Chapter 3

[11] For an excellent illustration of the different modes of wearing wampum, see the plates in that admirable work, _Harriot's Virginia_, written in 1586, and published in 1590, in the first volume of De Bry's _Voyages_.

[12] Trumbull's _Hist. of Connecticut_, I, p. 50.

[13] "It is obvious to all who are the least acquainted with Indian affairs, that they regard no message or invitation, be it of what consequence it will, unless attended or confirmed by strings or belts of wampum, which they look upon as we our letters or rather bonds."--_Letter of Sir Wm. Johnson_, 1753. _Doc. Hist. of N. Y._, vol. II, p. 624.

[14] As late as 1720, a belt was brought into Connecticut from some place at the south called Towattowan, and circulated very generally among the Indians, to the alarm of the colony, "the assembly caused some inquiries to be made into the mystery, and an Indian, named Tapanranawko, testified that the belt was in token that at each place where it was accepted, captive Indians would be received and sold. He said that it would be sent back to Towattowan, which was a great way to the south, and was inhabited by a large tribe of Indians. The assembly resolved that the Indians should be directed to send it back whence it came, and should be charged not to receive such presents in future without giving notice to the magistrates."--DeForest's _Hist. of Indians of Conn._, p. 349.

[15] _League of the Iroquois_, p. 339.

[16] Documents relating to the _Colonial History of New York_, vol. VII, p. 44.

[17] _League of the Iroquois_, p. 120.

[18] _Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia in the Revolution_, Kidder, p. 286.

[19] It is interesting in this connection to notice the manner in which the chiefs affixed their names to early deeds. In the deed of New Haven given by the Quinnipiacs [see Appendix IV, DeForest's Indians of Conn.], may be seen as autographs, an arrow, a bow, a drawn bow, a war club, a tobacco pipe, a snake, a wolf (apparently), a wild fowl, etc., etc.

[20] _League of the Iroquois_, p. 119.

[21] President Stiles's _Itinerary_, unpublished.

[22] _League of the Iroquois_, page 188.

[23] Thomson's _Long Island_, p. 62.

[24] _League of the Iroquois_, p. 331.

[25] It is stated in _Winthrop's Journal_ [p. 147 and after], that four servants of Plymouth were condemned and hung upon their own confession of having murdered an Indian to obtain his wampum.

[26] In the tomb, apparently of a chief, in the Grove Creek Mound, 1700 beads were found around the remains of a skeleton, and such deposits are frequently found in opening old graves.

[27] Winthrop, I, 113.

[28] Bradford's _Letters_, _Mass. Hist. Collections_, III, 54.

[29] _Doc. Rel. to Colonial History of New York_, I, 459.

[30] Lawson's _History of North Carolina_, ed. of 1714, page 315.

[31] Rhode Island _Colonial Records_, I, 130.

[32] _Winthrop_, pages 147, 149 and 192.

[33] Thompson's _Long Island_, page 62.

[34] _Hazard_, II, page 413.

[35] _Hazard_, III, page 44.

[36] _Hazard_, II, pages 387 and 388.

[37] Thompson's _Long Island_, page 60.

[38] _Records of Mass._, I, 238. Where only one rate is mentioned, as here, we are probably to understand the white, and deduct one-half for the black or blue.

[39] _Colonial Records of Conn._, I, 12.

[40] _Records of Mass._, I, p. 302.

[41] _Ibid._, p. 329.

[42] _Col. Records of Conn._, I, 179.

[43] _Records of Mass._, II, 261.

[44] _Records of Mass._, I, 323.

[45] _Records of Mass._, II, 279.

[46] _Ibid._, IV, p. 36.

[47] _Records of Mass._, IV, part 2, pages 4, 5.

[48] _R. Island Colonial Records_, I, page 474.

[49] Madam Knight's _Journal_, written in 1704, page 43.

[50] _Doc. Relating to the Colonial Hist. of New York_, I, 474.

[51] _Ibid._, p. 336.

[52] _Ibid._, p. 425.

[53] O'Callaghan's _New Netherland_, I, 230.

[54] _Doc. Col. Hist. of New York_, II, p. 371.

[55] Proud's _Hist. of Pennsylvania_, I, page 133.

[56] Hazzard's _Annals of Pennsylvania_.

[57] O'Callaghan's _New Netherland_, I, 61.

[58] O'Callaghan's _New Netherland_, I, _ibid._

[59] Schoolcraft's _Notes on the Iroquois_.

Transcriber's Note:

Archaic spellings have been retained. Abbreviations have been normalised. Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note, whilst more significant amendments are listed below:

P. 10, "Pyrula canicalata" to _Pyrula caniculata_.

P. 11n, "Great Congue" to _Great Conque_, could be amended to _Great Conch_ however the former seems more in keeping with the original intent.