ii. 282--284;
Sala Regia, 285; Sistine Chapel, paintings of, 286--295; residence of the pope in, 298; Museum of Statues, 300; Braccio-Nuovo, 300; Cabinets of Sculpture, 308--311; Gabinetto delle Maschere, 316; Library of the, 271, 322; portraits of librarians, 323; Appartamenti Borgia, 324; inner Garden of the, 333; larger Garden, 335; Golden age of the, 336; Loggie of Raphael, 337; Stanze, frescoes in the, 340--345; Picture Gallery, 347; Wine of the, 430
Velabrum, the, i. 222; derivation of name, 223
Velia, the, i. 277
Vespasian, Palace of, i. 281; favourite residence of, ii. 12
Vesta, Temple of, i. 235; Shrine of, 298
Via-- S. Agostino, ii. 160 Alessandrina, i. 163 dell' Anima, ii. 193 S. Antonio dei Portoguesi, ii. 156 Appia, i. 372 Appia Nuova, i. 412, 429; ii. 107 Ardeatina, i. 389 Babuino, i. 54 di Banchi, ii. 224 S. Basilio, ii. 12 de' Baullari, ii. 178 del Borgo Nuovo, ii. 236 Borgo Sto. Spirito, ii. 237 delle Botteghe Oscure, i. 268 Calabraga, ii. 170 della Caravita, i. 85 Cassia, ii. 426 S. Claudio, i. 76 Clivus Capitolinus, i. 170, 172 del Colosseo, ii. 47 Condotti, i. 65 della Consolazione, i. 174 delle Convertite, i. 74 dei Coronari, ii. 223 del Corso, i. 36, 60 della Croce Bianca, i. 165 dei Crociferi, i. 464 Crucis, ii. 449 della Ferratelia, i. 382 dei Fienili (Vicus Tuscus), i. 176, 221 Flaminia, great Northern road of Italy, ii. 423 delle Fornaci, ii. 449 S. Giovanni, ii. 94 Decollato, i. 239 de' Fiorentini, ii. 225 Giulia, ii. 175 del Governo Vecchio, ii. 165 Gregoriana, i. 54 S. Gregorio, i. 375 Immerulana, ii. 122 Latina, ii. 124 Longarina, ii. 368 S. Lucia in Selci, ii. 65 Lungara, ii. 434 Lungaretta, ii. 379, 382 de Macao, ii. 34 Maganaopoli, i. 461 Maggiore, ii. 72 Margutta, i. 54 della Marmorata, ii. 392 Mazzarini, i. 461 de Mercede, i. 75 Monserrato, ii. 170 del Monte Tarpeio, i. 272 Morticelli, ii. 379 S. Niccolo in Tolentino, ii. 12 Nova, i. 307 Ostiensis, ii. 409 Pane e Perna, i. 466 S. Pantaleone, ii. 186 in Parione, ii. 165 della Pedacchia, i. 117 del Piè di Marmo, ii. 222 de' Pontefici, i. 61 della Porta Pia, ii. 43 delle Quattro Fontane, i. 474 del Quirinale, i. 444 Ripetta, i. 37 Sta. Sabina, i. 355 Sacra, i. 205 della Salita del Grillo, i. 165 Savelli, ii. 360 della Scala, ii. 388 della Scrofa, ii. 154 S. Sebastiano, i. 375 della Sediola, ii. 197, 202 dei Serpenti, i. 463 Sistina, i. 54 di San Sisto Vecchio, i. 375 Sterrata, i. 443 Tor de' Specchi, i. 270 Tordinona, ii. 223 Triumphalis, i. 206 Urbana, i. 468 della Vale, ii. 185 dei Vascellari, ii. 369 delle Vergine, i. 103 S. Vitale, i. 435, 466 della Vite, i. 74 Vittoria, i. 64
Vicus, Corneliorum, i. 436; Cyprius, ii. 49
Vigna, Codini, i. 386 dei Gesuiti, i. 368 Marancia, i. 389
Vignola, works of, ii. 418, 421
Villas-- Albani, ii. 17 Altieri, ii. 132 Borghese, ii. 411 of Claude Lorraine, ii. 419 of Commodus, i. 427 Doria, ii. 454 Esmeade, ii. 417 Farnesina, ii. 446 of the Gordians, ii. 133 Lante, ii. 452 Lezzani, ii. 25 List of most important, i. 32 of Livia, ii. 423 of Lucius Verus, ii. 135 Ludovisi, ii. 13 Madama, ii. 426 Massimo Arsoli, ii. 122 Negroni, ii. 35 Rignano, ii. 12 Mattei, i. 332 Medici, i. 49 Mellini, ii. 427 Mills, i. 304, 311 Negroni, i. 473 Olgiati, once of Raphael, ii. 416 Palombara, ii. 74 Pamfili Doria, ii. 454 of Papa Giulio, ii. 418 Patrizi, ii. 25 of the Servilii, ii. 124 Spada, ii. 20 Torlonia, ii. 26 Triopio, i. 414 Wolkonski, ii. 123
Viminal Hill, i. 433, 466
Vinci, Leonardo da, remarkable works of, i. 83; ii. 437
Virgin, one of the earliest representations of the, ii. 21; first church dedicated to, ii. 382
Volterra, Daniele da, the masterpiece of, i. 52
Vulcanal, site of the, i. 171
W.
Walls-- Aurelian, i. 385 of Romulus, i. 305 Servius Tullius, 368
Wine of the Vatican, ii. 430
Z.
Zucchero, T., tomb of, ii. 210
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The following typographical errors were corrected by the etext transcriber:
Palmegiani, 66 Piazzi di Spagna=>Palmegiani, 66 Piazza di Spagna
putatur is esse constitutus è marmore=>putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore
with vaulted cielings and beautiful frescoes=>with vaulted ceilings and beautiful frescoes
after his truimph for his=>after his triumph for his
la mémoire du frère quil avait=>la mémoire du frère qu'il avait
Madame de Stael=>Madame de Staël
cet egard du pauvre Capucin=>cet égard du pauvre Capucin
qui ne connâi de l'histoire des=>qui ne connâit de l'histoire des
dépuis les thermes de=>depuis les thermes de
Before he came to reside here he had been miracuously=>Before he came to reside here he had been miraculously
St. Cyprian and Justinian=>SS. Cyprian and Justinian
The interior of S. Sabba is in the basilica form=>The interior of St. Sabba is in the basilica form
Roma Sotteranea=>Roma Sotterranea
Il fut alors sollicite intérieurement=>Il fut alors sollicité intérieurement
litanies autour de ce tableau."--Stendal.=>litanies autour de ce tableau."--Stendhal.
se précipita dons ses bras,=>se précipita dans ses bras,
good terrra-cotta mouldings=>good terra-cotta mouldings
la visage sérieux=>le visage sérieux
On y voit une femme endormie dont l'attidude=>On y voit une femme endormie dont l'attitude
eyes in the rotonda of the Vatican=>eyes in the rotunda of the Vatican
île a été entrainée par la violence=>île a été entraînée par la violence
construire le palais Pamphili, a créer la villa Pamphili, et a pamphiliser=>construire le palais Pamphili, à créer la villa Pamphili, et à pamphiliser
S. Pancrado, ii. 452=>S. Pancrazio, ii. 452
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Dionysius, xii. 8.
[2] Livy, v. 13.
[3] _Observe._--Here and elsewhere the arms of the Della Rovere--an oak-tree. Robur, an oak,--hence Rovere.
[4] The beautiful 15th century altar of four virgin saints at S. Cosimato in Trastevere, is said to have been brought from this chapel.
[5] All authorities agree that this beautiful portrait is not the work of Raphael. Kugler also denies that it is the likeness of Cæsar Borgia.
[6] See Kugler, ii. 449.
[7] Of the many Handbooks for Italy which have appeared, perhaps that of Du Pays (in one volume) is the most comprehensive, and--as far as its very condensed form allows--much the most interesting.
[8] See Trollope's Life of Vittoria Colonna.
[9] See "Un Figliuol' di Maria, ossia un Nuovo nostro Fratello," edited by the Baron di Bussiere. 1842.
[10] It is more worth while to visit the Palazzo Chigi at Lariccia, near Albano, which retains its stamped leather hangings, and much of its old furniture. Here may be seen, assembled in one room, the portraits of the twelve nieces of Alexander VII., who were so enchanted when their uncle was made pope, that they all took the veil immediately to please him!
[11] This Gallery has been closed since the Sardinian occupation.
[12] So called from the Jesuit father of that name, who lived in the 17th century.
[13] Galat. ii. 7.
[14] Philipp. iv. 22.
[15] 2 Timothy i. 16
[16] Philemon 23.
[17] Philipp. ii. 22.
[18] Kugler.
[19] Varro, De Ling. Lat. v. 42.
[20] Smith's Roman Mythology.
[21] Vitruvius, iv. 7, 1.
[22] Pliny, xxxv. 12.
[23] Pliny, vii. 39.
[24] Livy, vii. 3.
[25] Pliny, xxxiii. 18.
[26] Pliny, xxxvi. 5.
[27] Tacitus, Hist. iii. 74.
[28] Tacitus, Hist. iv. 53.
[29] Zosimus, lib. v. c. 38.
[30] Valerius Maximus, ii. 3. 3.
[31] Vitruvius, iii. 2, 5; Propertius, iv. 11, 45; Cic. pro Planc. 32.
[32] Livy, vi. 20.
[33] Livy, v. 48.
[34] Velleius Paterc. ii. 3.
[35] See Merivale, Hist. of the Romans, vol. vi.
[36] Dyer's Rome, 407, 408, 409.
[37] Ampère, Emp. i. 22.
[38] When 400 houses and three or four churches were levelled to the ground to make a road for his triumphal approach.--_Rabelais_, Lettre viii. p. 21.
[39] Dyer's City of Rome, p. 379.
[40] R, right; L, left.
[41] The statue of Leo X. is interesting as having been erected to this popular art-loving pope in his lifetime. It is inscribed--"Optimi liberalissimique pontificis memoriæ."
[42] Plin. Nat Hist xxix. 14, I; Plut. Fort. Rom. 12.
[43] Hist. Rom. i. 382.
[44] The "Dies Iræ," by Tommaso di Celano, of the fourteenth century.
[45] "Per gradus qui sunt super Calpurnium fornicem."
[46] Paradiso, canto xii.
[47] Hist. Rome.
[48] "Est locus in carcere quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad lævam, circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta; sed incultu, tenebris, odore fœda. atque terribilis ejus facies."--_Sall. Catil._ lv.
[49] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 31.
[50] This story is most picturesquely told by Dante. Purg. x. 72.
[51] Ovid, Fasti, v. 575, 699.
[52] Statius, i. 6. Livy, vii. 6.
[53] Livy, vii. 6. Varr. iv. 32.
[54] Pliny, xv. 18.
[55] Suetonius, Aug. 22.
[56] Cicero de Off. ii. 25.
[57] Livy, iii. 48.
[58] Pliny, xv. 29.
[59] Vitruvius, iii.
[60] Ampère, Emp. ii. 233.
[61] Josephus, vii. 37.
[62] Pliny, xxxvi. 7.
[63] See Percy's Romanism.
[64] See the whole question of Simon Magus discussed in Waterworth's "England and Rome."
[65] Prudentius contra Symmac. i. 1, 25.
[66] Dion Cassius, lxvi. 15.
[67] S. Buonaventura is perhaps best known to the existing Christian world as the author of the beautiful hymn, "Recordare sanctæ crucis."
[68] Varro, de R. Rust i. 2, and iii. 16.
[69] See Poggio, De Vanitate Fortunæ.
[70] This inscription, found in the catacomb of S. Agnese, runs:
"Sic præmia servas Vespasiane dire Premiatus es morte Gaudenti letare Civitatis ubi gloriæ tuæ autori, Promisit iste Kristus omnia tibi Quï alium paravit theatrum in cœlo."
[71] See Hemans' Catholic Italy.
[72] A work has been published by S. Deakin on the Flora of the Coliseum. This was very remarkable, but has greatly suffered during the so-called cleansing of the building by the Italian government in 1871.
[73] Quamdiu stat Colysæus, stabit et Roma; quando cadet Colysæus, cadet Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus.
[74] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 289--292.
[75] "Quis a signo Vertumni in circum maximum venit, quin is unoquoque gradu de avaritia tua commoneretur? quam tu viam tensarum atque pompæ ejus modi exegisti, ut tu ipse ire non audeas."--_In Verrem_, i. 59.
[76] Varro, de Ling. Lat. v. 44. See Ampère, Hist. Rom. ii. 32.
[77] Varro, de Ling. Lat. iv. 8.
[78] "There is no doubt that many of the amusements, still more many of the religious practices now popular in this capital, may be traced to sources in Pagan antiquity. The game of _morra_, played with the fingers (the _micare digitis_ of the ancients); the rural feasting before the chapel of the _Madonna del divino Amore_ on Whit Monday; the revelry and dancing _sub diu_ for the whole night on the Vigil of St. John, (a scene on the Lateran piazza, riotous, grotesque, but not licentious); the divining by dreams to obtain numbers for the lottery; hanging _ex voto_ pictures in churches to commemorate escapes from danger or recovery from illness; the offering of jewels, watches, weapons, &c., to the Madonna; the adorning and dressing of sacred images, sometimes for particular days; throwing flowers on the Madonna's figure when borne in processions (as used to be honoured the image, or stone, of Cybele); burning lights before images on the highways; paying special honour to sacred pictures, under the notion of their having moved their eyes; or to others, under the idea of their supernatural origin--made without hands; wearing effigies or symbols as amulets (thus Sylla wore, and used to invoke, a little golden Apollo hung round his neck); suspending flowers to shrines and tombs; besides other uses, in themselves blameless and beautiful, nor, even if objectionable, to be regarded as the genuine reflex of what is dogmatically taught by the Church. This enduring shadow thrown by Pagan over Christian Rome is, however, a remarkable feature in the story of that power whose eminence in ruling and influencing was so wonderfully sustained, nor destined to become extinct after empire had departed from the Seven Hills."--_Hemans' Monuments of Rome._
[79] Made to flow with wine under Heliogabalus.
[80] Pliny, xxxiv. 2.
[81] Livy, xxi. 62.
[82] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i.
[83] Dyer, 104.
[84] Livy, v. 40.
[85] Dion Cassius, lxiii. 21.
[86] Ampère, iii. 48.
[87] Vitruvius, iii. 3.
[88] Fasti, i. 515.
[89] Plin. H. N. vii. 36; Val. Max. v. 4--7; Festus, p. 609.
[90] Beatrice and Lucrezia Cenci were imprisoned in the Corte Savella, and led thence to execution.
[91] See the account of the Basilica of St. Lorenzo fuori Mura.
[92] See Ch. IV.
[93] See Dyer's City of Rome.
[94] Sat. iii.
[95] Sat. xvi.
[96] See Dr. Philip's article on "The Jews in Rome."
[97] This account is much abridged from the interesting translation in Whiteside's "Italy in the Nineteenth Century," from "_Beatrice Cenci Romana, Storia del Secolo xvi. Raccontata dal D. A. A. Firenze_."
[98] Livy, iv. 16; xxxviii. 28.
[99] Merivale, Hist. of Romans under the Empire, chap. xl.
[100] Merivale, chap. xl.
[101] Sueton. _Aug._ 72.
[102] Livy, i. 41.
[103] Livy, i. 41.
[104] The palace of Numa was close to the Temple of Vesta; that of Tullus Hostilius was on the Cœlian; those of Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus on the Esquiline.
[105] Dionysius, ii. 50; Livy, i. 12.
[106] Varr, iv. 8.
[107] Vell. Paterc. ii. 81.
[108] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 2.
[109] Dion Cassius mentions that the ceilings of Halls of Justice in the Palatine were painted by Severus to represent the starry sky. The old Roman practice was for the magistrate to sit under the open sky, which probably suggested this kind of ceiling.
[110] Ann, iv. 54.
[111] Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 18; Suet. _Ner._ 33; Dion. lxi. 7.
[112] See Gibbon, i. 133.
[113] Tacitus, Hist. i. 77; Suet. Vitell. 15.
[114] Merivale, ch. xlv.
[115] Suet. Cal. 22.
[116] _Suet. Claud._ 10. "Prorepsit ad solarium proximum, interque prætenta foribus vela se abdidit." The solarium was the external terraced portico, and this still remains.
[117] Tac. _Ann._ xi. 37, 38; Dion. lx. 31; Suet. _Claud._ 39.
[118] Tac. _Ann._ xii. 67; Suet _Claud._ 44.
[119] Dionysius, i. 32; Livy, xxix. 14.
[120] Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome.
[121] Ep. i. 70.
[122] Festus, 340, 348.
[123] Suet. Tib. 47; Cal. 21, 22; Tac. Ann. vi. 45.
[124] De re Rust, iii. 5.
[125] Pliny, xxxvi. 2.
[126] See Smith's Dict. of Roman Biography.
[127] Plin. H. N. xvii. 1.
[128] ix. 1, 4.
[129] Suet. _Nero_, 2.
[130] Smith's Dict. of Roman Biography.
[131] Tollam altius tectum, non ut ego te despiciam, sed ne tu aspicias urbem eam, quam delere voluisti.--_De Harusp. Res._ 15.
[132] Cic. pro Dom. ad Pont. 42.
[133] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 528.
[134] Dion Cass. liiii. 27.
[135] Dyer, p. 143.
[136] Pro Quinet. 1, 2, 22, 24, 26.
[137] Pro Verr. i. 14, 39.
[138] Ad Att. vi. 6.
[139] Macrob. Saturn, ii. 9.
[140] Varr. R. R. iii. 17; Pliny, H. N. ix. 55.
[141] Suet. _Aug._ 72.
[142] Plut. _Romul._ xi.
[143] Tac. Ann. xii. 24.
[144] Prell. R. Myth. 456.
[145] Cic. de Div. i. 45; Livy, v. 32.
[146] Plut. _Rom. Sol._ 2.
[147] Cic. _Brut._ 34.
[148] Padre Garucci, S. J., has published an exhaustive monograph on this now celebrated "Graffito Blasphemo." Roma, 1857.
[149] The Palace of Nero is described in Tacitus, Ann. xv. 42, and Suetonius, _Ner._ 31.
[150] Septimius Severus was born A.D. 146, near Leptis in Africa. Statius addresses a poem to one of his ancestors, Sept. Severus of Leptis.
[151] Martial, xii. Ep. 75.
[152] Dion Cass. Commod.
[153] Lamprid. Elagab. 8.
[154] Cassiod. vii. 5.
[155] Dyer's Rome, p. 222.
[156] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 460.
[157] Trebellius Pollio.
[158] Gibbon, v. 1.
[159] S. Filippo Neri.
[160] Mrs. Jameson.
[161] Montalembert, Moines d'Occident.
[162] Milman's Latin Christianity, vol. II.
[163] Rome possesses at least eight fine modern statues of saints:--besides those of Sta. Silvia and St. Gregory, are the Sta. Agnese of Algardi, the Sta. Bibiana of Bernini, the Sta. Cecilia of Moderno, the Sta. Susanna of Quesnoy, the Sta. Martina of Menghino, and the S. Bruno of Houdon.
[164] See Roma Sotterranea, p. 106.
[165] "Deus, qui sanctum Joannem confessorem tuum perfectæ suæ abnegationis, et crucis amatorem eximium efficisti, concede; ut ejus imitationi jugiter inhærentes, gloriam assequamur æternam."--_Collect of St. John of the Cross, Roman Vesper-Book._
[166] A square nimbus indicates that a portrait was executed _before_, a round _after_ the death of the person represented.
[167] See Emile Braun--the building of the Macellum is described by Dion Cassius, xi. 18; Notitia, Reg. ii.
[168] Best known by his comic pictures in the Uffizi at Florence.
[169] Virg. Æn. viii. 104, 108, 216; Ov. Fast. i. 551.
[170] Ov. Fast. v. 149.
[171] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 79.
[172] Varro, iv. 7.
[173] Livy, i, 20.
[174] Ovid, Fast. iii. 295.
[175] "Onions, hair, and pilchards."--See Plutarch's Life of Numa.
[176] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 427.
[177] Dionysius, iii. 43.
[178] Ovid, Fast. v. 293.
[179] Fast. iii 883.
[180] Ovid, Trist. iii. 71.
[181] See the account of the Ch. of Sta. Francesca Romana, Chap. iv.
[182] Livy, v. 22.
[183] Ovid, Fast. vi. 727.
[184] Martial, x. Ep. 56.
[185] Propert. iv. El. 9.
[186] Mart. vi. Ep. 64.
[187] There is a beautiful picture of Sta. Sabina by Vivarini of Murano, in St. Zacharia at Venice.
[188] Hemans' Monuments in Rome.
[189] Commemorated in the beautiful Memoir of "A Dominican Artist" (Rivingtons, 1872).
[190] Some antiquaries attribute them to the wall of the Aventine, built by Ancus Martius. The arch, of course, is an addition.
[191] Hemans' Story of Monuments in Rome, ii. 228.
[192] Livy, i. 10.
[193] Livy, xxvii. 25; xxix. 11.
[194] Hemans' Mediæval Sacred Art.
[195] This bust has been supposed to represent the poet Ennius, the friend of Scipio Africanus, because his last request was that he might be buried by his side. Even in the time of Cicero, Ennius was believed to be buried in the tomb of the Scipios. "Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius: itaque etiam in sepulchro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore."--_Cic. Orat. pro Arch. Poeta._
[196] Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome.
[197] Coppi, Memorie Colonnesi, p. 342.
[198] See Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome, p. 85.
[199] _Ibid._ p. 97.
[200] _Ibid._ p. 122.
[201] This story is told by St. Ambrose.
[202] This story is represented in one of the ancient tapestries in the cathedral of Anagni.
[203] Amm. Marcell. lib. xxvii. c.
[204] Roma Sotterranea, p. 130.
[205] Roma Sotterranea, p. 177.
[206] Roma Sotterranea, p. 97.
[207] St. Melchiades, buried in another part of the catacomb, who lived long in peace after the persecution had ceased.
[208] Hippolytus, Adrias, Marca, Neo, Paulina, and others.
[209] St. Damasus was buried in the chapel above the entrance.
[210] "A more striking commentary on the divine promise, 'The Lord keepeth all the bones of his servants: He will not lose one of them' (Ps. xxxiii. 24), it would be difficult to conceive."--_Roma Sotterranea._
[211] Roma Sotterranea, p. 180.
[212] Alban Butler, viii. 204.
[213] Roma Sotterranea, p. 182.
[214] Roma Sotterranea, p. 242.
[215] Roma Sotterranea, p. 247.
[216] Lord Lindsay's Christian Art, i. 46.
[217] Alban Butler, viii. 148.
[218] Lib. Pont.
[219] Now Santa Maria, an island near Gaieta.
[220] Alban Butler, v. 205.
[221] Alban Butler, v. 205.
[222] For these and many other particulars, see an interesting lecture by Mr. Shakespere Wood, on "The Fountain of Egeria," given before the Roman Archæological Society.
[223] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 402.
[224] Merivale, Romans under the Empire, ch. xi.
[225] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 141
[226] Dionysius, ii. 63.
[227] Ovid, Met. xiv. 452, 453.
[228] Dyer's Rome, p. 95.
[229] Pliny, Hist. Nat. xv. 35, 2.
[230] Dion Cass. liv.
[231] "De Cæsare vicino scripseram ad te, quia cognoram ex tuis literis, eum σὑνναον, Quirino malo, quam Saluti." Ad Att. xii. 45.
[232] Vespasian had a brother named Sabinus; his son's name recalls that of Titus Tatius.
[233] "Deus, qui inter cætera sapientiæ tuæ miracula etiam in tenera ætate maturæ sanctitatis gratiam contulisti; da, quæsumus, ut beati Stanislai exemplo, tempus, instanter operando, redimentes, in æternam ingredi requiem festinemus."--_Collect of St. S. Kostka, Roman Vesper-Book._
[234] Cardinal Wiseman's Life of Pius VII.
[235] By this same master is the interesting fresco of Sixtus IV. and his nephews--now in the Vatican gallery.
[236] The body of this saint is said to repose at S. Lorenzo fuori Mura; his head is at the Quirinal; at S. Lorenzo in Lucina his gridiron and chains are shown.
[237] Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art.
[238] Roma Christiana.
[239] Dyer, p. 94.
[240] "At Rome, Selvaggi made a Latin distich in honour of Milton, and Salsilli a Latin tetrastich, celebrating him for his Greek, Latin, and Italian poetry; and he in return presented to Salsilli in his sickness those fine Scazons or Iambic verses having a spondee in the last foot, which are inserted among his juvenile poems. From Rome he went to Naples."--_Newton._
[241] A holy hermit of Scete, who died 391.
[242] See Roma Sotterranea, p. 174.
[243] Une Chrétienne à Rome.
[244] The reasons for this belief are given in "The Roman Catacombs of Northcote," p. 78.
[245] The bodies were removed to Sta. Sabina in the fifth century by Celestine I.
[246] Cramer's Ancient Italy, i. 389.
[247] Cic. Phil. ix. 7. See Dyer's Rome, p. 215.
[248] Sat i. 8, 15.
[249] See Hemans' Catholic Italy, Part I.
[250] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 38.
[251] Varro, de Ling. Lat. iv. 8.
[252] Fest. _v._ Septimone.
[253] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 65.
[254] Fest. p. 297.
[255] Cicero pro doma sua, 38; Dionysius, viii. 79; Livy, ii. 41.
[256] See Dyer's City of Rome, p. 65. The Acts of the Martyrs mention that several Christians suffered "In tellure."
[257] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 421.
[258] See Ampère, Hist. Rom. iv. 431.
[259] Liv. i. 26; Dionysius, iii. 22.
[260] Merivale, Romans under the Empire, ch. liii.
[261] "Des huit figures ébauchées il y en a deux aujourd'hui au musée du Louvre (les deux esclaves). Lorsque Michel-Ange eut renoncé à son plan primitif il en fit don à Roberto Strozzi. Des mains de Strozzi elles passèrent dans celles de François 1er, et puis dans celles du connétable de Montmorency, qui les plaça à son château d'Ecouen, d'où elles sont venues au Louvre. Quatre autres _prisonniers_ sont placés dans la grotte de Buontalenti au jardin du Palais Pitti, à Florence. Un groupe, représentant une figure virile en terrassant une seconde, se voit aujourd'hui dans la grande salle del _Cinquecento_, au Palais vieux de Florence, où elle fut placé par Côsme 1er."--_F. Sabatier._
[262] The wife of Oswy, king of Northumberland received a golden key containing filings of the chains from Pope Vitalianus, in the sixth century.
[263] Acts xii. II.
[264] Hist. Rom. i. 464.
[265] "Ciampini gives an engraving of this figure without the key: a detail, therefore, to be ascribed to restorers:--surely neither justifiable nor judicious."--_Hemans._
[266] With a square nimbus, denoting execution in his lifetime, as at Sta. Cecilia and Sta. Maria in Navicella.
[267] See Hemans' Catholic Italy.
[268] Croiret, Vie des Saints.
[269] I. 26.
[270] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iii. 177.
[271] It was found in the gardens of the convent of Sta. Maria sopra Minerva
[272] This pagan benediction of the animals is represented in a bas-relief in the Vatican (Museo Pio-Clementino, 157). A peasant bearing two ducks as his offering, brings his cow to be blessed by a priest at the door of a chapel, and the priest delaying to come forth, a calf drinks up the holy water. Ovid describes how he took part in the feast of Pales, and sprinkled the cattle with a laurel bough. (_Fasti_, iv. 728.)
[273] His flat tombstone is in the centre of the nave.
[274] This story is the subject of two of Murillo's most beautiful pictures in the Academy at Madrid. The first represents the vision of the Virgin to John and his wife,--in the second they tell what they have seen to Pope Liberius.
[275] This mosaic will bring to mind the beautiful lines of Dante:--
"L'amor che mosse già l'eterno padre Per figlia aver di sua Deita trina Costei che fu del figlio suo poi madre Dell' universo qui fa la regina."
[276] See Sta. Dorothea, ch. xvii.
[277] St. Venantius was a child martyred at Camerino, under Decius, in 250. Pope Clement X., who had been bishop of Camerino, had a peculiar veneration for this saint.
[278] This figure of the Virgin is of great interest, as introducing the Greek classical type under which she is so often afterwards represented in Latin art.
[279] It was near the Lateran, on the site of the gardens of Plautius Lateranus, that the famous statues of the Niobedes, attributed to Scopus, now at Florence, were found. The fine tomb of the Plautii is a striking object on the road to Tivoli.
[280] See Sta. Pudenziana, ch. x.
[281] These columns are mentioned in the thirteenth century list of Lateran relics, which says that _all_ the relics of the Temple at Jerusalem brought by Titus, were preserved at the Lateran.
[282] There is a curious mosaic portrait of Clement XII. in the Palazzo Corsini.
[283] Sergius III. ob. 911; Agapetus II. ob. 956; John XII. ob. 964; Sylvester II. ob. 1003; John XVIII. ob. 1009; Alexander II. ob. 1073; Pascal II. ob. 1118; Calixtus II. ob. 1124; Honorius II. ob. 1140; Celestine II. ob. 1143; Lucius II. ob. 1145; Anastasius IV. ob. 1154; Alexander III. ob. 1159; Clement III. ob. 1191; Celestine III. ob. 1198; Innocent V. ob. 1276--were buried at St. John Lateran, besides those later popes whose tombs still exist.
[284] "Ces monuments, consacrés par la tradition, n'ont pas été jugés cependant assez authentiques pour être solennellement exposés a la vénération des fidèles."--_Gournerie._
[285] Sta. Helena is claimed as an English saint, and all the best authorities allow that she was born in England,--according to Gibbon, at York--according to others, at Colchester, which town bears as its arms a cross between three crowns, in allusion to this claim. Some say that she was an innkeeper's daughter, others that her father was a powerful British prince, Coilus or Coel.
[286] Emp. ii. 43.
[287] The existence of this inscription makes the destruction of this catacomb under Pius IX. the more extraordinary.
[288] Dyer's Rome, 70.
[289] Ampère, Hist. ii. 10.
[290] Ampère, Emp. i. 184.
[291] Pliny, H. N. xxxv. 37, 2; and 49, 4.
[292] Dyer, 111.
[293] Dyer, 211.
[294] It was close to this temple of Hercules that the bodies of Sta. Symphorosa and her seven sons, martyred under Hadrian ("the seven Biothanati"), were buried by order of the emperor. Sta. Symphorosa herself had been hung up here by her hair, before being drowned in the Tiber.
[295] Dyer, 113, 115.
[296] Ampère, Hist. Rom. iii. 198.
[297] Dyer, 115.
[298] Dyer, 115, 116.
[299] Pliny, H. N. xxxvi. 15, 24.
[300] So called from a fountain adorned with the figure of a sow, which once existed here.
[301] "Here rests Hadrian, who found his greatest misfortune in being obliged to command."
[302] There is a chapel dedicated to St. Bridget in S. Paolo fuori Mura. Sion House, in England, was a famous convent of the Brigittines.
[303] See Penny Cyclopædia, and Lewes's Hist. of Philosophy.
[304] Shakespeare, Julius Cæsar, act iii. sc. 2.
[305] So called from a slight hollow, scarcely now perceptible, left by a reservoir made by Agrippa for the public benefit, and used by Nero in his fêtes.
[306] The story of St. Agnes is told by St. Jerome.
[307] Donna Olympia soon after died of the plague at her villa near Viterbo.
[308] "Les maisons de la Place Navone sont assises sur la base des anciens gradins du cirque de Domitien. Sous ces gradins étaient les voûtes habitées par des femmes perdues."--_Ampère, Emp._ ii. 137.
[309] A corruption of "Epiphania"--Epiphany.
[310]
"Living, great nature feared he might outvie Her works; and, dying, fears herself to die."
_Pope's Translation (without acknowledgment) in his Epitaph on Sir Godfrey Kneller._
[311] Raphael lay in state beneath his last great work, the Transfiguration.
[312] See Gregorovius, Grabmāler der Pāpste.
[313] Author of the "Rationale Divinorum Officiorum"--"A treasure of information on all points connected with the decorations and services of the mediæval church. Durandus was born in Provence about 1220, and died in 1290 at Rome."--_Lord Lindsay._
[314] It is no honour to me to be like another Apelles, but rather, O Christ, that I gave all my gains to thy poor. One was a work for earth, the other for heaven--a city, the flower of Etruria, bare me, John.
[315] That part of the ancient Campus Martius which contains the Theatre of Marcellus and Portico of Octavia, is described in Chapter V.; that which belongs to the Via Flaminia in Chapter II.
[316] Vasari, v.
[317] A scholar of Bronzino.
[318] See Vasari, vol. vii.
[319] It is interesting to observe that the same vision was seen under the same circumstances in other periods of history.
"So the Lord sent pestilence upon Israel, and there fell of Israel seventy thousand men. And God sent an angel to Jerusalem to destroy it ... and David lifted up his eyes, and saw the angel of the Lord stand between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem."--1 Chron. xxi. 14--16.
"Before the plague of London had begun (otherwise than in St. Giles's), seeing a crowd of people in the street, I joined them to satisfy my curiosity, and found them all staring up into the air, to see what a woman told them appeared plain to her. This was an angel clothed in white, with a fiery sword in his hand, waving it, or brandishing it over his head: she described every part of the figure to the life, and showed them the motion and the form."--_Defoe, Hist. of the Plague._
[320] The pictures at Ara Cœli and Sta. Maria Maggiore both claim to be that carried by St. Gregory in this procession. The song of the angels is annually commemorated on St. Mark's Day, when the clergy pass by in procession to St. Peter's; and the Franciscans of Ara Cœli and the canons of Sta. Maria Maggiore, halting here, chaunt the antiphon, _Regina cœli, lætare_.
[321] Hemans' Story of Monuments in Rome.
[322] "Deus, qui apostolo tuo Petro collatis clavibus regni celestis ligandi et solvendi pontificium tradidisti; concede ut intercessionis ejus auxilio, a peccatorum nostrorum legibus liberemur: et hanc civitatem, quam te adjuvante fundavimus, fac ab ira tua in perpetuum permanere securam, et de hostibus, quorum causa constructa est, novos et multiplicatos habere triumphos, per Dominum nostrum," &c.
[323] The same whom Alexander VI. had intended to poison, when he poisoned himself instead.
[324] At the time of its erection Sixtus V. conceded an indulgence of ten years to all who, passing beneath the obelisk, should adore the cross on its summit, repeating a pater-noster.
[325] The inscription is from Isaiah iv. 6, "A tabernacle for a shadow in the daytime from the heat, and for a place of refuge, and for a covert from storm and from rain."
[326] It may not be uninteresting to give the actual words of the benediction:--
"May the holy apostles Peter and Paul, in whose power and dominion we trust, pray for us to the Lord! Amen.
"Through the prayers and merits of the blessed, eternal Virgin Mary, of the blessed archangel Michael, the blessed John the Baptist, the holy apostles Peter and Paul, and all saints--may the Almighty God have mercy upon you, may your sins be forgiven you, and may Jesus Christ lead you to eternal life. Amen.
"Indulgence, absolution, and forgiveness of all sins--time for true repentance, a continual penitent heart and amendment of life,--may the Almighty and merciful God grant you these! Amen.
"And may the blessing of Almighty God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, descend upon you, and remain with you for ever. Amen."
[327] "Exuens se chlamyde, et accipiens bidentem, ipse primus terram aperuit ad fundamenta basilicæ Sancti Petri continendam; deinde in numero duodecim apostolorum duodecim cophinos plenos in humeris superimpositos bajulano, de eo loco ubi fundamenta Basilicæ Apostoli erant jacenda."--_Cod. Vat. 7. Sancta Cæcil._ 2.
[328] The façade of the old basilica is seen in Raphael's fresco of the Incendio del Borgo, and its interior in that of the Coronation of Charlemagne.
[329] See Fergusson's Handbook of Architecture, vol. ii.
[330] As in the portico of the temple of Mars were preserved the verses of the poet Attius upon Junius Brutus.
[331] These letters are in real mosaic. Those in the nave and transepts are in paper--to complete them in mosaic would have been too expensive.
[332] Innocent sent two bishops to receive it at Ancona, two cardinals to receive it at Narni, and went himself, with all his court, to meet it at the Porto del Popolo.
[333] Eaton's Rome.
[334] Gregorovius, Grabmäler der Päpste.
[335] There is a fine portrait of Urban VIII. by Pietro da Cortona, in the Capitol gallery.
[336] See Vasari, vi. 265.
[337] This mosaic occupied ten men constantly for nine years, and cost 60,000 francs.
[338] Gregorovius.
[339] He had been bishop of St. Alban's, and a missionary for the conversion of Norway.
[340] The principal authorities for the fact of St. Peter's being at Rome--so often denied by ultra-protestants--are: St. Jerome, Catalogus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum, in Petro; Tertullian, de Prescriptionibus, c. xxxvi.; and Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, lib. ii. cap. xxiv.
[341] See Hemans' Catholic Italy, vol. i.
[342] See Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome, p. 358.
[343] Pliny, xxxv. 15.
[344] Tac. Ann. xv. 44.
[345] In the Campo-Santo of Pisa.
[346] Fifteen Psalms are sung before the Miserere begins, and one light is extinguished for each--the Psalms being represented by fifteen candles.
[347] See the account of the "Tombs of the Scipios" in Chapter IX.
[348] Who is buried by the altar of S. Pietro in Vincoli.
[349] Gournerie, Rome Chrétienne, ii. 62.
[350] For a detailed account of this collection, see Dennis' "Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria," whence many of the quotations above are taken; also Mrs. Hamilton Gray's "Sepulchres of Etruria."
[351] Vasari calls it Palazzo nel Bosco del Belvedere.
[352] "This is perhaps the grandest of the whole series. Here the Almighty is seen rending like a thunderbolt the thick shroud of fiery clouds, letting in that light under which his works were to spring into life."--_Lady Eastlake._
[353] The candle is ingeniously made crooked in the socket, not to interfere with the lines of the architecture, while the flame is straight.
[354] "According to the 'Spiritual Meadow' of John Moschus, who died A.D. 620, the lion is said to have pined away after Jerome's death, and to have died at last on his grave."
[355] See Stefano Infessura, Rev. Ital. Script, tom. iii.
[356] Corio, 1st mil. p. 876.
[357] _Ampère_, i. 436.
[358] See Hemans' Monuments in Rome.
[359] Piranesi's engraving shows that a hundred years ago there existed, in addition, a colossal bust, and a hand holding the serpent-twined rod of Æsculapius.
[360] Wordsworth.
[361] Hemans' Monuments in Rome.
[362] See the Acts of the Martyrs St. Hippolytus and St. Adrian, and the Acts of St. Calepodius, quoted by Canina, R. Aut. p. 584.
[363] Plautus, Capt. i. I, 22.
[364] See the Epistle of St Denis, the Areopagite, to Timothy.
[365] The accounts of the apostle's death vary greatly: "St. Prudentius says that both St. Peter and St. Paul suffered together in the same field, near a swampy ground, on the banks of the Tiber. Some say St. Peter suffered on the same day of the month, but a year before St. Paul. But Eusebius, St. Epiphanius, and most others, affirm that they suffered the same year, and on the 29th of June."--_Alban Butler._
[366] It is under the shadow of S. Paolo that Cervantes ("Wanderings of Persiles and Sigismunda") places the scene of the death of Periander.
[367] Mrs. Jameson.
[368] Among the most interesting of the objects lost in the fire were the bronze gates ordered by Hildebrand (afterwards Gregory VII.) when legate at Constantinople, for Pantaleone Castelli, in 1070, and adorned with fifty-four scriptural compositions, wrought in silver thread.
[369] This picture is now called the Nuptials of Vertumnus and Pomona.
[370] Turrigeræ Antemnæ.--_Virg. Æn._ vii. 631.
[371]
---- Antemnaque prisco Crustumio prior.
[372] The other two were Cæcina and Crustumium.
[373] See Dyer's Hist. of the City of Rome.
[374] Masses of reddish rock of volcanic tufa are still to be seen here, breaking through the soil of the Campagna.
[375] Built by Mario Mellini in the fifteenth century.
[376] Martial, Ep. x. 45, 5.
[377] Martial, Ep. vi. 92, 3.
[378] Fast. i. 246.
[379] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 227.
[380] Niebuhr, i. 240.
[381] Arnold, Hist. vol. i.
[382] Ampère, Hist. Rom. i. 389.
[383] Niebuhr, i. 353.
[384] Hemans.
[385] See Thiers' History of the French Revolution.
[386] It has been supposed that the beautiful silver vase which is shown in the Corsini Palace, and which was picked up in the Tiber, belonged to this plate.