CHAPTER XXXVI.

WASHINGTON’S PREDICTION REALIZED.—THE ATTITUDE OF AMERICA PRONOUNCED.

The blending of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries comes at a moment of such marked transition in all that directs human activity and relationship, that the promise of Washington’s benediction, with which he proclaimed peace, seems about to be verified with a fuller, grander, and more universal scope of responsibility and example than even his sublime faith encompassed.

“A stupendous fabric of freedom and empire on the broad basis of independency,” has already been established. The present generation and its actors in every department of public duty—including Washington’s successor in the Presidential Chair; the American Congress in both Houses; Governors of all the States; and responsible agencies in all sections—have seemed to unify their efforts to maintain the empire thus established. Those now living are the heirs to be made “happy, happy, thrice happy,” through the legacy of his life; if they do their part in “protecting the rights of human nature, and in establishing an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions.”

Nothing in the career of Washington the Soldier was more sovereign in its sway over citizens under arms, than his constant appeal to a Divine Providence as the truest ally of the soul, in hours of grave responsibility and peril. This narrative would lose much of its value to America and to mankind, if the passages reflecting Washington’s religious faith were to be lightly passed over; and if he were to be measured only as a distinguished representative of the military profession.

He has, indeed, been tested by the sternest maxims of the military art. He has been found responsive to their most exacting demands. But all such tests are largely those of mere intellectual power—not disclosing excellence in moral and social relations, except as these illustrate “Statesmanship in War,” and complement other qualifications of the Ideal Soldier. But Washington was more than a soldier. It is no ill-conceived paradox to assert that the ideal soldier, the greatest soldier, is not the man who most literally represents knowledge of the military art. It is asserted in the Word of Life, that “he that ruleth his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city.” It is not to be forgotten that the only proper function of War is, to eliminate disturbants of the public peace. To give life for country is to partake of the Divine prerogative of giving life for humanity.

And the soldiers who fought under Washington were not mere men, of certain ages, to be handled well in battle, as parts of a machine. They were not hirelings, discounting the chances of life and death for money. Peace and its domesticities represented the goal of their pursuit; and self-sacrifice, even of life, to secure that peace, was their conscious service to family, to country, and to God. The people, as a people, had no unholy frenzy for war as a source of purely military glory. Only barbarous nations, or the devotees of some great conqueror or fanatical religionist, can thus pervert the patriotic sentiment to the instincts of the beast.

Washington’s army was strong, because strong at home. Country, was the aggregate of homes many. Never did the term patriotism have a more radiant reflection of its intrinsic glory; and Washington, as “Pater Patriæ,” was so paternal in his trust, that his army was filial as well as loyal, in the highest quality of duty to their great Captain. His faith in his country’s future was based upon the intelligence of the people; and his army was both intelligent and religious, because respect for law and religion was the basis of the first settlement of the American Colonies as well as the foundation upon which they established all domestic and political concerns.

In 1780, Thomas Pownall, once royal Governor of Massachusetts, pronounced “American Independence as fixed as fate”; adding: “North America has become a new Primary planet, which, while it takes its own course, in its own orbit, must shift the common centre of gravity.” He added this significant inquiry: “Will that most enterprising spirit be stopped at Cape Horn; or, not pass beyond the Cape of Good Hope? Before long, they will be found trading in the South Sea, in the Spice Islands, and in China. Commerce will open the door to emigration. By constant intercommunication, America will every day approach nearer and nearer to Europe.”

But this “independency of freedom and empire,” predicted by Washington, is not independency of moral obligation, or relation. It carries with its exercise an independent control of both moral and physical activities with which to insist that its inalienable rights shall be universally respected.

The associated prediction of Washington has also been realized—in “the establishment of an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions.” America must therefore bear the responsibility of protecting her wards everywhere, and penetrate the earth with the conviction that wrong done to one, is wrong done to all. Oceans are but lakes. Distances are but steps. Neither light nor sound outspeed the cry of suffering humanity; and neither light nor sound must be allowed to outrun the speed of wise relief. Beneficiaries of this Empire-Asylum, between the great seas, have become elements of our wealth and power. They have ceased to be foreign elements in crystalized society; and blend, as integral forces in the body politic, just as the elements of air and water invisibly combine. Countless messages—of happiness, prosperity, and peace—cross the great seas by every steamship, to cheer their former countrymen with the hope of like liberties, in times not far distant, which they also shall enjoy. The prayers of a Christian people for all mankind, which Heaven doth “gather in vials, as sweet odors,” are not lost between earth and sky; but other peoples, inhaling wafted fragrance, dream of the Land of Washington.

Whatever may be the jealousies or dislikes of personal or dynastic rule abroad, no truly enlightened nation can long remain insensible to that exhibition of moral and industrial power under which America is fully equipped for the support of her honor and her flag. Her indwelling peace matures and conserves financial independence; and infinitely multiplies capacity and resources with which to meet every just obligation to all mankind. Her peace, while enriching herself, blesses all nations. Her products of the shop and farm have become indispensable to the good of all. This new “centre of gravity,” has become, as Egypt once chanced to be, the famine magazine, the granary of relief, to the famishing millions of every land. The ability of America to spring from the repose of peaceful industry and protect her rights and the rights of humanity wherever assailed, has compelled the world’s consideration and respect.

The _terra incognita_ of olden times has become the busy field of competitive industry. The vast empires of China and Japan have caught from the American Republic their own best stimulus, and a timely suggestion to resist aggressive strangers. From America, they fear no unjust demands, no plunder of territory, no violation of sound principles of international law. China, indeed, only feebly responds to the quickening impulse; while Japan recognizes and accepts her opportunity to become an independent, self-respecting power—a truly modern State!

At the famous Berlin Conference, Count Schouvaloff of Russia, recently retired from public life, proposed a formal Resolution, that no modern arms or ships be sold to the empires of the East; declaring that “if those nations, India, China and Japan, were thus armed, and once began to contrast their millions of subjects and associated poverty, with the smaller populations, but vast treasure-houses of Europe, the cities of Vienna, Berlin, and Paris, would be in more danger, through some tidal-wave of desolation and plunder from the East, than from all the standing armies of Europe.” And now that the earth is but a sensitive “whisper-gallery,” and every hammer’s stroke and every anvil’s ring reverberate in every machine-shop where despoilers of the East fabricate implements for its dismemberment and ruin, those same Eastern nations in part accept, and Japan quotes, the wise maxim of Washington: “In peace, prepare for war.”

Washington’s career as a soldier is replete with counsel which finds its crowning opportunity in the present attitude of America before the world. So long as we deal honorably with all mankind, the buzzing electric energies of peace are our best assurance of success in a righteous war. Only wanton neglect of prudent and adequate preparations for the protection of our commerce, and of our citizens wherever they chance to sojourn for legitimate business or pleasure, can engender mistrust of our courage, and invite the very aggressions otherwise beyond the possibility of occurrence.

But Washington, skilled in the European complications of his times, never imagined that the same European nations, or any of them, would select the extreme East as the arena from which to replenish wasted home resources by force; and then convert the continent of Europe into one vast magazine of dynamite, until all chief agencies which belong to domestic prosperity and happiness should be drawn into the wild whirl of Colonial adventure, for plunder. And as the reader recalls Washington’s earnest appeals for unity of spirit in all national affairs, and is reminded of his Farewell Address to the American People, wherein he deprecated all political combinations abroad which might qualify or compromise our absolute independence as a Free Republic, he will be more profoundly impressed with the great fact, that in the present attitude of these United States before the world, the sublime anticipations of the “Father of his Country” are maturing to a resplendent and complete fulfilment. The only natural alliance, in the event of monarchical combinations to stay the advancing triumph of true liberty, would be a concerted action of the United States and the mother country, through the inheritance of like bequests under Magna Charta. The pregnant future may yet give birth to that fruition.

There is an awful grandeur, more densely charged with ills than the fiercest spasms of Nature’s fury, in the visible armaments which are costing peoples, not thrones, _annually_, more than enough to _feed and clothe every suffering member of the human race_. The alleged object is, “to preserve the peace,” as if every nation naturally antagonized all others. The peace of the silent grave, which would turn one’s neighbor’s soil into a vast cemetery, seems to supplant that peace “which passeth understanding,” when every heart and mind shall enter a condition of happy repose and prosperous industry. The inquiry propounded nearly nineteen hundred years ago—“From whence come wars and fightings among you?” can be in like manner answered, with solemn emphasis, to-day. No uninspired pen can match the imagery of prophetic vision which predicted the outcome of such conditions as now threaten mankind—“Woe to him that calleth Peace, Peace, when there is no peace!” But greater woe shall befall those that “call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter.” As with the man who wrongeth his neighbor, and taketh that which is not his, to his own profit; so shall it be with nations. Only those nations which love righteousness and do justice shall rise above the wreck of all oppressors, and take part in the enjoyment of that destined era of righteousness and peace, when nations shall not “learn war any more.” That nation alone will be truly great, whose supreme purpose through every armament and armed expression shall be in behalf of humanity, and to punish or repress the destroyers of peace.

But present conditions had their marvellous premonition in 1892—when “a Congress of Nations,” and “a Parliament of Religions,” convened during the World’s Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, in the State of Illinois. For the purpose of that Exposition, a miniature city, of more than Roman or Grecian classical beauty and adornment, sprang up as by the power of magic, wherein all the nations of earth blended their contributions, in lines of utility and art. Their representatives, their contributors, and their wise men, beheld “the triumphs of peace,” uncontrolled by the prestige of artificial rank, or by the persuasion of bayonet, cimeter, or dagger. They journeyed to and fro in safety; were treated as brethren; as children of one supreme creative Father; and took thence some valuable lessons for thoughtful improvement. No social banquet at their far-distant homes, nor regal display at their national capitals, could have surpassed the cordial welcome or the deep significance of that purely Republican entertainment. The temporary shelter for their pleasure and comfort, costing millions, besides their own generous outlay, had its day and its uses; and then was set aside, as one gives away the morning daily paper, after its quick perusal. Then mighty warehouses, business blocks, and all the permanent features of a vast inland city, one thousand miles distant from the nearest ocean-port, rose instead of the temporary palaces of entertainment; while the markets of the world had received a new impulse, never to be lost.

And such is the Land of Washington! His retirement from command of the “Continental Army of America,” in the spirit of Joshua, the Hebrew Captain, when the people thought no honor too rich for his reward, magnified his office and immortalized his example. Since his career as a soldier demands no elucidation of his office as legislator, statesman, or as the first President of these United States, there remains little to be added; except to commend to American youth, and to all patriotic youth, wherever these pages may invite perusal, the exemplar career of one whose unselfish patriotism, moral rectitude, and exalted qualities as an Ideal Soldier can never lose charm nor value.

Washington based his hopes of success upon the intelligence of the American people. For their proper training in arms, and the contingency of a summons to defend their dearly bought liberties, he designed the Military Academy at West Point on the Hudson. For a uniform system of education in all that develops social culture and good citizenship, he proposed, with gift of a proper site, a National University at the National Capital. Since his immediate mission on earth closed, the American Republic, which, under God, he established, has donated through religious, educational, and benevolent channels, more than three hundred millions of treasure; and found full compensation, in the civilization and enlightenment thereby imparted to less favored peoples throughout the world. The American Census of 1890, disclosed the fact, that American eleemosynary gifts annually exceeded the cost of the largest standing army of the world.

To-day, America is able, single-handed, to defend her honor and her flag, whoever may deride her peaceful habits and her homely virtues. The words of Washington, used upon his return to White Plains in 1778, as emphatically appeal to the American people to-day, as when they were first uttered.

A Nation of nearly eighty millions stands ready to vindicate the loftiest aspirations and redeem the confidence of Washington. So surely as the Almighty Father is a covenant-keeping God, whatever may be the scenes of conflict forwarding His purpose, He will emancipate man from error’s chain and the oppressor’s lash; and this Republic must be ever prepared to maintain, from generation to generation, one sentiment of the great Soldier—

“The hand of Providence has been so conspicuous, that he must be worse than an infidel, that lacks faith; and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowledge his obligation.”

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. AMERICAN ARMY, BY STATES.

The American Army, after 1776, never equalled thirty-eight thousand Regulars, at any one time. Small, temporary, and unorganized detachments of minute men were often employed to meet sudden forays; but the aggregate of those who afterwards claimed Revolutionary service was far beyond the actual numbers subject to Washington’s orders, or under control by Congress.

In stating these aggregates as credited to their respective States, under their designated quota, it is to be taken into account, that each enlistment received a special credit, and generally, by _years_ or term of service. Hence, many who served from April 19, 1775, until the nineteenth of April, 1783, _counted as eight_, in the aggregate.

In the American Civil War of 1861–’65, the same rule followed. Nine Ohio regiments, for example, and those militia, marched to West Virginia for three months, reënlisted for three years, and then reënlisted for the war. Several “One Hundred Day” regiments, including the Sixtieth Massachusetts, and many in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, became credits to their respective States. The same men were sometimes counted three times—that is, for each reënlistment.

The contributions of the States, during the Revolutionary War, on this basis, were as follows:

New Hampshire 12,497 Massachusetts 69,907 Rhode Island 5,908 Connecticut 31,939 New York 17,781 New Jersey 10,726 Pennsylvania 25,678 Delaware 2,386 Maryland 13,912 Virginia 26,678 North Carolina 7,263 South Carolina 6,417 Georgia 2,679 ——————— Total 233,771

Also, see Index, “American Army.”

APPENDIX B. AMERICAN NAVY AND ITS CAREER.

The original organization of the American Navy is noticed on pages 59–60 of the text.

On the thirteenth of December, 1775, several frigates, were authorized, the annexed figures indicating their _rate_, by _guns_:

_Alliance_ (32), twice identified with Lafayette (pp. 253, 361), and sold after the war. _Andrea Doria_ (32), burned in the Delaware to prevent capture 1777

_Boston_ (28), captured at Charleston 1780

[8]_CONGRESS_, burned in the Hudson, to prevent capture 1777

_Delaware_ (24), captured by the British, in the Delaware 1777

_Effingham_ (28), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1777

_Hancock_ (32), taken by British ships _Rainbow_ (44) and _Victor_ (16) 1777

[8]_Montgomery_ (24), burned in the Hudson to prevent capture 1777

_Providence_ (28), captured at Charleston 1780

_Queen of France_ (18), captured at Charleston 1780

_Raleigh_ (32), captured by the British ships _Experiment_ (50) and _Unicorn_ (16) 1777

_Randolph_ (32), blown up in action with the _Yarmouth_ (64) 1778

_The Confederacy_ (32), taken by a British ship-of-the-line, off the Virginia coast 1781

_Trumbull_ (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry 1778

_Virginia_ (28), taken by British fleet, near Cape Henry, 1778

_Warren_ (32), burned in the Penobscot, by the Americans 1779

_Washington_ (32), destroyed by the British, in the Delaware 1778

Footnote 8:

Never went to sea.

NOTE.—John Paul, who took the name of John Paul Jones through gratitude to a citizen of North Carolina who assisted him in securing a naval commission (noticed on page 60 of the text), distinguished himself upon the British coast, and in his capture of the British ship _Serapis_, Sept. 23, 1779. His own ship, the _Bon Homme Richard_, was fitted out in France, by the aid of Benjamin Franklin, to war against British commerce. Franklin, in the issue of his “Almanack,” with shrewd business and moral maxims at the bottoms of the pages, used the nom-de-plume, “Poor Richard.” It was graceful in John Paul to name the ship Richard, in Franklin’s honor, with a complimentary prefix.

Of the later navy, that of 1812, the _Brandywine_ (44), named after the battle of that name, was placed at the service of Lafayette when he visited America in 1825. (See note at end of Chapter XVIII., concerning Lafayette as first appearing in that battle.)

APPENDIX C. COMPARISONS WITH LATER WARS.

The analogies between the Revolutionary War and later American wars are noticed in the Preface. Some special points should be noted for further comparisons.

The _field_ casualties, including killed and wounded, in twenty-six of the principal engagements of the Revolution, do not greatly exceed 9,000; but other causes kept the army upon a very unsatisfactory basis in respect of numbers as well as efficiency.

Operations in Canada, early in the war, irrespective of the expeditions of Montgomery and Arnold, cost, through a visitation of small-pox, 5,000 lives in sixty days. (Page 88.)

At the April muster of the army in 1776, only 8,303, out of a total of 10,235, were fit for duty. (Page 87.)

At the August muster, 1776, 3,678 were reported as sick, either present or on furlough, out of a total of 17,225. (Pages 101, 102.)

At the September muster, 1776, less than 20,000 were reported as fit for duty (page 114), out of a total of 27,000 (page 103).

At the Battle of Trenton, Christmas night, 1776, more than 1,000 out of a force of 2,400 were disabled by frost during the brief march and engagement which gave such fresh vigor to the cause of American Independence. (Page 142.)

At the October muster of the same year, out of a total of 25,735, the large number of 8,075 was reported as sick, or on furlough. (Page 122.)

The camps at Morristown, Valley Forge, and at the South, were scenes of great suffering, distress, and waste. The suffering was greater in crowded and stationary camps than when on the march. Special diseases like measles, then as ever since, prostrated great numbers who suddenly changed house for canvas shelter. In 1862, at one of the healthiest cantonments at the North, near Indianapolis, fully 1,400 were disabled for duty within four weeks after reporting for muster. A similar experience marked Camps Chase, Dennison, and Jackson, Ohio, and Camp Douglas, Illinois.

That “three months” service in 1861 was exceptionally effective under existing conditions, and similar service in the war with Spain, in 1898, reads more like some fabulous tale than the faithful record of continuous victories by an improvised army, with a minimum sacrifice of life. (See Military Notes in Preface.)

In the Revolutionary War, gardens and orchards, near camps, seriously endangered both discipline and health. Home luxuries from visiting friends became so injurious in their effects that Washington was compelled to deal sternly with this mistaken kindness. Besides all this, quartermasters and commissaries, ignorant of their duties, speculated upon public stores; and even surgeons embezzled supplies until some regiments had no medicines for immediate emergencies. (Page 123.)

Derelictions from duty were not peculiar to Revolutionary times. Early in 1861, when haste was so urgent, and the North was not prepared to clothe promptly even seventy-five thousand men, the First and Second Ohio reached Harrisburg, en route for Washington, only to find that the uniforms contracted for and delivered were worthless. The Fifteenth Ohio, after a rain, found themselves at Grafton, W. Va., just after the battle of Philippi, with soleless shoes, glue having been used in their manufacture instead of pegs or thread. The Adjutant-General of that State, then inspecting Ohio troops, peremptorily forbade their moving until an entire refit could be supplied, and William Dennison, then Governor, sustained his action.

The Continental Congress, during the war with Great Britain, tried to act as Commander-in-Chief, until in conscious impotence it surrendered military trusts to Washington, with the impressive Resolution, that “the very existence of civil liberty depends upon the right exercise of military powers,” and that “the vigorous, decisive conduct of these” is “impossible in distant, numerous and deliberative bodies.” (Page 148.)

The Revolutionary War, therefore, illustrated every form of distemper which belongs to war in a republic, when its citizens are suddenly called to face camp and battle conditions without adequate training and preparation in advance. Jealousy of a standing army, greed for office and place, and incessant, selfish, or self-asserting antagonisms, were the chief burdens that grieved the soul and embarrassed the movements of Washington, the American Commander-in-Chief.

APPENDIX D. BRITISH ARMY, AT VARIOUS DATES.

The British Official Records show that the entire British force in America, including troops in Canada, Florida and the Bahama Islands, hardly exceeded, at any one time—and then not until 1780—42,000 men. Some of the regiments appear upon the maps as participants in battles from the attack upon Breed’s Hill until the final surrender of Cornwallis. The colonels of these regiments, under British regulations, held command as general officers; but the regiments retained their personal relation to the commanding officer, although the lieutenant-colonel commanded the battalions in the field, one recruiting battalion always remaining at the home depot.

The following Tables have peculiar value, being compiled direct from original sources:

1. British regiments assigned to America, 1776.

17th Dragoons Preston’s. 4th Foot Hodgsin’s. 5th Foot Percy’s. 10th Foot Sanford’s. 22d Foot Gage’s. 23d Foot Howe’s. 35th Foot F. H. Campbell’s. 38th Foot Pigot’s. 40th Foot Hamilton’s. 43d Foot Cray’s. 44th Foot Abercrombie’s. 45th Foot Haviland’s. 47th Foot Carleton’s. 49th Foot Maitland’s. 52d Foot Clavering’s. 63d Foot T. Grant’s. 64th Foot Pomeroy’s. 65th Foot Armstrong’s.

The above were stationed in Boston, with five companies of the Royal Artillery.

On their passage from Ireland to Boston:

17th Foot Monkton’s. 27th Foot Massey’s. 46th Foot Vaughn’s. 53d Foot James Grant’s.

Then, in Canada:

7th Foot Berlier’s. 8th Foot T. Armstrong’s. 26th Foot Lord Gordon’s. 2 Companies Royal Artillery.

Ready to sail for America, from Cork:

15th Foot Caven’s. 33d Foot Cornwallis’. 37th Foot Coote’s. 42d Foot Lord Murray’s. 54th Foot Frederick’s. 57th Foot Irwin’s.

Ordered for Boston:

16th Dragoons Burgoyne’s. King’s Guards 1,000 men.

Ordered for Quebec:

9th Foot Lagonier’s. 20th Foot Parker’s. 24th Foot Taylor’s. 34th Foot Lord Cavendish’s. 33d Foot Elphinstone’s. 62d Foot Jones’.

Also, 29th Foot upon opening of navigation.

Cunningham’s Regiment, the 14th Foot, was in part in Virginia; the residue, with a Company of the Royal Artillery, was at St. Augustine, Florida.

2. British Army at the Battle of Long Island.

ADVANCE CORPS.

Four Battalions of Light Infantry and the Light Dragoons.

RESERVE CORPS.

Four Battalions of Grenadiers, 33d and 42d Regiments.

BRITISH COLUMN.

1ST BRIGADE 44th, 15th, 27th and 45th Regiments.

2D BRIGADE 5th, 28th, 55th and 49th Regiments.

3D BRIGADE 10th, 37th, 38th and 52d Regiments.

4TH BRIGADE 17th, 40th, 46th and 55th Regiments.

5TH BRIGADE 22d, 43d, 54th and 63d Regiments.

6TH BRIGADE 23d, 44th, 57th and 64th Regiments.

7TH BRIGADE 71st Highland Regiment, New York Companies and Royal Artillery.

Colonel Donop’s command consisted of the Hessian Grenadiers and the Chausseurs.

General De Heister’s command consisted of two Hessian brigades.

TOTAL OF COMBINED ARMIES, INCLUDING FORCE ON STATEN ISLAND.

General Clinton in his report gives Howe’s “effectives fit for duty” as 26,980—officers not included; but, including all officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, as 31,625 men.

3. British effective force in America, June 3, 1777.

In New Jersey. British Artillery 365 British Cavalry 710 British Infantry 8,361 Hessian Infantry 3,300 Anspach Infantry 1,043 —————— 13,779

In New York. British Artillery 20 British Infantry 1,513 Hessian Infantry 1,778 ————— 3,311

Aggregate, 17,090.

On this date, 2,631 men had been sent to Rhode Island, and the total force of foreign troops which had arrived—including those of Hesse, Anspach, and Waldeck—amounted to 14,777.

4. British effective force in America, March 26, 1778.

In New York. In Philadelphia. In Rhode Island. British 3,486 13,078 1,610 German 3,689 5,202 2,116 Provincial 3,281 1,250 44 —————— —————— ————— 10,456 19,530 3,770

Aggregate, 33,756.

5. Aug. 15, 1778.

In New York and vicinity, 19,586; in Long Island, 8,117; in Rhode Island, 5,189; Lord Howe’s fleet, 512; making an aggregate of 33,404.

A later return of November 1, on account of troops sent to Halifax and to the West Indies, reduced the aggregate to 22,494 for duty.

6. May 1, 1779.

New York 9,123 Long Island 6,056 Staten Island 1,344 Paulus Hook 383 Hoboken 264 Rhode Island 5,644 —————— 22,814

Halifax 3,677 Georgia 4,794 West Florida 1,703 Bermuda and Providence Island 470 —————— 10,644

Aggregate, 33,458.

7. December 1, 1779.

At New York and its dependencies:

British 13,848 German 10,836 Provincial 4,072 —————— Total 28,756

Halifax and Penobscot 3,460 Georgia 3,930 West Florida 1,787 Bermuda and Providence Island 636 ————— Total 9,813

Aggregate, 38,569.

8. British effective force in America, May 1, 1780.

New York. South Carolina. Nova Scotia. East Florida. Georgia. British 7,711 7,041 2,298 590 German 7,451 3,018 572 547 862 Provincials 2,162 2,788 638 316 1,016 —————— —————— —————— —————— —————— 17,324 12,847 3,508 1,453 1,878

Aggregate, including East Florida, Providence Island and Bermuda, 38,002.

9. December 1, 1780.

New York 17,729 On an expedition 2,274 South Carolina 7,384 Georgia 968 —————— 28,355

West Florida 1,261 Nova Scotia 3,167 Bermuda 387 Providence Island 143 ————— 4,958

Aggregate, 33,313; besides Provincial troops, 8,954. Total, 42,267.

10. May 1, 1781.

New York 12,257 On an expedition 1,782 With Leslie 2,278 With Arnold 1,553 With Phillips 2,116 South Carolina 7,254 —————— 27,240

East Florida 438 West Florida 1,185 Nova Scotia 3,130 Bermuda 366 Providence Island 128 Georgia 887 ————— 6,134

Aggregate forces, 33,374.

11. Sept. 1, 1781.

New S. N. W. York. Virginia. Carolina. Georgia. Floridas. Scotia. Indies.

British, 5,932 5,544 5,024 920 1,745 498

German, 8,629 2,204 1,596 486 558 562

Provincial, 2,140 1,137 3,155 598 211 1,145

—————— —————— —————— —————— —————— —————— ———

Total, 16,701 8,885 9,775 1,084 1,689 3,452 498

Aggregate, including Providence Island and Bermuda, 42,075.

NOTE.—Stedman has the following estimate:

BRITISH AND REBEL FORCE IN 1776.

Dates. British. Rebel. August 24,000 16,000 November 26,600 4,500 December 27,700 3,300

IN 1777.

March 27,000 4,500 June 30,000 8,000

APPENDIX E. ORGANIZATION OF BURGOYNE’S ARMY.

To remain in Canada, part of 8th regiment, 460 men; part of 34th, 348 men; parts of 29th and 31st regiments, 896 men; eleven additional companies expected from Great Britain, 616 men; brigade detachments, 300 men; detachments from German troops, 650 men, and Royal Highland emigrants, 500 men; making a total of 3,770 men.

The army of invasion (see page 171) numbered as follows:

Men.

The grenadiers and light infantry (except of the 8th and 24th regiments), as the advance corps under General Fraser 1,568

_First brigade_; battalion companies of the 9th, 21st, and 47th regiments 1,194

_Second brigade_; battalion companies of the 20th, 53d, and 62d regiments, leaving 50 of each in Canada 1,194

_German troops_, except the Hanau Chasseurs, and 650 left in Canada 3,217

—————

Total, with artillery 7,173

To this force were to be associated “as many Canadians and Indians as might be thought necessary for the service.”

APPENDIX F. ORGANIZATION OF CORNWALLIS’S ARMY.

This force, when fully concentrated on Virginia, Aug. 1, 1781, consisted of the following troops: British, 5,541; German, 2,148; Provincials, 1,137; on detachments, 607; making a total of 9,433 men.

The general Return of officers and privates surrendered at Yorktown, as taken from the original Muster Rolls, is stated by the Commissary of prisoners to have been as follows—General and staff, 79; Artillery, 23; Guards, 527; Light Infantry, 671; 17th Reg’t, 245; 23d Reg’t, 233; 33d Reg’t, 260; 43d Reg’t, 359; 71st Reg’t, 300; 76th Reg’t, 715; 80th Reg’t, 689; two battalions of Anspach, 1,077 (these two battalions alone had Colonels present), Prince Hereditary, 484; Regiment of De Bose, 349; Yagers, 74; British Legion, 241; Queen’s Rangers, 320; North Carolina Vols., 142; Pioneers, 44; Engineers, 23. Total, including commissary department, and 80 followers of the army, 7,247 men. Total of officers and men, 7,073. Seamen and from shipping, about 900 officers and men. Other authorities increase this number to over 8,000. It is evident that the Return of August 15, cited on page 385, overestimates the really effective force.

Seventy-five brass cannon, 69 iron guns, 18 German and 6 British regimental standards, were among trophies captured.

The military chest contained £2,113, 6s, sterling. The _Guadaloupe_ 28, the old _Fowey_, the _Bonetta_ (sloop) 24, and _Vulcan_ (fire-ship), thirty transports, fifteen galleys, and many smaller vessels, with nearly 900 officers and seamen, were surrendered to the French.

APPENDIX G. NOTES OF LEE’S COURT-MARTIAL.

MAJOR-GENERAL LORD STIRLING, _President_. BRIGADIER-GENERAL SMALLWOOD. BRIGADIER-GENERAL POOR. BRIGADIER-GENERAL WOODFORD. BRIGADIER-GENERAL HUNTINGTON. COLONEL IRVINE. COLONEL SHEPARD. COLONEL SWIFT. COLONEL WIGGLESWORTH. COLONEL ANGEL. COLONEL CLARKE. COLONEL WILLIAMS. COLONEL FEBIGER. JOHN LAWRENCE, _Judge-Advocate_.

The Court met July 1, 1778, at the house of Mr. Voorhees, New Brunswick, N.J.

The charges were as follows:

_First_—For disobedience of orders, in not attacking the enemy on the twenty-eighth of June, agreeably to repeated instructions.

_Second_—For misbehavior before the enemy on the same day, by making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.

_Third_—For disrespect to the Commander-in-Chief, in two letters dated the first of July and the twenty-eighth of June.

GENERAL LEE PLEAD “NOT GUILTY.”

On the twelfth of August, the Court found him to be _guilty_ under all the charges, and sentenced him to be “suspended from any command in the Armies of the United States of America, for the term of twelve months.”

Forty-two witnesses were examined. (See page 235 of text, for their unanimity in vindication of Washington from use of any language not proper, in his rebuke of Lee at the time of his retreat.)

The following are the letters that concluded with Lee’s demand for a court-martial:

FIRST LETTER.

CAMP ENGLISH-TOWN, July 1, 1778.

SIR: From the knowledge I have of your Excellency’s character, I must conclude that nothing but misinformation of some very stupid, or misrepresentation of some very wicked, person, could have occasioned your having made use of so very singular expressions as you did on my coming up to the ground where you had taken post; they implied that I was guilty either of disobedience of orders, of want of conduct, or want of courage; your Excellency will therefore infinitely oblige me by letting me know on which of these three articles you ground your charge, that I may prepare for my justification, which, I have the happiness to be confident, I can do to the army, to the Congress, to America, and to the world in general. Your Excellency must give me leave to observe that neither yourself nor those about your person could, from your situation, be in the least judges of the merits or demerits of our manœuvres; and, to speak with a becoming pride, I can assert, that to these manœuvres, the success of the day was entirely owing. I can boldly say, that had we remained on the first ground, or had we advanced, or had the retreat been conducted in a manner different from what it was, this whole army and the interests of America would have risked being sacrificed. I ever had, and hope ever shall have, the greatest respect and veneration for General Washington; I think him endowed with many great and good qualities; but in this instance, I must pronounce that he has been guilty of an act of cruel injustice towards a man who certainly has some pretentions to the regard of every servant of this country; and, I think, Sir, I have a right to demand reparation for the injury committed, and, unless I can obtain it, I must, in justice to myself, when this campaign is closed (which I believe will close the war), retire from a service at the head of which is placed a man capable of offering such injuries; but, at the same time, in justice to you, I must repeat, that I from my soul believe, that it was not a motion of your own breast, but instigated by some of those dirty earwigs who will forever insinuate themselves near persons in high office; for I really am convinced, that when General Washington acts for himself no man in his army will have reason to complain of injustice or indecorum.

I am, Sir, and hope ever shall have Reason to continue, your most sincerely Devoted, humble servant, CHARLES LEE.

HIS EXCELLENCY GENERAL WASHINGTON.

SECOND LETTER.

CAMP, June 27, 1778.

SIR: I beg your Excellency’s pardon for the inaccuracy in mis-dating my letter. You cannot afford me greater pleasure than in giving me the opportunity of showing to America the sufficiency of her respective servants. I trust that the temporary power of office, and the tinsel dignity attending it, will not be able, by all the mists they can raise, to obfuscate the bright rays of truth; in the meantime, your Excellency can have no objection to my retiring from the army.

I am, Sir, your most obedient, Humble servant, CHARLES LEE.

GENERAL WASHINGTON.

WASHINGTON’S LETTER IN REPLY.

HEADQUARTERS, ENGLISH-TOWN, June 30, 1778.

SIR: I received your letter (dated through mistake, the 1st of July), expressed, as I conceive, in terms highly improper. I am not conscious of having made use of any very singular expressions at the time of my meeting you, as you intimate. What I recollect to have said was dictated by duty and warranted by the occasion. As soon as circumstances will permit, you shall have an opportunity either of justifying yourself to the army, to Congress, to America, and to the world in general, or of convincing them that you were guilty of a breach of orders, and of misbehavior before the enemy on the 28th inst., in not attacking them as you had been directed, and in making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat.

I am, Sir, your most obedient servant, GEORGE WASHINGTON.

MAJOR-GENERAL LEE.

After the reading of the foregoing letters by the Judge-Advocate, General Lee requested the following letter to be also read:

CAMP, June 30, 1778.

SIR: Since I had the honor of addressing my letter by Colonel Fitzgerald to your Excellency, I have reflected on both your situation and mine, and beg leave to observe, that it will be for our mutual convenience that a Court of Inquiry should be immediately ordered: but I could wish it might be a court-martial, for if the affair is drawn into length, it may be difficult to collect the necessary evidences, and perhaps might bring on a paper war betwixt the adherents to both parties, which may occasion some disagreeable feuds on the continent, for all are not my friends, nor all your admirers. I must entreat, therefore, for your love of justice, that you will immediately exhibit your charge, and that on the first halt, I may be brought to a trial; and am, Sir, your most obedient, humble servant,

CHARLES LEE.

The date of the assembling of the court-martial shows that Washington acted promptly.

GLOSSARY OF MILITARY TERMS.

=Abatis.=—Felled trees, with sharpened branches, pointing outward toward an approaching enemy.

=Bastion.=—A work of two faces and two flanks, with salient angles.

=Batteau.=—An old-style flatboat of large capacity, in form of the modern scow.

=Billet.=—An old term for a brief letter; or, an assignment of troops to certain quarters.

=Boom.=—A chain cable or line of spars bound together to prevent the passage of vessels at a harbor entrance, or across a river.

=Cabal.=—A plot, or secret intrigue.

=Cantonment.=—A lodgment for troops.

=Cheveau-de-Frise.=—A cylinder, of iron when practicable, with sharp, projecting spears on all sides; to oppose an invading force, or to close a gap in the defences.

=Command.=—A body of troops, or a separate command.

=Corduroy.=—(“Cord of the King.”) An extemporized road, a uniting cord, by a series of parallel logs across a swamp or soft ground.

=Countersign.=—A confidential word of recognition, changed daily or more frequently, emanating from the officer in chief command.

=Curtain.=—A wall connecting two bastions.

=Detachment.=—A fraction of a command, or troops assigned to some special duty.

=Detail.=—An assignment for special duty.

=Engineering.=—See PREFACE.

=Fascines.=—Bundles or faggots of brushwood, or small poles, tied together, for defence or for crossing swamps.

=Fusee.=—A small musket of early times.

=Gabions.=—Cylindrical wicker baskets open at both ends, filled for defensive purposes, making a temporary parapet.

=Galleys.=—Small vessels of light draft.

=Grand Tactics.=—See PREFACE.

=Hurdles.=—Pickets about three feet high, united by twigs, to give a solid footing for a battery, or for crossing soft ground and swamps.

=Itinerary.=—Record of daily marches; including notes of country traversed, streams crossed, and whatever may be valuable for record or subsequent guidance.

=Line-of-battle ship.=—A full-rigged ship, with two or more gun-decks.

=Log-book.=—The itinerary of a ship.

=Logistics.=—See PREFACE.

=Magazine.=—A depot of powder or of other supplies.

=Muster.=—A detailed record of troops, periodical or otherwise, for exact information of the force under command.

=Orderly Book.=—A record of current orders, whether of commissioned or non-commissioned officers.

=Parapet.=—A work, breast-high or more, for defence.

=Patrol.=—A small scouting-party beyond the usual line of sentries; or a detail of search as to the movements of the enemy.

=Picket.=—An outside sentry, to guard against surprise.

=Quota.=—A fixed apportionment upon the basis of numbers.

=Reconnoissance.=—A personal examination of country within the range of military movements.

=Redoubt.=—An inclosed defence.

=Rendezvous.=—A designated place for assembling troops or supplies.

=Roster.=—A list of officers, or of officers and men; on any duty, or subject to duty.

=Salient.=—An angle projecting outward, toward hostile approach.

=Strategy.=—See PREFACE.

=Surveillance.=—On the constant watch, with critical observation of existing or contingent conditions.

=Taking Post.=—Occupying a designated position, whether under orders, or in the contingencies of a march or an advance.

=Zone.=—A belt or stretch of country, indicating the sphere of action of the various parts of an army, which secures concert of action in combined movements.

CHRONOLOGICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

NOTE.—The contemporaries of Washington named in this index are in general only persons so associated with or opposed to the cause he stood for as to influence his military action.

Events are treated and indexed in chronological order, so that the index becomes thereby a miniature biography of the characters taking part in the events narrated. It may often prove interesting to note the age of a prominent actor in these events at the time, by calculating it from the year of his birth when given below.

ABBREVIATIONS.—For various nationalities: _Am._ (American); _Br._ (British); _Fr._ (French); _H._ (Hessian). In the biographical notices, _b._ for birth and _d._ for death are used; and occasionally, _k._ for killed, _w._ for wounded, and like familiar abbreviations may be found. The subsequent career of many is indicated thus—Cornwallis, _sub._ gov.-gen. India.

Acts of Parliament to be resisted, 17

ADAMS, JOHN—statesman; _sub._ pres, twice; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1826. in first Continental Congress, 16 on special naval committee, 60 commissioner in the interests of peace, 116 his influence abroad, 309

ADAMS, SAMUEL—orator; _b._ 1722, _d._ 1803. exempted from the proffered pardon, 32 his opinion of a regular army, 299

AGNEW, JAMES— _Br._ maj.-general; _k._ at Germantown, 196

Alamance, N.C., battle of, May 16, 1771, 84

Albany Convention of July 4, 1754, 12

ALLEN, ETHAN—col.; _b._ 1637, _d._ 1789. captures Ticonderoga, May 10, 1775, 30 tries to capture Montreal, without orders, 62 captured and sent to England, 62 insubordination commented upon by Washington, 62

_Alliance_ frigate, twice takes Lafayette to France, 253, 362

American army, wholly composed of militia, 21 call for 30,000 under arms, 22 officially recognized, 32 its strange experience, March 2, 1776, 75 occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, 80 begins its first campaign, 83 April muster, 1776, 87 August muster, 1776, 101 September muster, 114 85 regiments authorized, 116 its condition, Sept. 10, 1776, 119 October muster, 122 its lack of discipline, 123 Lee’s grand division, 135 special muster ordered by Washington, Nov. 23, 1776, 136 its condition, Dec. 30, 1776, 147 parades in Philadelphia, 183 August muster, 1777, 184 condition at Valley Forge, Dec., 1777, 205–6 at Newport, 1778, 242 assignments of divisions, 1778, 247 fixed at 80 battalions, 252 at Philadelphia, weakened in discipline, 252 its condition, Dec., 1779, 269 its condition, Nov. 7, 1780, 296 reorganization proposed, 298 new basis, of 36,000 men, 299 divisions again assigned, 300 its condition, 1781, 306 mutinous elements noticed, 307 at the South, 315–317 at Peekskill, 1781, 333 before Yorktown, 1781, 356 by States (Appendix A), 377

American Civil War referred to, for comparison (Preface), vii policy defined, 91 commissioners appointed in the interests of peace, 115 cow-boys near New York, 255 speculators feed the British, 306

Americo-Spanish War of 1898 illustrating the principle of “Strategy and Statesmanship in War” (Preface), x, xii

ANDRÉ, JOHN—_Br._ major, _sub._ asst. adjt.-gen.; _b._ 1751, _d._ 1780. taken prisoner, at St. John’s, 62 arranges _fête_ in honor of Howe, 215 at capture of Charleston, 275 his antecedents noticed, 289 former relations to Miss Shippen, 289 executed as a spy, 290 his fate regretted, 290 exchange for Arnold morally impracticable, 291

ANGEL,—col. at Fort Mercer, R.I., 201 at Battle of Springfield, 283–4

ARBUTHNOT, MARIOT—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1794. arrives at New York, 261 relieves Sir George Collier, 261 fights a French fleet, 326

Armies of modern times, 370–1 of the Revolution as given by the British authority, Stedman (Appendix D), 386

Arms from France, 164

ARMSTRONG, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1843. at Brandywine, 186 on the Schuylkill, 192

ARNOLD, BENEDICT—_sub._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1801. takes a company to Boston, 30 hastens to Lake Champlain, 30 anticipated by Allen, 30 organizes a naval force, 30 loved by Washington, 45 returns in angry mood, 51 proposes conquest of Canada, 51 his expedition for Quebec, 55 his disastrous march, 64 wounded in a bold assault, 66 his captains refuse longer service, 66 the siege of Quebec fails, 66 at Providence, 163 unjustly treated by Congress, 165 gallantry at Ridgefield, 166 in command at Philadelphia, 167 gallantry in Burgoyne campaign, 176 finally promoted, 176 court-martialed, 274 is married to Miss Shippen, 289 suffers from old wound, 222, 288 in command at West Point, 288 corresponds with Clinton, 288 invites André to visit him, 290 dictates price of his treason, 290 antecedents in Philadelphia, 289 his treason anticipated by Lord Germaine, 289 his exchange for André impossible without dishonor, 291 leaves N.Y. with troops, 310 overtaken by a storm, 310 his discretion doubted by Clinton, 310 plunders Richmond, Va., 311 cannot intimidate Jefferson, 311 returns to fortify Portsmouth, 311 writes to Lafayette, 331 treated with silent contempt, 331 tries threats to no purpose, 331 relations with Gen. Phillips, 331 ordered back to New York, 331 lays waste New London, 351 his recall explained, 351

ARNOLD, Mrs. (formerly Miss Shippen)—ignorant of Arnold’s treason, 289 honored by Washington, 291 sympathy of Lafayette, 291

Articles of Confederation finally adopted, 309

“Art of War” (Preface), x–xii

ASHE, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1781; declares while speaker of the North Carolina Assembly, concerning the Stamp Act, “We will resist its execution to the death,” 13

ATLEE, SAMUEL J.—col.; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1786. joins the army at Brooklyn, 105 commands Pennsylvania Rifles, 105 makes a gallant fight, 107 prisoner with Stirling, 107

_Augusta_ 74, _Br._; blown up in the Delaware, 202

Aux Trembles reached by Benedict Arnold, 65 reached by Montgomery, 65 reached by Carleton, 66

Baltimore pays honor to Rochambeau and Washington, 351

BANCROFT, GEORGE—diplomat and historian; _b._ 1800, _d._ 1891. as to the invasion of Canada, 54 his estimate of Washington, 250

BARRAS, PAUL FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ admiral; _b._ 1755, _d._ 1829. sails from Newport, 354 enters the Chesapeake, 355 signs capitulation of Yorktown, 360 also signs for Count de Grasse, 360

Bennington unwisely attacked by Burgoyne; anticipated by Washington, 176

Berlin conference noticed, 370

BIDDLE, NICHOLAS—appointed naval captain, 60

Billingsport raided by Cornwallis, 203

BIRD—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _k._ at Germantown, 196

BLACKSTONE—chief of the Senecas; friend of Washington, 260

Bordentown occupied by Donop (_H._), 139 occupied by Cadwallader, 156 visited by British troops, 213

Boston, massacre of March 5, 1770, 15 Tea Party entertainment, Dec. 16, 1773, 15 Port Bill, 1774, 15 surrounded by 20,000 minute men, 30 deliverance from British control a fixed purpose, 30 not a proper British base, 33 bombarded three nights, 74, 77 evacuated, 80 visited by D’Estaing, 243 visited by Greene, 246 visited by Lafayette, 244 visited by Rochambeau, 361

BOTTA, CARLO GIUSEPPE GUGLIELMO—_Ital._ historian; _b._ 1768, _d._ 1837. as to Battle of Long Island, 113 as to Battle of Trenton, 149 reviews New Jersey campaign, 159

BOVILLE, DE—_Fr._ maj.-gen.; reconnoitres with Washington, 336

BOWDOIN, JAMES—pres. Mass. Council; _b._ 1727, _d._ 1790; addressed by Charles Lee, 139

Braddock’s operations noticed, 7

BRADLEY, JOSEPH P.—Justice U.S. Supreme Court; _b._ 1813, _d._ 1892; corrects a tradition as to Lafayette’s alleged reminiscence of Washington’s profanity, 235

Brandywine, Battle of, 185

British army, at various dates (Appendix D), 383 troops quartered by British Parliament in Boston, 1768, 14 estimates for troops, by British ministry, 96 foreign auxiliaries opposed by British statesmen, 96 four military operations proposed, 97 its movements after Battle of Long Island, 116 advances to Horn’s hook (see map), 120 lands at Throgg’s Neck (see map), 125 advances beyond New Rochelle, 126 awaiting reënforcements, 127 in New Jersey, 139 invades the Illinois country, 253 opposed by Gov. Jefferson, 253 fed by _Am._ speculators, 296

British military policy defined, 95

British Parliament urges king to arrest Americans, 1769, 14 rejects “Conciliatory Bill,” 1775, 18 restricts New England trade, 18 favors certain colonies, 18

Brookline, Mass., furnished fascine rods, 78

Brooklyn, N.Y., occupied by Lee, 85 fortified by Greene, 102 evacuated by Washington, 112

Bull Run, 1861, illustrates Brandywine (Preface), x

Bunker Hill or Breed’s Hill, significance of the battle, 34

BURGOYNE, _Sir_ JOHN—lieut-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1792. arrives at Boston, 33 describes rebels as _peasants_, 34 calls battle on Breed’s Hill “a great catastrophe,” 40 reaches Canada from Ireland, 89, 171 issues an unwise proclamation, 172 responded to by Washington, 172 has no sympathy with “hire of Indians”, 172 sharp letter from Gates, 173 his noble response, 173 captures Ticonderoga, 175 his diversion to Bennington an error, 175–6 surrenders his army, 176 organization of his army (Appendix E), 387

BURKE, EDMUND—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1797.

BURR, AARON—col.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1830. accompanies Arnold to Quebec, 55

BUTLER, THOMAS—col.; at storming of Stony Point, 257

BYRON, JOHN—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1723, _d._ 1786. relieves admiral, Lord Howe, 239 fleet scattered by a storm, 239 arrives off Boston, 245

CADWALLADER, JOHN—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1786. guarding the Delaware, 141 fails to cross river, 142 crosses Delaware at Bristol, 146 arrives at Trenton, 151 at Princeton, 156 at Bordentown, 156

CÆSAR, JULIUS—Roman general; _b._ 100 B.C., _d._ 44 B.C. his campaigns cited in comparison (Preface), viii his methods imitated by Washington, 313

CALDWELL, JAMES—his church burned by the British, 271 his wife shot by the British, 279 furnishes hymn books for gun-wadding at Springfield, 284

CAMPBELL, WILLIAM—_Am._ col.; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1781; at Battle of King’s Mountain, 293

Canada lost to France, 1763, 10 as a British base, 30 invasion urged by Congress, 50 Arnold its active spirit, 51 Congress again moves, 52–3 difference in religious faith, 52 two expeditions planned, 55 did not support Burgoyne, 55 failure of the expeditions, 66 visited by commissioners, 88 visited by small-pox, 88 costs five thousand American lives in sixty days, 88 British reënforcements come, 89 abandoned by the American army, 89 the excuse of Congress, 89

Canadian Acts of Parliament, 50 expeditions of Schuyler and Montgomery, 52, 55 expedition again suggested, but opposed by Washington, 252

CARLETON, _Sir_ GUY—gov., of Canada, _sub._ gov. New York; _b._ 1724, _d._ 1808. Arnold’s report of his small force in Canada, 51 flees from Montreal in disguise to Quebec, 64 pays military honors to his old comrade, Montgomery, 66 his magnanimous parole of American prisoners of war, 66 being largely reënforced in June, 1776, takes the offensive, 89 succeeds Clinton in N.Y., 362 coöperates with Washington, 363 surrenders New York, 363

CARRINGTON, EDWARD—col., _sub._ quartermaster-gen. (South); _b._ 1749, _d._ 1810. indorsed by Chief Justice Marshall, 301 explores the Southern rivers, 302 commissioner to exchange prisoners, 318

CARROLL, CHARLES—last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1832; commissioner to Canada, 88

CARROLL, _Rev._ JOHN—_sub._ Archbishop of Maryland; visits Canada and reports a terrible condition of affairs, 88

CATHARINE II. OF RUSSIA—_b._ 1729, _d._ 1796; is hostile to British commerce, but favors American interests, 296

Charleston, S.C., captured by Clinton, 275

Charlestown Heights, neglected by British, 34 occupied by Americans, 34 occupied by British, 35 abandoned, 61

Charlottesville, Va., a Hessian prison-camp, visited by Tarleton, 340

CHASE, SAMUEL—Md.; _b._ 1741, _d._ 1811; appointed commissioner to Canada, 88

CHASTELLUX, FRANÇOIS JEAN, _Marquis_ DE—maj.-general; _b._ 1734, _d._ 1789. accompanies Rochambeau to America, 286 a relative of Lafayette, 286 marches from Newport to Ridgebury, Conn., 333 in conference at Wethersfield, 333 commands a division, 337

CHATHAM, _Lord_ (WILLIAM PITT)—orator and statesman; _b._ 1756, _d._ 1835. Pittsburgh named in his honor, 10 describes the First Continental Congress, 17 his conciliatory bill defeated, 18 as to making slaves of American Englishmen, 20 as to Battle of Guilford, 320

Chatterton Hill, battle near White Plains, 129

Chemung, Battle of, noticed, 260

Chesapeake Bay memorable in naval warfare, 354

“Chimney-corner patriots” disgust Washington, 328

China stimulated by American example, 370

Civil liberty requires right execution of military power, 304

CLINTON, JAMES—brig.-general; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1812. gallantry at Fort Clinton, 179 in Indian expedition, 260

CLINTON, GEORGE—gov., brig.-gen.; _sub._ vice-pres.; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1812. commands in the Highlands, 166 his services noted, 178, 190

CLINTON, _Sir_ HENRY—lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1795. arrives in America, 33 urges attack upon Cambridge, 35 overruled by Howe, 35 expects an independent command, 70 anticipated by Washington, 70 visits Tryon in New York, 85 ordered to destroy Southern cities, 85 in attack upon Fort Sullivan, S.C., 85 returns to New York, 89 in battle of Long Island, 107 expects large success, 110 at Newport, R.I., 150 in expedition up the Hudson, 178 outgenerals Putnam, 178 captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 179 did not intend to join Burgoyne, 180 returns to New York, 182 relieves Howe in command, 215 gives a _fête_ to Howe, 215 attempts capture of Lafayette, 216 fails to capture Lafayette, 217 his policy outlined, 221 evacuates Philadelphia, 222 moves toward Monmouth, 223–4 followed by Lafayette, 225 prepares for battle, 229 abandons position at night, 234 regains New York, 234 escapes the French fleet, 238 tries to reënforce Newport, 245 reports to Lord Germaine, 249 inactive at New York, 252 captures Stony Point, 253 reoccupies Stony Point, when Washington abandoned it, 259 declines to attack West Point, 261 abandons Newport and New England, 262 sails for Charleston, 268 reports his force, 270 reports as to Provincials, 272 expedition suffers from storm, 274 captures Charleston, 275 issues absurd proclamation, 275 reënforced by Rawdon, 276 returns to New York, 282 plans a new expedition, 283 invades New Jersey, 283 Battle of Springfield, 283–4 burns Springfield, 285 “needs rest for his army”, 285 plans descent upon Newport, 286 writes Lord Germaine as to West Point, 288 corresponds with Arnold, 289 again writes Lord Germaine, 289 closes bargain with Arnold, 290 cannot exchange Arnold for André, 291 watches the American mutiny, 309 advises with Lord Germaine, 309 sends Arnold to Virginia, 310 doubts Arnold’s discretion, 310 sends good officers with him, 310 equally powerless with Cornwallis, 324 learns of effort to capture Arnold, 325 sends Phillips to support Arnold, 326 orders Arnold to New York, 331 disturbed by Arnold’s correspondence with London officials, 332 receives Washington’s decoy letters, 335 “in a state of siege”, 335 other decoy letters reach him, 336 orders Cornwallis to report to him, 337 calls for reënforcements, 338 intercepts other decoy letters with plans enclosed, 346 outgeneraled by Washington, 347–8 writes Cornwallis—promising help, 350 advises Cornwallis to strike Philadelphia, 352 does not understand Washington, 352 hears from Cornwallis, 358 sails for Yorktown too late, 358 contemporaneous surrender of Cornwallis, 359–60 is relieved of command in New York, 361 succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, 361

COLLIER, _Sir_ GEORGE—_Br._ commodore. convoys Clinton and his troops up the Hudson, 253 his fleet visits New Haven, 256 relieved by Admiral Arbuthnot, 261

Colonial Congress at New York, 1765, 11 nine Colonies represented; others ratify action, 11 names of Colonies that were not represented, 11 the Declaration of Rights, 11 denounces Stamp Act, Oct. 7, 1755, 13

Colonial expeditions, 1755, 10 additional, 1758, 10

Colonial governments and their forms described, 16

Columbian Exposition, 1892, noticed, 372–3

Commissioners sent to Canada, 88 General and Admiral Howe meet American commissioners in New York, 98 arrange terms between Cornwallis and Washington, 359

Committee of Congress visits Boston, 60

Committee of Correspondence, 1773, and their purpose, 15

Connecticut Farms, N.J., burned by General Knyphausen, 279

Connecticut sends 2,000 men to Boston, April 26, 1775, 23 assigns Putnam, Wooster, and Spencer to command, 23 sends volunteers to New York with Lee, 71 her militia greatly reduced, 116 responds to Washington’s appeal, 116 twice invaded by Tryon, 166, 256 invaded by Arnold, 351

Continental Army organized, 32

Continental Congress adopts militia about Boston as the American Continental Army, 32 forms Light Infantry corps, 32 appoints Washington Commander-in-Chief, 32 accompanies commission with pledge of support, 32 sends committee to Washington at Cambridge, 52 disclaims purpose to operate against Canada, 54 but initiated and pressed every expedition, 54 sends a second committee to Cambridge, 60 authorizes a navy, 60 urges attack upon Boston, 61 sends committee to N.Y., 85 orders additional troops to Canada, 88 proposes to hire Indian allies, 88 appoints commissioners to Canada, 88 authorizes abandonment of New York, 117 confers large powers upon Washington, 140 imparts dictatorial powers, 148 makes promotions without consulting Washington, 165 adjourns to Lancaster and to York, 194 honors the defenders of Fort Mifflin, 202 places enemies of Washington in responsible commands, 205 sends a committee to Valley Forge, 212

Continental money worth 3 cents on the dollar, 252

CONWAY, THOMAS—Irish adventurer; brig.-gen. at Battle of Germantown, 195 promoted major-general and inspector-general, 205 resigns his commission, 207 responsible for the “Conway cabal”, 212 departs for France, 212

CORNWALLIS, CHARLES, _Lord_—_sub._ lieut.-gen. India; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1805. sails for America, 97 lands at Wilmington, N.C., 97 accompanies Clinton to Charleston, S.C., 97 returns to New York, 99 in Battle of Long Island, 107 enforces the surrender of Sullivan and Stirling, 108 assaults Fort Washington, 132 invades New Jersey, 136 halts at Brunswick, 137 on eve of departure for England, 150 ordered back to New Jersey, 150 advances upon Trenton, 152 threatens Washington’s position, 154 strengthens his own position, 154 outgeneraled by Washington, 156 retires to Brunswick, 156 again on the aggressive, 167 attempts to gain Washington’s defences, 169 retires to Staten Island, 169 in skirmish upon invasion of Pennsylvania, 185 moves up the Brandywine, 188 leads the advance of Howe’s army, 188 surprises Sullivan’s division, 187–9 moves to Chester, 192 enters Philadelphia, 194 lands in New Jersey, 203 compels Americans to destroy their galleys, 203 threatens Washington at Chestnut Hill, 204 skirmishes with Morgan, 204 makes incursion into New Jersey, 248 in command at the South, 275 suspends invasion of North Carolina, 293 fails to subjugate the people, 293 sore over Tarleton’s defeat at Cowpens, 315 presses closely upon Greene, 315 informs Clinton of his condition, 317 abandons Charleston, 317 expects no aid from Virginia, 318 his proclamation to rebels, 318 arranges for exchange of prisoners, 318 parols militia as prisoners, 318 seeks to control upper fords, 318 is outgeneraled by Greene, 319 in need of all supplies, 319 at Guilford Court-House, 319 cannot improve success, 320 practically a defeat, so judged by contemporaries, 320 retires to Wilmington, leaving his wounded, closely pursued by Greene, 321 his position, and that of Clinton, noticed, 324 reminiscence of earlier campaign, 325 his effective force reduced, 329 arrives at Yorktown from Wilmington, 333 sustained by British ministry, 337 Clinton wants his troops, 338 promises to expel Lafayette from Virginia, 338 in pursuit of Lafayette, 38–9 his course described by Lafayette, 339 abandons the pursuit, 339 is followed by Lafayette, 340 returns to headquarters, 341 finds old despatches from Clinton, 341 takes boats for Yorktown, 341 his movements reported to Washington, 342 is warned by Clinton of danger, 350 relations to Clinton noticed, 352–3 must destroy Lafayette’s army to hold Virginia, 353 attempts escape by Gloucester, 358 the movement abandoned, 358 graphic report to Clinton, 358 terms of surrender fixed, 359 surrender completed, 360 courtesies between officers of the three armies, 361 his interview with Lafayette, 361

CORNWALLIS, FREDERICK—acts as _Br._ commissioner to exchange prisoners, 318

COUDRAY, _Monsieur_ DE—ordered to complete defensive works along the Delaware, 192

Court-martial of Arnold, 274

Court-martial of Lee (Appendix G), 389

Cowpens, Battle of, 312

COXE, DANIEL—urges union of Colonies, 1722, 12

Crimean War noticed, 313

CROMWELL, OLIVER—Lord Protector of England; _b._ 1599, _d._ 1659. cited by Washington’s officers as a precedent for assuming permanent command, 364

Crown Point, expedition against, 1755, 10 visited by Allen and Arnold, 30 captured by Seth Warner, 51

CUSTIS, _Mrs._ MARTHA—_b._ 1732, _d._ 1802. her marriage to Washington, 8

Danbury, Conn., invaded (with Ridgefield) by Tryon, 166

DARTMOUTH, GEORGE, _Lord_—_Br._ statesman; _b._ 1748, _d._ 1791. comments upon Lexington and Concord, 20 opposed military occupation of Boston, 33 advised Howe to attack Southern cities, 69 regarded New York as the true British base, 69

DAYTON, ELIAS—col.; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1807. his regiment in battle, 278–9

DEANE, SILAS—_b._ 1737, _d._ 1834. on naval committee, 60 commissioner to France, 209 returns to Philadelphia, 238

DEBORRE, PRUDHOMME—brig.-gen.; disgraced at Brandywine, 189

Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776, 91

D’ESTAING, CHARLES HECTOR, _Count_—_Fr._ lieut.-general; _b._ 1729, _d._ 1794. reaches the Delaware with French fleet, 238 sails at once for New York, 239 unable to cross the bar, 240 arrives at Newport, R.I., 240 consults Sullivan as to attack, 242 not affronted by Sullivan’s landing first, 243 is confronted by British fleet, 243 both fleets dispersed, 243 returns to Newport, 243 sails for Boston to refit; notices Sullivan’s protest, 243 his manly course vindicated, 244 sails for the West Indies, 245 off the coast of Georgia, 261 his siege of Savannah, urged by Lafayette, 267 twice wounded, 268

DE FLEURY, LOUIS—_Fr._ lieuten’t, _sub._ col. at defence of Fort Mercer, 202 planned Fort Mifflin, 202 wounded in its defence, 203

DE GRASSE, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH PAUL—_Fr._; b. 1723, d. 1788. arrives in the Chesapeake, 342 limited in period of operations, 342 urges assault upon Yorktown, 342 yields to Lafayette’s judgment, 343 is visited by Washington, 354 has naval fight with Admiral Graves (see map), 355 suggests a plan of action, 356 opposed by Lafayette, 356 sails for the West Indies, 361 his trophies at Yorktown (Appendix F), 388

DE HEISTER—_H._ lieut.-gen.; lands at Gravesend, Aug. 25, 1776, 106 captures Sullivan and Stirling, and parts of their commands, 108 advances to support Howe, 126

DE KALB, JOHN, _Baron_—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1780. comes to America with Lafayette. Note to Chap. XVIII, 191 reports as to the army, 205 appointed inspector-general, 207 commands Maryland and Delaware troops, 277 Southern campaign, 291 _k._ in Battle of Camden, 292

Delaware troops always efficient, 277 gallantry at Camden, 292

Denmark and Sweden hostile to England, 296

DESTOUCHES, _Chevalier_—succeeds De Ternay, deceased, 298 supports Washington, 323 indorsed by Washington, 326

DE TERNAY, _Chevalier_—convoys Rochambeau’s army from France, 286 blockaded by British at Newport, 298 dies at Newport, 298 is succeeded by Destouches, 298

DICKENSON, JOHN—in first Continental Congress, 17

DINWIDDIE, ROBERT—gov. of Virginia; _b._ 1690, _d._ 1770; sent Washington as commissioner to French frontier, 6

DONOP—_H._ col.; in the storming of Chatterton Hill, 129 abandons Bordentown, 146 _k._ in storming Fort Mercer, 201 is buried by the Americans, 202

Dorchester Heights occupied by the Americans, 76–80

DRAYTON, WILLIAM H.—_b._ 1742, _d._ 1779; chief justice, South Carolina, 1776, 86

DUMAS, MATHIEU, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ col.; _sub._ marshal-de-camp and historian; _b._ 1753, _d._ 1837; gallantry at Yorktown, 357 _Note._—He was wounded in storming redoubt.

DUNDAS, FRANCIS—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1824; goes to Virginia with Arnold, 310

DUNMORE, JOHN MURRAY, _Lord_—_Br._ gov. Virginia; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1818. seizes colonial powder, 28 opposed by Patrick Henry, 28 takes refuge on board the man-of-war _Fowey_, 28 bombards Norfolk, New Year’s day, 1776, 68 is visited by Gen. Clinton, 85

DU PORTAIL, LEBEGUE—_Fr._ brig.-gen.; _d._ 1802. captured at Charleston, 300 succeeded as engineer by Kosciusko, 300 reconnoitres with Washington, 336 visits the Count de Grasse with Washington, 353

EFFINGHAM, _Lord_—_Br._; resigns when ordered to America, 21

Elizabethtown, N.J., visited by Knyphausen, 227

Engineering defined, with note (Preface), xi

ERSKINE, _Sir_ WILLIAM—_Br._ brig.-gen.; captured by _Am._ privateer at sea, 98, 99 warns Cornwallis at Trenton, 155 attempts to capture Lafayette, 216

Eutaw Springs—the last battle at the South, 321

Evacuation of Boston (_Br._), 80 Brooklyn (_Am._), 113 New York (_Am._), 127 Philadelphia (_Br._), 222 Charleston (_Am._), 267 Yorktown (_Br._), 361 New York (_Br._), 363

EWING, JAMES—brig.-general; failed to cross at Trenton, 1776, on Christmas night, 162

FAIRFAX, BRYAN, _Lord_—_b._ 1730, _d._ 1802; friend of Washington, 5

Fairfield, Conn., raided by Governor Tryon, 255

FEBIGER, CHRISTIAN—colonel at Stony Point, 257

First Continental Congress, at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774, 16 its officers and members noticed, 16 Washington a member, 17 honored by Lord Chatham, 17 supports Massachusetts, 17

FLEURY, LOUIS DE. See De Fleury.

FORMAN—brig.-gen., at Battle of Germantown, 195

Forrest’s battery (_Am._) at Trenton, 145

Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured (see map), 179

Fort Du Quesne, became Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), 10

Fort Mercer and its gallant defence, 201

Fort Mifflin, planned by De Fleury (_Fr._), 202

France retains certain American possessions by Treaty of Paris, 1763, 11 makes a formal alliance with America, 213 sends an ambassador to America, 238 sends a fleet to America, 238 sends a second fleet to America, 261 sends an army to America, 286 sends a third fleet and troops to America, 342 sends money to America, 348 shares in the trophies of Yorktown, 388

Franco-Prussian war cited in comparison (Preface), vii

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN—philosopher, diplomat, and statesman; _b._ 1716, _d._ 1790. urges a union of the Colonies, 1754, 12 the convention of July 4, 1754, the result, 12 reasons for its failure, 12 on passage of Stamp Act, writing to Charles Thompson, 13 Thompson’s reply quoted, 13 describes the servile attitude of the English people, 18 chairman Penn. Committee of Safety, 28 his opinion of fight at Breed’s Hill, 34 commissioner to Canada, 88 commissioner to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 116 secures French support, 209 writes as to Washington’s standing abroad, 308 influence with Holland and Spain noticed, 309 secures a loan from Holland, 348

FREDERICK II.—third king of Prussia (called “the Great”); son of Frederick William I.; _b._ 1712, _d._ 1786; like Washington in reticence, 44

French army at Newport, R.I., 286 marches through Connecticut, 335 joins Washington, 335 threatens New York, 336 supports Lafayette, 342 parades in Philadelphia, 349 reviewed by the president of Congress, 349 in siege of Yorktown, 357 competes with Americans, in action, 358

French fleet off the Delaware, with French Ambassador, 238 unable to enter New York, 240 sails for Newport, R.I., 240 engages fleet of Howe, 243 repairs at Boston, 243 at Savannah, Ga., 261 blockaded at Newport, 295 off the Chesapeake, 350 engages with British fleet, 354 leaves America, 361

Frigate _Le Sensible_ (_Fr._) brings French treaty to America, 213 _La Chinier_ (_Fr._) brings French minister to America, 238

Frigates built during the war, and their fate (Appendix B), 378

GAGE, THOMAS—_Br._ lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1721, _d._ 1787. appointed gov. Massachusetts and Commander-in-Chief, 16 his fatal movement upon Concord, 20 succeeded by Howe, 58

GATES, HORATIO—maj.-general, _sub._ adj.-general; _b._ 1728, _d._ 1806. his antecedents, 36 succeeds Sullivan in Canada, 88 the confidant of Charles Lee, 127 confidential letter from Lee, 127 another letter from Lee, 138 reports for duty, 139 absent without leave, 141 dodges Battle of Trenton, 142 insolent letter to Burgoyne, 173 its lofty rebuke, 173 relieves Schuyler, and himself relieved, 173 declines command of Ticonderoga, 173 insulting letter to Washington, 173–4 Washington’s reply, 174 appeals to congressmen, 174 on leave of absence, 174 supersedes Schuyler, 176 captures Burgoyne’s army, 176 congratulated by Washington, 179 reports direct to Congress, 179 president of Board of War, 205 still corresponds with Lee, 205 commands at Peekskill, 212 on Council of War, 217 letters to Lee known to Washington, 220 declines to fight Indians, 259 “unequal to the command,” 260 spends winter in Virginia, 281 Congress gives him the Southern Department, 281 sarcastic letter from Charles Lee, 281 in command at the South, 291 criticised by Irving, 291 routed at Camden, 292 his disgraceful flight, 292 his abject apology, 292 could have saved the battle, 292 attempts to gather his army, 293 the tidings reaches Washington, 295 is succeeded by Greene, 300 turns command over to Greene, 302 retires to his farm, 302

GEORGE III.—King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1820. does not understand Englishmen in America, 20 hears of Burgoyne’s surrender, 208 unwisely adjourns Parliament, 208

GERARD (DE RAYVENAL), _Monsieur_ CONRAD A.; _d._ 1790. pledges to Franklin and Deane French support, 209 first _Fr._ ambassador to America, 238

GERMAINE, GEORGE (_Viscount_ SACKVILLE), _Lord_—_Br._ Prime Minister; _b._ 1716, _d._ 1785. correspondence with Howe, 98 with Clinton, 249, 289

Germantown, Battle of, Chapter XIX., 192–7

GIMÂT—_Fr._ col. on Washington’s staff. at Monmouth, 233 witness on Lee’s trial, 233 at siege of Yorktown, 357

GIST, MORDECAI—brig.-gen., _sub._ gov. Del.; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1792. skirmishes with Cornwallis, 204 recruits for Greene’s army, 301

GLOVER, JOHN—col.; _sub._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1797. at Battle of Long Island, 108 covers the retreat, 111 resists British landing at Throgg’s Neck, 125 at Battle of Trenton, 142

GORDON, _Rev._ WILLIAM, as to Battle of Monmouth, 234

Grand tactics defined, with note (Preface), x

GRANT, JAMES—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1720, _d._ 1806. at Battle of Long Island, 107 watches Washington from Brunswick, N.J., 143 compliments Washington’s sagacity, 143 put Hessians off their guard, 143

GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON—Gen. U.S.A., _sub._ pres. twice; _b._ 1822, _d._ 1885. his example cited, 66

GRAVES, THOMAS, _Baron_—_Br._ admiral; _b._ about 1725, _d._ 1802. ordered to burn coast towns, 59 counter-action of Washington, 59 attempts to capture Lafayette, 216 sails for the Chesapeake, 355 misses Count de Barras, 355 engages a superior French fleet, 355 returns to New York, 355

GRAY—_Br._ maj.-gen. surprises Wayne at Paoli, 193 in attack upon Washington at Chestnut Hill, 204 attempts to capture Lafayette, 216 surprises Light Horse, at Tappan, 248

Great Britain sublimely faces world-wide antagonisms, 296 unjust to her Provincial troops, 362 Washington aids Carleton in their behalf, 363

GREENE, ASHBEL—chaplain at Monmouth; _sub._ pres. Princeton College, N.J.; _b._ 1762, _d._ 1848; as to Washington’s interview with Lee at Monmouth, 236 See also Washington’s letter as to the language used by him, 391

GREENE, CHRISTOPHER—colonel; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1781. in Arnold’s expedition to Canada, 55, 200 commands Fort Mercer, 200

GREENE, NATHANIEL—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1786. commands Rhode Island troops, 24 a Quaker youth and blacksmith’s apprentice, 25 studied by forge-light, after work hours, 25 announces principles essential to success, 25 thorough work as member of the Kentish Guards, 26 antecedents and studies, 26 likened to Grant and Lee, 26 outline of his career anticipated, 39 his brigade noticed, 69 in charge of Brooklyn Heights, 87 completes the defences, 102 prostrated by fever, 104 succeeded by Putnam, 104 advises retreat, 115 describes Washington at Kipp’s Bay, 119 assumes command in New Jersey, 122 describes corrupt practices of surgeons, 123 joins for duty, 127 prepares for campaign in New Jersey, 130 regards Fort Washington as defensible, 132 at Battle of Trenton, 142 commands advance posts before Trenton, 151 leads the advance, Jan. 2, 1777, 155 visits Congress, 166 advances to meet Howe, 168 his plan vindicated, 169 selects position on the Brandywine, 185 commands the reserve, 186 with Washington, covers the retreat, 189 at Battle of Germantown, 195 enters New Jersey, 203 assigns Lafayette to duty, 203 at Council of War, 217 at Monmouth, 230, 233 at Boston, as quartermaster-general, 246 describes the winter, 1780, 271 in Battle of Springfield, 283 manœuvres for position, 284 scientific movements noticed, 285 succeeds Arnold at West Point, 291 submits plan for Southern campaign, 300 succeeds Gates and goes South, 300 relieves Gates, 302 his reports and letters, 302 graphic letter to Marion, 303 “spies are the eyes of an army”, 303 acts as if under the eyes of Washington, 303 initiates his campaign, 313 his army without clothing, 315 uses blankets, “Indian style”, 315 rides 125 miles to see Morgan, 315 joined by Harry Lee, 316 provides for Morgan’s prisoners, 316 his wise strategic methods, 317 expects no aid from Virginia, 318 decides to fight Cornwallis, 318 battle of Guilford Court-House, 319 drives Cornwallis into Wilmington, 320 his report to Washington, 320 fights Rawdon, at Hobkirk Hill, 321 the casualties stated, 321 fights Stewart, at Eutaw Springs, “the final battle at the South”, 321 redeems Georgia and the Carolinas, 322 welcomes Lafayette to the South, 326 regards capture of Cornwallis as settled, 327 his army reënforced by Lafayette’s self-denial, 330

Greenfield, Conn., raided by Tryon, 256

Green Mountain Boys, Vt., regularly organized, 51 resist Carleton’s advance from Canada, 62 decline to reënlist after capture of Montreal, 63

GRENVILLE, GEORGE—_Br._ Prime Minister; _b._ 1712, _d._ 1770; ordains a revenue system, 1764, 12

GRIDLEY, RICHARD—col.; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1796. Engineer-in-Chief at Bunker Hill, 23 resigns, and succeeded by Knox, 61

Griffiths—_Am._ col.; skirmishes with Donop (_H._), 146

HALE, EDWARD EVERETT—clergyman, journalist, and author; _b._ Boston, Mass., 1822. his tribute to Nathan Hale, 120, 121

Hale, Nathan—_Am._ captain; _b._ 1755; _d._ 1776. confidential messenger of Washington, 120 executed as a spy, Sept. 22, 1776, 121 his memorable last words, 121 his career sketched by the Rev. E. E. Hale, 120–121 place of his execution identified by Lossing, 131

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER—col., _sub._ eminent financier; _b._ 1757, _d._ 1804. occupies Chatterton Hill, with two guns, 128 is sent to Gates for troops, 204 with Lafayette at Monmouth, 226 reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, 240 gallantry at Yorktown, 357

HAMMOND, _Sir_ ANDREW—_Br._ commodore; arrives with troops, 261

HAMPTON, WADE—col.; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1835; honored by Washington, 312

HANCOCK, JOHN—statesman and maj.-gen.; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1793. pres. Mass. Provincial Congress, 17 advises Washington of Howe’s movements, 183 at siege of Newport opposes departure of D’Estaing, 243

HAND, EDWARD—col.; _b._ in Ireland, 1744, _d._ 1802. in skirmish on Long Island, 104 falls back to Prospect Hill, 105 delays British landing at Throgg’s Neck, 125 skirmishes with the Hessian Yagers, 126 in front of Trenton, 1776–7, 151 in Sullivan’s expedition, 260 becomes adjt.-gen., _vice_ Scammon, resigned, 300

HANNIBAL—Carthaginian prince and general; _b._ 229 B.C., _d._ 183 B.C. (Preface), v

HARRISON, BENJAMIN—signer of Declaration of Independence; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1791; visits Boston on naval affairs, 60

HARRISON, ROBERT H.—col. secretary to Washington, 300 becomes C.J. of Maryland, 300

HARRISON, THOMAS—speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses; addressed by Washington, 250

HASLET—col. Delaware reg’t; _b._ in Ireland, _d._ 1777. joins army at Brooklyn, 105 makes a gallant fight, 107 attacks the Queen’s Rangers successfully, 126 _k._ at Battle of Princeton, 154

HAZELWOOD, JOHN—_Am._ naval officer; b. 1726, d. 1800; gallantry on the Delaware, 202

HAZEN, MOSES—col., _sub._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1733, _d._ 1802; threatens Staten Island, 347

HEATH, WILLIAM—maj.-general; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1814. appointed brig.-gen, 36 his antecedents, 36 subsequent career outlined, 39 describes occupation of Dorchester as “never so much done in so short a space”, 77 ordered to New York, 82 efficient at New York, 104 aids in the retreat, 110 makes a night march, 128 commands in the Highlands, 131 at Fishkill, 135 advised of Washington’s plans, 141 ordered to take the offensive, 147 special assignment to duty, 156 reprimanded for mismanagement, 157–8 ordered to Boston, 254 again in the Highlands, 268 commands camp in New Jersey, 346

Hebrew military and civil antecedents (Preface), viii, ix

HENRY, PATRICK—orator and statesman; _b._ 1736, _d._ 1799. charged with treason, 13 denounces British Stamp Act, 13 in first Continental Congress, 17

Hessian prisoners taken at Saratoga remain in America, 248 quartered in Virginia, 248

Hessian soldiers misunderstood, 363

HILDRETH, RICHARD—historian; _b._ 1807, _d._ 1865. criticises Samuel Adams, 299 Mr. Adams’ position sound in principle, 299

HILLHOUSE, JAMES—captain, _sub._ eminent lawyer and senator; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1832. resists Tryon’s invasion of New Haven, 256

Hobkirk Hill noticed, 321

HOOD, _Sir_ SAMUEL—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1724, _d._ 1816. arrives in America, 354 looks into Delaware Bay, 354 proceeds to New York, 354 reports to Admiral Graves, 354

HORNBLOWER, JOSEPH C.—Chief Justice of New Jersey; _b._ 1777, _d._ 1864; misreported as to Washington’s language at Monmouth, 235

HOWE, _Lord_ RICHARD—admiral; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1799. reaches N.Y. July 12, 1776, 98 joint commissioner with General Howe, 98 refuses to recognize Washington’s military title, 96 does so in order to secure Erskine’s exchange, 99 returns to New York, 245 sails for Boston, 245

HOWE, _Sir_ WILLIAM—lieut.-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1814. declares martial law, 32 offers pardon to all but Samuel Adams and John Hancock, 32 established in America, 33 overrules Clinton’s advice to attack Cambridge, 35 his martinet discipline, 48 ordered to succeed Gage, 58 issues an unwise proclamation, 58 Washington’s counter-proclamation, 58 orders coast towns to be devastated, 59 instructed by Lord Dartmouth, 69 “New York is the proper British base”, 70 overruled by Gage, 70 Dorchester Heights seized, 77 his report to Lord Dartmouth, 77 fails to recapture the Heights, 80 evacuates Boston, 80 embarks for Halifax, 80 sails from Halifax for New York, 97 lands troops on Staten Island, 98 confers with Governor Tryon, 98 writes Lord Germaine as to plans, 98 addresses George Washington, Esq., 98 changes the address to secure a military exchange, 99 “dispensing pardon to repentant sinners,” as Washington styles Howe’s mission, 99 brilliant landing of his army, 106 the battle outlined, 107–9 negotiations with American commissioners, 108 advance of his army, 117 makes enormous requisitions for troops, 118 movements anticipated by Washington, 120 writes Lord Germaine as to a long campaign, 124 will not attack Harlem Heights, 125 lands at Throgg’s Neck, 126 orders storming of Chatterton Hill, 126 awaits reënforcements, 126 outgeneraled by Washington, 129 crosses to the Hudson, 129 anticipated by Washington, 130 tries to deter American enlistments, 130 guarantees “liberties and properties”, 130 captures Fort Washington, 132 knew of Adjutant Dumont’s treason, 133 excuse for not following Washington, 133 specific instructions given, 133 sends Cornwallis into New Jersey, 137 “weather too severe for field service”, 137 returns to New York, 139 winter quarters specified, 139 surprised by news from Trenton, 150 calls for 20,000 more troops, 150 hurries Cornwallis to New Jersey, 150 withdraws troops from Newport, 163 plans anticipated by Washington, 165 marches again into New Jersey, with 17,000 men, 167 details of the campaign, 168–170 will invade Pennsylvania, 177 writes a decoy letter, which Washington detects, 177 no doubts of Burgoyne’s success, 181 sails for the Chesapeake, 182–183 skirmishes with American advance, 185 masterly strategy in the Battle of Brandywine, 187–190 cares for the wounded of both armies, 192 his rear threatened by Washington, 194 his headquarters at Germantown, 195 repels Washington’s attack, but does not attack in turn, 195 after battle returns to Philadelphia, 196 threatens American army at Chestnut Hill, 204 explains the failure of his movement, 204 succeeded in command by Clinton, 215 his army in detail (Appendix D–2), 384

Huntington, L.I., raided by Tryon’s expedition, 256

Hyde Park, Mass., where fascine rods were made available, 78

Independence, National, proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 4, 1776, 91

Independence proclaimed at Charlotte, N. C., May 20, 1774, 29

Indian atrocities during the Revolution, 249 summarily avenged, 252, 260

Indian auxiliaries advocated by Great Britain, 172 advocated by Congress, 88 denounced by Burgoyne, 172–3 ridiculed by Schuyler, 88

IRVING, WASHINGTON—diplomat, historian, scholar; _b._ 1783, _d._ 1859. his personal aid acknowledged by the author (Preface), xiv his sketch of Washington’s youth, 1 his tribute to Mary Washington, 5

Japan honors the example and teachings of Washington, 370

JAY, JOHN—statesman and jurist; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1829. in first Continental Congress, 17 suggests to burn New York, 108 commissioner to France, 309 his services recognized, 309

JEFFERSON, THOMAS—patriot and statesman, governor Va., _sub._ pres. twice; _b._ 1743, _d._ July 4, 1826. sees basis for a constitution in government of Iroquois Indian Confederacy, 12 protects the western frontier, 253 advised by Washington, 300 defies Arnold’s threats, 311 narrowly escapes capture by Tarleton, 340 is vindicated by Lafayette, 343

JOMINI, HENRI, _Baron_ DE—gen.; chief of staff to Napoleon; aide-de-camp Emperor of Russia; military writer; _b._ 1799, _d._ 1869. gives grounds of Napoleon’s success (Preface), xiii as applied to Washington, 44 as to retreats, 73

JONES, JOHN PAUL—lieut., captain in the navy, _sub._ admiral in the Russian navy; _b._ 1747, _d._ 1792. appointed in the navy, 59 history of his name, 379 his naval success, 379

JOSHUA—the Hebrew captain, an antetype of Washington upon completion of his mission, 373

Jubilee, _Am._, at Valley Forge, 213 French alliance honored, 213 _Br._ at Philadelphia, 215 General Howe honored, 215 noted participants, 215

KENT, JAMES—chief justice, jurist, and author, N. Y.; _b._ 1763, _d._ 1847; his opinion of General Schuyler, 37

Kentish Guards, R.I., identified with Greene, 26 their prompt start for Boston, 27 their subsequent promotions in the service, 26

KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1786; gives an opinion of the war, 21

King’s Mountain, Battle of, mentioned, 293

Kingston, N. Y., burned by Gen. Vaughn, 179

KNOWLTON, THOMAS—capt., _sub._ col.; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1776. at Bunker Hill, 122 _k._ at Harlem Heights, 122

KNOX, HENRY—chief of artillery, _sub._ maj.-gen.; _sub._ Sec. of War; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1806. succeeds Gridley, resigned, 61 efficient in ordnance department, 71 mounts Ticonderoga cannon at Cambridge, 71 reports his artillery force, 102 efficient at Trenton with Forrest’s battery, 145 recruits artillery in Mass., 163 establishes gun-factory at Springfield, 163 visits Count de Grasse, with Washington, 353

KNYPHAUSEN, WILHELM, _Baron_ VON—_H._ lieut.-general; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1789. arrives in America and joins Howe, 126 in attack upon Fort Washington, 132 at Brandywine, 186–7 conducts Clinton’s baggage-train from Philadelphia, 224 pushes for Monmouth, 224 reaches New York, 229 invades New Jersey, 271 in Battle of Springfield, 279 acts the part of Pharaoh, instead of that of Moses, 280

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS—Polish maj.-general; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1817. perfects fortifications at West Point, 212 appointed chief engineer, _vice_ Du Portail, captured, 300 ordered to the South, 302 his efficiency, 302 his antecedents, 305 locates earthworks, 317

LAFAYETTE, or LA FAYETTE, MARIE-JOSEPH-PAUL-YVES-ROCK-GILBERT DUMOTIER, _Marquis_ DE—maj.-general; _b._ 1757, _d._ 1835. arrives in America, 191 reaches Philadelphia, 191 joins Washington, in council, 191 his first scout, 185 commands a division, 203 visits Albany as to Canadian movement, 211 rejoins Washington, 212 concurs with his chief, 213 skilful at Barren Hill, 215 amusing incident of the battle, 216 outmanœuvres Clinton, 216 attends a Council of War, 217 pursues Clinton, 225 reports progress, 226 his relations to Lee, 228 skirmishes with Queen’s Rangers, 229 protests against retreat, 229 commands second line at Monmouth, 231 conduct during the battle, 235 alleged statement as to Washington at Monmouth disproved, 235 a letter to his wife, 236 on duty at Newport, 241 corresponds with D’Estaing, 244 makes quick trip to Boston, 244 covers retreat to Newport, 245 occupies Bristol, 245 sails for France, 253 returns to America, 276 joins Washington, 276 reports to Congress, 276 his proclamation as to Canada, 288 his sympathy with Mrs. Arnold, 291 his estimate of Washington, 305 extols the American army, 306 intrusted with arrest of Arnold, 312, 323 starts on his expedition, 324 an interesting reminiscence, 325 letters to his wife, 325 wounded at Brandywine, 325 his active movements, 325 orders from Washington, 326 has confidence of Greene, 327 how he treated deserters, 327 harasses the enemy, 329 his letter to Washington, 330 headquarters established, 331 ignores Arnold’s letters, 331 complimented by Washington, 332 marches to meet Wayne, 338 reports his movements, 339 takes the offensive, 339 joined by Wayne and unites with Steuben, 340 intercepts Tarleton’s correspondence, 340 in sharp action at Williamsburg, 341 gallantry noticed, 341 writes Washington in full, 342 reports landing of French troops, 342 declines grave risks, 342 outgenerals Cornwallis, 343 ready for Washington’s arrival, 343 has Cornwallis inclosed, 343 complains of “rusty wheels”, 343 vindicates Gov. Jefferson, 343 confident of victory, 343 receives special orders from Washington not to let Cornwallis escape, 345 sends despatches to Washington, 349 his twenty-fourth birthday, and incidents, 350 writes to his wife as to his “thrilling adventures” and “enviable lot”, 350 welcomes Washington at his headquarters, 351 hastens Washington’s army from Baltimore, 353 relations to the French court, 356 overrules plans of De Grasse, 356 storms a redoubt, 357 pleasantry with Baron Vioménil, 358 relations to Cornwallis, 361 their mutual appreciation, 362 expedition to Charleston abandoned, 362 sails from Boston for France, 362 bids farewell to Washington, 362

LAURENS, HENRY—statesman; _b._ 1724; _d._ 1792. vice-president of South Carolina, 86 reports New York Harbor too shallow for French fleet, 240 in the siege of Savannah, 268 sent commissioner to Holland, 296 taken prisoner in London, 296 in London Tower for high treason, 296 sent on special mission to France, 296 arrives in Paris, 309 speaks plain words at Paris, 309 returns to America with funds and pledges of French support, 348

LAUZUN, ARMAND LOUIS DE GOUTANT, _Duke_ DE—_b._ 1747, _d._ 1793. with Rochambeau, 333 threatens Morrisania, 334 in concert with General Lincoln, 335 his lancers in action, 337 tendered a banquet at Philadelphia, 350 despatches from Lafayette read, 350 at Yorktown, 357

LEDYARD, WILLIAM—col.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1781; massacred at Fort Griswold, 351

LEE, CHARLES—retired _Br._ officer, maj.-general; _b._ 1731, _d._ 1782. first noticed, 36 his characteristics, 37 how regarded by Washington, 45 distrusts American troops, 56 opposes Washington’s plans, 56 is sent to Connecticut, 70 advises occupation of New York, 70 writes about “crushing serpents”, 70 ordered to New York, 71 fortifies Brooklyn Heights, 85 arrogates authority, and is reprimanded, 85 ordered to South Carolina, 85 his conduct at Charleston, 86 returns north for duty, 127 abuses Congress, 127 curious letter to Gates, 127 finally joins Washington, 128 in charge of reserve camp, 131 his grand division noticed, 135 withholds troops required by Washington, 135 finally enters New Jersey, 137 is taken prisoner, 137 writes Gates, insulting Washington, 138 writes Heath, insulting Washington, 138 writes James Bowdoin as to Washington, 139 mistakes the man addressed, 139 his capture noticed by Washington, 139 effect of his independent action, 141 his risks as prisoner of war, 164 Washington’s firmness in the matter, 164 unsoldierly conduct, 174 placed on parole, 217 reports for duty, 217 compared with Arnold, 218 letters to Congress, 218 letters to Washington, 218 Washington’s stinging reply, 218 conferences with Howe brought to light in 1872, 219 joins army at Valley Forge, 220 opposes Washington’s plans, 225 his theory noticed, 225 relations to Lafayette, 227 declines a special command, 227 his contemptuous reference to Washington’s plans, 227 begs for it, afterwards, 227 writes Lafayette, in great distress, 228 pretends to be satisfied, 228 commands the advance troops, 228 orders retreat against Lafayette’s protest, 229 never handled a command before, 230 never under fire during the war, 230 is rebuked by Washington, 232 the incident described, 232 his conduct during the day,, 233 his trial, suspension, and death, 234 vindication of Washington from traditions as to language upon meeting Lee, 235 Notes of Lee’s Court-martial (Appendix G), 389–392

LEE, HENRY—colonel, _sub._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1756, _d._ 1818. at storming of Stony Point, 257 captures Paulus Hook, 259 joins General Greene, 303 opinion as to Battle of Guilford, 319

LEE, RICHARD HENRY—statesman; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1794. in first Continental Congress,, 17 in March, 1775, urges Virginia to arm, 26

LEE, ROBERT EDWARD—eminent confederate general, 1861–5; _b._ 1810, _d._ 1870; shared peculiarities of Washington and Grant, 44

LEE, THOMAS S.—gov. Md.; addressed by Washington, 300

LESLIE, ALEXANDER—_Br._ maj.-general; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1794. commands the assault at Chatterton Hill, 129 joins Cornwallis, 298 fortifies Norfolk, 301 at battle of Guilford, 320 in the Virginia campaign, 331

LINCOLN, BENJAMIN—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1733, _d._ 1810. joins the army with Mass. troops, 122 reaches Peekskill, with four thousand New England militia, 157 threatens Fort Independence, 157 at Charleston, S.C., 253 has a fresh command, 334–5 commands a division, 337 receives sword of Cornwallis at Yorktown, 360

LIVINGSTON, HENRY B.—col.; _b._ 1757, _d._ 1823; saves Fort Edward, 295

LIVINGSTON, PHILIP—signer of Declaration of Independence; _b._ 1716, _d._ 1778; in first Continental Congress, 17

Logistics defined, with note (Preface), x, xi

LOSSING, BENSON J.—historian, _b._ 1813, _d._ 1891; gratefully noticed by the author (Preface), xiv

LOUIS XVI.—king of France; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1793. officially supports America, 213 his purpose anti-British, 302 opposed occupation of New York, 352–3

LYNCH, THOMAS—patriot; _b._ 1720, _d._ 1776. in first Continental Congress, 17 at Cambridge, 60

MAGAW—col.; at Fort Washington, 130–2 betrayed by his adjutant, 133 casualties of the assault, 133

MANLY, JOHN—_Am._ captain; makes valuable captures at sea, 60

MARIE ANTOINETTE—queen of France; _b._ 1755, _d._ 1793; friend of Lafayette and of America, 356

MARION, FRANCIS—brig.-general; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1795. addressed by Greene, 303 esteemed by Washington, 312

MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, _Duke of_—gen., _sub._ field marshal; _b._ 1650, _d._ 1722; cited in comparison (Preface), viii

MARSHALL, JOHN—chief justice U.S., jurist and historian; _b._ 1755, _d._ 1836. as to Asst. Quartermaster-General Carrington, 301 as to American mutiny, 307 as to troops sent South, 327

Maryland troops always efficient, 277 gallantry at Camden, 202 at Rattle of Guilford, 320

Massachusetts leads resistance to Stamp Ac, 13 resolves its Assembly into a Provincial Congress, 17 elects John Hancock as its first president, 17 organizes a force of “Minute Men”, 17 organizes a Committee of Safety, 17 summons 30,000 men to instant duty, 22 drafts one-fifth of her able-bodied men, 116 orders a monument to Chevalier de Saint Sauveur, 247 liberal to troops during a mutiny, 308

MATTHEWS—_Br._ maj.-gen. in attack upon Fort Washington, 132 lays waste Portsmouth and Norfolk, 253 in Battle of Springfield, 278

MATTHEWS, JOHN—jurist; _b._ 1774, _d._ 1802; on special War Committee. 73

MAXWELL, WILLIAM—brig.-gen.; _b._ in Ireland, _d._ 1798. in command at Morristown, 141 on special duty, 147 stationed at Elizabethtown, 164 moves against Howe, 168 at Red Clay Creek, 185 accompanied by Lafayette, 185 gallantry at Chadd’s Ford, 186 active in New Jersey, 222 obstructs Clinton’s retreat, 224 in Battle of Springfield, 279 associated with Lafayette, 324

MCCLELLAN, GEORGE BRINTON—maj.-gen. U.S.A.; _b._ 1826, _d._ 1885; his qualities cited in comparison, 162

MCCREA, JANE—her murder not chargeable to Burgoyne, 173

MCDOUGALL, ALEXANDER—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1786. occupies Chatterton Hill, 128 fights the battle known as “White Plains”, 129 on special duty at Morristown, 147 succeeds Heath at Peekskill, 166 in Battle of Germantown, 195 established at Peekskill, 206 accompanies Kosciusko to West Point, 212 again in the Highlands, 248

MCDOWELL, CHARLES—colonel; _b._ 1743, _d._ 1815; at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, 293

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 29 County, North Carolina, eminently patriotic, 293

MEIGS—_Am._ col.; attacks Sag Harbor, 167 at storming of Stony Point, 257

MERCER, HUGH—brig.-general; _b._ 1721, _k._ at Battle of Princeton, 1777 154

MIFFLIN, THOMAS—brig.-general; _b._ 1744, _d._ 1800. efficient before Boston, 72 provides barracks in New York, 83 in battle of Long Island, 106 skilful in the retreat, acting under confidential orders, of Washington, 110 absence from Valley Forge disastrous, 206 rejoins camp, 217 criticised by Washington in letter to Gouverneur Morris, 217

Milton, Mass., where Rufus Putnam found fascine rods, 78

MINNIGERODE—_H._ col.; _k._ in attack upon Fort Mercer, 201

MONCKTON, HENRY—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _b._ 1740, _k._ 1778, at Monmouth, 233

Monmouth, Battle of, described (see map), 229–237

MONROE, JAMES—lieutenant, _sub._ pres.; _b._ 1758, _d._ 1831. at battle of Trenton, 142 helps capture two guns, 145 wounded in battle, 145

MONTGOMERY, RICHARD—_Am._ brig.-gen.; _b._ 1737, _k._ before Quebec, 1775. his military antecedents, 36 subsequent career outlined, 38 a comrade of Carleton when Wolfe fell, 38 in despair at condition of the troops, 38 starts for Canada, 55 reaches Ticonderoga, 61 receives imperative orders from Washington, 61 sympathetically sustained by Washington, 63 his Orderly Book, 63 occupies Montreal, 63 tries a forlorn-hope assault upon Quebec, 63 goes to Arnold’s relief, 65 is killed in battle, 65 buried with honors of war, 66

Montreal captured by British, 1760, 10 captured by Montgomery, 1775, 63

MOORE, GEORGE H.—sec. N.Y. His. Soc.; brings to light Charles Lee’s papers, 219

MORGAN, DANIEL—brig.-general; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1802. captured at Quebec, 65 attacks Hessians in New Jersey, 169 skirmishes with Cornwallis, 204 supports Maxwell in N.J., 225 serves under Lafayette, 225 reports to Gen. Greene, 303 fights Battle of Cowpens, 314 is visited by Greene, 315 retires from the army, 315

MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR—statesman; _b._ 1752, _d._ 1816; his letter from Washington, 1778, 217

MORRIS, ROBERT—financier and statesman; _b._ 1734, _d._ 1806; friend of Washington, 164

Morristown headquarters described, 265

MOSES—Hebrew deliverer of his people; model legislator; founder of modern civil codes; _b._ about 1570 B.C., _d._ about 1450 B.C. the Hebrew Commonwealth and its military system noticed (Preface), viii his decimal army organization (Preface), viii his sanitary and police regulations (Preface), viii patriotic instruction of Hebrew youth imperative by his laws (Preface), viii his general order, “Forward,” when he led his people to national independence, quoted, as Washington marched through Philadelphia for Brandywine, 184

MUHLENBURG, PETER—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1746, _d._ 1807. at Battle of Brandywine (see map), 186 active in Virginia, 301

MURPHY—maj.; leads N.C. troops at Stony Point, 257

MURRAY, LINDLEY—grammarian; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1826; friend of Greene, 25

Mutiny of Connecticut troops, 277 of Pennsylvania troops, 306–7 a natural outbreak, 308

NAPOLEON I.—Bonaparte (Buonaparte), Emperor of France; _b._ 1769, _d._ 1821. his military maxims noticed (Preface), viii his Italian campaign compared with the First New Jersey campaign in the _Am._ Revolution (Preface), xiii the basis of his success given by Jomini (Preface), xiii

NASH, ABNER—gov. N.C.; _b._ 1716, _d._ 1786; addressed by Washington, 300

NASH, FRANCIS—brig.-general; _b_. 1720, _k._ at Battle of Germantown, 1777, 195–6

New England discriminated against by Great Britain, 18 experience in earlier wars, 21 her governors in conference with committee of Congress, 60 finally relieved from British hostilities, 262

New Hampshire liberality during the American mutiny, 308

New Haven, Conn., invaded by Tryon, 256

New Jersey seizes the Provincial treasury and raises troops, 28 the chief battleground, 161 more than meets her quota, 272 her noble women, 272, 285 a continuous battlefield and the strategic center, 285

Newport, R.I.; Howe’s strategic objective, 1776, 118 occupied by the British, 150 besieged by Franco-American forces, 241 abandoned by the British, 262 occupied by Rochambeau, 286

New York city as a British base, 94

New York Committee of Public Safety aroused, 27 its assembly becomes a Provincial Congress, 27

Nook’s Hill fortified, March 10, 1775, 60 evacuation of city a necessity, 60

Norfolk, Va., laid waste by Matthews, 253

North Carolina “will resist Stamp Act to the death”, 13 defies its Provincial governor, 28 adopts the cause of Boston, 28 a convention meets at Charlotte, May 20, 1775, 29 the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, 29 sends Gen. Moore with two battalions to New York, 115 two companies in storming of Stony Point, 257

NORTH, FREDERICK, _Lord_—Earl of Guilford; _b._ 1733, _d._ 1792. British Prime Minister, 1769, 15 abolishes all duties except on tea, 15 the consequences noted, 15

Norwalk, Conn., raided by Tryon, 256

OGDEN—_Am._ col.; as to panic at Monmouth, 231

O’HARA, CHARLES—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1756, _d._ 1791. makes the surrender of army of Cornwallis, 360

Onondaga Indians near Syracuse, N.Y., punished, 252

“On to Philadelphia,” like the “On to Richmond” of 1861, ill-judged, 198

Panic at Brooklyn controlled by Washington, 112 at Kipp’s Bay, noticed, 119, 237 at Toulon, compared, 120 at Princeton, controlled by Washington, 154 at Monmouth, turned by Washington into victory, 231 at Camden, 292

Paoli, birthplace of Wayne, visited by British, 193

Paris, Treaty of, 1763, and its terms, 11

PARKER, _Sir_ PETER—_Br._ admiral; _b._ 1716, _d._ 1811. sails from Ireland, 97 repulsed by Moultrie, 97 joins Howe in New York, 99

Parliament of Nations, 1892, noticed, 372

PARSONS, SAMUEL H.—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1789. his brigade at Kipp’s Bay, 119 were trusted by Washington, 119 redeemed their good name, 119 a parallel case cited under Napoleon, 120 before Fort Independence, 157 on duty in Connecticut, 163 joins Washington, 168 in the Highlands, 179

PEABODY, NATHANIEL—statesman; _b._ 1741, _d._ 1823; on special War Commission, 273

PENN, WILLIAM—_b._ 1644, _d._ 1718; urged a Colonial Union, 1697, 12

PENNINGTON, WILLIAM—gov. N.J., and speaker U.S. House; _b._ 1717, _d._ 1791; as to Washington’s language at Monmouth, on meeting Lee, 236

Pennsylvania appropriates money for troops, 28 her Assembly corresponds with Washington, 207

Penobscot, Me., a British post 270

PERCY, HUGH, _Earl_—_Br._ lieut.-gen., Duke of Northumberland; _b._ 1742, _d._ 1817. his soldierly qualities noticed, 35 fails to recapture Dorchester Heights, 80 at Battle of Long Island (see map), 105 joins Howe before White Plains, 128 in the attack upon Fort Washington, 132

Philadelphia takes action, April 24, 1775, 28 her citizens overawe the opposing element, 28 visited by Washington’s army, 183, 192 mighty ovation to the soldiers, 184 supplies the suffering army, 194 is occupied by Howe, 196 its winter experiences, 1778, 210 the Howe carnival and its magnificence, 215 evacuated by Clinton, 221–222 occupied by Arnold, 222 visited by Washington and Rochambeau, 348–9

PHILLIPS, WILLIAM—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1731, _d._ 1781. sent to Virginia, 326 destroys much property, 329 his relations to Arnold, 331 his death and its effects, 331

PIGOT, _Sir_ ROBERT—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1720, _d._ 1796; at Newport, R.I., 241

POMEROY, SETH—brig.-general; _b._ 1706, _d._ 1777. his military antecedents, 24 appointed brig.-gen., 36 declines further service, 38

Portsmouth, Va., laid waste by Matthews, 253

POWNALL, THOMAS E.—_Br._ gov. Mass.; _b._ 1722, _d._ 1805; his prediction, 368

PRESCOTT, RICHARD—_Br._ maj.-general; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1788; taken prisoner, and exchanged for Lee, 217 at Savannah, 267

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM—colonel; _b._ 1726, _d._ 1795. conducts the Bunker Hill (Breed’s Hill) fight, 34 Governor’s Island, N.Y., 102 safely removes all stores, 112 repels Howe’s advance at Throgg’s Neck, 125

PREVOST, _Sir_ AUGUSTINE—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1786; outgenerals Lincoln but without substantial results on either hand, 253

PROCTOR, THOMAS—_Am._ capt. of artillery; _b._ in Ireland, 1739, _d._ 1806. with battery at Chadd’s Ford Brandywine, 186 in Indian expedition, 260

PULASKI, CASIMIR, _Count_—Polish maj.-gen.; _b._ 1747, _k._ 1779, in siege of Savannah, 268 dear to Washington, 305

PUTNAM, ISRAEL—maj.-general; _b._ 1718, _d._ 1790. his military antecedents, 23 conspicuous at Bunker Hill, 38 subsequent career outlined, 38 commands at New York, 87 succeeds Sullivan at Brooklyn, 104 instructed by Washington, 104–5 succeeded by Washington in person, 107 fortifies Hudson River shore, 115 favors retreat from New York, 115 his laconic utterance, 115 commands New York city, 115 a division at White Plains, 129 at Philadelphia, 153 located at Peekskill, 178 grants unwise furloughs, 178 outgeneraled by Clinton, 179 regains position, 180 on the Long Island shore, 206 returns to Peekskill, 206 at Danbury, Conn., 248 in command on the Hudson, 254

PUTNAM, RUFUS—col.; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1824; his efficiency as civil engineer at Boston, 75

Quebec, captured in 1759, 10 assaulted by Montgomery and Arnold, 1776, 66 magnanimity of General Carleton at death of Montgomery, 66

Queen’s Rangers (Provincial), noticed, 204, 255, 279 Washington’s magnanimity toward them, reciprocating Carleton’s action at Quebec, 363

RAHL (RALL), JOHN GOTTLIEB—_H._ col.; _b._ 1720, _d._ 1776. storms Chatterton Hill, 129 commands at Trenton, 139 _k._ in battle, 146

RAWDON, FRANCIS, _Lord_—Marquis of Hastings, earl, _sub._ gov.-gen. India; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1825. gallantry at Bunker Hill, 35 reënforces Clinton at the South, 276 in battle of Hobkirk Hill, 321

REED, JOSEPH—adjt.-general, _sub._ gov. Penn.; _b._ 1741, _d._ 1785. in Washington’s confidence before Boston, 71 describes the army at Harlem Heights, 123 in the secret of Washington’s attack upon Trenton, 141

Religious distinctions among the colonies harmonized, 266

Rhode Island sends 1,500 men to Boston, April 25, 1775, 22 her troops under Nathaniel Greene, 25 seizes British stores, 27 calls for protection of her ports, 87 two regiments in Continental pay, 87 sends additional troops to New York, 115

RICHMOND, CHARLES LENNOX, _Duke_—_Br._ Sec. of State; _b._ 1735, _d._ 1806. denounces hire of Hessian troops, 96 his prediction verified, 209

Ridgefield, Conn., invaded by Tryon, 166

RIEDESEL, FRIEDRICH ADOLPH, _Baron_—_H._ maj.-general; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1800. reaches Canada with troops, 89 in Burgoyne’s command, 387

ROBERTS, CHARLES G. D.—prof. King’s College, N.S.; his history of Canada cited 63

ROCHAMBEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE DONATIEN DE VIMEUR DE—_Fr._ marshal; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1807. arrives in America, 286 appreciates Washington, 287 writes as to American conditions, 287 confers with Washington at Hartford, 297 sends his son to France, 298 again in conference at Wethersfield, 333 asks coöperation of Count de Grasse, 333 at West Point with Washington, 347 moves southward, 347 advances $20,000 in gold to American army, 347 parades in Philadelphia, 349 receives despatches from Washington, 350 entertained at Baltimore, 351 guest of Washington at Mt. Vernon, 351 opposed occupation of New York, 353 visits Count de Grasse with Washington, 353 signs articles of Cornwallis’ surrender, 360 honored by Congress, 361 remains with Washington, 361 visits New England, 361 sails for the West Indies, 361

Rowan county, N.C., eminently patriotic, 293

RUTLEDGE, EDWARD—statesman, signer of Declaration of Independence; _b._ 1749, _d._ 1800; commissioner with Adams and Franklin to meet Gen. and Admiral Howe, 1776, 118

RUTLEDGE, JOHN—_sub._ gov. and chief justice, S.C.; _b._ 1739, _d._ 1800. pres. Republic of South Carolina, 86 controls the conduct of Charles Lee, 86 his characteristics, 86 aids in siege of Savannah, 267

SAINT (ST.) CLAIR, ARTHUR—maj.-gen; _b._ 1734, _d._ 1818. at Battle of Princeton, 154 writes a boastful letter, 175 abandons Ticonderoga, 175

Saint (St.) John, N.B., founded by British Provincials, 363 May 17th its natal day, 363 honors Washington, 363

Saint (St.) John’s, captured Nov. 3, 1775, 62 André among the prisoners, 62

SAINT (ST.) LEDGER, BARRY—_Br._ col.; _b._ 1737, _d._ 1789; invades the Mohawk valley, 171

SAINT (ST.) LUC, LA CORNE DE—_b._ 1712, _d._ 1784. as to hiring Indians, 173 is rebuked by Burgoyne, 173

SAINT (ST.) MEMIN, CHARLES BALTHAZAR JULIEN FAVRE DE—_Fr._ artist; _b._ 1770, _d._ 1852; his profile of Washington, by a crayon process of his own, the last portrait of Washington taken, _frontispiece_

SAINT (ST.) SAUVEUR, _Chevalier_ DE—_Fr._; _k._ at Boston, 247 a monument to his memory ordered, 247

SAINT (ST.) SIMON, CLAUDE HENRI, _Count_ DE—_Fr._; _b._ 1760, _d._ 1825. arrives with De Grasse, 342 lands 3,000 French troops, 342 reports to Lafayette for duty, 342 waves seniority of rank, 343 urges immediate assault, 343 yields to Lafayette’s judgment, 343 sails for the West Indies, 362

Salem, Mass., declines benefits of Boston Fort Bill, 16

Savannah, Ga., responds to call from Lexington, 29 intercepts royal letters to governors, 30 Committee of Safety, acts promptly, 30 besieged without success, 267–8

SCHOVALHOFF, _Count_—Russian statesman; his prediction at the Berlin Conference verified in 1898, 370

SCHUYLER, PHILIP—maj.-general; _sub._ U.S. senator; _b._ 1733, _d._ 1804. appointed maj.-gen., 36 his antecedents, 36 his career outlined, 37 honored by Kent and Webster, 37–8 ordered to Canada, 55 among the Six Nations, 61 urged forward by Washington and joins Montgomery, 61 advised as to Allen’s misadventure, 62 suspends resignation at Washington’s request, 63 his Orderly Book, 63 again advised by Washington,, 64 is to expect a bloody summer, 87 ridicules hiring Indians, 88 to resist Carleton’s advance, 163 is relieved by Gates, 173 is promptly restored, 173 offers Gates a command, 173 it is sneeringly declined, 173 his energetic action, 174 is absent, sick, without fault, 175 has a prophetic letter from Washington, 175 organizes a large army, 176 is superseded by Gates, 176 returns to Congress, 273 on committee to visit Washington, 273 is urged to be Secretary of War, 328 gives reasons for declining, 328

Second Continental Congress, May 10, 1775, 31 provides money and munitions, 31 delegates from Georgia make action unanimous, 31 rules and articles of war adopted, 31 denounces acts of Parliament as “unconstitutional, oppressive, and cruel”, 31

Second New Jersey campaign, and its results, 167

SEVIER, JOHN—_Am._ col.; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1815; at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, 293

SHARPE, GRANVILLE—_Br._ philanthropist; _b._ 1734, _d._ 1813; resigns rather than aid the war, 21

SHELBY, ISAAC—col., _sub._ gov. Kentucky; _b._ 1750, _d._ 1826. at King’s Mountain, his descendants honored, 293 summoned to Virginia, 1780, 314

SHELDON, ELISHA—col.; attacked by Tarleton, 255 on expedition with Lauzun, 334 supports Washington, 334–5–6 has a spirited scout, 337

SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY—general U.S.A.; _b._ 1831, _d._ 1888; his example cited, 162

SHERMAN, WILLIAM TECUMSEH—general; _b._ 1820, _d._ 1891; his march to the sea cited by way of comparison, 162

SHIPPEN, Miss, belle of the Philadelphia fêtes, 216 becomes the wife of Arnold, 289 had no knowledge of Arnold’s treason, 291 highly esteemed by Washington and Lafayette, 291

SHULDHAM—_Br._ admiral; relieves Graves at Boston, 68 comments on seizure of Dorchester Heights, 77

Siege of Quebec closed, 66 Boston, 80 Newport, 245 Savannah, 268 Yorktown, 268 Charleston, 275 New York, 347

Signal-fires in New Jersey, 280

SIMCOE, J. GRAVES—_Br._ lieut.-col., Queen’s Rangers; _sub._ gov. Canada; _b._ 1752, _d._ 1806. active in forays, 248 in the Battle of Springfield, 279 in Virginia with Arnold, 310 raids Virginia, 320 popular misconceptions of his character, 363

“Six Nations” (Iroquois) a model for Jefferson’s constitution, 12 as a confederacy, 13 invaded by Sullivan, 260 devastated by Sullivan, 260 their estimate of Washington, 260–1

SMALLWOOD, WILLIAM—brig.-gen.; _sub._ governor Md.; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1792. with Maryland troops at Long Island, 105 makes a gallant fight, 107 deplores ignorance of officers, 123 in Pennsylvania, later, 193 in battle of Germantown, 195 on duty near Philadelphia, 206 as governor, recruits for Greene’s army, 301

SMITH, SAMUEL—lieut.-colonel; _b._ 1752, _d._ 1839; with Maryland troops at Fort Mifflin, 200

Sons of Liberty organized, 14

South Carolina denounces the Stamp Act, 13 seizes the colonial magazine, April 21, 1775, 29 first news from Lexington, 29 intercepts royal packages, 29 declares a Republic, with officers, congress, army, navy, and all the accessories of an independent state, 86

Spain joins France against Great Britain, 1761, 11

SPENCER, JOSEPH N.—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1714, _d._ 1789. his military antecedents, 36 his subsequent career, 39 attempts capture of Newport by Washington’s order, 163

“Spies,” says Greene, “are the eyes of an army”, 303

Springfield, Mass., selected by Knox for a gun-factory, 163

Springfield, N.J., Battle of, 278–9 its lesson emphasized, 283 its casualties noticed, 285 tested the Continental troops, 286

Stamp Act of 1755 noticed, 13 repealed in 1766, 14

STARK, JOHN—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1728, _d._ 1822. in the Battle of Bunker Hill, 32 at the Battle of Trenton, 142 at the Battle of Springfield, 283

Statesmanship in war defined, with note (Preface), xii as stated by Jesus (Preface), xii

STEDMAN, CHARLES—_Br._ staff officer and historian; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1812. as to Burgoyne campaign and Clinton, 180 as to loose _Br._ discipline, 210 as to Battles of Guilford and Hobkirk Hill, 321 as to _Br._ and _Am._ forces in 1776 and 1777 (Appendix D), 386

STEPHEN, ADAM—_Am._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1791. service at Brandywine, 189 at Battle of Germantown, 195 dismissed for drunkenness, 196

STEPHENS, EDWARD—brig.-general; _b._ 1745, _d._ 1820; conducted prisoners, taken at Cowpens, northward, 316

STERLING—_Br._ col., _sub._ maj.-general. [Should not be confused with Lord Stirling, in the _Am._ service, see below.] along the Delaware, 194 _k._ in Battle of Springfield, 278

STEUBEN, FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, _Baron_—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1730, _d._ 1794. instructor at Valley Forge, 210 promoted maj.-gen, 212 acts in harmony with Washington and Lafayette, 213 at Battle of Monmouth, 233 ordered to the South, 300 in charge of powder and lead supplies, 302 in concert with Lafayette, 327 his depot at Elk Island attacked, 340 joins Lafayette’s division, 340 in the siege of Yorktown, 357

STEWART—_Br._ col.; succeeds Rawdon at the South, 321 fights Green at Eutaw Springs, 321

STILES, EZRA—pres. Yale College; _b._ 1727, _d._ 1795; friend of Greene’s youth, 25

STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, _Lord_ [his claim to _Br._ title and estates had been in dispute]—_Am._ col., _sub._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1726, _d._ 1783. in Battle of Long Island, 105 his brigade of picked regiments, 105 fights both Grant and Cornwallis, 107 taken prisoner by superior numbers, 108 is exchanged and returns to duty, 122 reaches White Plains, 128 established at Princeton, 136 in Battle of Princeton, 154 engages Cornwallis, 169 in Battle of Brandywine, 186 his good conduct, 189 in Battle of Germantown, 195 at a Council of War, 217 in Battle of Monmouth, 233 threatens Staten Island, 271 president at Charles Lee’s court-martial (Appendix G), 389

Stony Point stormed by Wayne, 257–8 abandoned by Washington, 259

Strategy defined, with note (Preface), x

SULLIVAN, JOHN—maj.-general; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1795. personal notice, 36 his career outlined, 39 sent to Canada, 87 succeeded by Gates, 88 ambitious letter to Washington, 89 Washington’s discreet reply, 89 his attitude defined, 89 succeeds Greene on Long Island, 104 succeeded by Putnam, 104 a peculiar letter, 104 his specious report, 107 taken prisoner, 108 on exchange, takes Lee’s division, 139 accompanies Washington to Trenton, 142 incident of the march, 144 enters the lower town, 145 frets about appointments, 166 Washington’s rejoinder, 166 again in New Jersey, 167 fails in the attack upon Staten Island, 184 joins Washington in time for Brandywine, 184–5 his position at Brandywine (as per map), 186 ordered to attack Cornwallis, 187 flanked by Cornwallis, 187 ordered to change position, 187 movement beyond his capacity, 188 difficult under best conditions, 188 loses control of his division, 188 personal valor undoubted, 189 treated justly by Washington, 190 surprised by Howe, 191 in Battle of Germantown, 195 his gallantry noticed, 196 urges attack upon Philadelphia, 207 attempts siege of Newport, 241 relations to the Count d’Estaing, 242–3 issues an intemperate order, 243 prudently modifies the same, 243 advised by Washington to retreat, 244 manly course of D’Estaing, 244 retires to Providence, 245 devastates the Six Nation region with unsparing desolation, 260 comments upon that invasion, 260–261 resigns and enters Congress, 297 laconic appeal to him by Washington, 297

SUMTER, THOMAS—col.; _b._ 1734, _d._ 1832; honored by Washington, 312

SYMONDS, THOMAS—_Br._ royal navy. led attack upon Fort Sullivan (Moultrie) in 1776, 359 signs terms of capitulation of Yorktown, 359

TARLETON, BANESTRE—_Br._ lieut.-col.; _b._ 1754, _d._ 1833. attacks Sheldon’s cavalry quarters, 255 raids Westchester County, N.Y., 259 Washington’s counter-stroke, 259 makes no progress at the South, 293 pursues Morgan, 314 completely routed at Cowpens, 314 acknowledges the American success, 321 makes a raid upon Charlotte, 340 fails to capture Jefferson, 340 compliments Lafayette, 340 covers the retreat of Cornwallis, 341 joins him at Yorktown, 341 skirmishes with Lafayette, 341

TERNAY. (See De Ternay.)

Thanksgiving Proclamations of Washington— at Valley Forge, 214 at White Plains, 246 at Yorktown, 360 at New York, 365

THAYER—_Am._ maj.; in defence of Fort Mifflin, 203

THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY—maj.-gen. U.S.A.; _b._ 1815, _d._ 1870; his example cited, 26

THOMAS, JOHN—major-general (Mass.), Continental brig.-gen.; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1776. military antecedents, 23, 36 subsequent career noticed, 39 efficient in the siege of Boston, 78 sent to Canada, 84, 86 a victim to small-pox in camp, 88

THOMPSON, CHARLES—Secretary of first Continental Congress, and his correspondence with Franklin noticed, 13, 16

Ticonderoga taken by Ethan Allen, 30 retaken by Burgoyne, 182

TOWERS, ROBERT, of Philadelphia, to receive and pay for arms, 141

TRUMBULL, JONATHAN—gov. Conn.; statesman; the original Brother Jonathan; _b._ 1710, _d._ 1788. anxious about sea-coast exposure, 56 his correspondence with Washington, 56 always Washington’s fast friend, 56 furnishes troops for New York city, 83 sends nine more regiments to Washington, 102

TRUMBULL, JONATHAN JR.,—col., statesman; _b._ 1740, _d._ 1804. commissary at Long Island, 110 becomes secretary to Washington, 300

TRYON, WILLIAM—gov. N.C.; _b._ 1725, _d._ 1788. his relation to the British Stamp Act, 13 his career in North Carolina, New York, and Connecticut, 84 holds a conference with Gen. Howe, 98 invades Connecticut, 166 fights Worcester and Arnold at Ridgefield, 166 again invades Conn., 256 resisted by Yale College students at New Haven, 256 in the Battle of Springfield, 278

TULLY, _Monsieur_ DE—sails for the Chesapeake, 323 is obliged to return, 323 his reasons satisfactory to Washington, 326

Union of the Colonies advocated in 1697, 1722, 1754 by Penn, Coxe, and Franklin, 12

United States of America, a “stupendous fabric of freedom and empire,” as predicted by Washington, and the fulfilment, 365, 366, 368 “asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations,” as predicted by Washington, and comments, 365, 368 respect for law and religion the basis of Washington’s character, and of the confidence he inspired in the American people, 367–8 shares with Great Britain bequests under Magna Charta, 371 harmony in that fruition, the possible future, 371 three hundred millions of treasure, her free-will offering to man, 374 her alms, recorded in the census of 1890, the gauge of her maturing sympathy with humanity, 374

Valley Forge established as headquarters, 206 special Council of War noticed, respecting “On to Philadelphia!”, 212 French alliance announced in camp, 213 a grand parade ordered, 214 a Thanksgiving proclamation made, 214 special Council of War, April 20, 1777, 217 its ordeal made soldiers, 231

VARNUM, JAMES MITCHELL—brig.-gen.; _b._ 1749, _d._ 1789. his brigade reports for duty, 203 in Battle of Monmouth, 233 enters Congress, 315

VAUGHAN, _Sir_ JOHN—_Br._ maj.-gen.; _b._ 1738, _d._ 1795; burns Kingston, N.Y., 179

VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, _Count_ DE—_Fr._ minister of foreign affairs; _b._ 1717, _d._ 1787. comments on the Battle of Germantown, 197 proclaims the French alliance and the active support of American Independence, 209 is advised by Rochambeau of American conditions, 287 regards the American Congress as too exacting, 308 guarantees a loan from Holland, 348

“Victory or Death” the countersign and alternative proclaimed by Washington, 149

VIOMÉNIL, _Baron_ ANTOINE CHARLES DE HOUX—_Fr._ gen.; _b._ 1728, _d._ 1792. storms a redoubt at Yorktown, 357 pleasantry of Lafayette noticed, 358

Virginia aroused by the Stamp Act, 13 responds to Patrick Henry’s appeal, 14 includes Washington in her delegation to First Continental Congress, 17 catches the news from Lexington, 28 excited conflict with Lord Dunmore, 28 called upon for more troops, 115 her troops at Middlebrook, 247 receives Greene and other officers gladly, 301 invaded by Arnold, 310, 311 Lafayette in command, 326, 330 Cornwallis arrives, 331 adjournment of Assembly to Charlotte, 338 liberal in its enactments, 338 Lafayette’s gallantry at Williamsburg, 341 Jefferson sustained by Lafayette, 343 arrival of Washington, 351

WARD, ARTEMAS—maj.-general; _b._ 1727, _d._ 1800. his antecedents, 23 appointed senior maj.-gen., 35 his brief career noticed, 37 occupies Boston, March 17, 1776, 80

WARNER, SETH—colonel; _b._ 1744, _d._ 1785. a volunteer at Bunker Hill as well as at Ticonderoga, 35 accompanies Allen to Ticonderoga, 35 his subsequent career, 35

WASHINGTON, AUGUSTINE—father of the Soldier; _b._ 1694, _d._, in his son’s eleventh year, 1743, 4

WASHINGTON, GEORGE—gen., _sub._ pres. twice; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1799. his boyhood, tastes, and training as described by Irving, 1 physical appearance as described by Mercer, 2 physical accomplishments, 3 personal characteristics, 4 choice of a profession, 4 parentage, and mother’s influence, 4 first victory won, 4 surveyor, inspector, adjutant-general, 5 commissioner to the French, 6 frontier service, 6 with Braddock, 7 military studies and maxims, 8 marriage, and in House of Burgesses, 8 anticipates revolution, 14 in the First Continental Congress, 17 predicts a bloody future, 18 appointed Commander-in-Chief, 32 his associates in command, 35 starts for Cambridge, 40 assumes command, 41 his army noticed, 41 withholds some commissions, 44 his reticence compared with that of other generals, 44 his trust in Providence, 44 method of assignments, 44 his estimate of Arnold, 45 rebukes profanity, 46 enjoins observance of the Sabbath, 47 institutes courts-martial for “swearing, gambling,” etc., 47 skilled in logistics, 48 regard for private soldiers, 49 deserters rebuked, 49 games of chance prohibited, 49 invasion of Canada forced by Congress, 50 visited by Committee of Congress, 52 risks of Canadian invasion, 53 denounces religious bigotry, 53 after Boston, then New York, 54 expeditions to Canada urged by Congress, 55 attitude of Gen. Charles Lee, 56 ignores sea-coast raids, 56 writes Gov. Trumbull, 57 would burn Boston, 57 policy as to holding cities, 57 straggling rebuked, 58 appeals to Congress, 58 privateering regulated, 59 visited by Congressmen and secures a navy, 60 laconic letter to Congress, 61 writes Schuyler as to Northern expeditions, 63 writes Congress as to same, 63 begs Schuyler not to resign—for sake of “God and Country”, 63 writes Schuyler as to British action, 64 plans operations against New York, 69 sends Lee to New York, 70 would cross to Boston on the ice, but opposed by Council, 71 laconic letter to Joseph Reed, 72 preparations for assault, 72 his inflexibility of purpose, 72 preparations for future service, 72–3 experimental bombardment, 74 enforced silence in camp, 75 his confidential staff, 75 secret plan near execution, 76 second bombardment, 76 third bombardment and occupation of Dorchester Heights, 77 British criticism, 77 contingency of failure anticipated, 79 a general bombardment, 80 Nook’s hill fortified, 80 Boston evacuated, 80 his mission to Boston completed, 81 reorganization of the army, 82 movement to New York begun, 82 advises Congress and Governor Trumbull of his plans, 83 disciplines delinquent officers, 83 establishes a regular Pay System, 83 visits Connecticut to hasten troops forward, 84 reaches New York, 84 rebukes Lee and sends him South, 85 forced by Congress to send more troops to Canada, 86 details more troops to Canada under order of Congress, 86 compels citizens to choose between Britain and America, 86 deprecates detachment of troops to Canada, 87 predicts danger to both the armies, 87 warns soldiers not to right their own wrongs, 87 learns of British contracts for Hessians, 87 notes change in Canadian sentiment, 87 writes Schuyler predicting a bloody summer, 87 describes Sullivan’s characteristics, 89 apology of Congress for Canadian disaster, 90 strategic conditions at New York, 91 Declaration of Independence and its effect, 91 British plans noticed, 93 correspondence with Howe, 98 describes British commissioners, as dispensing pardon to repenting sinners, 99 spreads Howe’s proclamation broadcast, 99 denounces gossip-mongers, 100 informs Gov. Trumbull that to trust Providence without effort is to tempt Providence, 102 issues stringent orders as to discipline, 103 reënforces garrison at Brooklyn, 104 details Sullivan, _vice_ Greene, sick, 104 a remarkable letter from Sullivan, 104 Putnam supersedes Sullivan, 104 issues orders to Putnam as to wasteful firing, 105 skulkers must be shot down on the spot, 105 an “army” not a “mob”, 105 will make battle costly to enemy, 108 omnipresent in tent or trench, 108 plans to withdraw to New York, 109 consummate ruse to prevent demoralization of troops, 110 withdrawal consummated, 112 its incidents and success, 112 comment of historian Botta, 113 labors without sleep for forty-eight hours while assembling the untrained army, 114 laconic notice of bad habits in officers and men, 114 describes the militia as “dismayed, intractable, and impatient to return home”, 114 notices periodical homesickness, 115 its contagious virulence before battle, 115 again demands a sufficient regular army, 115 denounces robbing orchards and gardens, 115 orders three daily roll-calls, to stop straggling, 115 writes Congress as to vacating the city, 115 advises Gov. Trumbull to deal with deserters, 116 generous response of Mass. and Conn, 116 describes the situation, 117 initiates retirement from the city, 119 denounces a panic at Kipp’s Bay, 119 his personal exposure to rally fugitives, 119 a mournful letter to Congress, 120 Edward Everett Hale’s account of the execution of Nathan Hale as a spy serving under Washington’s orders, 120 embezzlement by regimental surgeons, 123 offers reward for Hessian troopers and their horses, 126 his skirmishers successful, 126 outgenerals Howe and gains White Plains, 127 is joined by Greene and Lee 127 letter of Lee to Gates, censuring Washington, 127 operations at White Plains, 128 battle of Chatterton hill, 129 British preparations for attack, 129 retires to North Castle Heights, 129 advises Congress of Howe’s plans, 129 advises with Greene as to Fort Washington, 131 crosses into New Jersey, 131 orders Lee to follow, 131 so advises Gov. Trumbull, 131 writes forcibly to Congress, 131 judicious order in logistics, 131 boys or old men enlisted at officers’ risk, 131 warns Congress of certain invasion of New Jersey by Howe, 132 abandons Fort Lee, 133 enters upon his first New Jersey campaign, 133 a misnomer to call it simply a “masterly retreat”, 135 musters his army, 136 skirmishes with Cornwallis, 136 controls the Delaware river, 136 plans Dec. 5, to take the offensive, 137 notes the capture of Lee, 139 Sullivan takes Lee’s division, 139 other letters of Lee, 138–9 his powers enlarged by Congress, 140 places Philadelphia under military rule, 140 takes the aggressive, 143 battle of Trenton, with map, 144 “will drive the enemy from New Jersey”, 147 is clothed with dictatorial authority, 148 his response to Congress, 148 his motto, “Victory or death,” retained, 149 reoccupies Trenton, 152 awaits arrival of Cornwallis, 152 fights battle of Princeton (see map), 152 instructs officers having independent commands, 157 headquarters established at Morristown, 157 exercises with energy his enlarged powers, 157 his capacity for reprimand, 157 sternly rebukes Heath, 158 issues counter-proclamation to one by Howe, 158 review of his career by Botta, 160 base of operations established (see map), 161 appreciates Howe’s plans, 164 the second New Jersey campaign, 167 outgenerals Cornwallis, 169 learns of Burgoyne’s invasion, 171 replies to his proclamation, 172 tart correspondence with Gates, 174 prophetic letter to Schuyler, 175 detects Howe’s modified plan, 177 reaches Philadelphia, 183 triumphant march through the city, 184 takes position on the Brandywine, 185 battle of Brandywine, 187 its lesson, 191 reaches Philadelphia, 192 resumes the offensive, 194 attacks Germantown, 195 lesson from that battle, 197 operations along the Delaware, 200 sends Lafayette into New Jersey, 203 hostile attitude of Gates, 204 experience at Valley Forge, 206 pleads with Congress, 206 clock-work and army discipline similar, 206 sharply rebukes the Pennsylvania Assembly, 207 the Conway cabal, 207 French alliance proclaimed, 213 gives Lafayette an independent command, 215 a sharp letter to Lee, 217 follows Clinton, 224 increases Lafayette’s command, 225 advises Lafayette as to Lee, 228 advances to his support, 230 rallies the retreating army, 231 rebukes Lee on the field and takes command, 232 fights the battle of Monmouth, 233 European comments noticed, 234 Clinton escapes him to New York, 234 trial and sentence of Lee, 234 end of Lee’s career, 234 tradition as to profanity at Monmouth disproved, 235–7 at White Plains again, 237 watches D’Estaing, 240 “George Washington, Esqr.,” and Howe, 241 writes Sullivan at Newport, 242 warns him against Clinton, 244 suggests a timely retreat, 244 officially recognizes the hand of Providence, 246 removes to Fishkill, 247 assigns army divisions, 247–8 opinion of Bancroft cited, 250 visits Philadelphia, 250 writes Speaker Harrison as to corruption of the times, 250–1 social excesses of congressmen deplored, 251 opposes another expedition to Canada, 252 sacrifices his private fortune, 252 at New Windsor, 254 watches hostile demonstrations, 256 plans attack upon Stony Point, 257 its success as planned, 258 capture of Paulus Hook, 259 sends Sullivan to punish Indians, 259 honored by the Six Nations, 260–1 strengthens West Point, 261 his sublime faith, 264 his trials at Morristown, 265 postpones attack upon New York, 265 reorganization of the army imperatively necessary, 269 praises New Jersey promptness, 272 again appeals to Congress, 272–3 watches Clinton closely, 274 visited by Lafayette, just returned from France, 276 gives him a letter to President of Congress, 276 sends Southern troops southward, 277 the mutiny of troops gives him “infinite concern”, 277 outgenerals Knyphausen, 280 describes British movements, 280 new trials at hand, 281 outgenerals Clinton, 282 Battle of Springfield, 286 adroit appeal to governors at the North, 286 again threatens New York, 286 appreciated by Rochambeau, 287 assigns Arnold to West Point, 288 Arnold’s treason and the execution of André, 290 vindicates Mrs. Arnold, 291 takes post at Brakeness, 291 assigns Greene to West Point, 291 his outlook over the field, 294 his sympathy with the rank and file, 295 writes about American speculators in food, 296 appeals to Sullivan, then in Congress, 297 compares rolling small and large snowballs, 297 confers with Rochambeau, 297 writes Franklin of approaching victory, 298 reënforces Southern army, 299 temporary expedients denounced, 299 designates winter quarters, 300 addresses Southern governors, 301 places Greene in Gates’ place, 301 sends his best officers south, 303 his powers again enlarged, 304 as judged abroad, 305 “stay-at-homes” derided, 305 his “superhuman regard for man, as man”, 305 his relations to foreign officers, 305 treatment of Pennsylvania mutiny, 307 is judged by French generals, says Franklin, 308 individuality of the States, noticed, 308 keeps away from scene of mutiny, 309 elements of success in sight, and all plans matured, 313 his specific instructions to Greene, 313 his use of “pick and spade,” 313 writes Greene as to Cowpens, 316 is advised of Greene’s movements, 320 plans for capture of Arnold, 323 the war approaches its crisis, 324 writes Lafayette as to French support, 326 modifies Lafayette’s orders, 326 “never judges the past by after events”, 326 urges Schuyler to be Secretary of War, 328 startling extracts from his diary, 328 “chimney-corner patriots” denounced, 328 “venality, corruption and abuse of trust universal”, 329 indorses Lafayette’s strategy, 330 approves his action respecting Arnold, 332 confers again with Rochambeau at Wethersfield, 333 advances toward New York, 334 joined by French army, 335 sends out decoy letters and plans, 335 builds brick ovens in New Jersey, 336 reconnoitres Clinton’s outposts, 336–7 challenges Clinton to battle, 337 hears good news from Lafayette, 339 second report from Lafayette, 341 Lafayette ready for his arrival, 343 good news from Count de Grasse, 344 urges Northern governors to action, 345 swift messengers sent everywhere, 345 his finesse outwits Clinton, 346 visits West Point with Rochambeau, 347 abandons fixed headquarters, 347 allied armies in motion not missed by Clinton, 347 grand tidings from France, 348 enters Philadelphia, not yet missed by Clinton, 348 despatches from Lafayette received, 349 starts for Chesapeake Bay, 349 meets courier from Lafayette, 350 another courier arrives, 350 welcomed with Rochambeau at Baltimore, 351 visits Mt. Vernon with French officers as guests, 351 arrives at Lafayette’s headquarters, 351 his strategy noticed, 352–3 studies the position with care, 354 visits Count de Grasse, 356 fires the first gun before Yorktown, 357 siege pushed with vigor, 357 terms of surrender settled, 359 surrender consummated, 360 issues proclamation for Public Thanksgiving, 360 a grand parade of the entire army, 360 assigns Lafayette to a Southern expedition, 361 the expedition abandoned, 361 parts with Lafayette who returns to France, 361 retains Rochambeau in America until 1782, 361 his magnanimous treatment of the Queen’s Rangers, 362 still honored in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 362–3 triumphant entry into New York, 363 formally closes the war, 364 another Thanksgiving proclamation, 364 predicts a grand future for America, 365 his trust in Divine Providence emphasized, 366 tested by military art, 367 grounds of his faith in American destiny, 371 lessons from his career, 373 founds West Point Military Academy, 373 donates sites for National University, 374 his closing appeal to the American conscience, 374

WASHINGTON, LAWRENCE—brother of the Soldier; _b._ 1718, _d._ 1752. educated in England, 1 in the British army, 1 his example and influence, 1, 4

WASHINGTON, MARTHA—wife of the Soldier; _b._ 1732, _d._ 1802; her marriage (see also Custis), 8

WASHINGTON, MARY—mother of the Soldier; _b._ 1706, _d._ 1789. her will-power, 4 her moral training, 5 their permanent effect in her son’s character, 5

WASHINGTON, WILLIAM—colonel; _b._ 1752, _d._ 1810. at Battle of Trenton, 142 captures two guns at Trenton, 145 wounded in the attempt, 145 at Cowpens, 314

Washington’s “Invincibles”, 105

WAYNE, ANTHONY—maj.-gen.; _b._ Paoli, Pennsylvania, 1745, _d._ 1796. attacks Hessian rear-guard in N.J., 169 at Battle of Brandywine, 186, 189 surprised at Paoli, 193 at Battle of Germantown, 195 with Lafayette at Monmouth, 226 powerless at time of mutiny, 307 joins Lafayette in Virginia, 341 makes a brilliant charge at Williamsburg, 341

WEBSTER, DANIEL—statesman and orator; _b._ 1782, _d._ 1852. his opinion of General Schuyler, 37 his sublime ideal, “Union,” in prospect, 266

WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY—_Br._ gen., _sub._ field marshal; _b._ 1769, _d._ 1852; cited for comparison (Preface), viii

WESLEY, JOHN—eminent divine; _b._ 1703, _d._ 1791; had visited America, 21

WHIPPLE, ABRAHAM—_Am._ naval officer; _b._ 1731, _d._ 1819; cited as to Charleston, 274

WILKINSON, JAMES—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1757, _d._ 1825. with Lee at his capture, 138 at Battle of Trenton, 142 his interview with Washington, 142

WILLETT, MARINUS—col.; _b._ 1744, _d._ 1826; operates against the Onondagas near Syracuse, 252

WILLIAMS, JAMES—_Am._ col.; at King’s Mountain, and descendants honored, 293

Wilmington, N.C., visited by Sir Peter Parker, Cornwallis and Clinton, May 3, 1776, 97

WINTHROP, ROBERT CHARLES—scholar, historian, statesman; _b._ 1809, _d._ 1894; gratefully remembered by the author (Preface), xiv _Note._—Mr. Winthrop delivered the oration at laying the corner-stone of the national Washington monument, at Washington, D.C., and also at its dedication.

Woman’s heroism in the Revolution, 285

WOOSTER, DANIEL—maj.-gen.; _b._ 1711, _d._ 1777. his military antecedents, 23 his subsequent career outlined, 38 in movement against Fort Independence, 157 at home with the Connecticut militia, 165 resigns his commission, 165 is mortally wounded, 166

WRIGHT, _Sir_ JAMES—royal governor of Georgia; _b._ 1714, _d._ 1785, noticed, 29, 30

Wyoming Valley invaded by Indians, 249 summarily avenged, 252, 260

Yale College students resist Tryon’s invasion of New Haven, 256

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 4. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.

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