Part 25

From a photograph made about the year 1900, furnished by Miss Alice C. Fletcher. The structures stood near the bank of the Missouri, north of the Omahas. The photograph was reproduced as plate 18 in the Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

PLATE 38

_a._ From the drawing by Catlin of the original painting. This is No. 503 in Catlin's Catalogue (London, 1848), where it is described as "The Interior of a Mandan Lodge, showing the manner in which it is constructed of poles and covered with dirt. The chief is seen smoking his pipe, and his family grouped around him."

_b._ After the original painting in the National Museum, Washington. This is the fourth and last of Catlin's paintings representing different scenes during the remarkable ceremony by the Mandan. No. 507 in the Catalogue, where it is referred to as "The Last Race."

George Catlin. (See note, pl. 23, _a_.)

PLATE 39

From the engraving of Bodmer's painting used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)

PLATE 40

Reproduced from the engraving of Bodmer's painting as used by Maximilian. (See note, pl. 15.)

PLATE 41

Two wooden bowls and a pottery vessel collected among the Mandan. Specimens in the United States National Museum.

PLATE 42

Examples of spoons, one made of a buffalo horn, the other formed from a horn of a mountain sheep, now in the United States National Museum.

PLATE 43

Reproduction of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum, Washington. It is No. 383 in Catlin's Catalogue, described as "Minatarree Village, earth-covered lodges, on Knife River, 1,810 miles above St. Louis."

George Catlin. (See note, pl. 23, _a_.)

PLATE 44

_a._ Original pencil sketch by Bodmer of the finished picture shown in _b_. The sketch is now in the Edward E. Ayer collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.

_b._ Reproduction of a photograph of the engraving as used by Maximilian.

PLATE 45

After original sketches by Friedrich Kurz. (See note, pl. 23, _b_.)

PLATE 46

_a._ Reproduction of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum, Washington. It is mentioned as No. 491 in Catlin's Catalogue and described as a "Crow Lodge, of twenty-five buffalo-skins." A drawing made from the painting appeared as plate 20 in Vol. I of Catlin's work.

_b._ From the original negative by Jackson now in the Bureau of American Ethnology.

PLATE 47

A rather crude woodcut, made from this photograph, was used in Dunraven's book, _The Great Divide_. Unfortunately it is not known when or by whom this most interesting negative was made, but it was probably the work of J. D. Hutton, a member of the Raynolds party during the exploration of the Yellowstone Valley, 1859-1860. Although the Raynolds journal is in the War Department in Washington, there is no record or list of the photographs, many of which are known to have been made during the journey. A number of Hutton's photographs were reproduced by Hayden in his work _Contributions to the Ethnography and Philology of the Indian Tribes of the Missouri Valley_, Philadelphia, 1862.

PLATE 48

A page from Kurz's sketchbook, carried by him during his travels through the Upper Missouri Valley. This shows several traders approaching Fort Union and a herd of buffalo in the distance on the right. (See note, pl. 23, _b_.)

PLATE 49

Two negatives were made by Jackson, evidently without moving the camera. One was reproduced in Bulletin 69 of this Bureau's publications; the second is now shown. The first negative now belongs to the Bureau, but the present plate is a reproduction of a photograph furnished by the Peabody Museum, Harvard University.

Concerning the photographs now reproduced in plates 49, 50, and 51, Mr. W. H. Jackson, now of Detroit, wrote to the Bureau, April 28, 1921, and said in part: "Negatives to which you refer, viz, of Pawnee village scenes, were made by myself in 1871 on my return from the first Yellowstone expedition of the Survey, this trip also including a visit to the Omaha Agency."

PLATE 50

Earth lodges standing in the Pawnee village. From original negative by W. H. Jackson, 1871. Negative now in the Bureau of American Ethnology.

PLATE 51

Views in the Pawnee village, after photographs by Jackson, 1871. Original photographs belonging to the Bureau of American Ethnology.

PLATE 52

Specimens in the United States National Museum.

PLATE 53

Reproduction of a photograph of the original painting by Catlin, now in the United States National Museum. It is No. 386 in Catlin's Catalogue, described as "Riccaree Village, with earth-covered lodges, 1,600 miles above St. Louis."

George Catlin. (See note, pl. 23, _a_.)

PLATE 54

Specimens in the United States National Museum.

PLATE 55

_a._ From a photograph in the Chittenden scrapbook. (See note, pl. 19.)

_b._ After a photograph in the collection of the United States National Museum.

INDEX

ACCANCEA. _See_ Quapaw.

AGRICULTURE-- among Sauk and Foxes, 40 of the Arikara, 179 of the Mandan, 127 of the Osage, 106

ALGONQUIAN FAMILY-- characteristics of villages of, 7 general movement of groups of, 3 groups comprising western division of, 1 largest north of Mexico, 43 villages of, described, 1

AL-LE-GA-WA-HO'S VILLAGE, 97

ALLEN, J.A., book by, on the buffalo, 7

ALLOUEZ, PÈRE, mission conducted by, 122

AMAHAMI-- once united with the Hidatsa and Crow, 140 village of, on Knife River, 125, 141

AMERICAN FUR COMPANY-- post of, 75 trade of, with Sioux, 61

ANIMALS-- domestic, lack of, among the Iowa, 114 domestic, of the Kansa, 90 of the Dakota country, 4 _See_ Buffalo, Dogs, Game.

ARAPAHO-- an Algonquian group, 1 country occupied by, 33-34 habitations of, 34

ARAPAHO VILLAGE-- described by Fremont, 36-37 photograph of, 37

ARBOR ENTRANCE, a Siouan feature, 122

ARCHITHINUE NATIVES, name applied to Blackfeet, 25, 26

ARIKARA-- a Caddoan group, 2 encampments of, visited by Lewis and Clark, 23 hostility of, to whites, 176, 179 Mandan village occupied by, 139 migration of, 167, 169-170 pottery of, 174 settlement of, near Fort Berthold, 147 skilled agriculturists, 179 warfare of, with Sioux, 70

AKIKARA VILLAGES-- described by Brackenridge, 172, 173 described by Bradbury, 172 described by Maximilian, 175-176 on the Missouri, 168 sites of, 168-169 sketched by Catlin, 175

ARK OF THE FIRST MAN, 129, 132

ARKANSA. _See_ Quapaw.

ARKANSAS BAND, a division of the Osage, 98

ASSINIBOIN, a Missouri River steamboat 130 trip of, to the Yellowstone River, 142

ASSINIBOIN TRIBE-- alliance of, with Cree, 71 camp of, described by Maximilian, 75-76 country occupied by, 71 location and number of, 32 of the Dakota-Assiniboin group, 2 on the march, 73, 74 relation of, to other tribes, 44 separated from Yanktonai, 71 structures of, 71, 72, 73, 76-77 with Cree, at Mandan village, 74

ASSINIBOIN VILLAGE-- size of, 73, 74 movement of, 73, 74

ATSINA, a division of the Arapaho, 1, 25 allied with tribes of the Blackfeet confederacy, 25, 34 fortified camps of, 34 incorporated with the Assiniboin, 25 various names for, 34

ATSINA VILLAGE, described by Maximilian, 35

AVENUE, pottery on site of, 112

AWACHAWI, an Hidatsa village, 142

AWATICHAY, an Hidatsa village, 142

AYAUWAYS, excursions of, against the Osage, 98

BARK-COVERED LODGES-- as summer habitations, 38, 51, 84 as winter habitations, 51 employed in timber country, 184-185 erected by the Dakota, 44 of the Kansa, 95 of the Mdewakanton, 50 of the Ojibway, 9-13, 16, 17, 56 of the Osage, 98 of the Oto, 120 of the Quapaw, 109 of the Sauk and Foxes, 39

BASKETRY-- of the Arikara, 169 of the Osage, 103

BEAUREGARD, MRS. N.H., copy by, of manuscript, 90

BEDS-- of the Caddo, 183 of the Kansa, 92 of the Mandan, 133, 134

BELLEVUE, a trading post on the Missouri, 81

BIG-BELLIED INDIANS. _See_ Atsina.

BIG KAW, an Oto Indian, 117

BIG KNIVES, Kansa name for the whites, 89

BIG TRACK, an Osage chief, 98

BIRCH BARK STRUCTURES, 9-13 _See_ Bark-covered lodges.

BLACKFEET CONFEDERACY, tribes composing, 1, 25

BLACKFEET INDIANS-- camps of, described by Maximilian, 28 ceremonial lodges of, 33 country inhabited by, 27, 32 descriptions of, 25-28 manner of living, 33 number of, 32 warlike nature of, 28 war party of, 31 _See_ Siksika.

BLACK HAWK, birthplace of, 38

BLACK HILLS, no permanent Indian settlement in, 70

BLOOD INDIANS-- country occupied by, 27, 32 number of, 32 _See_ Kainah.

BODMER-- painting by, of Atsina village, 35 painting by, of chief's lodge, 76 painting by, of Mandan village, 133 drawing by, of tipis, 58 sketch by, in Newberry Library, 143

BOWLS, WOODEN, of the Mandan, 137

BRADBURY, visit of, to Omaha village, 78

BRULÉS, a Teton band, 2

BRUSH SHELTERS OF THE ASSINIBOIN, 75

BUFFALO-- Arikara offering to, 174 hunting of, 4-7 importance of, to the Indian, 3-4 manner of traveling, 72

BUFFALO HUNT-- described by Fremont, 35-36 of the Oglala, 68

BUFFALO POUNDS, 5-6 use of, by Blackfeet, 26

BUFFALO SKULLS, a charm to entice buffaloes, 62-63

BUFFALO SOCIETY, Omaha, dance given by, 82

BUFFALO TRAILS, followed by Indians, 7

BULL-BOAT-- characteristic of upper Missouri, 129 of the Hidatsa, 146-147

BURIALS-- Omaha, 78 Oto, 120 scaffold, mention of, 50-51

CACHES-- described by Fletcher and La Flesche, 80 described by Matthews, 150 exposed by railroad cut, 82 for storage of corn, 126 Omaha, described by Gilden, 83, 84 on elevated stage, 12

CADDO-- a tribe of the Caddoan family, 2 country occupied by, 155, 182 described by Joutel, 182-183

CADDOAN FAMILY-- confederacies of, 2 country occupied by, 1 earth lodge characteristic of, 7-8 general movement of, 3 tribes composing, 2

CAHOKIA TRIBE, village of, 41

CANNON RIVER, village near mouth of, 50

CANOES-- birch-bark, 15-16 made of buffalo skins, 94 of the Arikara, 172 of the Hidatsa, 141 Oto, 121 _See_ Bull-boat.

CAPPA, a Quapaw village, 109

CASTAÑEDA, thatched houses mentioned by, 179

CATLIN, GEORGE-- among the Mandan, 128 among the Teton, 61 Arikara village sketched by, 175 collection of paintings by, in National Museum, 15, 129, 141, 175 incorrect drawings by, of earth lodges, 149 Indian portraits painted by, 62 Ojibway camp described by, 15

CAVES, in the Ozarks, occupied by Indians, 107

CEREMONIAL LODGE-- of the Crows, 155 of the Hidatsa, 144 of the Ojibway, 13 of the Quapaw, 111 of the Sun dance, 63 _See_ Medicine lodge.

CEREMONIAL SHELTER, temporary, of the Cree and Ojibway, 18-19

CEREMONIES, Arikara, in medicine lodge, 178

CHATIQUE, an Assiniboin chief, 71

CHAUI, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy, 2

CHEROKEES, migration of remnant of, 2

CHEYENNE INDIANS-- an Algonquian group, 1 described by Lewis and Clark, 24 in Arapaho village, 36 lodges of, for special purposes, 25 lodges of, like Pawnee, 24, 25 territory occupied by, 21 various habitations of, 22

CHEYENNE VILLAGE SITES-- described by Grinnell, 22-23 mentioned by Lewis and Clark, 23

CHIEFS, decorations on lodges of, 67, 76

CHILDS POINT, ruins on, 82

CHIPPEWAY-- treaty of, with Sioux, 15 _See_ Ojibway.

CHIWERE GROUP OF SIOUAN TRIBES, 2 habitations of, 113 tribes composing, 112

CHOCTAW, temporary village of, 110

CHOLERA AMONG THE OGLALA, 64

CHOTE, town house at, 118

CIRCLES-- of earth, 21, 28, 30 of stone, 20, 21

CLARMONT, French name of Osage chief, 103

CLOTHING-- made of buffalo hides, 3, 4 of the Kansa, 94

CLUB, wooden, of the Mandan, 138

COCKING, MATTHEW, journey of, 26-27

COLBERT, first name of Mississippi River, 109

CORN, cultivation of, 39, 40, 106, 127, 179

CORONADO EXPEDITION, thatched houses seen by, 179

COUNCIL BLUFFS, origin of the name, 115, 157

COUNCIL HOUSE-- of the Kansa, 92-93 of the Ojibway, 16 of the Oto, 117 of the Teton, 60

CREE INDIANS-- habitations of, 17-21 language of, 17 population of, 18, 19 related to Ojibway, 17 loving disposition of, 19 territory inhabited by, 1, 18, 19 with Assiniboin at Mandan village, 74 _See_ Knistenaux.

CROW INDIANS-- a tribe of the Hidatsa group, 2 arrangement of camps of, 154 ceremonial lodge of, 154-155 country inhabited by, 151, 152-153 described by Larocque, 151 lodges of, described, 152-154 separation of, from the Hidatsa, 150 wandering habits of, 153

CUSTER, GENERAL, mention of, 70

CUSTOMS-- of the Blackfeet, 26-27 of the Cree, 18-19 of the Ojibway, 8-11, 13, 17 of the Omaha, 85-87 of the Osage, 105-106 of the Pawnee, 163-165 of the Sauk and Foxes, 39-41 of the Teton, 60-61 of the Wahpeton, 53 of the Yanktonai, 54-57

DAKOTA-ASSINIBOIN GROUP, 2 country occupied by, 44 habitations of, 44-45 tribes composing, 44

DANCE-- of the Teton, 60 _See_ Dog dance, Sacred dance, Sun dance, War dance.

DE SMET, FATHER, at the Kansa villages, 95-96

DECORATION OF LODGES, 28, 67, 75-76, 78, 85

DELAWARE INDIANS-- abandoned settlement of, 42-43 log cabins built by, 42 migration of remnant of, 2, 3

DHEGIHA GROUP, 2 migration of, 77

DODGE, COL. R. I., with expedition into Black Hills, 70

DOG DANCE OF THE KANSA, 93

DOG FEAST, painting of, 15

DOG TRAVOIS, 19-20, 55, 65, 76

DOGS-- as a sacrifice, 52, 61 as beasts of burden, 28 as food, 28, 53, 54 as sacred animals, 53 use of, for transportation, 72, 73 _See_ Dog travois.

DORSEY, J. O., Omaha structures described by, 85

DOUAY, PÈRE ANASTASIUS, Quapaw villages mentioned by, 110

DWELLINGS. _See_ Lodges, Tipi, Wigwam.

EARTH CIRCLES-- explanations of, 21 noticed by Maximilian, 28, 30

EARTH LODGE-- Arikara, 170, 173, 176 characteristic of Missouri River tribes, 185 Cheyenne, no pictures of, 24 erected by Caddoan tribes, 8 Gros Ventres, 148 Hidatsa, 142 interior of, 81, 161-162 Mandan, 128, 130, 132, 133 most accurate drawing of, 143 not in tribal circle, 84 Omaha, 79-80, 82-83 Oto, 115, 116, 117 Pawnee, 156, 161-162 suggestive of Creek and Cherokee council house, 185 used by Dhegiha group, 77

EARTHENWARE-- in the Ozark country, 107 _See_ Pottery.

EARTHWORKS, attributed to Dhegiha group, 77

EASTMAN, CAPT., painting by, 51, 54

ELAH-SA, an Hidatsa village, 142

ELLSWORTH, H. L., expedition led by, 116, 159-161

ELM BARK, structures of, 16, 17, 39 _See_ Bark-covered lodges.

ENGINEER CANTONMENT, winter quarters of Long expedition, 157

ENTRANCE-- to earth lodge, 149 to Winnebago dwelling, 122

ENVIRONMENT, influence of-- on form of dwelling, 184 on manners and customs, 8

FALL INDIANS, location and number of, 32 _See_ Atsina.

FALL OF THE RAPID INDIANS, a name for the Atsina, 34

FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY-- Indian camp at, 15 named by Father Hennepin, 45

FEASTS-- given by Blackfoot chief, 29 of the Cree, 18-19 of the Teton Sioux, 61-62

FISH, method of curing, 10

FLOOR MATS, method of making, 41

FOOD-- method of cooking illustrated, 10 of the Mandan, 127, 136 of the Ojibway, 8-9 of the Osage, 104, 105-106 _See_ Agriculture, Buffalo, Corn, Dogs, Fish, Game.

FOOL CHIEF, a Kansa chief, 96 village of, 97

FORT BERTHOLD, tribes near, 147

FORT CLARK-- erection of, 176 Mandan village near, 130, 139, 140 _See_ Fort Osage.

FORT CRAWFORD, establishment of, 184

FORT DE BOURBON-- location of, 72 mention of, 71

FORT DES PRAIRIES, mention of, 72

FORT JOHN, destroyed by North American Fur Company, 69

FORT LARAMIE, description of, 69

FORT LEAVENWORTH, early description of, 116

FORT LOOKOUT, treaty concluded at, 57

FORT OSAGE-- later named Fort Clark, 99 village near, 100

FORT PIERRE-- gathering of Yankton near, 57, 59 sketch of, 63

FORT SNELLING-- encampment at, 15 establishment of, 184

FORT UNION-- Assiniboin camp at, 75 stay at, of Friedrich Kurz, 76 visit at, of Maximilian, 142

FORT YATES, villages near, 22

FORTIFIED VILLAGES-- Arikara, 168, 171, 172 Hidatsa, 147 Mandan, 123, 131

FORTS BUILT BY INDIANS, 34, 35

FOX INDIANS-- habitat of, 1 present location of, 38 visited by Long, 38 _See_ Sauk and Foxes.

FREMONT, arrival of, at Kansa towns, 96

FUR TRADE OF THE TETON, 61

FURS, huge quantities of, collected by Sauk and Foxes, 40

GAME-- abundance of, at Isle au Vache, 91 _See_ Animals, Buffalo, Hunting.

GAMES-- played by the Omaha, 81 space for playing, 129

GILDER, R. F., village site identified by, 82

GILFILLAN, DR. J. A., missionary among the Ojibway, 11

GRAND PAWNEE-- visit to, of Long expedition, 158 _See_ Chaui.

GRANT, PETER, Ojibway dwellings described by, 9-10

GRASS LODGE-- as temporary shelter, 13-14 of the Caddo, 183 of the Wichita, 179-180 photograph of, 180

GREAT OSAGE, an Osage band, 98

GRINNELL, GEORGE B., erection of medicine lodge described by, 33

GROS VENTRES. _See_ Hidatsa.

GROS VENTRES OF THE MISSOURI, a name applied to the Hidatsa, 141

GROS VENTRES OF THE PRAIRIE, a name applied to the Atsina, 34, 141 _See_ Atsina.

HABITATIONS. _See_ Lodges, Tipi, Wigwam.

HA-WON-JE-TAH, a Teton Sioux chief, 61, 62

HENDRY, ANTHONY, Journal of, 25

HENRY, ALEXANDER, travels of, through Assiniboin country, 71-73

HIDATSA GROUP, tribes composing, 2, 140

HIDATSA TRIBE-- ceremonial lodge of, 144 creation myth of, 143 temporary lodge of, 147 winter village of, 143, 149 _See_ Minnetarees.

HIDATSA VILLAGES-- descriptions of, 142-143, 145-146, 148-150 Indian drawings of, 139 location of, 141 near Fort Berthold, 147 painting of, by Catlin, 141 plan of, 145 sites of, compared with Mandan, 146 temporary, for winter use, 149

HIME, HUMPHREY LLOYD, photographs made by, 12

HIND EXPEDITION-- camp sites observed by, 20-21 Ojibway structures encountered by, 12

HOE, made by Arikara, 177

HORSE TRAVOIS, 30, 65, 66

HORSERACING of the Blackfeet, 31

HORSES, housed in lodges of the Mandan, 126

HOUSE RINGS, 20, 21, 22, 28, 30

HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY-- journals of traders of, 25 trade of, with the Blackfeet, 27 trading post of, 76

HUNKPAPA, a Teton band, 2

HUNTING-- customs of the Osage, 103, 106 customs of the Sauk and Foxes, 40 excursions of the Mandan, 126 excursions of the Omaha, 85-87 grounds used for, by Oto, 116 of antelope, a method of, 6 of buffalo, 4-7 parties of the Mandan, 136 trips of the Pawnee, 166-167

ILLINOIS CONFEDERACY, villages of, 41-43

ILLINOIS INDIANS-- village of, 41 west of the Mississippi, 1

IMPLEMENTS-- agricultural, of the Arikara, 177 flint, on Omaha village site, 82, 83 for skin dressing, 138 stone, found on White River, 108

INDIAN PEACE COMMISSION, visit of, to Fort Laramie, 69

IOTAN, an Oto chief, 117

IOWA TRIBE-- appearance of villages of, 113 belonging to Chiwere group, 2 brief description of, 114 closely connected with Winnebago, 122 habitations of, 114 migration of, 113

IRON BIRD, an Osage chief, 103

IRVIN, SAMUEL M., missionary among the Iowa, 114

IRVING, WASHINGTON-- deserted village described by, 105 Indian symbols mentioned by, 43

ISH-TAL-A-SA'S VILLAGE, 97

ISLE AU VACHE-- brief history of, by Remsburg, 94 council at, between Kansa and Long party, 91 location of, 94 remains near, 91

ISSATI VILLAGE, site of, 45

ITAZIPCHO, a Teton band, 2 _See_ Sans Arcs.

JACKSON, W. H., photographs made by, 162

JARAMILLO, JUAN, an officer of the Coronado expedition, 179

JONGLERIE, or medicine lodge, 16-17

JOURNALS OF TRADERS, Blackfeet described in, 25

JOUTEL-- account by, of Quapaw villages, 109 Caddo tribe described by, 182-183

KAINAH, a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy, 1, 25

KANE, PAUL-- Ojibway wigwam described by, 10 paintings by, 20, 77

KANSA INDIANS-- a tribe of the Dhegiha group, 2, 77 attack on, by Pawnee, 96 dress of, 94 migration of, 89 population of, 89, 95 variety of dwellings of, 97 villages of, described, 90, 92, 95-96, 97 visit of, to the Oto, 121

KAPOSIA, village of, 50, 51

KINGFISHER, an old Ojibway, 12

KITKEHAHKI, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy, 2

KNISTENAUX-- at Mandan village, 74 language spoken by, 74 location and number of, 32 _See_ Cree.

KURZ, FRIEDRICH-- among the Omaha, 81 at Fort Union, 76 sketches by, 20, 63, 121

LA FLESCHE, JOSEPH, an Omaha chief, 82

LA HARPE, meeting of, with the Quapaw, 110

LA PETIT CORBEAU, a Sioux chief, village of, 38

LA SALLE EXPEDITION, 109, 182

LA VERENDRYE EXPEDITION, 73-74, 122

LAC DE L'ISLE CROIX, Cree bands along, 18

LAHCOCAT, an Arikara village, 169

LAKE HURON, encampment on islands of, 10

LAKE SUPERIOR, structures on shores of, 9

LAROCQUE, ANTOINE, visit of, among the Crows, 151

LE RAYE, references in journal of, to the Arikara, 168

LEAVENWORTH, establishment of, 184

LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION, villages visited by, 23, 34, 60, 74, 75, 78, 89, 90, 114-115, 124-126

LINDENWOOD COLLEGE, manuscript journal in possession of, 90

LIQUOR, use of, among Indians, 75

LITTLE DOG, a Piegan Indian, 30

LITTLE OSAGE, an Osage band, 98

LITTLE OSAGE RIVER, Osage villages in valley of, 99

LITTLE RAVEN, village of, 48, 49, 50

LODGES. _See_ Bark-covered lodges, Ceremonial lodge, Earth lodge, Grass lodge, Log houses, Mat-covered lodge, Skin lodge, Thatched lodge, Tipi, Traders lodge, Wigwam.

LOG CABINS-- built by Cree, 18 of the Delaware, 42 _See_ Log houses.

LOG HOUSES-- construction of, 48 of Fox Indians, 38 of Sioux chief, 39 of upright posts, 48, 49, 50

LONG, MAJ. STEPHEN H., expedition under command of, 47, 157

LOUISIANA PURCHASE, change of conditions due to, 184

LOW HORN, a Piegan chief, 30

LUDLOW EXPLORING PARTY, 70

MAHAWHA, village of the Amahami, 125

MALTA, MO., former Osage village near, 99

MANDAN-- a Siouan tribe, 2 history of, 125 settled near Fort Berthold, 147 village sites of, compared with Hidatsa, 146

MANDAN VILLAGES-- described by Catlin, 128, 129-130 described by Maximilian, 130-132 deserted, 124 French expedition to, 122-123 Indian drawings of, 139 occupied by Arikaras, 176 plan of, 131

MANITOBAH HOUSE, wigwam near, 12

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. _See_ Customs.

MARQUETTE, PÈRE-- Illinois tribes visited by, 41 Osage villages listed by, 98 Quapaw villages reached by, 108

MARSTON, MAJOR M., life of Sauk and Foxes described by, 39-41

MARTIN, CAPTAIN, stay of detachment of, at Isle au Vache, 91

MAT-COVERED LODGE-- as winter habitation, 38 of the Kansa, 91, 92 of the Osage, 98, 99, 100 used by Dhegiha group, 77

MATOOTONHA, a Mandan village, 125

MATS, rush, method of making, 41

MATTHEWS, description by, of Hidatsa villages, 148-150

MAXIMILIAN, villages visited by, 19, 28, 29, 35, 88, 130-136, 175-176

MDEWAKANTON TRIBE-- a division of the Dakota, 2, 44 sites of settlements of, 15 villages of, 45-52

MEDICINE, meaning of the term, 164

MEDICINE BAG OF THE DAKOTAS, 55

MEDICINE FEAST-- of the Hidatsa, 143-145 of the Mandan, 135, 136

MEDICINE LODGE-- Arikara, 172-173, 178 ceremony of erecting, 33 of the Blackfeet, 33 of the Mandan, 129 Ojibway, 12, 13, 16-17

METAHARTA, a Minnetaree village, 125, 126