil trust, 476; to oil combination, summary of evidence of, 479; admitted by officials of the Pacific railways, 480; to A.T. Stewart & Co., 489; given by Pennsylvania Railroad to three coal-dealers, 490; refusal of givers and takers to testify in Chicago, 490; $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 a year, 491.

Refineries, petroleum, dismantling of, 42; oil, put under contract to limit production, 61, 65; shut down and pulled down, 71.

Refiners, compelled to sell to South Improvement Company, 51; put under bonds not to refine, 79; New York, do not dare to build large refineries, 107.

Refuse oil delivered to competitors, 291.

Reichenbach on petroleum, 38.

Reports by subordinate companies of oil trust, 274.

Republican party and sugar trust, 404.

Restriction, of competing refineries by oil combination, 61; of its capacity to one-half by the oil combination, 68; of production, by oil combination, 421; in Scotland, 435.

Rice, George, 199-242; lets Interstate Commerce Commission cases go by default, 151; _vs._ Brundred _et al._, 239; cases before Interstate Commerce Commission, 239 _n._; _vs._ Standard Oil Trust, 241; _vs._ trustees of Standard Oil Trust, 453.

Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 147.

Richardson _vs._ Buhl _et al._, 10.

River, interference with shipments by, 224; shipments stopped by oil combination, 433; trade in Germany appropriated by oil trust, 437.

Rochester, explosion in Vacuum refinery, 250, 252.

Rosebery, Lord, comments of _Investors' Review_, 450.

Rothschilds, position in Russian oil industry, 443.

Ruffner Brothers, 462.

Russia, American oil combination in, 442; every producer allowed to enter international trust, 444; Minister of Finance organizes combination with American oil trust, 444; why government of, favored American oil combination, 448; treaty with, 448.

Rutter circular, 85.

Salt, 32.

Sanford case, Pennsylvania Supreme Court, 54.

Scandinavia, 437.

Scarcity, the object of oil combination, 72; Oil City and Titusville refineries kept closed, 142.

_Schenck, U.P._, libel against the, 225.

Scofield, Representative, resolution for investigation of South Improvement Company, 56; W.C., Standard Oil Company _vs._, 61, 89; decision, 66; _et al._ _vs._ Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company, 70.

Scotch refiners in 1850, 39; pool of, 72; make superior article, 408; precluded from discussing poor quality of American oil, 409; pool with Americans broken in 1892, 427; pool with American combination, 435; compelled to reduce production, 435; shrinkage of capital, 436.

Scott, Thomas, on South Improvement Company contract, 50.

Screw, turn another, 213.

Seaboard, Tidewater, first pipe line to, 107.

Seamen, American, not employed by American subsidized steamers, 400.

Secrecy, insisted on by oil combination, 63, 65, 79; in the increase of freights, 218, 474; as to ownership of oil-trust stock, 487.

Secretary, of oil combination, testifies before Ohio Legislature, 51; testifies to "scarcely any profits," 67; testifies to purchase of oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, 89; not a practical oil-man, 465; refused to give Congress names of owners of certain shares in its pipe lines, 487.

Seemann, E.F., Die _Monopolisirung des Petroleum Handels und der Petroleum Industrie_, 438.

Selligue, 38, 462.

Senate, United States, the Payne scandal, 374-88.

Sharpless _vs._ Philadelphia, 315.

Shrouds, combination, 37.

"Shut-down," of 1887, 72, 153; advances prices of kerosene, 158.

Silliman, Professor Benjamin, analyzes petroleum, 39; on oil not monopolized, 40.

Slave-trade, 525.

Smith, Adam, 494.

Socrates, the great are the bad, 506.

South Improvement Company, investigated by Congress, 43, 45; investigation suppressed, 45; contract of railroads with, 45; rebates, 46; and oil combination, same, 49; to have complete monopoly, 49; compels refiners to sell to it, 51; contracts not cancelled, 57; charter repealed, 57; arrangement still exists "in reality," 58; President of Standard Oil Company on, 59; plan of, reproduced, 85; reappears in American Transfer Company, 100; espionage in operation in 1880, 213; charged to be now in operation in California, 479.

South, oil combination not popular in the, 209.

Southern Pacific Railroad Company and Whittier, Fuller & Co., Standard Oil Company _vs._, 484.

Speculation, in sugar-trust stock, 32, 403; in oil, 42; by oil combination, on advance knowledge of freight reduction, 110; follows "shut-down" of 1887, 157.

Spies, 65; watch shipments, 212; pay of, 298; in war on Toledo, 334.

Standard Oil Company, interview with president of, concerning South Improvement Company, 59; president of, testifies about Southern Improvement Company, 59; _vs._ W.C. Scofield _et al._, 61, 89; decision, 65; contract with Lake Shore road decided to be "unlawful," 70; Supreme Court of Ohio on its monopoly, 70; and war of rates, 1877, 88; contracts for rebate of one-tenth of all oil freights, 89; lower rates by Pennsylvania Railroad to, 90, 94; freight rate of 38 cents to, 95; Erie contract with, 102; independents forced to sell to, 141; tax investigation, by Pennsylvania Legislature, 166; members of, indicted in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, 170; saved from trial by Supreme Court, 180; members of, object to taking witness-stand, 171; People of Ohio _vs._, 239; sued by Toledo for $1,000,000 damages, 367; spends money in elections, 386; Senator Payne on the, 386; pays State inspectors, 414; owned by Standard Oil Trust, 458; its president denies ownership by Standard Oil Trust, 458; application to Attorney-General of New York for forfeiture of charter of, 458; _vs._ Southern Pacific Railroad and Whittier, Fuller Co., 484.

Standard Oil Trust, purchase of works of widow competitor by three trustees of, 80; dissolution of, 240; Rice _vs._, 241; and the Buffalo explosion, 253-98; not a manufacturing company, 272; members of, ordered acquitted by the judge, 272-84; trustees personally own majority of each company in, 273, 458; controls every movement of subordinate companies, 274; how it pools the control and profits of subordinate companies, 275; owns natural-gas companies, 337; counsel of, is president of the New York Constitutional Convention, 452; declared void by Supreme Court of New York, 453; People of Ohio _vs._, 453; Rice _vs._ Trustees of, 453; Supreme Court of Ohio pronounces it a monopoly, and void, 453; New York Legislature on formidable money power of, 457; dividends, 457; capital of, worth $148,000,000 in 1888, 457; Interstate Commerce Commission on immense power of, 458; keeps no books, 469; operations not business, 470; makes president its attorney, 470; executes large contracts through attorneys, 470; asks Congress to hear additional defence, 471; discrepancy between the facts and its evidence, 471; claims same rebates were granted to other shippers, 472; its offer to prove to Congress that C.B. Matthews testified falsely, 472; its employment of detectives admitted by latter, 472; its threats of litigation against competitors, 473; member of, denies rebates, 478.

Steamship, discrimination in favor of meat combination, 37; pool, 395.

Sterne, Simon, on oil terminals of Erie Railroad, 102; on railroads taxing poor for the rich, 489.

Stewart, A.T., & Co., rebate to, 489.

St. Louis, forty reductions in oil prices in three years, 427.

Stock watering in natural-gas companies at Toledo, 363.

Stock Yards, Chicago, Union, 34.

Storage, ordinances for, used to overcome competition, 215.

Storer, F.H., on Selligue, 38.

Stoves, 9; Manufacturers, National Association, 10.

Street-railways, Brooklyn, consolidation, 5.

Strike of New York freight-handlers, 1882, 296.

Subsidy, urged by Secretary of the Navy, 389; voted by Congressmen of both parties, 389; postal, 389-400; press used to popularize, 392; policy of limitations, 393; got by bribery, 394; advocated by United States Commissioner of Navigation, 401.

Sugar trust, Judge Barrett's decision, 3, 4; investigation by New York Legislature, 32, 33; capital and dividends, 32, 33, 404; contributes to Republican and Democratic parties, 403; president testifies about campaign contributions, 403; securities and profits, 404; and government, 404; and anti-trust law, 404; president admits it has increased price, 431 _n._; and tariff bill of 1894, 449.

Sumatra, 441.

_Sun_, New York, on income of members of oil trust, 459.

Suppression, of congressional investigation, 1872, 45, 60; 1876, 71; evidence in Cleveland, 83.

Supreme Court of Ohio, decision on rebates, 69; of Pennsylvania, interferes to save members of Standard Oil Company from trial, 180; said to be run by Pennsylvania Railroad, 181; of New York, on Standard Oil Trust, 453.

Survival of the unfittest, 14.

Tank-boats for canal, 96.

Tank-cars, origin of, 41; carried free by railroads, 131; less profitable to railroads than barrels, 138; free carriage of 62 gallons in each, 139; worse than powder, 139; prohibitory discrimination against competitors', 189; independent shippers cannot get rates, 228; of preferred shippers, hauled free by railroads, 229; numbers painted out, 235.

Tank-steamers, German, refused oil, 437.

Tariff, changes in Germany, 437; lowered in France, 440; and sugar trust, 404, 449; and trusts, John De Witt Warner on, 449.

Taxes, oil combination refuses to pay, in Pennsylvania, 166.

Terminal facilities, of railroads, controlled by oil combination, 102; surrendered by railroads to oil combination, 140, 142.

Testimony, in Cleveland case disappears, 83; mutilated transcript for Congress of Buffalo explosion case, 244, 267, 298; taken in Congressional investigation of 1876 stolen, 373.

Thurman, Allen G., on the election of Senator Payne, 376.

Tidewater Pipe Line, organized, 107; rate of 10 cents per barrel made by railroads against, 108; plugged, 111; surrenders to the oil combination, 112.

Timber lands, railroads buying, 12.

Titusville fire, June 5, 1892, 417.

Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associations _vs._ Pennsylvania Railroad _et al._, 118-65.

Toledo, Findlay and Springfield Railway _vs._ Ohio Oil Company, 306.

Toledo, war upon, 305-68; undertakes municipal supply of natural gas, 307; municipal aid to railroads, 313; People of Ohio _vs._, 314; Fellows _et al._ _vs._, 314; part of the oil combination in the war against, admitted, 339; city natural-gas line, financial results, 359-68; public enterprise builds better pipe line than private, 360; gas shut off, 366; brings suit against Standard Oil Company and others for $1,000,000 damages, 367.

Treasurer, of oil combination, denies purchase of oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, 89.

Treasury, Secretary of United States, business associate of oil combination, 400; orders it paid drawbacks, 401; Commissioner of Navigation, advocates subsidies, 401.

Truesdale, George, testimony of, 246.

Trust, anti, law, 3, 7, 404; oil combination, parent of system of, 8; in politics, 403; all contribute to campaign expenses, 403; prices, 429; prices of, superior to panic, 431 _n._; and tariff, 449.

Turpentine, rates on, 232.

Undertakers combination, 37.

United Pipe Lines, buy bankrupt pipe lines, 87; owned by oil combination, 101, 125.

United States, _vs._ E.C. Knight & Co. _et al._, 404; marshal libels river steamers, 225.

United States Pipe Line forced to abandon Hancock route, 163; makes success of piping refined oil, 165; opposition to extension beyond Wilkes-barre, 445.

Uprising in the oil regions, 1872, 55.

Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius, wealth of, at 44, 460; William H., on South Improvement Company contract, 51; surprised by ready cash of oil combination, 88; never heard of American Transfer Company, 99 _n._

Van Syckel, Samuel, lays first pipe line, 41, 185; history and inventions of, 182-98; _vs._ Acme Oil Company, 187; gets United States patents for new process of refining, 193; given 6 cents damages by the judge, 195; dies in poverty, 462.

Wagons cheaper than railroads, 211.

Warner, A.J., on bill to regulate river shipments, 225.

Warner, John De Witt, on trusts and tariff, 449.

Washington, Constitution concerning trusts, 451.

Wealth, concentrated, greatest sovereign, 134; of the combinations, certain features of, 513.

Webster, Daniel, on extemporaneous acquisition, 462.

Weehawken oil docks, 140.

Well-drillers' Union and the "shut-down" of 1887, 154.

Wellington, Duke of, on State and railroads, 369.

Whalebacks, 460.

Whiskey, ring of 1874, 20; trust, secretary of, arrested, 21.

Widow, competitor of oil combination, 75; forced to sell, 77.

Wilkes-barre railroads oppose independent pipe-line crossing, 161.

Wilson, William L., on sugar trust, 32; President Cleveland to, 404.

Witnesses, before United States Senate Committee investigating Chicago meat combination intimidated, 34; before committee of Congress refuse to testify, 60; refuse to appear before Interstate Commerce Commission, 145; railroad officials refuse to testify in Ohio, 202; railroad, refuse to testify before Congress, 224; coached, 279.

Woman refiner, 73.

Working-men, thrown out of work, 54, 68, 135, 154, 159, 455; punished for boycott, 287; of Toledo support city natural-gas pipe line, 308; in Toledo subscribe for city gas bonds, 340; reduction of wages in Scotland, 436; decline of wages in oil regions, 456.

_World_, New York, on Russian Extradition Treaty, 448.

Wright, Henry C., discussion on slavery, 346.

Wyoming oil, railroads prevent shipments of, 481.

Young, T. Graham, on British oil test, 409.

THE END

_By the Same Author_

A STRIKE OF MILLIONAIRES AGAINST MINERS

OR, THE

Story of Spring Valley

AN OPEN LETTER TO THE MILLIONAIRES

_Notices by the Press_

The Springfield (Mass.) _Republican_ (editorial).

Those who keep note of passing events will not have forgotten the lock-out of coal miners at Spring Valley, Illinois, in the early months of 1889, and the sufferings of the families of the workmen in consequence.

This sad story of corporate inhumanity has been effectively told by Henry D. Lloyd in a book entitled _A Strike of Millionaires against Miners_. It merits no less a volume than this. It is not an isolated case--an industrial phenomenon springing from conditions rarely repeated--but one of many similar cases, a part only of the whole story of coal mining in the United States. More than this, it is an aggravated illustration of the soullessness of the corporation in general, through the agency of which the bulk of the producing powers of the nation is working.

Behind this legal fiction men hide and do deeds of grasping cruelty that disgrace manhood, and are fast bringing the industrial organism into contempt. In the case of Spring Valley, the directors and stockholders of the Chicago and North-Western Railroad and the Spring Valley Coal Company--controlled by the same men--are as responsible for the sufferings and death from starvation of miners in Spring Valley in 1889 as if they had all been personally present and assisted in the business of bringing men from a distance to work in their mines on assurance of steady employment, and then of locking them out without warning, to starve them into submission to lower wages, for the sake of higher profits on their stock. This is the conclusion of Mr. Lloyd, and we see no escape from it.

If the corporation is to be considered an impersonality without moral responsibility, it will either have to go, or the industrial system which makes it an essential part will have to go. All the power of government, or wealth, or vested interests cannot maintain that system which, resting as our present system must on the charitable instincts of men, offers a way of escape from the responsibilities imposed thereby to the most powerful factors of the society. Against that system "the pulses of men will beat until they beat it down." What must be the condition of that society which allows the wealthy capitalists who starved these thousands of miners not only to go unpunished, but to move in the very highest circles of business power and social influence? And one of them in particular is to-day figuring upon representing the Democratic party of Pennsylvania in the United States Senate.

The New York _Commercial Advertiser_ (editorial).

It is to be remembered that Mr. Lloyd's book does not profess to be a dispassionate review of the situation. It is an indictment. The corporation's side should be given a fair hearing. But it must be heard soon. Mr. Lloyd's charges are too important, his formulation of them too worthy of respect to be treated with silent contempt. To ignore them is to confess their truth. Should such a reply be made, the readers of this column will be informed of it. _A Strike of Millionaires against Miners_ describes the poverty, the suffering, the utter misery among the miners in Spring Valley, Illinois, during the past year. In the simplicity and restraint of his style, and in the massing of his facts, Mr. Lloyd shows genuine literary power. There is no attempt at rhetoric in his narrative. He depends upon statements of facts, many of them incontrovertible, to rouse the hot indignation of his readers. If the story is true, and it bears every appearance of truth, the Spring Valley mine owners have been guilty of damnable treachery and cruelty to their fellow-men.

Chicago _Herald_ (editorial).

The _Herald_ commends to the attention of its readers the open letter in another column, from Henry D. Lloyd, addressed to various millionaires of New York, Chicago, and St. Paul. It contains what the _Herald_ believes to be the truth as to the Spring Valley scandal, and while in most respects it is a plain statement of facts, it is nevertheless one of the most powerful appeals for justice, and one of the most eloquent denunciations of wrong, which has come under the public eye in many a day.

Mr. Lloyd's high character, his superb attainments, and his well-known philanthropy give force to the arraignment it might not otherwise possess. His letter is a history of a crime--a crime resulting, no doubt, from an infamous conspiracy--and the story leads naturally and inevitably to the conclusion which Mr. Lloyd avows, that there must be conspiracy laws for millionaires as well as for working-men.

Civilization must be bottomed on justice, or it cannot endure. A society which permits such inhuman outrages as that at Spring Valley is either asleep or in an advanced stage of decay. The money god cannot crush out the lives of human beings with impunity. Let its devotees look well to the ground on which they stand. The wise and humane will be warned in time. The foolish and insatiate must be left to the stern judgment of their fellow-men, who must some day pass upon their act.

The _Labor World_, London, England.

What does Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who chants vulgar pæans to "Triumphant Democracy" say to such a book as this of Mr. Lloyd? This story of the robbery and betrayal of thousands of working miners in Illinois by a great millionaire corporation is one of the worst things we have read for a long time, and is a terribly scathing satire on American "democracy."

Let us hear no more trash about "free" America as compared with down-trodden Europe. Both continents are down-trodden by the rich men who own the raw material out of which wealth is created by human labor. When the land of the United States is all absorbed by private persons, as it will be in twenty years' time, there will not be a pin to choose between America and Europe, so far as wage-workers are concerned. Wages may be higher in America, but the increased cost of living there will nearly equalize the condition of the two continents; while for swindling, lying, and merciless oppression many American capitalists leave their European brethren far behind. Mr. Lloyd's book, which is the first of a new "Bad Wealth Series," ought to open men's eyes to the fact that true freedom is impossible when a few men have a right to appropriate to themselves the raw material of the globe.

Chicago _Daily Inter-Ocean_.

Mr. Lloyd's reputation as a writer on economic questions is sustained in the manner of handling the usually dry statistical matter which tells the story of strikes and lock-outs. He makes the story interesting and often graphic, while he gives the facts and figures relating to the intricacy of contracts in a way to be easily understood by the ordinary reader. The book is a valuable compilation of the facts gathered relating to this shameless abuse of corporative power in Spring Valley.

The _New Ideal_.

Mr. Lloyd has been until recently on the editorial staff of the Chicago _Tribune_, and is now devoting his time to first-hand investigations into labor troubles. This book gives an account of a lock-out in one of the mining districts of Illinois, and is the more forcible and eloquent an arraignment of the "millionaires," as the statements are throughout verifiable. As Mr. Lloyd in effect says, professors of political economy do not come near enough to realities to discover such details as he portrays, and the working-men do not know how to bring them before public opinion. Hence the necessity of a mediator, who shall thoroughly investigate the facts and at the same time give them to the public, not in statistical reports, but in a form that compels its attention. Mr. Lloyd is a practised writer; no one can read this narrative without being profoundly moved, and for the directors and stockholders of the Spring Valley Coal Company (and, besides, of the Chicago and North-Western Railway, an aider and abettor of the nefarious business) the effect must be to set their blood on fire--so far as they are blessed (or unblessed) with any moral sensitiveness. Every thoughtful citizen--whether man or woman--should read this book, and have fully brought home to him or her the problems it suggests. It belongs to the literature both of fact and of power.

The _Religio-Philosophical Journal_.

Mr. Lloyd admits that Spring Valley and its miseries and wrongs were, at the beginning, but the conception and achievement of one or two of the leading owners of railroad and other companies who did the planning, secured the approval of the Board of Directors, and the active influence of the railroads through whom, by special freights, the business of competitors was stolen, coal land was bought, and the scheme was invented by which fortunes were to be made from working-men's necessities and the misuse of the powers of the common carrier. But none of the directors, none of the stockholders, who received the profits of the scheme, protested against it; on the contrary, all accepted unprotestingly their "share of the guilt and gilt." Mr. Lloyd gives a mass of facts and figures which prove, on the part of corporations employing men at Spring Valley, an amount of greed and heartlessness which seems incredible in an enlightened country.

Mr. Lloyd is a literary artist as well as a man of deep feeling, and he combines felicity of diction with fervor and eloquence of expression, and writes with effectiveness and power. The book should be read by all who are interested in the labor question--the practical issue of the hour.

Chicago _Times_.

It is a pitiful story, a heart-breaking story, and Mr. Lloyd tells it with a great deal of force and earnestness.

The _Dawn_.

Can it be possible in these happier days among men who share the Christian civilization of the very eve of the twentieth century, that there can exist any analogy to this relentless war of savagery, this cruel and cowardly subjugation of a competitor, not in honest, open combat, but by taking advantage of a position to deny him food, shelter, and the very necessaries of life? For an answer, such as would bring indignant emotion to every heart not indurated by avarice of gold, and shame to every cheek not rendered incapable of blushing by hardened selfishness, we refer to the terrible facts, so calmly told with the severity of simple truth by Mr. Lloyd.

Starved Rock and Spring Valley are not isolated instances. The malady is constitutional, not local. "The whole head is sick and the whole heart faint," may be said of our modern system of business.

The _Nationalist_.

In this age of strikes it is not always the workers who strike, as is indicated by the title of Mr. Lloyd's book. That brilliant and great-hearted journalist and publicist several months ago, in the shape of an open letter of several columns, printed in the Chicago _Herald_, told the story of the criminal and cold-blooded conspiracy of a group of enormously rich men against a body of honest and industrious workingmen. That letter he has made the basis of the present volume, which deserves a wide circulation among patriotic citizens of the United States. The strong and truthful words here uttered ought to ring throughout the land and arouse the people to a realizing sense of the greatest danger that has ever threatened our republic--the danger of its conversion into the worst of despotisms, that of rule by an irresponsible plutocracy.

The Burlington _Hawkeye_.

Mr. Lloyd proves every charge he makes, the testimony he brings forward being so presented as to leave no question as to its absolute correctness. In all the dark record of tyranny, cruelty, and brutality made by the coal barons of this country there is not a blacker chapter than that which tells of their crimes against the miners of Spring Valley in the year 1889. This is not the verdict of the "labor crank" alone; the people of Chicago and the whole of northern Illinois, in the press and pulpit and on the platform, have denounced the outrage, and the cooler judgment of to-day, when the lock-out is about worn out and the majority of the old miners are scattered all over the country, is in accord with the denunciation made by Mr. Lloyd.

The _Rock Islander_, Rock Island, Ill.

_A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley._ The above is the title of a beautifully printed volume of 264 pages, by Henry D. Lloyd. Its prelude is the story of the starved Indians of Starved Rock, and it proceeds to parallel that by the starvation of labor by the millionaires. The story of Spring Valley is given in detail, with official proof of its truthfulness, and is graphically told by Mr. Lloyd. Its exposure of the oppressors of labor is terrific. It shows who they are; who has done this thing; how the town was boomed; how it was doomed; how the ghost of Starved Rock walks abroad; and how people are bought and enslaved in this boasted free country. It gives Governor Fifer a deserved slap for not going in person to the scene of starvation, and it roasts his military toady of the rich (Adjutant-General Vance) who was sent there by the governor to investigate, and whose report is proven to be a tissue of sneers at the poor, and falsehoods in regard to them and their situation. He quotes freely and approvingly from the report of Judge Gould and Mr. Wines, proving all that was claimed for the suffering there. He shows (page 66) that the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company generously acknowledged the necessity for help by hiring a physician for its miners at Braceville, and sending supplies of necessaries for sick women and children to be given out by its agent there. He shows up the campaign of slander against Spring Valley, which was carried on through capitalistic newspapers and corporation tools; says the Spring Valley case is only a preliminary skirmish of capital against labor, and, after showing the first fruits, asks what the last will be. He closes with a chapter giving part of the moral. An appendix is added, showing what the millionaires said of themselves, and the replies by the miners and the press. Everybody should read this most remarkable and ably prepared story of the crime of capital upon labor.

_Seed-Time_ (London), the organ of the New Fellowship.

Perhaps the most striking of all the American object-lessons on the tendencies of capitalism has been given us by Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, of Chicago, who has recently published a book entitled, _A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley_. A more complete exposure of the tyranny and cruelty of capitalism has never before been made. Its great importance for us, however, lies in the fact that all the tyranny and wrong he witnessed and describes are but the natural outcomes of the principles of commercialism when those principles are carried to their logical conclusion, and capitalism has unchecked sway. Such terrible scenes do not occur everywhere, simply because capitalism is held in check by other social forces, and has not everywhere attained that full and unfettered development which discloses the evils which in its more undeveloped stage lie concealed.

The _Twentieth Century_.

It is a mind-agitating and heart-rending tale, and unless I am much mistaken the publication of it will create an epoch in economic thinking and social regeneration. What is the remedy for such crimes as Mr. Lloyd has exposed? The remedy will be found if open-minded persons will read such books as Mr. Lloyd's, and keep themselves informed as to what is being done to reduce a people to servitude. This single book ought to produce such a revulsion of feeling against the monstrous millionaires who perpetrated this awful crime that they would be looked upon by all decent people with abhorrence.

If you will read Mr. Lloyd's book I think you will agree with me that if before long, as many persons believe, this county is to be deluged in the blood of revolution, the catastrophe will be brought on by condoning such crimes as that at Spring Valley; it will be brought on because you and I read such stories as this, and, knowing they are true, straightway forget all about them; it will be brought on because editors and preachers, and others who have the public ear, keep silent through negligence or fear of the rich who misrule the land. If people will not think, if they will not care, you may depend upon it that the price of their indifference will be slavery or war.

From a letter to the _Twentieth Century_.

Your article, and the extracts from Mr. Lloyd's book in your issue of June 12, portraying the outrageous injustice inflicted on the Spring Valley coal miners by the railway and coal-mining barons, was read before our club by Judge Frank T. Reid, of this city, a member of the club, at its regular weekly meeting, Monday, June 23. A resolution was unanimously passed and sent to the General Executive Board of the Nationalist clubs at Boston, requesting it to get up a memorial to the Government Bureau of Labor, petitioning that body to institute a special inquiry into the outrages; that this be done with a view of publishing these crimes to the whole country, under the proper authority, and also with the view of memorializing Congress for the government to work either all or part of the coal-mining industry on the same principle that it works the postal service, the government printing-office at Washington, and other industries, as the present method of running the coal mines by corporations has resulted, and will continue to result, in rioting and bloodshed, and imperils the very existence of society. We would suggest that copies of the memorial be sent to all the Nationalist clubs for signatures, and also to the Federated trades, Knights of Labor, and other organized bodies and to individuals. Might we also suggest that you kindly communicate with the Executive Board of Boston, and with our worthy and earnest brothers, Messrs. Bellamy, Bliss, and others?

Yours fraternally, J.L. Johnson, _Secretary Nationalist Club_.

Tacoma, Wash. #/

The _Open Court_.

The story of Spring Valley will make every American citizen of healthy morals uncomfortable and ashamed.... A story which must be read, and the lesson of it heeded, or worse things come.

The St. Louis _Republic_.

A stirring account of the great mining strike, lock-out, and consequent misery at Spring Valley, Illinois, in 1888-89, the main features of which are still familiar to the reading public. Mr. Lloyd lays the blame where it belongs, and shows how the whole transaction worked to the profit of the plutocrats at the expense of their dupes--the enterprising thousands who believed in the promises made in booming the location. The booming of the town was followed by the dooming, and, as the _Republic_ and many other papers showed at the time, the action of the mine operators all through was "a cruel abuse of intellectual strength to use it to force weakness and ignorance into such a condition of helplessness." The author gives facts and figures, and his account of the matter is borne out by the news columns of the times. It is a sad story, and its truthfulness is a shameful comment upon the tendencies of our day.

The Pittsburg _Labor Tribune_.

_A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley_, is a handsome edition of the important matter written by Henry D. Lloyd when the notable strike was on at the mines located at Spring Valley, Illinois. Our miner readers especially will read with satisfaction the vim and ability with which Mr. Lloyd handles the literary end of that eventful period, and will be pleased to know that he has issued the matter in consecutive form.

The _Democrat_ (London).

Bad as the social and industrial condition of Great Britain is, that of the United States threatens to become as bad or even worse unless the power of landlordism there is subjected to popular control. A striking instance of the rapid growth of monopoly and its ruinous effect on industry, as well as its atrocious tyranny over labor, is recorded in a striking little book by Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, of Chicago, called _A Strike of Millionaires against Miners_.

_Rights of Labor_ (Chicago).

This narrative of the rapacity and greed of our coal barons we most earnestly commend to all our readers as a plain, clear statement of facts, admirably put; it deserves the widest circulation.

New York _Herald_.

This is one of the saddest, most enraging stories ever put on paper; of course the corporations protested, as corporations always do in such cases, that they were not to blame, but the awful facts cannot be denied or explained away. The _Herald_ expressed its mind editorially at the time. Now that the whole case is presented, the _Herald's_ readers can see how easily a scheming gang of heartless scoundrels can quickly reduce thousands of families to a condition worse than old-fashioned African slavery.

Tacoma (Washington) _Globe_.

Among the many books recently published on the labor question and the relations between the rich and the poor, none has excited a deeper interest than _A Strike of Millionaires against Miners_. Before the atrocities perpetrated in Spring Valley by the coal mining company, composed of some of the wealthiest men in the United States, the wrongs inflicted on the peasants in Ireland fade into insignificance. This book should have a wide reading, that all may know whither the nation is drifting.

Boston _Herald_.

The story of the labor disturbances at Spring Valley, Illinois, caused by a shut-down of the mines in 1888, is told by H.D. Lloyd in a thrilling presentation. In perusing the whole history, from the first alluring advertisements of the mining companies to the editorial comments in Chicago papers after the lock-out took place, a dweller in happier laboring regions will hardly believe that so much injustice could have been done in free America.

The _Worker_ (Brisbane, Queensland).

A simple but complete account of a terrible injustice.

The _Christian Union_.

Six or eight years ago there appeared in the _North American Review_ an article entitled "The Lords of Industry," by Henry D. Lloyd, which set forth with such power the nature and extent of the combinations to diminish production and increase prices that its author may be said to have initiated the anti-trust agitation of the last few years. Since that time he has gone on in the work thus begun, putting heart and soul into it. The _Strike of Millionaires against Miners_ carries perhaps less weight with our intellects than Mr. Lloyd's earlier work, but it appeals so strongly to our hearts that we are carried with him through the volume, and share with him his indignation over the wrongs he describes.

* * * * *

CONCORD, New Hampshire, _October 22, 1892_.

DEAR MR. LLOYD,--I am reading the _Study_ you so kindly sent me. I have read most of it, including the "Word to Coal Miners," and what a "study!" What a lesson! What an apocalypse! Through it, "the voice of our brothers' blood cries to us from the ground," literally, and in tones scarcely ever heard before by human or heavenly ear!

Would that you could peal out all the seven thunders of Patmos. I wish your work might outsell in number _Uncle Tom's Cabin_, and _Robert Elsmere_ combined, till its note filled the earth as the waters the seas. Print the whole of this hasty testimony over my name, if it will be of service to the working man and woman.

Faithfully and fraternally yours, for every good thought, word, and work,

PARKER PILLSBURY.

A BOOK FOR THE TIMES

THE RAILWAYS AND THE REPUBLIC.

By JAMES F. HUDSON. 8vo, Cloth, $2 00.

The author studies carefully the evils of the system, inquires into the power of legislation to cure them, and describes the remedies which will preserve the usefulness of the railways, and at the same time protect legitimate investors.--_N.Y. Evening Post._

It is seldom the public is given a work at once so timely, so brave, and so able.... Mr. Hudson writes with the most exhaustive knowledge of his subject, and with an unusual ability in setting forth his ideas so that they are easily and clearly understood. There is hardly a more vigorous chapter in modern literature than that in which he discusses the rise and growth of the Standard Company.... The book is everywhere marked by unusual ability, accuracy, and fearlessness, which make it one of the most important contributions of the day to a subject which of necessity engages more and more attention every day. The political principles of the writer are thoroughly sound and practical.--_Boston Courier._

The subject is of such vital importance that no man or woman in the country should be ignorant about it.--_N.Y. Times._

Mr. Hudson writes in the interests of the people, calmly and without passion, as one who thoroughly understands his subject, and in harmony with many others who have dealt with the same problems.--_Critic_, N.Y.

Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK

_For sale by all booksellers, or will be sent by the publishers, postage pre-paid, to any part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of price._