CHAPTER XXXVIII

CONCLUSION

What we had long anticipated of the sufferings of the Indians, began to manifest itself as the spring drew on. It first came under our observation by the accounts brought in, by those who came in little parties begging for food.

As long as it was possible to issue occasional rations their father continued to do so, but the supplies in the Commissary Department were now so much reduced that Col. Cutler did not feel justified in authorizing anything beyond a scanty relief, and this in extreme cases.

We had ourselves throughout the winter used the greatest economy with our own stores, that we might not exhaust our slender stock of flour and meal before it could be replenished from "below." We had even purchased some sour flour which had been condemned by the commissary, and had contrived by a plentiful use of saleratus, and a due proportion of potatoes, to make of it a very palatable kind of bread. But as we had continued to give to party after party, as they would come to us to represent their famishing condition, the time at length arrived when we had nothing to give.

The half-breed families of the neighborhood, who had, like ourselves, continued to share with the needy as long as their own stock lasted, were now obliged, of necessity, to refuse further assistance. These women often came in to lament with us over the sad accounts that were brought from the wintering grounds. It had been a very open winter. The snow had scarcely been enough at any time to permit the Indians to track the deer, in fact, all the game had been driven off by the troops and war parties scouring the country through the preceding summer.

We heard of their dying by companies from mere destitution, and lying stretched in the road to the Portage, whither they were striving to drag their exhausted frames. Soup made of the bark of the slippery elm, or stewed acorns, were the only food that many had subsisted on for weeks.

We had for a long time received our food by daily rations from the garrison, for things had got to such a pass that there was no possibility of obtaining a barrel of flour at a time. After our meals were finished, I always went into the pantry, and collecting carefully every remaining particle of food set it aside to be given to some of the wretched applicants by whom we were constantly thronged.

One day as I was thus employed, a face appeared at the window with which I had once been familiar. It was the pretty daughter of the elder Day-kau-ray. She had formerly visited us often, watching with great interest our employments--our sewing, or weeding and cultivating the garden, or our reading. Of the latter, I had many times endeavored to give her some idea, showing her the plates in the Family Bible, and doing my best to explain them to her, but of late I had quite lost sight of her. Now, how changed, how wan she looked! As I addressed her with my ordinary phrase, "_Tshah-ko-zhah?_" (What is it?) she gave a sigh that was almost a sob. She did not beg, but her countenance spoke volumes.

I took my dish and handed it to her, expecting to see her devour the contents eagerly, but no--she took it, and making signs that she would soon return, walked away. When she brought it back, I was almost sure she had not tasted a morsel herself.

* * * * *

The boats--the boats with the corn! Why did they not come? We both wrote and sent to hasten them, but alas! everything and everybody moved so slowly in those unenterprising times! We could only feel sure that they would come when they were ready, and not a moment before.

We were soon obliged to keep both doors and windows fast, to shut out the sight of misery we could not relieve. If a door was opened for the admission of a member of the family, some wretched mother would rush in, grasp the hand of my infant, and placing that of her famishing child within it, tell us pleadingly, that he was imploring "his little brother" for food. The stoutest-hearted man could not have beheld with dry eyes the heart-rending spectacle which often presented itself. It was in vain that we screened the lower portion of our windows with curtains. They would climb up on the outside, and tier upon tier of gaunt, wretched faces would peer in above, to watch us, and see if, indeed, we were as ill-provided as we represented ourselves.

The noble old Day-kau-ray came one day, from the Barribault, to apprise us of the state of his village. More than forty of his people, he said, had now been for many days without food, save bark and roots. My husband accompanied him to the commanding officer to tell his story, and ascertain ii any amount of food could be obtained from that quarter. The result was, the promise of a small allowance of flour, sufficient to alleviate the cravings of his own family.

When this was explained to the chief, he turned away. "No," he said, "if his people could not be relieved, he and his family would starve with them!" And he refused, for those nearest and dearest to him, the proffered succor, until all could share alike.

The announcement, at length, that "the boats were in sight," was a thrilling and most joyful sound.

Hundreds of poor creatures were at once assembled on the bank, watching their arrival. Oh! how torturing was their slow approach, by the winding course of the river, through the extended prairie! As the first boat touched the bank, we, who were gazing on the scene with anxiety and impatience only equalled by that of the sufferers, could scarcely refrain from laughing, to see old Wild-Cat, who had somewhat fallen off in his huge amount of flesh, seize "the Washington Woman" in his arms, and hug and dance with her in the ecstasy of his delight.

Their father made a sign to them all to fall to work with their hatchets, which they had long held ready, and in an incredibly short time, barrel after barrel was broken open and emptied, while even the little children possessed themselves of pans and kettles full, and hastened to the fires that were blazing around to parch and cook that which they had seized.

From this time forward, there was no more destitution. The present abundance was followed by the arrival of supplies for the Commissary's Department; and refreshed and invigorated, our poor children departed once more to their villages, to make ready their crops for the ensuing season.

In the course of the spring, we received a visit from the Rev. Mr. Kent, and Mrs. Kent, of Galena.[127] This event is memorable, as being the first occasion on which the Gospel, according to the Protestant faith, was preached at Fort Winnebago. The large parlor of the hospital was fitted up for the service, and gladly did we each say to the other, "Let us go to the house of the Lord!"

For nearly three years had we lived here without the blessing of a public service of praise and thanksgiving. We regarded this commencement as an omen of better times, and our little "sewing society" worked with renewed industry, to raise a fund which might be available hereafter, in securing the permanent services of a missionary.

* * * * *

Not long after this, on a fine spring morning, as we were seated at breakfast, a party of Indians entered the parlor, and came to the door of the room where we were. Two of them passed through, and went out upon a small portico--the third remained standing in the door-way at which he had at first appeared. He was nearly opposite me, and as I raised my eyes, spite of his change of dress, and the paint with which he was covered, I at once recognized him.

I continued to pour the coffee, and as I did so, I remarked to my husband, "The one behind you, with whom you are speaking, is one of the escaped prisoners."

Without turning his head, he continued to listen to all the directions they were giving him about the repairing of their guns, traps, &c., which they wished to leave with the blacksmith. As they went on, he cautiously turned his head towards the parlor door, and replied to the one speaking to him from there. When he again addressed me, it was to say,

"You are right, but it is no affair of ours. We are none of us to look so as to give him notice that we suspect anything. They are undoubtedly innocent, and have suffered enough already."

Contrary to his usual custom, their father did not ask their names, but wrote their directions, which he tied to their different implements, and then bade them go and deliver them themselves to M. Morrin.

The rest of our circle were greatly pleased at the young fellow's audacity, and we quite longed to tell the officers that we could have caught one of their fugitives for them, if we had had a mind.

* * * * *

The time had now come when we began to think seriously of leaving our pleasant home, and taking up our residence at Detroit, while making arrangements for a permanent settlement at Chicago.

The intelligence, when communicated to our Winnebago children, brought forth great lamentations and demonstrations of regret. From the surrounding country they came flocking in, to inquire into the truth of the tidings they had heard, and to petition earnestly that we would continue to live and die among them.

Among them all no one seemed so overwhelmed with affliction as Elizabeth, our poor _Cut-nose_. When we first told her of our intention, she sat for hours in the same spot, wiping away the tears that would find their way down her cheeks, with the corner of the chintz shawl she wore pinned across her bosom.

"No! never, never, never shall I find such friends again," she would exclaim. "You will go away, and I shall be left here _all alone_."

Wild-Cat too, the fat, jolly Wild-Cat, gave way to the most audible lamentations.

"Oh! my little brother," he said to the baby, on the morning of our departure, when he had insisted on taking him and seating him on his fat, dirty knee, "you will never come back to see your poor brother again!"

And having taken an extra glass on the occasion, he wept like an infant.

It was with sad hearts that on the morning of the 1st of July, 1833, we bade adieu to the long cortege which followed us to the boat, now waiting to convey us to Green Bay, where we were to meet Governor Porter and Mr. Brush, and proceed, under their escort, to Detroit.

When they had completed their tender farewells, they turned to accompany their father across the Portage, on his route to Chicago, and long after, we could see them winding along the road, and hear their loud lamentations at a parting which they foresaw would be forever.

APPENDIX

As I have given throughout the Narrative of the Sauk War, the impressions we received from our own observation, or from information furnished us at the time, I think it but justice to Black Hawk and his party to insert, by way of Appendix, the following account, preserved among the manuscript writings of the late Thomas Forsyth, Esq., of St. Louis, who, after residing among the Indians many years as a trader, was, until the year 1830, the Agent of the Sauks and Foxes.[128] The manuscript was written in 1832, while Black Hawk and his compatriots were in prison at Jefferson Barracks.

* * * * *

"The United States troops under the command of Major Stoddard arrived here,[BD] and took possession of this country in the month of February, 1804. In the spring of that year, a white person (a man or boy), was killed in Cuivre Settlement, by a Sauk Indian. Some time in the summer following, a party of United States troops were sent up to the Sauk village on Rocky river, and a demand made of the Sauk Chiefs for the murderer. The Sauk Chiefs did not hesitate a moment, but delivered him up to the commander of the troops, who brought him down and delivered him over to the civil authority in this place (St. Louis).

[Footnote BD: St. Louis, Mo.]

"Some time in the ensuing autumn some Sauk and Fox Indians came to this place, and had a conversation with General Harrison (then Governor of Indian Territory, and acting Governor of this State, then Territory of Louisiana), on the subject of liberating their relative, then in prison at this place for the above-mentioned murder.

"Quash-quame, a Sauk chief, who was the head man of this party, has repeatedly said, 'Mr. Pierre Choteau, Sen., came several times to my camp, offering that if I would sell the lands on the east side of the Mississippi river, Governor Harrison would liberate my relation, (meaning the Sauk Indian then in prison as above related), to which I at last agreed, and sold the lands from the mouth of the Illinois river up the Mississippi river as high as the mouth of Rocky river (now Rock river), and east to the ridge that divides the waters of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, but I never sold any more lands.' Quash-quame also said to Governor Edwards, Governor Clark and Mr. Auguste Chouteau, Commissioners appointed to treat with the Chippewas, Ottowas, and Pottowattamies of Illinois river, in the summer of 1816, for lands on the west side of the Illinois river:

"'Your white men may put on paper what you please, but again I tell you, I never sold any lands higher up the Mississippi than the mouth of Rocky river.'

"In the treaty first mentioned, the line commences opposite to the mouth of Gasconade river, and running in a direct line to the headwaters of Jefferson[BE] river, thence down that river to the Mississippi river--thence up the Mississippi river to the mouth of the Ouisconsin river--thence up that river thirty-six miles--thence in a direct line to a little lake in Fox river of Illinois, down Fox river to Illinois river, down Illinois river to its mouth, thence down the Mississippi river to the mouth of Missouri river, thence up that river to the place of beginning. See Treaty dated at St. Louis, 4th November, 1804.

[Footnote BE: There is no such river in this country, therefore this treaty is null and void---of no effect in law or equity. Such was the opinion of the late Gov. Howard. (T. F.)]

"The Sauk and Fox nations were never consulted, nor had any hand in this Treaty, nor knew anything about it. It was made and signed by two Sauk chiefs, one Fox chief and one warrior.

"When the annuities were delivered to the Sauk and Fox nations of Indians, according to the treaty above referred to (amounting to $1,000 per annum), the Indians always thought they were presents, (as the annuity for the first twenty years was always paid in goods, sent on from Georgetown, District of Columbia, and poor articles of merchandize they were, very often damaged and not suitable for Indians), until I, as their Agent, convinced them of the contrary, in the summer of 1818. When the Indians heard that the goods delivered to them were annuities for land, sold by them to the United States, they were astonished, and refused to accept of the goods, denying that they ever sold the lands as stated by me, their Agent. The Black Hawk in particular, who was present at the time, made a great noise about this land, and would never receive any part of the annuities from that time forward. He always denied the authority of Quash-quame and others to sell any part of their lands, and told the Indians not to receive any presents or annuities from any American--otherwise their lands would be claimed at some future day.

"As the United States do insist, and retain the lands according to the Treaty of Nov. 4, 1804, why do they not fulfil _their_ part of that Treaty as equity demands?

"The Sauk and Fox nations are allowed, according to that Treaty, 'to live and hunt on the lands so ceded, as long as the aforesaid lands belong to the United States.' In the spring of the year 1827, about twelve or fifteen families of squatters arrived and took possession of the Sauk village, near the mouth of the Rocky river. They immediately commenced destroying the Indians' bark boats. Some were burned, others were torn to pieces, and when the Indians arrived at the village, and found fault with the destruction of their property, they were beaten and abused by the Squatters.

"The Indians made complaint to me, as their Agent I wrote to Gen. Clark,[BF] stating to him from time to time what happened, and giving a minute detail of everything that passed between the whites (Squatters) and the Indians.

[Footnote BF: Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis. (Ed.)]

"The squatters insisted that the Indians should be removed from their village, saying that as soon as the land was brought into market they (the squatters) would buy it all. It became needless for me to show them the treaty, and the right the Indians had to remain on their lands. They tried every method to annoy the Indians, by shooting their dogs, claiming their horses; complaining that the Indians' horses broke into their cornfields--selling them whiskey for the most trifling articles, contrary to the wishes and request of the chiefs, particularly the Black Hawk, who both solicited and threatened them on the subject, but all to no purpose.

"The President directed those lands to be sold at the Land Office, in Springfield, Illinois. Accordingly when the time came that they were to be offered for sale (in the Autumn of 1828), there were about twenty families of squatters at, and in the vicinity of the old Sauk village, most of whom attended the sale, and but one of them could purchase a quarter-section (if we except George Davenport, a trader who resides in Rocky Island). Therefore, all the land not sold, still belonged to the United States, and the Indians had still a right, by treaty, to hunt and live on those lands. This right, however, was not allowed them--they must move off.

"In 1830, the principal chiefs, and others of the Sauk and Fox Indians who resided at the old village, near Rocky river, acquainted me that they would remove to their village on Ihoway river. These chiefs advised me to write to General Clarke, Superintendent of Indian Affairs at this place (St. Louis), to send up a few militia--that the Black Hawk and his followers would then see that everything was in earnest, and they would remove to the west side of the Mississippi, to their own lands.

"The letter, as requested by the chiefs, was written and sent by me to General Clarke, but he did not think proper to answer it--therefore everything remained as formerly, and, as a matter of course. Black Hawk and his party thought the whole matter of removing from the old village had blown over.

"In the Spring of 1831, the Black Hawk and his party were augmented by many Indians from Ihoway river. This augmentation of forces made the Black Hawk very proud, and he supposed nothing would be done about removing him and his party.

"General Gaines visited the Black Hawk and his party this season, with a force of regulars and militia, and compelled them to remove to the west side of the Mississippi river, on their own lands.

"When the Black Hawk and party recrossed to the east side of the Mississippi river in 1832, they numbered three hundred and sixty-eight men. They were hampered with many women and children, and had no intention to make war. When attacked by General Stillman's detachment, they defended themselves like men, and I would ask, who would not do so, likewise? Thus the war commenced. * * * *

"The Indians had been defeated, dispersed, and some of the principal chiefs are now in prison and in chains, at Jefferson Barracks. * * * *

"It is very well known, by all who know the Black Hawk, that he has always been considered a friend to the whites. Often has he taken into his lodge the wearied white man, given him good food to eat, and a good blanket to sleep on before the fire. Many a good meal has _the Prophet_ given to people travelling past his village, and very many stray horses has he recovered from the Indians, and restored to their rightful owners, without asking any recompense whatever. * * * *

"What right have we to tell any people, 'You shall not cross the Mississippi river on any pretext whatever?' When the Sauk and Fox Indians wish to cross the Mississippi, to visit their relations among the Pottawattomies, of Fox river, Illinois, they are prevented by us, _because we have the power!_"

I omit, in the extracts I have made, the old gentleman's occasional comments upon the powers that dictated, and the forces which carried on the warfare of this unhappy Summer. There is every reason to believe that had his suggestions been listened to, and had he continued the Agent of the Sauks and Foxes, a sad record might have been spared. I mean the untimely fate of the unfortunate M. St. Vrain, who, a comparative stranger to his people, was murdered by them, in their exasperated fury, at Kellogg's Grove, soon after the commencement of the campaign.

NOTES

BY REUBEN GOLD THWAITES

1 (page 2).--_Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the Mississippi River in 1820; resumed and completed by the Discovery of its Origin in Itasca Lake in 1832_, by Henry R. Schoolcraft (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1855--the year in which _Wau-Bun_ was written).

2 (page 2).--The etymology of Michilimackinac (now abbreviated to Mackinac) is generally given as "great turtle," and is supposed to refer to the shape of the island. The Ottawa chief, A. J. Blackbird, in his _History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan_ (Ypsilanti, Mich., 1887), pp. 19, 20, gives a far different derivation; he traces the name back to "Mishinemackinong," the dwelling-place of the Mishinemackinawgo, a small tribe, early allies of the Ottawas, but practically annihilated by the Iroquois, during one of the North-western raids of the latter.

3 (page 3).---Robert Stuart, born in Scotland in 1784, was educated in Paris; coming to America when twenty-two years of age, he went at once to Montreal, connecting himself with the Northwest Fur Company. In 1810, in connection with his uncle, David Stuart, he joined forces with John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, and was one of the party which went from New York by sea to found Astoria, on the Pacific coast. In 1812, in company with Ramsay Crooks, he was sent overland to New York with important despatches for the company--a hazardous expedition, which consumed nearly a year in its accomplishment. He arrived at Mackinac in 1819, a partner with Astor in the American Fur Company, and manager of its affairs throughout the wide expanse of country which was then served from this entrepôt. After fifteen years upon the island, where he was the leading resident, Stuart went to Detroit in 1834, upon the closing out of the company's affairs. At that place he took prominent part in business and public affairs. In 1887 we find him local director of the poor; in 1839, moderator of the school district; in 1840-41, state treasurer of Michigan, and from 1841-45, United States Indian agent for that state. Stuart also took active part in church work, was insistent on discountenancing the rum traffic, which always went hand in hand with the fur trade, and bore a high reputation for personal probity. Dying suddenly in Chicago, in 1848, his body was taken in a sailing-vessel around by the lakes to Detroit; at Mackinac Island, en route, it lay in state for several hours.

4 (page 6).--Rev. William Montague Ferry organized the Presbyterian church at Mackinac in 1822; it later developed into a mission school. After suffering many trials and disappointments he was released from service August 6, 1834, at once settling at Grand Haven, Mich., his being the first white family at that place. He died December 30, 1867. Williams's _The Old Mission Church of Mackinac Island_ (Detroit, 1895) gives a history of this enterprise.

5 (page 6).--Upon the downfall of New France (1763), the fur trade of the Northwest fell into the hands of citizens of Great Britain. In 1766, a few Scotch merchants reopened the trade, with headquarters at Mackinac, employing French-Canadians as agents, clerks, and _voyageurs_. In 1783-87, the Northwest Company was organized, also with Mackinac as a center of distribution, as the chief rival of the Hudson Bay Company and of the old Mackinaw Company. In 1809, John Jacob Astor organized the American Fur Company. Two years later he secured a half interest in the Mackinaw Company, which he renamed the Southwest Company. In the war of 1812-15, Astor lost his Pacific post of Astoria, which fell into the possession of the Northwest Company, and the trade of the Southwest Company was shattered. In 1816, Congress decreed that foreign fur-traders were not to be admitted to do business within the United States. Under this protection Astor reorganized the American Fur Company, which flourished until his retirement from business, in 1834.

6 (page 8).--Large bateaux, about thirty feet long, used by fur-traders in the transportation of their cargoes upon the lakes and rivers of the Northwest. The cargo was placed in the center, both ends being sharp and high above the water. The crew generally consisted of seven men (_voyageurs_), of whom six rowed and one served as steersman; in addition, each boat was commanded by a clerk of the fur company, who was called the _bourgeois_ (master). During rainstorms the cargo was protected by snug-fitting tarpaulins, fastened down and over the sides of the boat.

7 (page 9).--Madame Joseph Laframboise, a half-breed, was the daughter of Jean Baptiste Marcotte, who died while she was an infant; her mother was the daughter of Kewaniquot (Returning Cloud), a prominent chief of the Ottawas. Joseph Laframboise, a devout man, of great force of character, conducted a considerable trade with the Indians. In 1809, while kneeling at prayer in his tent near Grand River, on the east shore of Lake Michigan, he was shot dead by an Indian to whom he had refused to give liquor.

His wife, who had generally accompanied him on his expeditions, continued the business without interruption, and obtained a wide reputation throughout the Mackinac district as a woman of rare business talents, and capable of managing the natives with astuteness. Her contemporaries among Americans described her as speaking a remarkably fine French, and being a graceful and refined person, despite her limited education. She invariably wore the costume of an Indian squaw. Her children were placed at school in Montreal. One of her daughters, Josette, was married at Mackinac to Captain Benjamin K. Pierce, commandant of the fort, and brother of President Pierce. Madame Laframboise closed her business with the American Fur Company in 1821, and thereafter lived upon the island, where she lies buried.

8 (page 10).--Samuel Abbott was one of the officials of the American Fur Company, and a notary and justice of the peace, for many years being the only functionary on Mackinac Island vested with power to perform marriage ceremonies.

Edward Biddle was a brother of Nicholas Biddle, president of the United States Bank during Andrew Jackson's administration. Edward went to Mackinac about 1818, and married a pretty, full-blooded Indian girl, step-daughter of a French fur-trade clerk named Joseph Bailly. The Biddies lived on the island for fifty years, and were buried there. Their eldest daughter, Sophia, was carefully educated in Philadelphia by Nicholas Biddle's family, but finally died on the island, of consumption. She was, like her mother, a Catholic; but the other children, also well educated, became Protestants.

9 (page 10).--For a character sketch of Mrs. David Mitchell, see Mrs. Baird's "Early Days on Mackinac Island," _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, vol. xiv, pp. 35-58.

10 (page 11).--British and Indian forces under Captain Charles Roberts, from the garrison at St. Joseph, captured the American fort on Mackinac Island, commanded by Lieutenant Porter Hanks, upon July 17, 1812. The ease with which this capture was made, induced the British to throw up a strong earthwork on the high hill commanding the fort, about a half-mile in its rear. This fortification was called Fort George; August 4, 1814, an attempt was made by the Americans to retake the island, which has great strategic importance, as guarding the gateways to Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior. There were seven war-vessels under Commodore Sinclair, and a land force of 750 under Colonel Croghan. The vessels could effect only a blockade; the military disembarked at "British Landing," where Roberts's forces had beached two years before. In the consequent attack, which proved fruitless, Major Andrew Hunter Holmes, second in command, and an officer of great promise, was killed. When the island was surrendered to the United States by the treaty of Ghent (February, 1815), Fort George was rechristened Fort Holmes, a name which the abandoned ruins still bear.

11 (page 12).--The author was evidently misled by a typographical error in some historical work which she had consulted. The date should be 1670. Father Jacques Marquette, driven with his flock of Hurons and Ottawas from Chequamegon Bay (Lake Superior) by the Sioux of the West, established himself at Point St. Ignace. There he remained for three years, until he left with Louis Joliet to explore the Mississippi River.

12 (page 12).--When, in 1650, the Hurons fled before the great Iroquois invasion, some of them took refuge with the French at Quebec, and others migrated to the Mackinac region, and even as far west as northern Wisconsin. The refugees to Lake Superior and northern Wisconsin were driven back east again in 1670 (see Note 11), to Mackinac. When Cadillac founded Detroit (1701), some of them accompanied him, and settled in the outskirts of that town. They remained without a religious teacher until the arrival of the Jesuit La Richardie. He established his mission on the opposite bank of the river from Detroit, at where is now Sandwich, Ontario. This was in order to avoid conflict of ecclesiastical jurisdiction with the Récollets in charge at Detroit. The mission house built by La Richardie stood until after the middle of the nineteenth century; that portion of his church which was built in 1728 remained until the last decade of that century; but the addition, built in 1743, is still in good condition, and used as a dwelling.

13 (page 12).--Near the modern village of Harbor Springs, Mich. It is frequently called "Cross Village" in early English-American documents.

14 (page 14).--John P. Arndt, a Pennsylvania German, arrived in Green Bay in 1823. He was for many years the leader of the French fur-trading element on the lower Fox River. He kept the first ferry at Green Bay (1825), and was as well a miller and a lumberman.

15 (page 15).--In 1820, Colonel Joseph Lee Smith moved the garrison from Fort Howard, on the west bank of Fox River, to new quarters, called Camp Smith, three miles above, on the opposite bank. Camp Smith was occupied for two years, when the garrison returned to Fort Howard. A polyglot settlement sprang up between Camp Smith and the river, popularly called Shantytown, but later (1829) platted as Menomoneeville. Shantytown was afterward abandoned by the most prosperous settlers in favor of a point lower down the river on the same bank, and is but a suburb of the present Green Bay.

16 (page 16).--The site of Fort Howard (thus named from General Benjamin Howard), on the west bank of Fox River, was selected in 1816 by Major Charles Gratiot, of the engineer corps, who prepared the plans, and was present during the earlier portion of its construction; its completion was, however, left to the superintendence of Colonel Talbot Chambers. As per Note 15, the fort was abandoned in favor of Camp Smith from 1820-22, but was otherwise continuously garrisoned until 1841. It then remained ungarrisoned until 1849, when it was occupied for two years. From 1852 forward the fort was unoccupied, save for a brief period in 1863 by militiamen. The buildings are now for the most part effaced.

17 (page 16).--James Duane Doty was born at Salem, N. Y., November 5, 1799. Having studied law, he settled at Detroit in his twentieth year, and soon became clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court and secretary of the territorial legislature. In 1820 he made a tour of the upper lakes in company with Governor Lewis Cass, penetrating to the sources of the Mississippi. In 1823 he was appointed United States district judge for that portion of Michigan Territory lying west of Lakes Michigan and Superior, and for ten years held court both at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. In 1834, as a member of the territorial legislature, he drafted the act which made Michigan a state and Wisconsin a territory. From 1837-41 he served as delegate to Congress from Wisconsin, and from 1841-44 as governor of the new territory. Vigorously ambitious in behalf of Wisconsin, he long though vainly sought to regain from Illinois the strip of country north of a line drawn due westward from the southernmost part of Lake Michigan, the ordinance of 1787 having named this as the boundary between the two states to be erected to the west of Lake Michigan and the Wabash River; had his contention prevailed, Chicago would have been a Wisconsin city. Doty served in the Wisconsin state constitutional convention (1846); was a member of Congress (1850-53); in 1861 was appointed superintendent of Indian affairs of Utah, and signed the first treaty ever made with the Shoshones; and in May, 1863, was appointed governor of Utah, in which office he died, June 13, 1865.

18 (page 17).--William Selby Harney, born in Louisiana, entered the array in 1818 as a second lieutenant. He was made captain in the First Infantry May 14, 1825, and major and paymaster May 1, 1833; promoted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the Second Dragoons August 15, 1836; brevetted colonel December 7, 1840, for gallant and meritorious conduct in successive Indian campaigns, and became colonel of his regiment June 30, 1846. For conspicuous gallantry in the battle of Cerro Gordo, he was brevetted brigadier-general April 18, 1847, and became brigadier-general June 14, 1858. He was retired August 1, 1863, and two years later was brevetted major-general for long and faithful service. He died May 9, 1889.

19 (page 18).--Joseph Rolette was a prominent fur trader of Prairie du Chien, and one of the most marked characters among the French Canadians of Wisconsin during the first third of the nineteenth century. In the War of 1812-15, he held a commission in the British Indian department, and piloted the British troops in their attack on Prairie du Chien in 1814.

20 (page 20).--Rev. Richard Fish Cadle organized the Episcopalian parish of St. Paul's, in Detroit, November 22, 1824. In 1828, his health failing, he went to Green Bay in company with his sister Sarah, and established an Indian mission school at the now abandoned barracks of Camp Smith (see Note 15). During the winter of 1828-29, the United States government granted a small tract of land for the purpose, and the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of his church erected suitable buildings thereon. In 1838 the Cadles withdrew from the work, which had not met with great success. The Indians were either indifferent to the scheme or bitterly opposed to it, objecting to rigid discipline being applied to their children. The French also disliked the enterprise, both because it was a Protestant mission and because it did not accord with their notions of the fitness of things. Solomon Juneau, the founder of Milwaukee, once wrote: "As to the little savages whom you ask about for Mr. Cadle, I have spoken to several, and they tell me with satisfaction that they are much happier in their present situation than in learning geography." Mr. Cadle suffered greatly in health because of the ceaseless worry of his untenable position; but no doubt many of his troubles were the result of his own highly nervous temperament. The mission was carried on by others until 1840, and then succumbed.

21 (page 21).--Reference is here made to Ursula M. Grignon, daughter of Louis Grignon, a Green Bay fur-trader, and grandson of Charles de Langlade, the first permanent white settler in Wisconsin. Later, Miss Grignon returned to her family at Green Bay, where she died February 22, 1887.

22 (page 22).--Elizabeth Thérèse Baird was born at Prairie du Chien, April 24, 1810, a daughter of Henry Munro Fisher, a prominent Scotch fur-trader in the employ of the American Fur Company. On her mother's side she was a descendant of an Ottawa chief, Kewaniquot (Returning Cloud), and related to Madame Laframboise (see Note 7). Marrying Henry S. Baird, a young lawyer of Mackinac Island, in 1824, when but fourteen years of age, the couple at once took up their residence at Green Bay. Baird was the first regularly trained legal practitioner in Wisconsin, and attained considerable prominence in the political life of the new territory. He died in 1875. Mrs. Baird was one of the most remarkable pioneer women of the Northwest; she was of charming personality and excellent education, proud of her trace of Indian blood, and had a wide acquaintance with the principal men and women of early Wisconsin. Her reminiscences, published in vols. xiv and xv of the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, are as interesting and valuable of their kind as _Wau-Bun_ itself. She died at Green Bay, November 5, 1890.

23 (page 23).--Mrs. Samuel W. Beall. Her husband was a lawyer from Virginia, and she a niece of Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. In 1835, the Bealls, who were prominent in the social life of Green Bay, became rich through land speculation, but subsequently lost the greater part of their fortune. Beall was shot dead, in the Far West, in some border disturbance, and his wife devoted the remainder of her life to charitable work.

24 (page 25)--Major David Emanuel Twiggs was born in Georgia, and entered the army as captain of infantry in 1812. He became major of the Twenty-eighth Infantry in 1814; lieutenant-colonel of the Fourth Infantry in 1831; colonel of the Second Dragoons in 1836; brigadier-general in June, 1846; and for gallant and meritorious conduct at Monterey was brevetted major-general in September of the same year. Twiggs was dismissed the service in March, 1861, having while on command in the South surrendered army stores to the Confederates. He served as major-general in the Confederate army from 1861-65.

25 (page 27).--Wife of Lewis Cass, then governor of Michigan.

26 (page 27).--Charles Réaume was born of good family about 1752, at La Prairie, opposite Montreal. In 1778 we find him at Detroit as a captain in the British Indian department, in which capacity he accompanied Lieutenant-Governor Henry Hamilton in the expedition against Vincennes in December of that year. When George Rogers Clark captured Vincennes in the following February, Réaume was among the prisoners, but was allowed to return to Detroit upon parole. He appears to have settled at Green Bay about 1790, and it is thought received his first commission as justice of the peace from the British authorities at Detroit. About 1801 he received a similar appointment from William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana Territory, of which what is now Wisconsin was then a part. In 1818, Governor Cass, of Michigan Territory, appointed him one of the associate justices for Brown County, of which Green Bay was the seat. In the same year he removed to Little Kaukaulin, ten miles up Fox River from Green Bay, and there engaged in trade with the Indians, in the course of which he fell into drunken habits. In the spring of 1822 he was found dead in his lonely cabin. He was unmarried. Réaume, as stated by Mrs. Kinzie, administered justice in a primitive fashion. During much of his career as a petty magistrate, he was the only civil officer west of Lake Michigan. Ungoverned by statutes or by supervision, he married, divorced, even baptized, his people at will, and was notary and general clerical functionary for the entire population, white and red. He is one of the picturesque characters in Wisconsin history.

27 (page 28).--The father of Nicholas Boilvin was a resident of Quebec during the American Revolution. Upon the declaration of peace, Nicholas went to the Northwest, and engaged in the Indian trade. He obtained from the United States government the position of Indian agent, and in 1810 went to Prairie du Chien. In 1814, when the British attacked that post, Boilvin and his family, with other Americans, retired to a gunboat in the Mississippi River and fled to St. Louis. In addition to his Indian agency, Boilvin was a justice of the peace, his first commission being issued by the authorities of Illinois Territory in 1809. He died in the summer of 1827 on a Mississippi River keel-boat, while en route for St. Louis. At one time he furnished the war department with a Winnebago vocabulary.

28 (page 29).--For other Canadian boat-songs, see _Hunt's Merchants' Magazine_, vol. iii, p. 189; Bela Hubbard's _Memorials of a Half Century_, and Ernest Gagnon's _Chanson Populaires du Canada_.

29 (page 30).--The Grignon family are prominently identified with Wisconsin pioneer history. Their progenitor was Pierre, who had been a _voyageur_ on Lake Superior at an early date, and an independent fur-trader at Green Bay before 1763. For his second wife he married Louise Domitilde, a daughter of Charles de Langlade, the first permanent settler of Wisconsin (about 1750). By her, Pierre Grignon had nine children--Pierre Antoine (1777), Charles (1779), Augustin (1780), Louis (1783), Jean Baptiste (1785), Domitilde (1787), Marguerite (1789), Hippolyte (1790), and Amable (1795). The elder Pierre died at Green Bay in 1795, his widow subsequently marrying Jean Baptiste Langevin. Of the sons of Pierre Grignon, most won prominence as fur-traders--Augustin, whose valuable "Seventy-Two Years' Recollections of Wisconsin" are given in vol. iii of _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, is best known to students of Western history.

30 (page 31).--Variously spelled in contemporary documents, Grand Kaccalin, Cacalin, Cockolin, Kackalin, Kakalin, and Kokolow; but later crystallized into Kaukauna, the name of the modern manufacturing town now situated upon the banks of this rapid. Dominic Du Charme was the first white settler there (1793), being followed by Augustin Grignon (1812). A Presbyterian Indian mission was established at the place in 1822 (see Note 31).

31 (page 32).--Rev. Cutting Marsh was born in Danville, Vt., July 20, 1800. Prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., he graduated from Dartmouth in 1826, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1829. In October, 1829, he departed for the Northwest as missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in the employ both of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge. The Stockbridges were originally a New England tribe who had been moved to New York. In 1822-23, along with Oneidas, Munsees, and Brothertowns, they went to the Fox River Valley in Wisconsin. The mission to the Stockbridges was first established at what is now South Kaukauna (see Note 30), and was called Statesburg; later (1832), it was moved to Calumet County, east of Lake Winnebago, the new village being called Stockbridge. Their first missionary in Wisconsin was Jesse Miner, who died in 1829. Marsh served from 1830-48; thereafter he was an itinerant Presbyterian missionary in northern Wisconsin, and died at Waupaca July 4, 1873. Marsh's letter-books and journals, a rich mine of pioneer church annals, are now in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society; his annual reports to the Scottish Society were published in Vol. XV of the _Wisconsin Historical Collections_. They bear a curious resemblance in matter and style to the _Jesuit Relations_ of New France, in the seventeenth century.

32 (page 32).--Rev. Eleazer Williams was an Episcopalian missionary to the Oneida Indians, some of whom moved to Wisconsin from New York in 1821-22. In 1853, Williams, who was imbued with a passion for notoriety, suddenly posed before the American public as Louis XVII., hereditary sovereign of France, claiming to be that son of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette who was officially reported to have died in prison after his parents had been beheaded by the Paris revolutionists. Although he was too young by eight years to be the lost dauphin, was clearly of Indian origin, was stoutly claimed by his dusky parents, and every allegation of his in regard to the matter was soon exposed as false, many persons of romantic temperament believed his story, and there are those who still stoutly maintain that his pretensions were well founded. Williams died in 1858, discredited by his church, but persisting in his absurd claims to the last. A considerable literature has sprung up relative to this controversy, pro and con; the most exhaustive account is W. W. Wight's monograph, Parkman Club _Papers_ (Milwaukee), No. 7.

33 (page 40).--Petit Butte des Morts (little hill of the dead) is a considerable eminence rising from the shores of the Fox River in the western outskirts of the present city of Menasha; a widening of the river at this point bears the name of the _butte_. The hill, still a striking feature of the landscape, although much reduced from railway and other excavations, commanded the river for several miles in either direction, and appears to have been used in early days as the site of an Indian fort; as such, it was probably the scene of several notable encounters during the Fox War, in the first third of the eighteenth century. Because of these traditions, and the existence of a large Indian mound on its summit, it was long supposed by whites that the entire hill was a gigantic earthwork, reared to bury as well as to commemorate the thousands of Indians whom the French are alleged to have here slain. But this is now known to be mere fancy; the hill is of glacial origin, although no doubt it was at one time used as an Indian cemetery. Grand Butte des Morts, upon the upper waters of the Fox River, above the present Oshkosh, has similar traditions as to its inception, but is of like character; and does not appear to have been the scene of any important fight.

34 (page 45).--The present Island Park, an Oshkosh summer resort.

35 (page 46).--See Gardner P. Stickney's "Use of Maize by Wisconsin Indians," Parkman Club _Papers_, No. 13. This contains numerous bibliographical citations. An exhaustive treatise on the use of wild rice among the northern tribes, by Alfred E. Jenks, will soon be published by the American Bureau of Ethnology.

36 (page 48).--John Lawe, whose father was an officer in the British army. John came to Green Bay in 1797, when but sixteen years old, as assistant to his uncle, Jacob Franks, an English Jew, who represented at Green Bay the fur-trade firm of Ogilvie, Gillespie & Co., of Montreal. On the outbreak of the War of 1812-15, Franks returned to Montreal, turning over his large business to Lawe, who was, until his death in 1846, one of the leading citizens of Green Bay; not only conducting a large fur trade, but serving the public as magistrate and in other capacities.

37 (page 49).--Jacques Porlier, a leading fur-trader, and chief justice of Brown County court. He was a business partner of Augustin Grignon.

38 (page 52).--The Sacs and Foxes maintained an important confederacy for about a hundred years, reaching between the routing of the Foxes by the French, in the first third of the eighteenth century, and the decimation of the Sacs by the Americans in the Black Hawk War (1832).

39 (page 52).--This is incorrect. The French popularly called the Winnebagoes "Puants" (stinkards), a term long supposed to be a literal translation of _Winepegou_, the name given this tribe by its neighbors. But later investigation proves that Winepegou meant "men from the fetid water," or "the fetids." At first, these people were called by the French, "Tribe of the Sea," because it was thought that salt-water must be meant by the term "fetid." As the continent was not then thought to be as wide as it has since proved to be, the early French inferred that the Winnebagoes must live on or near the ocean, and might be Chinese. When Champlain sent Jean Nicolet to make a treaty with the Winnebagoes, he equipped the latter with an ambassadorial costume suitable for meeting mandarins. Nicolet was much disappointed to find them at Green Bay, merely naked savages. Baye des Puans (or Puants) was the French name for Green Bay, until well into the eighteenth century. It is now thought that the Winnebagoes came to Wisconsin from the Lake Winnipeg region, and obtained their name from sulphur springs in the neighborhood of which they had lived. They are an outcast branch of the Dakotan stock.

40 (page 54).--Alexander Seymour Hooe was born in Virginia, and graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1827. At the time of Mrs. Kinzie's visit, he was a first lieutenant in the Fifth Infantry; he was made a captain in July, 1838. In 1846 he was brevetted major for gallant and distinguished conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and died December 9, 1847.

41 (page 57).--Pierre Paquette, local agent of the American Fur Company, and government interpreter. He was a French half-breed, and attained wide reputation because of his enormous strength and his almost despotic control over the Winnebagoes, to whom he was related.

42 (page 59).--Reference is here made to Jefferson Davis, at this time second lieutenant in the First Infantry.

43 (page 60).--This portage was the one used by Joliet and Marquette in their expedition towards the Mississippi in 1673, and thereafter persistently followed as one of the chief pathways to the Mississippi, by French, English, and Americans in turn, until the decline of the fur trade, about 1840. A government canal now connects the two rivers at this point; but it is seldom used, for the upper Fox is very shallow, and the Wisconsin is beset with shifting sandbars, so that few steam craft can now successfully navigate these waters, except at seasons of flood.

44 (page 63).--Old Decorah (sometimes called "Grey-headed" Decorah, or De Kauray) was a village chief of the Winnebagoes, who served in the British campaign against Sandusky in 1813. At the time of his death, soon after Mrs. Kinzie's visit, he was popularly alleged to be one hundred and forty-three years old.

45 (page 64).--Robert A. Forsyth, an army paymaster, long engaged in the Indian department. He died October 21, 1849.

46 (page 65).--Kawneeshaw (White Crow), sometimes called "The Blind," was a civil chief and orator of the Winnebagoes. His village was on Lake Koshkonong. White Crow's devotion to the whites, during the Black Hawk War, was open to suspicion; like most of his tribe, he was but a fair-weather ally.

47 (page 65).--Dandy was the son of Black Wolf, a Winnebago village chief. He died at Peten Well, on the Wisconsin River, near Necedah, in 1870, aged about seventy-seven years.

48 (page 71).--Stephen Hempstead, a Revolutionary soldier who had served as a sergeant in the company of Captain Nathan Hale, moved from Connecticut to St. Louis in 1811. His daughter Susan was married to Henry Gratiot, a leading settler in the Wisconsin-Illinois lead region. Hempstead had two sons, living at Galena, who attained prominence among the pioneers of the lead region, Edward being a commission merchant and lead-ore shipper, and Charles a lawyer of distinction. It is uncertain as to which of these two is meant by Mrs. Kinzie.

49 (page 72).--Joseph M. Street was born in Virginia, about 1780. Emigrating to Kentucky in 1805-6, he published the _Western World_ at Frankfort, and took a conspicuous part in political controversy. In 1812 he became one of the first settlers of Shawnee-town. Ill. As a result of his efforts as a Whig partisan, he obtained in 1827 an appointment to the Winnebago Indian agency at Prairie du Chien, at a salary of $1,200 per year, to succeed Nicholas Boilvin (see Note 27). It was to him, as agent, that Winnebago spies delivered up Black Hawk in 1832. In November, 1836, he was ordered to open a Sac and Fox agency at Rock Island; and in the fall of 1837 accompanied Keokuk, Wapello, Black Hawk, and other Indian chiefs and head men to Washington. He died in office, May 5, 1840, at Agency City, on the Des Moines River, Wapello County, Iowa. His military title came from a commission as brigadier-general in the Illinois militia, which he held for a brief period.

50 (page 75).--Yellow Thunder, a Winnebago war chief, had his winter camp at Yellow Banks, on Fox River, about five miles below Berlin, and his summer camp about sixteen miles above Portage, on the Wisconsin River. In the War of 1812-15, he took part with his tribe on the side of the British. He died near Portage, in February, 1874, at the alleged age of over one hundred years.

51 (page 88).--Richard M. Johnson was born in Kentucky in 1780. From 1807-19 he was a member of Congress from that State. In 1813 he raised a volunteer cavalry regiment, of which he was colonel, to serve under General William Henry Harrison. He distinguished himself at the battle of the Thames, and was long thought to have killed Tecumseh by his own hand; but to this doubtful honor he was probably unentitled. Appointed an Indian commissioner in 1814, he was early in the region of the upper Mississippi; he is known to have been at Prairie du Chien in 1819. In that year he left the lower house of Congress to go into the Senate, where he served until 1829. He was then re-elected to the house, in which he held a seat until 1837, when he was elected Vice-President of the United States. He died in Frankfort, November 19, 1850, while a member of the Kentucky legislature. Johnson had the reputation of being a courageous, kind-hearted, and talented man.

52 (page 95).--Apparently a son of François Roy, a Portage fur-trader.

53 (page 102).--Lake Kegonsa, or First Lake, in the well-known Four Lakes chain. These lakes are numbered upward, towards the headwaters. Among early settlers they are still known by the numbers given them by the federal surveyors; but about 1856, Lyman C. Draper, then secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, gave them the Indian names which they now bear on the maps--Kegonsa (First), Waubesa (Second), Monona (Third), and Mendota (Fourth). A fifth lake, called Wingra, also abuts Madison, but is not in the regular chain.

54 (page 104).--Colonel James Morrison, who had in 1828 started a trading establishment at what was called Morrison's (or Porter's) Grove, nine miles from Blue Mounds. Later, Morrison became one of the first settlers of Madison, where for many years he kept a hotel.

55 (page 107).--Rev. Aratus Kent was born at Suffield, Conn., January 15, 1794, and graduated from Yale in 1816. After serving pulpits in the East, he was, in March, 1829, assigned to Galena, Ill., by the American Home Missionary Society, having previously asked the society "for a place so hard that no one else would take it." He organized at Galena the first Presbyterian church in the lead mines, and there labored zealously until December, 1848, when he withdrew to other fields. He died November 8, 1869.

56 (page 107).--The villages and hunting and fishing grounds of the Indians were connected by a network of such trails through the forests and over the prairies. Many of the most important of these were no doubt originally made by buffalo, in their long journeys between pastures, or in their migrations westward in advance of oncoming settlement. The buffalo traces were followed by the Indians upon their hunts; and the best passes over both the Alleghanies and Rockies were first discovered and trod by these indigenous cattle. The natural evolution has been: First the buffalo trace, then the Indian trail, next the pioneer's path, broadened and straightened at last for wagons, then the military road, or the plank-road, and finally the railroad. Broadly speaking, the continent has been spanned by this means. There are still discoverable, in isolated portions of the Middle West, remains of a few of the most important of the old Indian trails, such as have not been adapted into white men's roads.

57 (page 112).--William Stephen Hamilton, the sixth child of the famous Alexander Hamilton, was born August 4, 1797. In 1814 young Hamilton entered the West Point Military Academy, but resigned in 1817, having received an appointment on the staff of Colonel William Rector, then surveyor-general of Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas. He appears to have resigned after a few years of service, and sought his fortune in what is now Wisconsin. We first hear of him in Wisconsin in 1825, when he bought a herd of cattle in Illinois and drove them overland to Green Bay, via Chicago, for sale to the garrison at the former place. Two years later he appeared in the lead mines, toward which was then a heavy emigration, and settled at and founded what is now Wiota, La Fayette County. He at once took high rank among the mine operators of the region. In 1827 he commanded a company of volunteers in the Red Bird uprising, and during the Black Hawk War (1832) commanded a company of rangers. Emigrating to California in 1850, enticed thither by the gold excitement, he settled on a large ranch near Red Bluff, Tehama County, where he died about 1865. At first buried upon the ranch, his remains were later removed to Sacramento, but the exact location of the grave is now unknown. While at Wiota he was visited by his aged mother and one of his sisters, then residing at Washington, D. C. By his Wisconsin contemporaries, Hamilton was ranked as a profound thinker; but his ambition to become a member of the state constitutional convention failed, because his views were thought to be too aristocratic to enable him to be a wise law-maker for a frontier commonwealth. His various business enterprises were unfortunate in their result.

58 (page 115).--The Pecatonica River.

59 (page 118).--Buffalo Grove was a small settlement, commenced about 1827-28 by O. W. Kellogg, ten miles north from Dixon's Ferry, on the Galena road, or Kellogg's Trail; so called, because, in 1827, Kellogg first opened this path from Peoria to the Galena lead mines. The trail originally crossed the Rock River a few miles above the present Dixon; but in 1828 was diverted to the site of what at first was called Dixon's Ferry, but later was abbreviated to Dixon's, and finally to Dixon.

60 (page 119).--John Dixon was born in Rye, Westchester County, N. Y., October 9, 1784. For several years he was a tailor and clothier in New York City; but in 1820 emigrated to the West for the benefit of his health. Settling near Springfield, Ill., he at first held several public offices. He went to Peoria County as recorder of deeds--Galena and Chicago being then included in territory attached to that new county for administrative purposes. Taking the contract, in 1828, for carrying the mail between Peoria and Galena, he induced Joseph Ogee, a French Canadian half-breed, to establish a ferry at the Rock River crossing (see Note 59). But two years later he bought out Ogee and settled at the ferry himself, trading with the Indians, speculating in wild lands, carrying the mail, and in general taking a prominent part in pioneer enterprises. He died at Dixon, July 9, 1876.

61 (page 121).--The most important aboriginal highway was the great Sac trail, extending in almost an air-line across the state, from Black Hawk's village, at the mouth of Rock River, to the south shore of Lake Michigan, and then through Michigan to Maiden, Canada. Over this deep-beaten path, portions of which are still visible. Black Hawk's band made frequent visits to the British Indian agency at Maiden.

62 (page 140).--The first Fort Dearborn was built in the summer and autumn of 1803, by a company of regulars under command of Captain John Whistler. See description and illustration in Blanchard's _The Northwest and Chicago_ (Chicago, 1898), vol. i, pp. 333-336. This fort was destroyed by Indians in 1812, at the time of the massacre. A new fort was built on the same spot in 1816. A portion of the officers' quarters in this second fort was still in existence in 1881.

63 (page 141).--Jean Baptiste Beaubien came to Chicago in 1817, as local agent for Conant & Mack, a Detroit firm of fur-traders. A few months later his employers sold out to the American Fur Company, and Beaubien was displaced. He continued to reside at Chicago, however, where he acquired considerable property, and married Josette Laframboise, a French Ottawa half-breed, who had worked in John Kinzie's family before the massacre. Several descendants of this couple still reside in Chicago.

64 (page 143).--Mark Beaubien was a brother of Jean Baptiste. The latter induced him to come to Chicago, from Detroit, in 1826. He at once opened a small tavern, which by 1831 had grown to the dimensions described by Mrs. Kinzie; it was named Sauganash Hotel. Mark was the father of twenty-three children, sixteen by his first wife and seven by his second.

65 (page 145).--Jonathan N. Bailey was appointed postmaster of Chicago, March 31, 1831.

Stephen Forbes opened a private school there in June, 1830, assisted by his wife, Elvira; they taught about twenty-five scholars in the simple branches of English.

Hurlbut, in his _Chicago Antiquities_ (1881, p. 349), says that Kercheval was merely a clerk for Robert Kinzie, not an independent trader.

John Stephen Coats Hogan was born in New York City, February 5, 1805, or 1806; his father, an Irishman, was a teacher of languages in New York, who had married a French-Canadian woman. Early in his youth, John was adopted by a Detroit family, and upon reaching maturity went into trade. He had arrived in Chicago as early as 1830, being that year elected a justice of the peace. He appears to have been a partner of the Messrs. Brewster, Detroit fur-traders, and in connection with his business conducted the sutler's store at Fort Dearborn. In 1832, while postmaster of Chicago, he served as a lieutenant of militia in the Black Hawk War. He was in California in 1849, and died at Boonville, Mo., in 1868.

William Lee was not an ordained minister; he was a blacksmith by trade, and an exhorter of the Methodist church. He was at the Calumet as early as 1830, for in that year he was granted a right to maintain a ferry there; but later in the year he was listed as a voter in Chicago. Lee was first clerk of the commissioners' court of Cook County in 1831-32. He removed to the rapids of Root River in 1835; but subsequently went to Iowa County, Wis., dying at Pulaski in 1858.

66 (page 146).--The name is found, with many variants, on some of the earliest French maps. In 1718, James Logan describes it in detail, in a communication to the English Board of Trade; and it figures on the English maps of that period as the "land carriage of Chekakou."

67 (page 146).--Father of John H. Kinzie, the author's husband.

68 (page 150).--It was early discovered by the French traders that a strong current encircles Lake Michigan, going south along the west shore, and returning northward along the east shore. For this reason boats usually followed the Wisconsin bank up, and the Michigan bank down.

69 (page 197).--Billy Caldwell (Sauganash), an educated half-breed, and in his later years a leading chief of the united Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattomies, was private secretary to Tecumseh at the council of Greenville. In 1816 he was a captain in the British Indian department; in 1826 a justice of the peace in Chicago; in 1832 an efficient friend of the whites during the Black Hawk War, yet nevertheless devoted to the interests of his people. He died at Council Bluffs in 1841, still claiming to be a British subject.

Alexander Robinson was a Pottawattomie chief, much respected by the whites. He long lived at Casenovia, on the Desplaines River, about twelve miles north-west of Chicago.

Shaubena (Shabonee, Shaubeenay, etc.), was an Ottawa by parentage, being born on the Kankakee River in what is now Will County, Ill. He married into the Pottawattomie tribe, and became its principal chief. He aided Tecumseh, and was in the Thames battle; but thereafter devoted his energies to preserving peace between the races. As a consequence, he greatly angered hostile chiefs, and in 1827 was for a time a prisoner in the camp of Big Foot, the Pottawattomie chief at Big Foot Lake (now Lake Geneva). During the Black Hawk War, Shaubena was successful in keeping the majority of the Pottawattomies and Winnebagoes from active participation, thereby rendering very valuable service to the white settlers. He frequently visited Washington on business for his tribe, and always received marked attention both there and in the West. Shaubena died at his home on the Illinois River, two miles above Seneca, July 17, 1859, aged eighty-four years.

70 (page 200).--Reference is here made to the treaty concluded at St. Louis, August 24, 1816, with "the united tribes of the Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattomies, residing on the Illinois and Melwakee rivers and their waters, and on the southwestern parts of Lake Michigan."

71 (page 200).--Treaties were held with the Pottawattomies in 1836, at Turkey Creek (March 26), Tippecanoe River (March 29 and April 11), Indian Agency (April 22), Yellow River (August 5), and Chippewanaung (September 20-23). The principal object of all was to secure the emigration of the tribe to the west of the Mississippi within two years.

72 (page 200).--In 1827, Congress granted alternate sections of land for six miles on each side of the line to aid in building the canal between Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. One of these alternates was section 9, town 39 north, range 13 east, embracing what is now the Chicago business center. In 1830, the canal commissioners--Doctor Jayne, Edmund Roberts, and Charles Dunn--proceeded to lay out a town site upon this section; they employed for this purpose James Thompson, a St. Louis surveyor; his plat covered about three-eighths of the square mile. These commissioners named the original streets. The north and south streets they called State, Dearborn, Clark, La Salle, Wells, Franklin, Market, Canal, Clinton, Jefferson, and Desplaines; the east and west streets named by them were Kinzie, Carroll, Water, Lake, Randolph, Washington, and Madison. Many lots were sold at auction in the first year, prices running from sixty to two hundred dollars. The section immediately south was No. 16---the section granted by the general government in every township as an endowment for public education. Many wise citizens desired this school section reserved from sale until neighboring settlement had brought up the price; but land speculators secured the early sale of the lots, and the resulting educational endowment was meager.

73 (page 202).--Martin Scott was born in Vermont, and entered the army as a second lieutenant in 1814. In 1828 he was commissioned captain of the Fifth Infantry, the post he was filling at the time of which our author speaks. He was made major of his regiment in June, 1846, in recognition of gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma; in September following he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for notable services in the several conflicts at Monterey, and was killed September 8, 1847, in the battle of Molino del Rey. Captain Scott was an eccentric character, of the misanthropic type, well known throughout the country as an expert marksman; he had obtained his training among the sharpshooters of the Green Mountains. His devotion to the chase partook of the nature of a craze. At the various posts where he was stationed, he maintained numerous kennels for his blooded dogs; those at Fort Howard were pagoda-shaped, and presented so striking an appearance that the little village of dog-houses was popularly styled "Scott's four-legged brigade quarters."

74 (page 211).--Sir John Johnson, son and heir of the celebrated Sir William. When a mere boy, during the Revolutionary War, he led the Mohawks in forays against the New York settlers. After the war he was made superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America, and a colonel in the militia of Lower Canada. He died at Montreal, January 4, 1830, with the rank of major-general.

75 (page 227) The troops were withdrawn from Fort Dearborn May 20, 1831; the post was re-occupied June 17, 1832, on account of the Black Hawk uprising.

76 (page 238).--This is the Fox River of the Illinois; not to be confounded with the Fox River of Green Bay.

77 (page 246).--Amos Foster was born in New Hampshire, and was appointed second lieutenant in the Second Infantry, July 1, 1828. While stationed at Fort Howard he was killed by a private soldier named Doyle, February 7, 1832. The details of the tragedy are given by our author upon pp. 341-343, _post_.

78 (page 249). [TN: Note 78 missing from this edition.]

79 (page 251).--The site of Beloit, Wis. This was a favorite camp of the Turtle band of Winnebagoes.

80 (page 252).--Reference is here made to the fact that for several weeks, in 1832, Black Hawk's party of Sac refugees dwelt upon the shores of Lake Koshkonong. Some interesting prehistoric earthworks surround the lake, showing that its banks were populated with aborigines from the earliest times.

81 (page 256).--See Note 53.

82 (page 259).--See Note 24.

83 (page 260).--See Andrew J. Turner's "History of Fort Winnebago," in _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. xiv; it contains illustrations of the fort, the Indian Agency, etc., and portraits of several of the principal military officers.

84 (page 266).--Reverend Samuel Carlo Mazzuchelli was born in Milan, Italy, November 4, 1807, of an old and wealthy family. Becoming a Dominican friar, he emigrated to Cincinnati in 1828, and two years later was stationed at Mackinac. Being appointed commissary-general of his order in the country west of Lake Michigan, he devoted ten years to constant travel through what are now Wisconsin and Iowa, establishing churches and schools. In 1843 he revisited Italy to raise funds for an academy at Sinsinawa Mound, Wis.; seven years later this developed into the provincial house of the Sisters of St. Dominic. The rest of his life was spent as teacher here, and as parish priest for the large neighborhood. He died in 1864, as the result of responding to distant sick-calls. Mazzuchelli was a man of broad, generous temperament, and in every way a worthy pioneer of the cross. In 1844 he published at Milan, a now rare volume devoted to his experiences in the American wilderness.

85 (page 269).--See Note 44.

86 (page 272).--See Note 41.

87 (page 273).--By the treaty of November 3, 1804, the Sacs and Foxes, for the paltry sum of $1,000, ceded to the United States Government 50,000,000 acres of land in what are now Missouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin; this tract included the lead region. Unfortunately, the Indians were given permission to remain in the ceded territory until the lands were sold to settlers. This privilege was the seed of the Black Hawk War. Most of the Sac and Fox villages moved to the west of the Mississippi River during the first quarter of the century. Black Hawk's band, living at the mouth of Rock River, alone remained. Settlement gradually encroached on them, and squatters sought to oust the Indians from the alluvial river-bottom. Black Hawk did not consider the squatters as legitimate settlers, and when they persisted for several seasons in destroying his cornfields, stealing his crops, and physically maltreating his people, he threatened vengeance. This led, in 1831, to Governor John Reynolds, of Illinois, calling out the militia, and in June making a demonstration before Black Hawk's village. The Sacs thereupon withdrew to the west of the Mississippi, and promised to remain there. But discouraged by lack of food, and encouraged by promise of help from the Winnebagoes and Pottawattomies of Illinois, Black Hawk recrossed the river at Yellow Banks, below Rock Island, on April 6, 1832. Governor Reynolds again called out the militia, and secured the aid of United States troops from Fort Armstrong. The Black Hawk War ensued, ending disastrously for the Sac leader and his people.

88 (page 274).--French-Canadian _patois_, so called, is but the seventeenth-century speech of Normandy and Brittany, with some local color derived from the Indians and the new conditions of the frontier. It is a mistake to term this survival a rude dialect, as is so often done by those English-speaking people who have learned only the modern and somewhat artificial French of Paris and the Academy.

89 (page 275).--See Note 20.

90 (page 281).--Mrs. Kinzie here corrects a popular misconception regarding the division of labor in an aboriginal household. In a primitive stage, the Indian male of proper age and normal strength devoted himself to the chase, to war, and the council, leaving to the females the care of the household, which included the cultivation of crops and the carrying of burdens. Aiding the females were those males who were too young, or otherwise incapacitated for the arduous duties of the warrior; also, slaves taken or bought from other tribes. Before whites or strangers of their own race, the Indian warrior disdained to be seen at menial occupations; but in the privacy of his own people he not infrequently assisted his women.

91 (page 285).--See Note 27.

92 (page 303).--Daniel Whitney arrived at Green Bay in 1816, and was the founder of Navarino (1830), on the site of the modern city of Green Bay. He conducted an extensive fur trade in Wisconsin and Minnesota, built numerous sawmills on Wisconsin waters, developed the shot-making industry at Helena, Wis., and in many fields was one of the most enterprising pioneers of Wisconsin.

Miss Henshaw was a sister of Mrs. Whitney.

Miss Brush was visiting her relative, Charles Brush, a resident of Green Bay.

93 (page 305).--Colonel Samuel C. Stambaugh was Indian agent at Green Bay in 1831-32. He had been a country newspaper publisher in Pennsylvania, and received the office as a reward for political services. The Senate refused confirmation of his appointment, and he was withdrawn from the agency. He however served the department for four or five years more as a special agent, when he retired from public employment.

94 (page 306).--The name De Pere comes from _rapides des pères_, referring to the early Jesuit mission (1671-87), at this the first obstruction in ascending the Fox River. The modern manufacturing city of De Pere lies on both sides of the rapids, about four miles above the city of Green Bay. A memorial tablet of bronze was dedicated by the Wisconsin Historical Society on the site of Father Allouez's mission at De Pere, in September, 1899.

95 (page 307).--See Note 30.

96 (page 307).--Grand Butte des Morts, above Lake Winnebago, is meant; the party had gone overland from Green Bay, and struck across country to the south-west of Doty's Island.

James Knaggs was a Pottawattomie half-breed, who in 1835 became ferryman, tavern-keeper, and fur-trader in a small way at Coon's Point, Algoma, now in the city limits of Oshkosh. This was the year before the arrival of Webster Stanley, the first white settler of Oshkosh.

97 (page 312).--Bellefontaine was the name of a farm and wayside tavern owned by Pierre Paquette, the Portage half-breed fur-trader. At this farm the specialty was live-stock, as Paquette had the government contract for supplying most of the beef and horses to the Winnebago tribe.

98 (page 314).--Doctor William Beaumont was an army surgeon. While stationed at Mackinac, in 1822, he was called to treat a young man named Alexis St. Martin, who had received a gunshot wound in his left side. The wound healed, but there remained a fistulous opening into the stomach, two and a half inches in diameter, through which Beaumont could watch the process of digestion. His experiments regarding the digestibility of different kinds of food, and the properties of the gastric juice, were continued through several years--indeed, until Beaumont's death (1853); but the first publication of results was made in 1833, and at once gave Beaumont an international reputation among scientists. Through several years, Beaumont (who resigned from the army in 1839) was stationed at Fort Crawford, where many of his experiments were conducted.

99 (page 318).--Joseph Crélie was the father-in-law of Pierre Paquette. He had been a _voyageur_ and small fur-trader at Prairie du Chien as early as 1791, and in the early coming of the whites (about 1836) obtained much notoriety from claiming to be of phenomenal age. He died at Caledonia, Wis., in 1865, at a time when he asserted himself to be one hundred and thirty years old; but a careful inquiry has resulted in establishing his years at one hundred.

100 (page 318).--General Henry Atkinson, in charge of the regular troops in the pursuit of Black Hawk (1832), had followed the Sac leader to Lake Koshkonong. On the night of July 1 he commenced throwing up breastworks at the junction of the Bark with the Rock River. These were surmounted by a stockade. The rude fort was soon abandoned in the chase of Black Hawk to the west; but the site was chosen in 1836 for the home of the first settler of the modern city of Fort Atkinson, Wis.

101 (page 321).--Now called Baraboo River.

102 (page 322).--David Hunter, a native of the District of Columbia, was then first lieutenant in the Fifth Infantry. He became captain of the First Dragoons in 1833, and was made major and paymaster in 1842. On the outbreak of the War of Secession he was at first appointed colonel of the Sixth Cavalry; but later, in 1861, was commissioned as major-general of volunteers. Because of gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Piedmont, and during the campaign in the Valley of Virginia, he was brevetted major-general. He retired from the service in July, 1866.

103 (page 323).--Charles Gratiot, the father of Henry, was born in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1753, the child of refugee Huguenots from La Rochelle, France. Trained to mercantile life in London, he came to America when not yet of age, and opened a trading-post at Mackinac, visiting Green Bay and Prairie du Chien as early as 1770. He was a wide traveler by canoe through the heart of the continent. In 1774 he opened establishments at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, and very materially aided General George Rogers Clark with influence and fortune, in the latter's celebrated expeditions for the capture of the Northwest. One of his four sons was Henry, to whom our author refers. Henry became a leader in the development of the Wisconsin-Illinois lead mines, and was for many years Indian agent in that district, doing good service as such in the Red Bird (1827) and Black Hawk (1832) uprisings. He died in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1836.

104 (page 328).--The term "pipe" was of more general application than this, among _voyageurs_. It referred to the occasional stoppage of work, in rowing, when pipes would be refilled, and perhaps other refreshment taken. A canoe voyage along the lakes and rivers of the West was measured by "pipes," which of course were more numerous going against the current than with it. In the same manner a portage trail was measured by the number of "pauses" necessary for resting; a rough path having more such than a smooth, level trail.

105 (page 330).--Such huge flights of wild doves were still occasionally to be seen in Wisconsin until about 1878. The present writer has seen them, especially about 1868, in flocks of such size as to darken the sun, as at a total eclipse; large fields in which they would settle would seem to be solid masses of birds; and at night they would roost upon trees in such numbers as to break the branches. Farmers and pot-hunters easily killed great numbers with long sticks, either as they rested upon the trees, or rose from the ground in clouds, when disturbed.

106 (page 333).--See Note 31.

107 (page 337).--See Note 15.

108 (page 339).--This was during the Black Hawk War (1832). The fleeing Sacs were retreating up Rock River, to the north-east, and made a stand on Lake Koshkonong. The people at Green Bay were without definite information regarding the fugitives, and their number and capacity to do harm were greatly exaggerated. It was supposed that they would continue going to the north-east, and seek an outlet to Lake Michigan at Green Bay. This threw the people of the lower valley of the Fox River into a panic, which was no less real because ludicrous in character. See the diary during this flurry, of Cutting Marsh, missionary to the Stockbridge Indians, in _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, vol. xv.

109 (page 340).--General Winfield Scott had been ordered to the seat of the Black Hawk War by way of the Great Lakes, with reinforcements for Atkinson. Cholera among his troops had detained him first at Detroit, then at Chicago, and lastly at Rock Island. Nearly one-fourth of his force of a thousand regulars died with the pestilence.

110 (page 342).--Nathan Clark entered the army in 1813, as a second lieutenant, and became a captain in the Fifth Infantry in 1824--the rank he held at the time alluded to by Mrs. Kinzie. He was brevetted major in 1834, for ten years' faithful service in one grade, and died February 18, 1836. His daughter, now Mrs. Charlotte Ouisconsin Van Cleve, is the author of a book of reminiscences, which covers much of the ground traversed by Mrs. Kinzie, _Three Score Years and Ten_ (Minneapolis, 1888).

111 (page 343).--See Note 73.

112 (page 343).--Major Henry Dodge, afterward first territorial governor of Wisconsin, was, during the Black Hawk War, in charge of the Michigan militia west of Lake Michigan. Generals James D. Henry and M. K. Alexander were in charge of brigades of Illinois volunteers. The combined army of regulars and volunteers had followed Black Hawk to Lake Koshkonong. While encamped there, Henry, Alexander, and Dodge had been despatched (July 10) to Fort Winnebago for much needed provisions, it being the nearest supply point. While they were absent, the fugitive Sacs fled westward to the Wisconsin River. The troops followed on a hot trail, and July 21 there ensued the battle of Wisconsin Heights, near Prairie du Sac. Black Hawk, with sadly diminished forces, continued his flight to the Mississippi; where, near the mouth of the Bad Ax, occurred (August 1 and 2) the final battle of the war.

113 (page 345).--Site of the modern city of Appleton, Wis.

114 (page 349).--During the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a large party of non-combatants in Black Hawk's party, composed mainly of women, children, and old men, were sent down the Wisconsin River on a large raft and in canoes borrowed from the Winnebagoes. A detachment of regulars, sent out from Fort Crawford, fired into this party and killed and captured many. The few who could escape to the woods were afterward massacred by the band of Menomonee Indians of whom Mrs. Kinzie speaks; the contingent had been organized in the neighborhood of Green Bay, by Colonel Samuel C. Stambaugh, former Indian agent. This was the only exploit in which Stambaugh's expedition participated, for the war was practically ended before it arrived on the scene of action.

115 (page 353).--This refers to the so-called "battle of the Bad Ax" (see last clause of Note 112). Black Hawk endeavored to surrender, but the party of regulars on the steamer "Warrior" disregarded his white flag, and he was caught between the land forces under Atkinson and the fire of the steamer. The Indians were shot down like rats in a trap; and those who finally managed to swim across the Mississippi, under cover of the islands, were set upon by the Sioux, who had been inspired to this slaughter by the authorities at Fort Crawford. The Black Hawk War, from beginning to end, is a serious blot on the history of our Indian relations.

116 (page 353).--General Hugh Brady, then colonel of the Second Infantry. He had been brevetted brigadier-general in 1822, for ten years' faithful service in one grade; and was brevetted major-general in 1848 for meritorious conduct. Brady led the 450 regulars, upon the trail of Black Hawk, from Wisconsin Heights to the Bad Ax.

117 (page 354).--May 14, 1832, Black Hawk and fifty or sixty of his head men were encamped near the mouth of Sycamore Creek, a tributary of the Rock River. Toward sunset of that day, there appeared, three miles down the Rock, two battalions of Illinois volunteer troops, a total of 341 men, under Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey. The whites had unlimbered for a night in camp, when three Indians appeared with a white flag, messengers from Black Hawk, who tells us in his autobiography that he wished at the time to offer to meet General Atkinson in council, with a view to peaceful withdrawal to the west of the Mississippi. The troopers, many of whom were in liquor, slew two of the messengers, the third running back to warn Black Hawk. That astute warrior drew up twenty-five securely mounted braves behind a fringe of bushes, and when the whites appeared in disorderly array fired one volley at them, and rushed forward with the war-whoop. The troopers turned and fled in consternation, galloping madly toward their homes, carrying the news that Black Hawk and two thousand blood-thirsty warriors were raiding northern Illinois. Sycamore Creek was thereafter known as Stillman's Run.

118 (page 354).--August 27, 1832, two Winnebago braves, Chætar and One-Eyed Decorah, delivered up Black Hawk and his Prophet to the Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, Joseph M. Street (see Note 49). The fugitives had been found at the dalles of the Wisconsin River, above Kilbourn City.

119 (page 355).--Edgar M. Lacey, a native of New York, was at this time second lieutenant in the Second Infantry; he was commissioned first lieutenant in 1835, and captain in 1838. From 1831-38 he served at Forts Winnebago (Portage) and Crawford (Prairie du Chien). He died at the latter post, April 2, 1839, aged thirty-two years.

120 (page 357).--Red Bird, a Winnebago village chief, was the leader of what in Wisconsin history is indifferently called "The Winnebago War," or "Red Bird's uprising," in 1827. The United States troops, having quelled the disturbance, proposed to wreak summary vengeance on the entire tribe unless it gave up the two principal offenders. Red Bird and a brave named Wekau, who had escaped to the wilderness. The two men voluntarily surrendered themselves to Major William Whistler, at the Fox-Wisconsin portage, in July of that year. Red Bird's conduct on this occasion was particularly brave and picturesque, and he won the admiration of the troops. He was confined at Prairie du Chien, and given ample opportunity to escape, for the military authorities did not know what to do with him; but he proudly refused to break his parole. After a few months he died from an epidemic then prevalent in the village, and thus greatly relieved his unwilling jailers.

121 (page 358).--General George B. Porter, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor of Michigan Territory in 1831, to succeed Lewis Cass. He died in office, in July, 1834.

122 (page 359).--See Note 17.

123 (page 360).--Joseph C. Plymton was a native of Massachusetts, and at this time a captain in the Second Infantry, but held the brevet of major for ten years' faithful service in one grade. His commission as major came in 1840; he was made lieutenant-colonel in 1846, and colonel in 1853; he died on Staten Island, June 5, 1860. Plymton won notice for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras.

124 (page 366).--Apparently Camillus C. Daviess, of Kentucky, a second lieutenant of the Fifth Infantry. He became a first lieutenant in 1836, and resigned in 1838.

125 (page 366).--Enos Cutler, born at Brookfield, Mass., November 1, 1781, graduated at Brown University at the age of nineteen, was tutor there a year, and then studied law in Cincinnati. He entered the army in 1808 as lieutenant, was promoted to a captaincy in 1810, serving through the War of 1812 as assistant adjutant-general and assistant inspector-general; major in 1814; served under General Jackson in the Creek War and on the Seminole campaign; made lieutenant-colonel in 1826; colonel in 1836; resigning in 1839, and dying at Salem, Mass., July 14, 1860.

126 (page 379).--Horatio Phillips Van Cleve, of New Jersey, was at this time a brevet second lieutenant of the Second Infantry; he was regularly commissioned as such in 1834. In 1836 he resigned from the army to become a civil engineer in Michigan. During the War of Secession he went out as colonel of the Second Minnesota, was severely wounded at Stone River, but recovered and served with distinction until the close of the war, retiring with the rank of major-general. In 1836 he married Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark, daughter of Major Nathan Clark (see Note 110). Mrs. Van Cleve, who is still living (1901), was born at Fort Crawford in 1819, and is said to have been the first woman of pure white blood born within the present limits of Wisconsin.

127 (page 384).--See Note 55.

128 (page 387).--Major Thomas Forsyth, who had been a fur-trader on Saginaw Bay, at Chicago, on an island in the Mississippi near Quincy, and at Peoria, was appointed government Indian agent for the Illinois district at the outbreak of the War of 1812-15. His headquarters were at Peoria. At the close of the war he was appointed agent for the Sacs and Foxes, resigning just previous to the Black Hawk War (1832). Forsyth rendered valuable service to the government while Indian agent, and has left behind many valuable MS. reports, of great interest to historical students; a large share of these are in the archives of the Wisconsin Historical Society.

INDEX

Abbott, Samuel, of American Fur Company, 10, 395. Agatha, daughter of Decorah, 369-371; her sad story, 372-375. Agency City, Iowa, Street at, 404; treaty of 1836, 409. Albach, James R., _Annals of the West_, 155. Alexander, Gen. Milton K., in Black Hawk War, 343, 416. Algoma, Wis., Knaggs at, 413. Alleghany Mountains, discovery of passes, 405, 406. Allen, Col. George W., has negro servant, 193. Allouez, Father Claude, Jesuit missionary, at De Pere, 413. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, operations in Wisconsin, 401. American Bureau of Ethnology, publications of, 402. American Fur Company, at Mackinac, 6-10, 150, 393-395; at Fort Winnebago, 66, 326, 327, 336, 337, 403; Fisher's agency, 398; John Kinzie's agency, xvi; John H. Kinzie's agency, xvi, xvii, 42-45; Rolette's agency, 17-19; absorbs Conant & Mack, 407. American Home Missionary Society, sends out Kent, 405. Appleton, Wis., Mrs. Kinzie at site of, 35, 416. Atkinson, Gen. Henry, in Black Hawk War, 315, 318, 344, 414-417. Arkansas, early land surveys, 406. Armstrong, Mrs. ----, tavern keeper, 351. Arndt, Hamilton, freighter, 58, 69, 70, 305, 306. Arndt, John P., Green Bay tavern keeper, 14, 396; at a hop, 23, 24. Arndt, Mrs. John P., tavern keeper, 14, 15, 48. Astor, John Jacob, establishes American Fur Company, 393, 394. Astoria, founded, 393; fall of, 394. Auberry (Aubrey), William, killed in Black Hawk War, 317, 318. Aux Plaines. See River Desplaines.

Bailey, Maj. David, raided by Black Hawk, 417. Bailey, Jonathan N., Chicago postmaster, 145, 408. Bailly, Joseph, fur-trade clerk, 395. Baird, Elizabeth Thérèse, entertains Mrs. Kinzie, 22; sketch, 398, 399; "Reminiscences," xix, 395. Baird, Henry S., Green Bay lawyer, 22, 398. Baptists, family servant, 376. Barclay, Commodore Robert H., British naval officer, 194. Baye des Puans (Puants). See Green Bay. Beall, Lieut. ----, in Black Hawk War, 316. Beall, Samuel W., Green Bay resident, 399. Beall, Mrs. Samuel W., at Green Bay hop, 23, 24; sketch, 399. Bear, in Northwest fur trade, 7. Beaubien, ----, death of, 201. Beaubien, Jean Baptiste, Chicago resident, 141; sketch, 407. Beaubien, Mrs. Jean Baptiste, in Chicago massacre, 171. Beaubien, Mark, residence of, 143; sketch, 407; portrait, 144. Beaubien, Medard, hunting, 201; at a ball, 228-230. Beaumont, Dr. William, at Fort Crawford, 314; sketch, 413. Beaver, in Northwest fur trade, 7. Bee trees, at Piché's, 134. Beloit, Wis., Mrs. Kinzie at, 411. Bell, ----, early constable, 28. Bellaire, ----, engagé, 371. Bellaire, Madame ----, wife of foregoing, 369-371. Bellefontaine, wayside tavern, 60, 351, 413; Mrs. Kinzie at, 308, 309, 312. Berthelet, ----, fur trader, 151, 152. Bertrand (Parc aux Vaches), in Chicago massacre, 171. Biddle, Edward, marries Indian girl, 10, 395. Biddle, Nicholas, educates Sophia Biddle, 395. Big Foot, Pottawattomie chief, 247-250; imprisons Shaubena, 409; view of village, 250. Bisson, Mrs. ----, befriends Mrs. Helm, 182-185. Blackbird, A. J., _History of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians_, 393. Black Hawk, Sac headman, opposes land cession, 389, 391, 392; uprising of, 272, 273, 407, 411, 414, 416, 417; capture of, 404, 417; portrait, 354. See also, Black Hawk War. Black Hawk War, causes of, 411, 412; murder of St. Vrain, 116; Stillman's Run, 354; at Lake Koshkonong, 411, 414, 415; battle of Wisconsin Heights, 344, 354, 416; battle of Bad Ax, 353, 354, 416; effect at Fort Winnebago, 363, 364; scare at Green Bay, 375; Stambaugh's expedition, 349; Winnebagoes in, 65, 404; Gratiot's services, 414; Hamilton's operations, 406; Scott's movements, 415; Pottawattomies in, 409; Hogan in, 408; Street's services, 404; comments on, 416; Mrs. Kinzie's account, 314-371; Thomas Forsyth's account, 387-392. Black Jim, a negro servant, 180, 193. Black Partridge, Pottawattomie chief, in Chicago massacre, 169, 174, 175, 182-184, 189, 190; illustration of return of medal, 168. Black Wolf, Winnebago chief, 80, 321, 404. Blanchard, Rufus, _The Northwest and Chicago_, 407. Blue Mounds, near Morrison's, 405; Kinzies at, 103, 104; in Black Hawk War, 318. Boilvin, Nicholas, Indian agent and justice, 28, 285; removed, 404; sketch, 400. Boisvert, ----, Green Bay habitan, 27, 28. Bourgeois, meaning of term, 28, 394. Brush, Miss ----, sister of Charles, 412; accompanies Kinzies, 303, 304. Brush, Charles, Green Bay resident, 386, 412. Bradley, Capt. Hezekiah, erects Fort Dearborn II, 140. Brady, Gen. Hugh, in Black Hawk War, 353; sketch, 416, 417. Brewster, Messrs., fur traders, 408. Brothertown Indians, move to Wisconsin, 401; visited by Mrs. Kinzie, 333-336.

Brown, Henry, _History of Illinois_, 155.

Brown County, Wis., early court of, 402.

Buffalo, hunted by Indians, 405, 406.

Buffalo Grove, Ill., settled, 406; Mrs. Kinzie at, 118.

Burnett, ----, fur trader, 180.

Burns, ----, in Chicago massacre, 155, 159.

Burns, Mrs. ----, held captive by Indians, 188, 189.

Butte des Morts, Grand, legend of, 52; Mrs. Kinzie at, 48-53, 307-309, 328-330, 413; Doty at, 25.

Butte des Morts, Petit, description and tradition, 401, 402; Mrs. Kinzie at, 40, 349.

Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, founds Detroit, 396.

Cadle, Richard Fish, mission school, 275; greets Mrs. Kinzie, 20; sketch, 398.

Cadle, Sarah, at Green Bay mission school, 398; greets Mrs. Kinzie, 20.

Cahokia, Ill., Charles Gratiot at, 414.

Caldwell, Billy (the Sauganash), Pottawattomie chief, 144; befriends whites, 184, 197, 249; hunting, 201; accompanies Kinzies, 234-238; sketch, 408, 409.

Caledonia, Wis., Crélie at, 414.

Calumet County, Wis., Stockbridges in, 401.

Camp Smith, established, 396, 397; site of Cadle mission, 398.

Canada, Sac trail to, from Mississippi River, 121.

Canadian boat songs, 23-30, 56, 327, 400.

Canadian voyageurs, 150-154.

Carlisle, Pa., settlement of, 207.

Casenovia, Ill., Alexander Robinson at, 409.

Cass, Lewis, tour to sources of Mississippi, 2, 27, 397; superintendent of Indians, xvii, 44, 146; governor of Michigan Territory, 399, 418; in Winnebago War, 319.

Cass, Mrs. Lewis, advises Mrs. Kinzie, 27, 399.

Catherine, a servant, 356.

Catholics, at Mackinac, 9, 395. See also, Jesuits and Mazzuchelli.

Caxton Club, republishes _Wau-Bun_, xx.

Chætar, a Winnebago, 417.

Chambers, Col. Talbot, completes Fort Howard, 397.

Champlain, Samuel de, sends Nicolet to Wisconsin, 403.

Chandonnai, John B., fur trade clerk, 179, 186, 188.

Charlotte, a Winnebago woman, 267, 268.

Chekakou. See Chicago.

Chequamegon Bay, Marquette driven from, 396.

Chicago, origin of name, 145, 146; on early maps, 408; map of portage, 146; early voyages to, 1; early French at, 146; arrival of Kinzie family, xvi, 138, 139; John Kinzie's career, 146-150; the massacre (1812), 155-191; return of John Kinzie (1816), 197; burial of massacre victims, 197; bas-reliefs from massacre monument, 168, 172, 174, 176; Indian agency, 197, 227; trail from Dixon's, 117, 121; from Piché's, 132; from Portage, 108; John H. Kinzie at, xvii, xviii, 92-139, 150, 385, 386; historical relation to Kinzie family, xviii; town site platted, 200, 409, 410; Kinzie's Addition platted, 204, 205, 376; conditions in 1831, 140-145, 197-205; early postal arrangements, 198, 304, 408; early sermon, 203, 204; Methodists at, 408; early school, 408; express from Fort Winnebago, 91, 369; early marketing, 197, 198; cattle for Fort Howard, 406; currant bushes from, 277; ferries, 143, 408; taverns, 143, 407; ball at Hickory Creek, 227-230; fur trade, 408, 419; early publishing, xviii; Beaubiens at, 407; Billy Caldwell at, 409; Pottawattomie cession, 200; cholera at, 415; land grant for canal, 409, 410; Wright's Woods, 202; in Peoria County, 407; site claimed by Wisconsin, 397; view in 1820, 140; in 1831, 142; map of 1830, 142; Historical Society furnishes illustrations, xvi, 142, 144, 146, 156, 198, 228; Mrs. Kinzie's _Narrative of Massacre_, xviii, xix. See also, Fort Dearborn and Fur Trade.

Chillicothe, Ohio, McKenzie girls at, xiv, xv.

Chippewanaung, treaty of 1836, 409.

Chippewa Indians, French appelation of, 52; language, 32, 68, 264, 355; relations to English, 7; treaty of 1816, 388, 409; Billy Caldwell, 408, 409; in Black Hawk War, 320, 329, 351; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; Blackbird's _History_, 393.

Cholera, in Black Hawk War, 340, 355, 356, 415.

Chouteau, Auguste, treats with Sacs, 388.

Chouteau, Pierre, sr., treats with Sacs, 388.

Christman, ----, a soldier, 37, 38, 41, 273, 274.

Clark, ----, marries Elizabeth McKenzie, xv.

Clark, Charlotte Ouisconsin, marries Lieut. Van Cleve, 418. See also, Mrs. H. P. Van Cleve.

Clark, Gen. George Rogers, captures Vincennes, 399.

Clark, Maj. Nathan, at Fort Howard, 342, 343; Fort Crawford, 418; sketch, 415.

Clark, Gov. William, treats with Sacs, 388, 390, 391.

Clay, Henry, visits Winnebagoes, 65.

Clybourn, Archibald, Chicago resident, 144.

Clybourn, Jonas, marries Elizabeth McKenzie, xvi.

Conant & Mack, fur traders, 407.

Cook County, Ill., commissioners' court, 408.

Cooke & Co., D. B., publish _Wau-Bun_, xix.

Cooper, Fenimore, novelist, 399.

Corbin, Mrs. Phelim, heroism of, 178.

Corn (maize), grown by Northwest Indians, 7, 8.

Corn Planter (Big White Man), Seneca chief, 209, 211, 215-223.

Council Bluffs, Iowa, Billy Caldwell at, 409.

Courtes-oreilles. See Ottawa Indians.

Courville, Florence, at Sunday school, 274, 275.

Crélie (Crély), Joseph, Green Bay habitan, 27, 28; in Black Hawk War, 318; sketch, 414.

Croghan, Col. George, attacks Mackinac Island, 395.

Crooks, Ramsay, expedition from Astoria, 393.

Cross Village. See L'Arbre Croche.

Cuivre Settlement, Indian murder at, 387.

Currie, ----, hospital steward, 369-371.

Cut Nose (Elizabeth), a Winnebago woman, 269-271, 385.

Cutler, Col. Enos, at Fort Winnebago, 366, 367, 380; sketch, 418.

Dakotan Indians, Winnebagoes are offshoots from, 403.

Dandy, son of Black Wolf, 404.

Dandy, Winnebago chief, 65, 66.

Davenport, George, purchases Sac Lands, 390, 391.

David, negro servant, 90, 327, 354.

Daviess, Lieut. Camillus C., at Fort Winnebago, 366; sketch, 418.

Davis, Lieut. Jefferson, at Fort Winnebago, 59, 70, 403.

Dean, John, sutler at Fort Dearborn, 141, 145.

De Charme, ----, Michigan fur trader, 167.

Decorah, Grey-headed (Old), Winnebago chief, 63, 64, 88, 89, 382; sketch, 403; his mother, 278-280; his daughter, 381, 382.

Decorah, One-Eyed, a Winnebago, 417; captures Black Hawk, 354.

Decorah, Rascal, his daughter Agatha, 369-375.

Decorah (Day-kau-ray) family, Winnebagoes, 269, 270, 372-374.

Deer, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

De Langlade, Charles, first white settler in Wisconsin, 398, 400.

De Langlade, Louise Domitilde, marries Pierre Grignon, 400.

Delaware (Lenapé) Indians, friends of whites, 206, 207, 211.

De Ligney, ----, letter to De Siette, 146.

De Pere, Wis., origin of name, 413; Mrs. Kinzie at, 306.

Derby & Jackson, publish _Wau-Bun_, xix.

De Siette, ----, letter from De Ligney, 146.

Detroit, founded by Cadillac, 396; Jesuit mission, 12, 396; Récollets at, 396; massacre, 323; Lytles, 223; John Kinzie, xiv, xv, 148, 181, 186; Kinzies, xvi, xvii, 1, 2, 26, 28, 44, 167, 262, 278, 304, 385, 386; Mackenzies, xiii, xv; Réaume, 399; surrendered by Hull, 162, 192; under English control, 188, 192-196, 224; lake schooner from, 227; early wagon from, 231; cholera at, 340, 345; Mark Beaubien, 407; Doty, 397; Hogan, 408; Robert Stuart, 393, 394.

Dickenson's, gossip at, 304; Mrs. Kinzie at, 337.

Dixon, John, founder of Dixon, Ill., 406; entertains Kinzies, 119-121; sketch, 407.

Dixon, Mrs. John, entertains Kinzies, 118-121.

Dixon, Ill. (Ogee's Ferry), genesis of, 406, 407; Mrs. Kinzie at, 94, 116-122.

Dodge, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, 104, 106.

Dodge, Maj. Henry, in Black Hawk War, 104, 343, 344, 360, 416

Dogherty, ----, a Quaker, 134, 136, 137.

Dole, George W., Chicago settler, 228.

Dominicans, in Wisconsin, 411.

Doty, James Duane, entertains Kinzies, 16-27; accompanies Kinzies, 27, 35, 37, 38, 48, 50, 51, 53; defends Winnebago suspects, 359; sketch, 397.

Doty, Mrs. James Duane, entertains Kinzies, 17, 21.

Doty's Island, Mrs. Kinzie at, 413.

Dousman family, residence at Mackinac, 10.

Doyle, ----, a soldier, hanged for murder, 341-343, 410.

Draper, Lyman Copeland, names Madison lakes, 405.

Drew, ----, residence at Mackinac, 10.

Du Charme, Dominic, settles Kaukauna, 400.

Duck Creek, Kinzies on, 96, 97, 258, 259.

Dunkley's Grove, Ill., Kinzies at, 236-238.

Dunmore's War, McKenzie girls captured in, xiv.

Dunn, Col. Charles, Chicago canal commissioner, 409.

Du Pin, ----, French fur trader, 190, 191.

Durham boats, described, 344.

Eastman, Capt. S., view of Mackinac, 6.

Education, at Chicago, 145, 408; reservation of school section, 410. See also, Cadle, Ferry, Mazzuchelli, Marsh, Miner, Williams, and the several denominations.

Edwards, Gov. Ninian, treats with Sacs, 388.

Ellis & Fergus, early Chicago printers, xviii.

Engle, Lieut. James, at Fort Dearborn, 144.

Engle, Mrs. James, at Fort Dearborn, 232.

English, early maps by, 408; captivity of John Kinzie, 192-196; campaign against Sandusky, 403; in War of 1812-15, 186-188; Indian department, 399; relations with Iroquois, 206, 211, 215; relations with North-western Indians, 7, 121, 157, 176, 339, 407-409; removal of upper lake posts, xv; occupy Mackinac, 162, 164, 395, 396; capture Prairie du Chien, 398, 400; on Mississippi, 403; at Detroit, 188, 192-196, 224; fur trade of, 393, 394; emigration to Canada, xiii.

Ephraim, Uncle, a negro servant, 84, 85.

Episcopalians. See Cadle and Eleazer Williams.

Fallen Timbers, battle of, xv.

Ferries, at Chicago, 143, 408; across Desplaines, 137; at Detroit, 255. See also, J. P. Arndt, Dixon, Knaggs, and Ogee.

Ferry, Rev. William Montague, Presbyterian missionary, 6, 9; sketch, 394.

Finley, Dr. Clement A., post surgeon, 305; at Fort Dearborn, 145; at Fort Howard, 305; at Fort Winnebago, 355, 356.

Fisher, Henry Munro, fur trader, 398.

Fleming, Gen. ----, grandson of Haliburton, xiii, 147.

Folles Avoines. See Menomonee Indians.

Follett, Burley, in Black Hawk War, 318.

Forbes, Elvira (Mrs. Stephen), schoolmistress, 145, 408.

Force, George, killed in Black Hawk War, 318.

Forsyth, Miss ----, accompanies Mrs. Kinzie, 344-352.

Forsyth, George, lost in woods, 149, 150.

Forsyth, Maj. Robert A., Indian agent, 64, 366; sketch, 403.

Forsyth, Thomas, fur trader, 186; account of Black Hawk War, 387-392; sketch, 419.

Forsyth, William, marries Mrs. Mackenzie, xiii, 147.

Forsyth, Mrs. William, story of captivity, 205-223.

Fort Apple River, in Black Hawk War, 318.

Fort Armstrong, in Black Hawk War, 412. See also, Rock Island.

Fort Atkinson, Wis., genesis of, 414.

Fort Crawford, birth of Charlotte O. Clark, 418; in Black Hawk War, 416; Dr. Beaumont at, 413; Lieut. Lacey, 417; Mrs. Mitchell, 10.

Fort Dearborn I (1803-12), built, 407; description, 156; John Kinzie, trader, xvi; Indian agency, 159; massacre, xvi, 156-191; views, 156, 172.

Fort Dearborn II (1816), built, 140, 197, 407; description, 140-142, 197; Indian agency, 142, 144, 145, 160, 161, 197; Hogan, sutler, 408; garrison in 1831, 144, 145; offender drummed out, 202, 203; troops withdrawn (1831), 227, 230-233, 237, 238, 246, 247, 341; re-occupied (1832), 410.

Fort Defiance, McKillip killed at, 224.

Fort George, on Mackinac Island, 395, 396.

Fort George, on Niagara frontier, the Helms at, 187.

Fort Gratiot, John H. Kinzie at, 278; cholera, 340.

Fort Holmes, on Mackinac Island, 11, 396.

Fort Howard, built, 397; named from General Howard, 397; history, 397; Indian agency, 337, 413; murder of Lieut. Foster, 341-343, 410; Kinzies at, 16, 22; arrival of lake schooner, 304; imports Illinois cattle, 406; Col. Smith at, 396; Chicago troops removed to, 227, 230-233, 238, 246, 247; Capt. Scott's kennels, 410; Dr. Finley at, 305; Fifth regiment, 260; in Black Hawk War, 322, 326, 337-344, 364; view, 14.

Fort Mackinac, Mrs. Kinzie at, 9, 10. See also, Mackinac Island.

Fort Maiden, John Kinzie at, 194; North-western Indians, 7, 157, 407.

Fort Niagara, Ont., English Indian agency at, 211, 220-223.

Fort Pitt. See Pittsburg.

Fort Wayne, Ind., Margaret McKenzie near, xiv; destination of Chicago garrison, 163-166, 168; Chicago mail, 198.

Fort Winnebago, 104, 106, 112; site of, 59, 60; description, 260-264; receives troops from Fort Howard, 339; Chicago troops at, 233; Kinzies, xvii, 25, 26, 56-96, 139, 201, 227, 230-233, 260-305, 344-352; Indian agency, xvii, 57, 58, 60, 68, 72-80, 260-303, 358-386, 411; daily life, 80-87, 89, 90; First and Fifth regiments, 260; Winnebagoes, 60-66, 264-303; in Black Hawk War, 314-371, 387-392, 416, 417; surrender of Winnebago suspects, 357-363; escape of prisoners, 366-368, 384, 385; payment of Indian annuities, 363, 364, 366; Indian destitution, 380-383; first Protestant sermon, 384; trail from Butte des Morts, 51, 53; from Chicago, 121; mail via Green Bay, 304; land journey from Green Bay, 305-313; snakes, 21; Lieut. Davis, 403; Capt. Hooe, 403; Lieut. Lacey, 417; views, 56, 358; Turner's "History," 411.

Foster, Lieut. Amos, at Fort Dearborn, 144, 145, 228, 229, 232; accompanies Kinzies, 233-238, 255, 341; at Lake Geneva, 246, 247; murder of, 341-343; sketch, 410.

Four Lakes, at Madison, how named, 405; near Sugar Creek, 368; Winnebagoes on, 72; Kinzies at, 100, 102, 103, 256; in Black Hawk War, 316, 317.

Four-Legs (Hootschope), Winnebago chief, 65; offers daughter to John H. Kinzie, 43-45; Mrs. Kinzie at village of, 41-45, 333; death, 60-63; view of village, 42.

Four-Legs, Madame, at Fort Howard, 344; at husband's funeral, 62, 63.

Four-Legs (Young Dandy), Winnebago chief, at Fort Winnebago, 264, 265.

Fowle, Maj. John, jr., at Fort Dearborn, 144.

Fox, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Fox Indians (Musquakees), French appellation of, 53; relations with French, 52, 53; with English, 7; allied to Sacs, 402; talk with Harrison, 387, 388; on Mississippi, 270, 391, 392; in treaty of 1804, 389, 390; in treaty of 1816, 411, 412; Forsyth's agency, 387, 419; one marries Winnebago woman, 269, 270; Madame Four-Legs, 62, 63, 344; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; in Black Hawk War, 314; at Rock Island, 404.

Franchère, Gabriel, _Narrative of a Voyage_, etc., 4.

François, half-breed interpreter, 186.

Frankfort, Ky., _Western World_, 404.

Franks, Jacob, fur trader, 402.

French, early maps by, 408; rout Foxes, 53, 402; downfall of New France, xiii, 7; nature of French-Canadian _patois_, 412; names for Indians, 53, 54; as fur trade agents, 394; as voyageurs, 327-338, 344-352; as cooks, 31, 37, 47, 101, 102, 236, 251; related to Winnebagoes, 373, 374, 403; at Butte des Morts, 49, 402; Chicago, 142, 146, 158, 160, 407, 408; Fort Winnebago, 66, 68, 83, 85, 86, 94-97, 260, 262, 263, 269, 271, 274-277, 285, 320, 322, 327, 365, 369-371, 403; Green Bay, 23, 398; in Kinzie's employ, 95-139, 227; at Barney Lawton's, 235; Mackinac, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 395; on Mississippi, 403; at Prairie du Chien, 398; on Rock River, 407; at Sandwich, 12; Eleazer Williams pretends to be dauphin, 401.

Frum, Louis (_dit_ Manaigre), at Fort Winnebago, 262, 263, 274-276, 320, 352.

Fry, ----, tried by Boilvin, 28.

Fur trade, features of voyageur service, 150-154; by English, 394; at Astoria, 393; Chicago, 145, 146, 156, 190, 191, 408; Detroit, 407, 408; Dixon, 407; Fort Winnebago, 80; Green Bay, 14, 396, 398, 402; on Mississippi, 403; at Morrison's Grove, 405; Portage, 405; Prairie du Chien, 414; St. Joseph's 180; operations by Boilvin, 400; Davenport, 391; Fisher, 398; Thomas Forsyth, 387, 419; Charles Gratiot, 414; Grignons, 400; John Kinzie, 146-150, 156; Knaggs, 413; Laframboises, 394, 395; Paquette, 326, 336, 337, 413; Réaume, 399; Rolette, 17-19, 398; Whitney, 412. See also, American Fur Co., Hudson Bay Co., Mackinaw Co., Northwest Co., Southwest Co., and Scotch.

Furman, Lieut John G., at Fort Dearborn, 144; death, 201.

Gagnon, Ernest, _Chansons Populaires du Canada_, 400.

Gaines, Gen. E. P., removes Black Hawk, 391.

Galena, Ill., Kent at, 107, 384, 405; Hempsteads, 404; Philleo, 306; in Black Hawk War, 318; in Peoria County, 407; trail from Peoria, 406, 407.

Gardiner, Mrs. ----, hospital matron, 246.

Garlic Island (Island Park), near Oshkosh, 402; Wild Cat's village, 358; Mrs. Kinzie at, 45, 331-333.

Genéviève, a half-breed servant, 138, 376.

Glamorgan, ----, Dominican negro, 146.

Gleason, Luther, settler on Fox River, 54, 56, 350-352.

Gordon, Daisy, copies portrait of John H. Kinzie, xvi.

Gordon, Mrs. Eleanor Kinzie, read proof-sheets, xxi.

Grand Chûte, Mrs. Kinzie at, 35-39, 69, 333, 345-348, 369; view, 346.

Grand Haven, Mich., settled, 394.

Grand Marais, Kinzies near, 124.

Gratiot, Charles, fur trader, sketch, 414.

Gratiot, Maj. Charles, plans Fort Howard, 397.

Gratiot, Henry, son of Charles, 414; Indian agent, 323; lead miner, 404.

Green, Emerson, killed in Black Hawk War, 318.

Green Bay, 70; named Baye des Puans, 403; arrival of Nicolet, 403; Réaume's career, 27, 28, 399, 400; fur trade, 396, 398, 402; hanging of Doyle, 341-343; in Black Hawk War, 339-344, 375, 415; Stambaugh's expedition, 349, 416; Doty's court, 397; first ferry, 396; arrival of Winnebago commissioners, 364; mosquitoes, 340; Green Bay fly, 341; residents met at Butte des Morts, 48; Bairds at, 398, 399; Bealls, 399; Cadle's mission, 398; Charles Gratiot, 414; Grignon family, 400; Ursula M. Grignon, 398; W. S. Hamilton, 406; Kinzies, xvii, 1, 13-30, 58, 68, 278, 303-306, 326, 344, 386; Rolette, 18; Stambaugh, 413; Whitney, 412. See also, Fort Howard, Navarino, and Shantytown.

Greenville, Ohio, treaty of, xv, 408.

Gridley, ----, a soldier, 35.

Griffith, ----, a soldier, 185, 186.

Grignon, ----, half-breed at Butte des Morts, 48, 50.

Grignon, Misses, described by Mrs. Kinzie, 20, 21.

Grignon, Amable, son of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Augustin, son of Pierre, 400; fur trader, 402; at Kaukauna, 400; "Recollections," 400.

Grignon, Charles, son of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Domitilde, daughter of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Elizabeth, assists Mazzuchelli, 266.

Grignon, Hippolyte, son of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Jean Baptiste, son of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Louis, son of Pierre, 400; fur trader, 20, 398.

Grignon, Marguerite, daughter of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Petaille, engagé, 83, 227, 236-238, 240, 250, 252, 254, 258.

Grignon, Pierre, fur trader, 400.

Grignon, Mrs. Pierre, marries Langevin, 400.

Grignon, Pierre Antoine, son of Pierre, 400.

Grignon, Ursula M., described by Mrs. Kinzie, 21; sketch, 398.

Grignon family, at Kaukauna, 30, 31, 307; at Butte des Morts, 48; sketch, 400.

Grosse Pointe, near Detroit, 224.

Guardapie, Alexis, a voyageur, 331, 338.

Haliburton, ----, first husband of Mrs. Mackenzie, xiii, 147.

Hall, Benjamin, marries Margaret McKenzie, xvi.

Hamilton, Alexander, father of William Stephen, 406.

Hamilton, Mrs. Alexander, visits Wisconsin, 406.

Hamilton, Lieut. Gov. Henry, expedition against Vincennes, 399.

Hamilton, Col. R. J., at Chicago, 227.

Hamilton, William Stephen, entertains Kinzies, 107-116; escorts Kinzies, 307; sketch, 406.

Hamilton's Diggings (Wiota), founded, 406; Mrs. Kinzie at, 107-114, 307.

Hancock, ----, a soldier, 86.

Hanks, Lieut. Porter, loses Mackinac, 395.

Harbor Springs, Mich. See L'Arbre Croche.

Hardscrabble, early name for Lee's Place, 144.

Harmon, Dr. E., early Chicago physician, 145, 202, 204.

Harney, Capt. William Selby, escorts Kinzies to Fort Winnebago, 21, 22, 25; at Fort Winnebago, 17, 80, 91, 113, 354; in Black Hawk War, 316; sketch, 397.

Harrison, Gen. William Henry, fights Indians, 404; at Detroit, xvi, 193, 196; governor of Indiana Territory, 399; talks with Sacs and Foxes, 387, 388.

Harry, a negro servant, 233, 234, 236, 237, 240, 274, 277, 332, 334.

Hastings's Woods, near Portage, 370; Mrs. Kinzie at, 257, 258.

Hays, Sergt. ----, killed in Chicago massacre, 191.

Hays, Henry, deserts George Forsyth, 148, 149.

Heacock, Russell E., Chicago resident, 144.

Heald, Capt. Nathan, in Chicago massacre, 156, 162-168, 186-188.

Heald, Mrs. Nathan, in Chicago massacre, 157, 179-181, 186-188.

Healy, G. P. A., portraits of Mr. and Mrs. John H. Kinzie, _frontispiece_, xvi.

Helm, Edwin, son of Linai T., 236, 240, 241, 274, 278, 379; goes to Green Bay, 331, 332, 334-336.

Helm, Lieut. Linai T., in Chicago massacre, 156, 173, 175, 177, 186, 187.

Helm, Mrs. Margaret, wife of foregoing, a McKillip, xvi, 224; narrative of Chicago massacre, 157, 173-191; goes to Fort Winnebago, 227, 234-259; at Fort Winnebago, 275, 319, 320, 324, 325; goes to Fort Howard, 327-337; returns to Fort Winnebago, 344-352.

Hempstead, ----, Galena resident, 71.

Hempstead, Charles, Galena lawyer, 404.

Hempstead, Edward, Galena resident, 404.

Hempstead, Stephen, sketch, 404.

Hempstead, Susan, marries Henry Gratiot, 404.

Henry, Gen. James D., in Black Hawk War, 321, 343, 344, 416.

"Henry Clay," early lake steamer, xvii, 1-3, 9, 11-13, 15.

Henshaw, Miss Frances, visits Kinzies, 303, 412.

Hickory Creek, early ball at, 227-230.

Hinckley, Capt. ----, at Fort Dearborn, 231, 232.

Hogan, John Stephen Coats, sutler at Fort Dearborn, 145; sketch, 408.

Holmes, Maj. Andrew Hunter, killed on Mackinac Island, 395, 396.

Holt, Sergt. ----, wounded in Chicago massacre, 178.

Holt, Mrs. ----, wife of foregoing, heroism of, 178, 179.

Hooe, Lieut. Alexander S., at Fort Winnebago, 54; sketch, 403.

Hoo-wau-ne-kah (Little Elk), Winnebago chief, 65; in Black Hawk War, 321, 322.

Howard, Gen. Benjamin, opinion of treaty of 1804, 388; name given to Fort Howard, 397.

Hubbard, Bela, _Memorials of a Half Century_, 400.

Hudson Bay Company, fur trade of, 394.

Hull, Gen. William, arrives at Detroit, 162; surrender, 192.

Hunt, George, at Wolf's Point, 198.

_Hunt's Merchants' Magazine_, 400.

Hunter, Lieut. David, at Fort Dearborn, 144, 376; escorts Mrs. Kinzie, 344-352; in Black Hawk War, 322; sketch, 414.

Huron Indians, raided by Iroquois, 396; settle at Point St. Ignace, 396.

Hurlburt, Henry H., _Chicago Antiquities_, 408.

Illinois, embraces Wisconsin, 400; early land surveys, 406; Sac and Fox cession (1804), 411; furnishes cattle for Fort Howard, 406; in Black Hawk War, 273, 314, 315, 411, 412, 416, 417; _Wau-Bun_ as historical material for, xx.

Illinois Indians, early French among, 146.

Indians, customs and dances, 278-286, 364, 365; marriage customs, 264, 265, 372-375; medicine men, 282, 283; legend of little rail (_poule d'eau_), 242-244; of red fox, 287-294; of Sheesheebanze (little duck), 295-302; feast of green corn, 220, 221; scalp dance, 364, 365; dance at Fort Winnebago, 324; division of labor, 280, 281, 412; jerking of meat, 165; mat weaving, 54, 55; rice harvest, 46, 56; use of kinnikinick, 42, 66; mounds at Butte des Morts, 402; at Lake Koshkonong, 411; burial customs, 60-63, 284, 285; payment of annuities, 72-75, 80, 262, 272, 278-286, 363, 364, 366; in Pontiac's conspiracy, 12; Black Hawk War a blot on our relations with, 416; attitude of, to Cadle's mission, 398; Boilvin's agency, 400; Forsyth's, 419; Gratiot's, 414; Street's, 404; Stuart's, 393; at Mackinac, 9. See also, the several tribes.

Indiana Territory, embraces Wisconsin, 399.

Iowa, Mazzuchelli in, 411; Winnebago Indians in, 357.

Iowa County, Wis., Hogan in, 408.

Iowa Indians, met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32.

Iroquois Indians, friendly to English, 206, 207, 215; raids of, 393, 396.

Irving, Washington, _Astoria_, 4.

Irwin, Alexander, in Black Hawk War, 349.

Irwin family, at Green Bay, 305.

Island Park, near Oshkosh. See Garlic Island.

Jackson, Gen. Andrew, in Creek War, 418.

Jayne, Dr. ----, canal commissioner, 409.

Jefferson Barracks, Black Hawk at, 387, 392.

Jenks, Alfred E., on wild rice, 402.

Jesuits, Marquette's operations, 12, 396; at De Pere, 413; La Richardie at Sandwich, 396; _Relations_, 401.

Jewett, Charles, Indian agent, 197.

Jews, in fur trade, 402.

Johnson, Sir John, English Indian agent, 211, 216, 218, 220-223, 410.

Johnson, Col. Richard M., interested in Indian education, 88, 89; sketch, 404, 405.

Johnson, Sir William, English Indian superintendent, 410.

Joliet, Louis, explores Mississippi River, 396, 403.

Juneau, Solomon, on Cadle's mission, 398.

Justice, Réaume's administration of, 399, 400; Boilvin's, 400; Doty's, 397; Lawe and Porlier's, 402; at Chicago, 408, 409.

Karraymaunee (Nawkaw), Winnebago chief, 63.

Kaskaskia, Ill., Charles Gratiot at, 414.

Kaukauna (Grand Kaccalin, Cacalin, Cockolin, Kackalin, Kakalin, Kokolow), first settlement at, 400; Presbyterian mission, 400, 401; Mrs. Kinzie, 22, 26, 30-35, 306, 307, 337.

Keepotah (Kepotah) befriends Kinzies, 179, 181, 186, 188, 196, 197.

Kellogg, O. W., settles Buffalo Grove, 406; entertains Kinzies, 116-118; accompanies Kinzies, 117-139.

Kellogg, Mrs. O. W., entertains Kinzies, 116-118.

Kellogg's Grove, Mrs. Kinzie at, 114-118, 307; St. Vrain killed at, 392; in Black Hawk War, 316.

Kent, Rev. Aratus, Galena clergyman, 107, 384; sketch, 405.

Kent, Mrs. Aratus, wife of foregoing, 384.

Kentucky, R. M. Johnson's career, 404, 405; J. M. Street in, 404.

Keokuk, Fox chief, 404.

Kercheval, Gholson, 408; French nickname for, 153; fur trader, 145; sutler at Fort Howard, 364, 366; at Chicago, 231, 233, 237; at early ball, 228-230; accompanies Kinzies, 233, 234.

Kewaniquot (Returning Cloud), Ottawa chief, 394, 398.

Kickapoo Indians, fur trade of, 150.

Kilbourn City, Wis., near Wisconsin River dalles, 417.

Kilgour, Corporal ----, escorts Kinzies, 36, 41.

King, Mrs. Charles, grandchild of Haliburton, xiii.

Kinnikinick, Indian substitute for tobacco, 42, 66.

Kinzie, Ellen Marion, daughter of John, xvi.

Kinzie, Elizabeth, daughter of John, xv, xvi.

Kinzie, James, son of John, xv, xvi.

Kinzie, John, at Bertrand, Mich., 146, 408; early life in Chicago, 154, 407; in Chicago massacre, 154-191; captivity by English, 192-196; returns to Chicago (1816), 197; last years and death, 197-200; sketch, xiii-xvi.

Kinzie, Mrs. John, wife of foregoing, 145; captivity among Senecas, 205-223; in Chicago massacre, 155; prophecy as to Chicago land values, 205; greets authoress, 139; at Fort Winnebago, 227 , 234-259, 264, 265, 378; at Prairie du Chien, 354, 356; has vision of brother's death, 224-227.

Kinzie, John H., son of foregoing, residence in Chicago, 141, 142; canoe trip on Fox River, 25-27; at Fort Winnebago, 69, 71, 74, 76, 87-90, 95, 260-263, 272, 278-304, 357-386; journey to Chicago, 94-139; returns to Fort Winnebago, 253-259, 306-313; sends family to Fort Howard, 326, 327, 335, 343; relieves return party, 348-352; at Rock Island, 355, 356; at Prairie du Chien, 314; in Black Hawk War, 314-371, 387-392; plats Kinzie's Addition, 376; not author of _Narrative of Massacre at Chicago_, xviii; sketch, xvi-xviii; portrait, xxiii; view of residence, 150.

Kinzie, Mrs. John H. (Juliette A. Magill), journey to Green Bay, 1-13; at Green Bay, 13-24; canoe trip to Fort Winnebago, 25-57; at Fort Winnebago, 57-96; journey to Chicago, 96-139; in Chicago, 139-234; return to Fort Winnebago, 234-259; at the fort, 259-304; visit to Green Bay, 304-306; horseback trip to Portage, 306-313; again at Fort Winnebago, 314-326; fleeing to Green Bay, 326-338; return to Portage, 339-352; at the fort again, 353-386; account of Black Hawk War, 314-371; _Narrative of Massacre at Chicago_, xviii, xix; _Walter Ogilby_, xix; other literary work, xviii-xx; sketch, xvii, xviii; portrait, _frontispiece_.

Kinzie, Maria Indiana, daughter of John, xvi.

Kinzie, Robert Allen, son of John, xvi; fur trader, 408; at Chicago, 227-230; locates Kinzie's Addition, 204, 205; hunting, 201; accompanies John H., 234; at Fort Winnebago, 58.

Kinzie, William, born, xv, xvi.

Kinzie family, relation to Chicago history, xviii; French nickname for, 153.

Kishwaukee, Kinzies near, 124; in Black Hawk War, 315.

Knaggs, James, early tavern keeper, 307-309, 413.

Lacey, Lieut. Edgar M., at Fort Winnebago, 355, 356, 417.

La Fayette County, Wis., early emigration to, 406.

Laframboise, Joseph, fur trader, 394.

Laframboise, Madame Joseph, half-breed trader, 9; sketch, 394, 395, 398.

Laframboise, Josette (of Chicago), marries J. B. Beaubien, 407.

Laframboise, Josette (of Mackinac), marries Captain Pierce, 395.

Laframboise, Glode (Claude), friend of Tomah, 376.

Lake Buffalo (Lac de Bœuf), Mrs. Kinzie on, 55, 56, 351.

Lake Butte des Morts, Mrs. Kinzie on, 45, 46.

Lake Crystal, Kinzies on, 242.

Lake Erie, crossed by Lytle, 223; Perry's battle on, 194, 195.

Lake Fox, Winnebagoes on, 72.

Lake Geneva (Big Foot, Gros-pied, Maunk-suck), Shaubena at, 409; Kinzies on, 245, 247-251, 253; view, 250.

Lake Green, Winnebagoes on, 72; seen by Judge Doty, 51.

Lake Huron, guarded by Mackinac Island, 395; early settlements on, 1; Mrs. Kinzie on, 2, 3, 5.

Lake Kegonsa (First Lake), how named, 405.

Lake Koshkonong, on Chicago trail, 94, 108, 122; Winnebagoes on, 72, 252-254, 404; in Black Hawk War, 317, 318, 411, 414-416.

Lake Mendota (Fourth Lake), how named, 405.

Lake Michigan, 156; guarded by Mackinac Island, 395; currents of, 408; touched by Sac trail, 407; Pottawattomies on, 120, 409; fur trade, 6, 394; early settlements, 1; in Chicago massacre, 171; as state boundary, 397; Mrs. Kinzie on, 12, 13; bounds Kinzie's Addition, 204; Dominicans west of, 411; in Black Hawk War, 415, 416; Chicago canal, 409.

Lake Monona (Third Lake), how named, 405.

Lake Mud, Winnebagoes on, 72.

Lake Puckaway, Mrs. Kinzie on, 54, 55, 60, 350.

Lake St. Clair, near Detroit, 224.

Lake Superior, guarded by Mackinac Island, 395; fur trade on, 6, 152, 400.

Lake Swan, near Portage, 286.

Lake Waubesa (Second Lake), how named, 405.

Lake Wingra (Dead Lake), at Madison, 405.

Lake Winnebago, Mrs. Kinzie on, 31, 40-45, 60, 330-332, 348, 349, 413; Wild Cat's village, 358; Stockbridges on, 401; Winnebagoes, 72; Rolette, 18, 19.

Lake Winnipeg, Winnebagoes probably from, 403.

La Liberté, Louis, voyageur, 154.

Lands, early surveys in Middle West, 406; public sales of, xviii; cession by Wisconsin Indians, 355, 357; Sac and Fox cessions, 387-391, 411, 412; grant in aid of Chicago canal, 409, 410.

Langevin, Jean Baptiste, marries widow of Pierre Grignon, 400.

Lapierre, ----, a blacksmith, 100.

Lapierre, ----, a voyageur, 56.

La Prairie, near Montreal, 399.

L'Arbre Croche, Indian village, seen by Mrs. Kinzie, 12, 13, 396.

La Richardie, Father Armand de, Jesuit missionary, 396.

Lashley, ----, residence at Mackinac, 10.

Lawe, John, Green Bay resident, meets Mrs. Kinzie, 48, 49; sketch, 402.

Lawton, Barney, Illinois settler, 137, 138, 234, 235.

Lead region. Sac and Fox land cession (1804), 411, 412; early emigration to, 406; Gratiot in, 404, 414; Presbyterian mission to, 405; in Black Hawk War, 412.

Leclerc, Peresh, half-breed interpreter, 176, 177.

Lecuyer, Simon, engagé, 227, 236-240, 252.

Lee, ----, killed in Chicago massacre, 189.

Lee, Mrs. ----, wife of foregoing, in Indian captivity, 189, 190; marries Du Pin, 191.

Lee, William, early Chicago exhorter, 144, 145; sketch, 408.

Lee's Place (Hardscrabble), in Chicago massacre, 155-157, 159, 160.

Legends of Fox River (of Green Bay), 56, 57; story of the little rail, 242-244; story of the red fox, 287-294; story of Sheesheebanze (little duck), 295-302.

Le Mai, ----, Chicago fur trader, 146.

Letendre, Jean B., French messenger, 83.

Lincoln, Abraham, commissions John H. Kinzie, xviii.

Lippincott & Co., J. B., republish _Wau-Bun_, xix.

"Little Belt," English war vessel, 195.

Little Chûte, Mrs. Kinzie at, 35, 333-336.

Little Kaukauna, Réaume at, 399.

Little Priest, Winnebago chief, 272.

Logan, James, mentions Chicago, 408.

Louisa, negro domestic, 68, 69, 81, 82, 84-86, 90, 94, 274.

Louisiana Territory, Harrison's governorship, 388.

Low, Nicholas, grandson of Haliburton, xiii, 147.

Lytle, ----, Pennsylvania frontiersman, family stolen by Senecas, 207-209, 212-216, 220, 222, 223.

Lytle, Mrs. ----, wife of foregoing, captured by Indians, 209-212, 215, 216, 220-223; at Detroit, 225, 226.

Lytle, Eleanor. See Mrs. John Kinzie.

Lytle, Maggie, flees from Indians, 213-215.

Lytle, Thomas, flees from Indians, 213-215; death of, 224-227.

McCoy, ----, missionary, 233.

McKee, Col. Alexander, British Indian agent, 186, 192.

McKenzie, Elizabeth, adventures of, xiv-xvi.

McKenzie, Isaac, daughters captured by Shawanese, xiv, xv.

Mackenzie, John, father of John Kinzie, xiii.

Mackenzie, Mrs. John, wife of foregoing, xiii; marries Haliburton and Forsyth, xiii.

McKenzie, Margaret, adventures of, xiv-xvi.

McKillip, Capt. ----, marries Eleanor Lytle, 224.

McKillip, Eleanor (Lytle), widow of foregoing, marries John Kinzie, xvi, 149, 150.

McKillip, Margaret. See Mrs. Lieut. L. T. Helm.

Mackinac Island (Michillimackinac), origin of name, 11, 393; Hurons at, 396; calms off, 1; fur trade of, 150, 152, 326, 394, 395; massacre at, 323; held by English, 162, 164, 395, 396; Presbyterian mission, 6, 9, 394; Abbott at, 395; Bairds, 398; Beaumont, 413; Edward Biddie's marriage, 395; Charles Gratiot, 414; Healds, 188; Kinzies, xvi, 3-12; Laframboise, 395; Mazzuchelli, 411; Capt. Pierce's marriage, 395; view, 6.

Mackinac boats, described, 394; used in fur trade, 8, 25-27, 344.

Mackinaw City (Old Mackinac), seen by Mrs. Kinzie, 12.

Mackinaw Company, fur trade of, 394.

Macomb, ----, released by English, 196.

Madison, naming of lakes, 405; Kinzies near site of, 100; early tavern, 405.

Magill, Arthur, at Fort Winnebago, 314; escorts Mrs. Kinzie, 327-337.

Magill, Julian, at Fort Winnebago, 278, 379; goes to Fort Howard, 331, 332.

Magill, Juliette A., marries John H. Kinzie, xvii. See also, Mrs. John H. Kinzie.

Mail service, at early Chicago, 145, 198; Peoria to Galena, 407.

Man Eater, Winnebago chief, 253; in Black Hawk War, 323.

Manitoulin Islands, calms off, 1.

Maple sugar, made by Indians, 7, 8.

Marcotte, Jean Baptiste, father of Madame Laframboise, 394.

"Mariner," early lake schooner, 339, 340.

Marquette, Father Jacques, Jesuit missionary, 396; discovers Mississippi, 403.

Marsh, Rev. Cutting, missionary to Stockbridges, 400, 401; diary of, 415; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32, 33; sketch, 401.

Marten, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Mary, a servant, 379.

Mâtâ, a blacksmith, 320, 327, 330, 334-337, 351; injury of daughter, 368-371.

Mâtâ, Sophy, injured on ice, 368-371.

Mauzheegawgaw swamp, Mrs. Kinzie crosses, 51, 309-312.

Mazzuchelli, Rev. Samuel Charles, Catholic missionary, 266, 270, 375; sketch, 411.

Menomonee Indians, French name for, 8, 52; relations with English, 7; salutation of dawn, 19, 20; marriage customs, 373; treaty with New York Indians, 14, 15; fur trade of, 150; Grignons related to, 20; in Black Hawk War, 330, 349, 416. See also Wishtayyun.

Menomoneeville. See Shantytown.

Methodists, met by Mrs. Kinzie, 136, 137.

Miami Indians, friendly in Chicago massacre, 168, 172, 173; relations to English, 6, 7.

Miami Rapids, Fort Defiance at, 224.

Michigan, Sacs in, 407; Cass's governorship, 44; Porter's, 358; early Chicago mail, 198; militia in Black Hawk War, 416.

Michigan City, Mich., genesis of, 143.

Michillimackinac. See Mackinac Island.

Miller, ----, Chicago resident, 143.

Milwaukee (Milwaukie), John Kinzie's trade at, 150; Chicago prisoners at, 188; Parkman Club _Papers_, 401, 402.

Miner, Rev. Jesse, missionary to Stockbridges, 401.

Mineral Point, Wis., Judge Doty at, 25.

Mink, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Minnesota, fur trade in, 412.

Mishinemackinawgo Indians, name-givers to Michillimackinac, 393.

Missions, Protestant, at Mackinac, 6, 8-11; among Winnebagoes, 265-268. See also, Cadle, Ferry, Kent, Marsh, Mazzuchelli, Miner, Catholics, Jesuits, and the several Protestant denominations.

Missouri, Sac and Fox cession (1804), 411; early land surveys, 406.

Mitchell, David, resident of Mackinac, 9.

Mitchell, Mrs. David, at Mackinac, 10, 395.

Moaway (the Wolf), Pottawattomie Indian, 138.

Mohawk (Mohican) Indians, in Revolutionary War, 410; descendants in Wisconsin, 333.

Montreal, fur trade entrepôt, 151, 154, 393, 399, 402; Sir John Johnson at, 410; schools of, 395.

Morrin, Isidore, government blacksmith at Fort Winnebago, 262, 320, 385.

Morrison, Col. James, entertains Kinzies, 104-109; sketch, 405.

Morrison, Mrs. James, entertains Mrs. Kinzie, 104-107.

Morrison's (Porter's) Grove, settled, 405; Kinzies at, 104-107, 109.

Munsee Indians, move to Wisconsin, 401.

Muskrat, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Musquakees. See Fox Indians.

Myers, Granny, frontier settler, 214.

Nanneebozho, Indian sprite, 242-244.

"Napoleon," lake schooner, 230-233, 277.

Naunongee, Pottawattomie chief, killed by Hays, 191.

Navarino, Wis., founded by Whitney, 412; Kinzies at, 16, 17.

Navigation. See Durham boats, Mackinac boats, Portages, Steamers, Voyageurs, and Newberry.

Necedah, Wis., Winnebagoes near, 404.

Neenah, Wis., Mrs. Kinzie on site of, 41-45.

Neescotneemeg, Pottawattomie chief, 144, 182.

Negroes, at Chicago, 233, 234; at Fort Winnebago, 68, 69, 81, 82, 84-86, 90. See also, Black Jim, David, Ephraim, Harry, and Louisa.

Newberry, Oliver, owner of Lake schooner, 304, 339.

New France, downfall, xiii, 394.

Newhall, Dr. ----, Galena physician, 83.

New York, William Forsyth at, xiii.

New York Indians, 26. See also, Waubanakees.

Nicolet, Jean, discovers Northwest, 403.

Niles, Mich., John Kinzie at, 146; on mail route, 304.

Northwest Company, organized, 394; Shaw's agency, 153, 154; employs Robert Stuart, 393.

Nunns & Clark, piano manufacturers, 66.

Ogee (Ogie), John, Indian lad, 119, 120.

Ogee (Ogie), Joseph, ferryman, 120, 407.

Ogee's (Ogie's) ferry, Mrs. Kinzie at, 114.

Ogilvie, Gillespie & Co., fur traders, 402.

Old Boilvin, a Winnebago, 285, 286.

Old Queen, mother of Corn Planter, 211, 216-220.

Old Smoker, an Indian, 327, 329, 341, 343.

Olean Point, N. Y., Seneca village at, 211.

Oneida Indians, move to Wisconsin, 401. See also, Eleazer Williams.

Oshkosh, Wis., 402; settled, 413.

Oswego, Ill., Mrs. Kinzie at, 131.

Ottawa Indians, French appellation of, 52, 53; language, 287; at Point St. Ignace, 396; at Mackinac, 5-12; relations to English, 7; at Tippecanoe, 157; treaty of 1816, 388, 409; related to J. P. Beaubien, 407; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; Blackbird's _History_, 393.

Otter, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Ouilmette, Antoine, Chicago settler, 182, 183, 185, 233.

Ouilmette, Josette, daughter of foregoing, bond servant, 233, 236, 267, 274, 277, 334-336, 351, 379.

Ourand, Charles H., sketch of Fort Dearborn I, 156.

Owen, Col. T. J. V., Indian agent, 227.

Paquette, Pierre, Winnebago interpreter, 57, 88, 95, 130, 272, 284; marries Miss Crélie, 414; at Fort Winnebago, 356, 359, 361, 369, 372, 375; in Black Hawk War, 317, 320, 322, 323, 326-328, 344; keeps Bellefontaine, 413; sketch, 403.

Paquette, Mrs. Pierre, wife of foregoing, 267, 318, 372.

Paquette, Thérèse, daughter of foregoing, at Sunday school, 274.

Parkman Club _Papers_, 401, 402.

Path Valley, Pa., settled, 207.

Patterson, ----, fur trader, 194.

Pawnee Blanc (White Pawnee, Old Dandy), Winnebago chief, 66, 73-75.

Pawnee Blanc, widow of, 284.

Peach, ----, at Fort Winnebago, 264.

Peesotum, a Pottawattomie, 175, 178.

Peoria, Ill., fur trade at, 419; death of Point-au-Sable, 146; Lieut. Helm at, 186; trail to Galena, 406, 407; Chicago mail, 198.

Peoria County, Ill., embraces Galena and Chicago, 407.

Perry, Commodore Oliver H., victory on Lake Erie, 195.

Peten Well, Wis., Winnebagoes at, 404.

Petit Rocher, Wis., in Black Hawk War, 321.

Philleo, Dr. Addison, Galena physician, 306, 310-312.

Piché, Pierre, a French settler, 121, 131, 132, 134.

Pierce, Capt. Benjamin K., commandant at Mackinac, 395.

Pillon, ----, an engagé, 85, 94, 96-99, 263, 276, 320.

Pillon, Mrs. ----, wife of foregoing, a servant, 94, 96.

Pipes, as units of measure, 30, 34, 328, 330, 414, 415.

Pittsburg, protects Western settlers, 206; Lytle at, 213, 215, 216.

Plante, ----, an engagé, 85, 95, 103, 108, 121, 122, 126, 263, 276, 277, 313, 320.

Plympton, Capt. Joseph C, at Fort Winnebago, 360; sketch, 418.

Point-au-Sable, Jean Baptiste, settles at Chicago, 146.

Point St. Ignace, Marquette at, 12, 396.

Pontiac, at taking of Mackinac, 12.

Portier, Jacques, fur trader, 402; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 49.

Portage, Wis., winding of Fox River at, 57, 58; fur trade, 405; trail to Chicago, 108; surrender of Red Bird, 417; supplies for Sugar Creek, 100; Mazzuchelli at, 266. See also. Fort Winnebago, Kinzies, and Paquette.

Portages, Chicago, 146, 408; Fox-Wisconsin, 60, 403; Grand Chûte, 85-38, 345-348; Kaukauna, 31-34; Little Kaukauna, 35. See also, the several localities.

Porter, Gov. George B., Indian superintendent, 358, 363, 364, 366, 386; governor of Michigan Territory, 418.

Portier (Porthier), Mrs. Joseph, at Chicago, 232.

Pottawattomie Indians, French appellation of, 52, 53; language, 127, 128, 130; relations to English, 7; fur trade of, 150; Point-au-Sable among, 146; in Chicago massacre, 154-191; at Tippecanoe, 157; restrained by Shaubena, 197; at Chicago, 138; at Wolf Point, 138; treaty of 1816, 388, 409; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; in Black Hawk War, 272, 392, 412; treaties of 1836, 409; Ouilmette related to, 233; Tomah, 376-379; removal from Lake Michigan, 120. See also, Big Foot, Billy Caldwell, Black Partridge, Alexander Robinson, Shaubena, and other chiefs.

Powell, William, fur trader, 329, 330, 333, 350.

Prairie du Chien, Wis., fur trade at, 414; captured by British, 398; early justice at, 28; school, 368, 371; Doty's court, 397; imprisonment of Red Bird, 417, 418; Black Hawk's surrender, 354, 355, 417; Boilvin's agency, 285, 400; Street's agency, 404; Fisher at, 398; Charles Gratiot, 414; Johnson, 405; Kinzies, xvii, 42-45, 314, 354-356; Mrs. Mitchell, 10; Rolette, 18, 398.

Prairie du Sac, in Black Hawk War, 416.

Presbyterians. See Kent, Marsh, Miner, and Stockbridges.

Proctor, Gen. Henry A., British commandant at Detroit, 186, 192-196.

Prophet, Black Hawk's adviser, 392, 417.

Protestants. See the several denominations.

Puans (Puants). See Winnebago Indians.

Quashquame, Sac chief, on land cessions, 388, 389.

Quincy, Ill., fur trade near, 419.

Quebec, Wolfe's victory, xiii; John Kinzie at, xiii, xiv, 147, 148, 195, 196.

Réaume, Charles, Green Bay justice, 27, 28; sketch, 399, 400.

Récollet missionaries, at Detroit, 396.

Rector, Col. William, surveyor-general of Illinois, 406.

Red Bird, Winnebago chief, uprising of, 197, 249, 319, 406, 414; imprisonment at Fort Winnebago, 357; sketch, 417, 418.

Revolutionary War, 399, 400, 410.

Reynolds, Gov. John, in Black Hawk War, 355, 412.

Richardson, Maj. ----, _Hardscrabble_, and _Waunangee_, 155.

Ridgway, Isaac A., view of Fort Winnebago, 358.

River Alleghany, settlement on, 206, 207; captivity of Lytle family, 211.

River Au Sable, friendly Indians on, 186, 189.

River Bad Ax, battle of, 416, 417.

River Baraboo (Barribault), Winnebagoes on, 72,270, 321, 366, 382, 414.

River Calumet (at Chicago), Indians at, 157, 191; hunters, 201; Lee, 408.

River Chicago, 144; in massacre of 1812, 175; portage, 146, 408.

River Des Moines, street on, 404.

River Desplaines (Aux Plaines), Pottawattomies on, 409; in Chicago massacre, 182, 187; Kinzies on, 137, 138, 234, 376.

River Detroit, Fort Maiden on, 194; ferry, 225.

River Du Page, Mrs. Kinzie on, 134-136.

River Fox (of Green Bay), 410; Indian tradition of, 56, 57; Wolf confounded with, 53; at Portage, 58-60, 403; as a freight way, 231, 364; description and tradition of Grand Butte des Morts, 402; of Petit Butte des Morts, 401, 402; fur trade on, 396, 399; Jesuits, 413; Stockbridges, 333-336; Winnebagoes, 404; Fort Howard built, 397; Camp Smith, 396; Presbyterian mission on, 32, 33, 401; Episcopalian mission, 32, 33; in Black Hawk War, 415; Kinzies on, 13-60, 101, 327-337; Wild Cat, 358, 359.

River Fox (of Illinois), in treaty of 1804, 388; Kinzies on, 182-134, 237, 238, 410.

River Gasconade, in treaty of 1804, 388.

River Grand, death of Laframboise, 394.

River Illinois, fur trade on, 150; in treaty of 1804, 388; Chicago prisoners on, 188; Mrs. Holt, 179; Pottawattomies, 409; Chicago canal, 410.

River Iowa (Ihoway), Sacs and Foxes on, 391.

River Jefferson, in treaty of 1804, 388.

River Kanawha, Isaac McKenzie on, xiv.

River Kankakee, fur trade on, 150; Ottawas on, 409; hostile Indians from, 187, 188.

River Maumee, John Kinzie on, xiv, 149.

River Milwaukee (Melwakee), Pottawattomies on, 409.

River Mississippi, discovered by Joliet and Marquette, 396, 403; Cass's expedition to sources of, 2, 27, 393, 397; Pottawattomies west of, 409; Sacs and Foxes on, 52, 269, 270, 272, 273, 391, 411, 412, 416, 417; Sac trail to Canada, 120, 121; Indian lands on, 266; Sac cessions, 388, 389; fur trade, 6, 152, 419; in War of 1812-15, 400; in Red Bird uprising, 197; in Black Hawk War, 314, 315, 354, 391, 392; canoe trips to, 17; First regiment ordered to, 260; workmen from, 262; Green Bay excursionists on, 303; travellers from, at Bellefontaine, 312; Boilvin on, 28; Johnson, 405; John H. Kinzie, 42-45; Mrs. Mitchell, 10.

River Missouri, Pottawattomies on, 120, 200.

River Monongahela, settlement on, 206.

River Pecatonica, Mrs. Kinzie on, 115, 406.

River Plum, settlement on, 207.

River Raisin, massacre on, 192, 193.

River Rock, fur trade on, 150; Chicago prisoners, 188; Sacs, 387-392; Winnebagoes, 160, 272; Black Hawk's village, 407; in Black Hawk War, 65, 315, 317, 323, 343, 411, 412, 415, 417; Dixon's ferry, 116-121, 406, 407; crossing at Lake Koshkonong, 94; Ogee's ferry, 114; Mrs. Kinzie on, 252-254.

River Root, Hogan on, 408.

River St. Clair, cholera on, 340.

River St. Joseph's, in Chicago massacre, 171.

River Susquehannah, limit of white settlement, 206.

River Thames, Thomas Lytle on, 224-226; battle of, 404, 405, 409.

River Tippecanoe, treaty of 1836, 409.

River Trench. See River Thames.

River Wabash, Indian troubles on, 167; hostile Pottawattomies from, 181, 185; Chicago prisoners on, 188; as state boundary, 397.

River Wisconsin, at Portage, 60, 203, 365, 366; in treaty of 1804, 388; early canoe voyages on, 17, 18; Sacs on, 417; Winnebagoes, 404; John H. Kinzie, 314; Roys, 275; in Black Hawk War, 321, 329, 344, 355, 416, 417.

River Wolf, mistaken for Fox, 53.

River Yellow, treaty of 1836, 409.

Roberts, Charles, canal commissioner, 409.

Roberts, Capt. Charles, captures Mackinac, 395.

Robineau, ----, a voyageur, 345; blacksmith's helper, 368-371.

Robinson, Alexander, Pottawattomie chief, 144; befriends whites, 187, 197, 249; sketch, 409.

Rock (Rocky) Island, Ill., Davenport at, 391; Street's agency, 404; Black Hawk at, 412; cholera, 355, 356, 415; treaty, 355, 357, 358.

Rocky Mountains, discovery of passes, 405, 406.

Rohl-Smith, Carl, artist of Chicago massacre monument, bas-reliefs by, 168, 172, 174, 176.

Rolette, Miss, ----, at Fort Winnebago, 377.

Rolette, Joseph, Indian sobriquet for, 80; in Boilvin's court, 28; at Fort Winnebago, 71; stories, of, 17-19; sketch, 398.

Ronan, Ensign George, in Chicago massacre, 156, 159, 163, 174, 176.

Root, Gen. Erastus, treaty commissioner, 15, 19.

Roy, François, fur trader, 405.

Roy, Pierre, son of foregoing, 95, 103, 116, 126.

Roy family, at Portage, 275.

Rum traffic, opposed by Robert Stuart, 393.

Sac (Sauk) Indians, allied with Foxes, 52, 402; relations to English, 7; great trail to Canada, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 407; in treaty of 1804, 411, 412; land session by, 387-391; at Rock Island, 404; on Mississippi, 269, 270; Forsyth's agency, 419; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; in Black Hawk War, 116, 272, 273, 314-371, 387-392, 402, 411, 414-417.

St. Augustine, Fla., settlement of, 12.

St. Jean, ----, fur trader, 152, 153.

St. Joseph's, Ind., fur trade at, 180; in Chicago massacre, 186-188; John Kinzie at, xiv, 149; mission, 233, 236.

St. Louis, Sac treaty of 1804, 389; in War of 1812-15, 400; treaty of 1816, 409; military post, 387, 391; treaties at, 387-391; Hempstead, 404; Surveyor Thompson, 404.

St. Martin, Alexis, patient of Dr. Beaumont, 413.

St. Vrain, Felix, Indian agent, killed in Black Hawk War, 116, 316, 392.

Saginaw Bay, Mich., fur trade at, 419.

Salt Creek, Kinzies on, 237.

Sandusky, Ohio, John Kinzie at, xiv, 149.

Sandwich, Ont., Jesuits at, 12, 396; John Kinzie, 194; Forsyths, 205.

Sangamon County, Ill., fur trade of, 150.

Sauteurs. See Chippewa Indians.

Sawmills, established by Whitney, 412.

Schoolcraft, Henry R., views from _Indian Tribes_, 6, 140; _Sources of the Mississippi_, 393.

Schools. See Education.

Scotch, in Northwest fur trade, xiii, xiv, 394, 398.

Scott, Capt. Martin, at Fort Dearborn, 144, 202; at Fort Howard, 343; sketch, 410.

Scott, Gen. Winfield, in Black Hawk War, 355, 415.

Seneca Indians, captivity of Mrs. John Kinzie, 205-223.

Seneca, Ill., Pottawattomies near, 409.

Shantytown (at Green Bay) , genesis of, 396; Kinzies at, 15, 17, 337.

Shaubena (Chambly, Shaubeenay, Shaubenah), Pottawattomie chief, befriends whites, 197, 249; portrait, 198; sketch, 409.

Shaw, ----, fur trade agent, 153, 154.

Shawanee (Shawnee) Indians, in Dunmore's War, xiv; capture McKenzie girls, xiv, xv; at Tippecanoe, 157.

Shawneeaukee, John H. Kinzie's Indian name, xvii, 5, 43, 45, 49, 54, 60, 74, 87, 102, 180, 194, 235, 248, 257, 273, 280, 308, 322.

Shawneetown, Ill., Street at, 404.

Sheaffe, Col. ----, English officer, 187.

Sheesheebanze (little duck), story of, 295-302.

Shoshone Indians, Doty treats with, 397.

Shot-making, at Helena, 412.

Sinclair, Commodore Arthur, attacks Mackinac Island, 395.

Sinsinawa Mound, Dominican Academy at, 411.

Sioux Indians, raid Chequamegon Bay, 396; Mrs. Mitchell related to, 10; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32; in Black Hawk War, 416.

Smith, Col. Joseph Lee, establishes Camp Smith, 396.

Snakes, at Portage, 21.

Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, 401.

Songs, by French-Canadian voyageurs, 28-30, 56, 327, 400.

South Kaukauna. See Kaukauna.

Southwest Company, organized, 394; at Mackinac, 150.

Spanish land grants at St. Louis, 146.

Springfield, Ill., Sac lands sold at, 390, 391; Dixon, 407.

Stages, at Buffalo Grove, 118.

Stambaugh, Col. Samuel C., Indian agent, 305, 307; in Black Hawk War, 349, 416; sketch, 413.

Stanley, Webster, founds Oshkosh, 413.

Statesburg. See Kaukauna.

Steamers, early, on great lakes, xvii; on Mississippi River, 353, 416. See also, "Henry Clay," "Uncle Sam," and "Warrior."

Stickney, Gardner P., "Use of Maize by Wisconsin Indians," 402.

Stillman, Maj. Isaiah, routed by Black Hawk, 417.

Stillman's Run. See Sycamore Creek.

Stirling, Mark, deserts George Forsyth, 148, 149.

Stockbridge (Waubanakee, Waubeenakee) Indians, Presbyterian mission to, 32, 348, 400, 401, 415; visited by Mrs. Kinzie, 26, 333-336.

Stockbridge, Wis., Indian village, 401.

Stoddard, Maj. ----, commandant at St. Louis, 387.

Street, Gen. Joseph M., Indian agent at Prairie du Chien, 72, 354; receives Black Hawk, 417; sketch, 404.

Stuart, David, with American Fur Company, 393.

Stuart, Robert, fur-trade agent, entertains Kinzies, 3, 4; interest in missions, 6; sketch, 393, 394.

Sulky, ----, a soldier, 91.

Sully, R. M., portrait of Black Hawk, 354.

Sugar Creek, Lapierre on, 100, 320; Sophy Mâtâ's accident at, 368-370.

Sycamore Creek, Black Hawk's victory at, 354, 393, 417.

Talk-English, a Winnebago, 64, 65.

Taverns, at Bellefontaine, 60, 351, 413; at Chicago, 143, 144, 407; Madison, 405; Oshkosh, 413.

Tecumseh, at treaty of Greenville, 408; killed at Thames, 405, 409.

Thompson, James, surveys Chicago town site, 409; his map, 142.

Thunder Bay, storms off, 1-3.

Tippecanoe, battle of, 157, 159, 167.

Tomah, an Indian lad, 376-379.

Topeeneebee, Pottawattomie chief, befriends Kinzies, 171, 172, 185, 186, 188.

Toshunnuck, a Winnebago, 254, 255.

Trails, evolution of Indian, 405, 406; great Sac, to Canada, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 407; Butte des Morts to Portage, 51, 53; Dixon's to Chicago, 117, 120-139; Dixon's to Peoria, 121; Fort Winnebago to Chicago, 94-139; Gleason's to Portage, 56; Hamilton's Diggings to Kellogg's, 114-116; Kellogg's to Ogee's, 114; Morrison's to Hamilton's Diggings, 107-111; Peoria to Galena, 406, 407; Piché's to Chicago, 132; at Portage, 322; Portage to Chicago, 108. See also, Portages.

Trail Creek (Rivière du Chemin), Miller on, 143.

Treaties, of Ghent, 396; Paris (1783), 220; Greenville, 408; with Sacs and Foxes (1804), 411, 412; St. Louis (1816), 409; Sac land cessions, 387-391; Menomonees and New York Indians (Waubanakees), 14, 15; at Rock Island, 355, 357, 358; with Pottawattomies (1836), 409; with Shoshones, 397.

Tremont House, Chicago, 143.

Turcotte, ----, a blacksmith, 320, 369, 370.

Turkey Creek, treaty of 1836, 409.

Turner, Andrew J., "History of Fort Winnebago," 411.

Turtle Creek, at Beloit, 411; Winnebagoes on, 72; Kinzies, 251.

Twenty-mile Prairie, Mrs. Kinzie on, 256, 257.

Twiggs, Maj. David Emanuel, at Fort Winnebago, 58, 68, 84, 89, 90, 96; entertains Kinzies, 259, 260; leaves Fort Winnebago, 273, 274; sketch, 399.

Twiggs, Mrs. David E., at Fort Winnebago, 25, 58, 68, 69, 89.

Twiggs, Lizzie, birth of, 92.

"Uncle Sam," early lake steamer, 189.

Van Cleve, Lieut. Horatio Phillips, at Fort Winnebago, 379; sketch, 418.

Van Cleve, Mrs. H. P. (Charlotte Ouisconsin Clark), wife of foregoing, _Three Score Years and Ten_, xix, 415.

Van Voorhees, Dr. ----, in Chicago massacre, 156, 173, 174.

Victoire, family servant, 376.

Vincennes, Ind., Indian council at, 197; in War of Revolution, 399.

Virginia, capture of McKenzie girls, xiv-xvi.

Vitelle, ----, an engagé, 335, 336.

Voyageurs, characteristics of service, 150-154; pipes as unit of measure, 30, 34, 328, 330, 414, 415; songs of, 28-30, 56, 327, 400; on Mackinac boats, 394; at Butte des Morts, 49; at Fort Winnebago, 66, 67; on Lake Superior, 400; at Prairie du Chien, 414; in service of Kinzies, 21, 22, 25-57, 327-337.

Wallace, ----, at Wolf's Point, 198.

Wapello, Fox chief, 404.

War of 1812-15, fur trade in, 402; Sandusky campaign, 403; capture of Prairie du Chien, 400; Col. Cutler in, 418; Winnebagoes, 404.

"Warrior," steamer in Black Hawk War, 353, 416.

Washington, D. C., Shaubena at, 409; Winnebagoes, 264, 321, 404.

Waubanakees. See Stockbridge Indians.

Waubansee, Pottawattomie chief, 128; befriends whites, 178, 181, 183.

Waubeeneenah, Pottawattomie chief, 175, 176.

Waukaunkau (Little Snake), hostage for Winnebago suspects, 357-362.

Waupaca, Cutting Marsh at, 401.

Waygeemarkin, an Indian magician, 295-302.

Wayne, Gen. Anthony, fights Indians, 224.

Weeks, ----, entertains Kinzies, 187.

Wekau, a Winnebago, friend of Red Bird, 417, 418.

Wells, Capt. William, in Chicago massacre, 168, 172, 175, 177, 178; illustration of death of, 176.

Wentworth, ----, Chicago tavern-keeper, 143, 144; met by Mrs. Kinzie, 138.

Whigs, appoint Street, 404.

Whistler, Capt. John, builds Fort Dearborn I, 407; sketch from plans, 156.

Whistler, Maj. William, receives Red Bird's surrender, 417.

White, ----, killed in Chicago massacre, 157, 160.

White Crow (Kauraykausaykah, Kauraykawsawkaw, Kawneeshaw, Le Borgne), Winnebago chief, 65, 272, 273; delivers prisoners to whites, 361; sketch, 404.

White Ox, a Winnebago murderer, 9.

Whitney, Daniel, entertains Kinzies, 305; visits Kinzies, 303; sketch, 412.

Wight, William W., on Eleazer Williams, 401.

Wild Cat, Winnebago chief, 45, 65, 383, 386; opposes land cession, 358, 359.

Wild cat (animal), in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Wild doves, enormous flocks of, 415.

Wild rice, grown by Northwest Indians, 8, 45, 56; bibliography, 402.

Will County, Ill., Ottawas in, 409.

Williams, Rev. Eleazer, missionary to Oneidas, met by Mrs. Kinzie, 32, 33; sketch, 401.

Williams, M. C., _Old Mission Church of Mackinac Island_, 394.

Williamsburg, L. I., John Kinzie at, xiii, xiv.

Wing, ----, accompanies Kinzies, 306, 311, 312.

Winnebago (Puants) Indians, origin of name "Puants," 52, 53, 402, 403; vocabulary by Boilvin, 400; customs and dances, 278-286; scalp dance, 364, 365; gather wild rice, 46; marriage customs, 372-375; indifferent to education, 88, 89; effect of missions on, 265-268; fur trade of, 150; relations to English, 7; in Chicago massacre, 160; at Tippecanoe, 157; in Red Bird uprising, 197, 249, 319, 406, 417, 418; in Black Hawk War, 272, 273, 315-371, 387-392, 409, 412, 416, 417; capture Black Hawk, 404; surrender of suspects, 357-363; escape of prisoners, 366-368, 384, 385; starving time near Fort Winnebago, 380-383; visit Eastern cities, 64, 65, 75-78; payment of annuities to, 15, 262, 272, 278-286, 363, 364, 366; beef and horses, 413; principal villages of, 72; on Baraboo River, 72-80; at Butte des Morts, 48, 49; Fort Winnebago, 60-66, 72-80, 86-89, 264-303; Four Lakes, 102; on Lake Koshkonong, 253; at Prairie du Chien, 72; Turtle Creek band, 411; Street's agency, 404; White Ox, a murderer, 9; related to Paquette, 403; portrait of types, 64. See also, Fort Winnebago, John H. Kinzie, Mrs. John H. Kinzie, and the several chiefs.

Winnebago rapids, Mrs. Kinzie at, 333.

Winnebago swamp, 121, 123.

Winnemeg (Catfish), Pottawattomie chief, befriends whites, 162, 163, 178.

Winnosheek, Winnebago chief, 317.

Wiota, Wis., founded, 406.

Wisconsin, Hurons in, 396; first settled, 398; Sac and Fox cession (1804), 411, 412; _Wau-Bun_ as historical material for, xx.

Wisconsin Heights, battle of, 416, 417.

Wisconsin Historical Society, Secretary Draper names Madison lakes, 405; dedicates tablet to Allouez, 413; possesses Forsyth MSS., 419; Marsh MSS., 401; furnishes illustrations to this volume, 14, 64, 354; _Collections_, xix, 373, 395, 399, 400, 411, 415.

Wishtayyun (blacksmith), Menomonee guide, 22, 32, 42, 306, 307.

Wolcott, Dr. Alexander, Indian agent, 197; household of, 233; death of, 83, 84, 201.

Wolcott, Mrs. Judge ----, 168.

Wolf, in Northwest fur trade, 7.

Wolf Point, 143-145; Mrs. Kinzie at, 138; Hunt and Wallace, 198.

Wolf's Creek, McKenzie on, xiv.

Wolfe, Gen. ----, on Plains of Abraham, xiii.

Wright's Woods, at Chicago, 202.

Wyandot Indians, relations to English, 6, 7; John H. Kinzie among, xvii, 44, 45.

Yellow Banks, Black Hawk at, 412.

Yellow Thunder (Waukaunzeekah), Winnebago chief, 75; sketch, 404.

Yellow Thunder, Mrs. (Washington Woman), 75-78, 383.

Young Dandy. See Four-Legs.

Ypsilanti, Mich., genesis of, 167.

PRINTED BY R. R. DONNELLEY AND SONS COMPANY AT THE LAKESIDE PRESS, CHICAGO, ILL.

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Transcriber Notes

Illustrations were moved so that paragraphs were not split and the illustrations between page 140 and 141 were moved in front of page 140 (start of Chapter XVII). The hyphenation (or lack thereof) and some alternate spellings for native words and names (ex., Pottawattomie and Pottowattamie) were left as printed. Other minor typos were corrected.

End of Project Gutenberg's Wau-bun, by Juliette Augusta Magill Kinzie