i. 487;

sanctions perjury towards heretics, ii. 210 _note_ c; his contest with Clement VII., 240; validity of his election, 241.

Urgel (count of), lays claim to the crown of Aragon, ii. 40, 41; rejection of his pretensions, 42; consequences of his unwise resort to arms, _ib._

Usury treated as a crime, iii. 337, 339 _note_ c.

Valencia, constitution of the kingdom of, ii. 57.

Valentinian III., authority of the holy see extended by, ii. 161.

Vandals, portions of the Roman empire possessed by the, i. 1.

Vase of Soissons, story of the, i. 155; principle involved in the anecdote, 301, 302 and _note_ p.

Vassals and Vassalage. See Feudal System.

Vavassors, privileges attaching to the rank of, i. 194 and _note_ b; their manorial courts, 219.

Venice, conflicts of, with Genoa, i. 444; defeat of her admiral by the Genoese, 445; insolence of the latter towards her ambassadors, 446; successful tactics of her doge, 447; triumph of her fleet, 448; her alleged early independence, 452; her subjection to the emperors, 453 and _note_ n; her Dalmatian and Levantine acquisitions, 454; her government: powers of the doge, 455; the great council, 456; criminal jurisdiction, how exercised, 457; checks to undue influence on the part of the doge, 458; singular complication in ballots for the dogeship, 459; Marin Falieri's treason, 460; the council of ten and its secret proceedings, 460, 461; exclusion of the nobles from trade, 461 _note_ y; Venetian form of government not entitled to high admiration, 462, 463 and _note_; territorial acquisitions of Venice, 464; prophecy of the doge Mocenigo, 465, 466 and _note_; Venetian conquests under Carmagnola, 466; wars of the republic with Mahomet II., 493, 495.

Verdun, treaty of, i. 16; its results, 17 and _notes_.

Vere, favouritism of Richard II. towards, iii. 66; his funeral, 74.

Verona, seized by Francesco da Carrara, i. 464.

Vienna, AEneas Sylvius's florid description of, iii. 345 _note_ u.

Villani (John) falls a victim to the plague, i. 57 _note_.

Villeins and villenage: conditions of villeins, i. 199; consequences of their marriage with free persons, 200, and 201 _note_ b; privileges acquired by them, 201, 202 and _notes_; their obligations, 331; their legal position in England, 333; villenage never established in Leon and Castile, ii. 6; question of its existence among the Anglo-Saxons, 276; dependence of the villein on his lord, iii. 171; condition of his property and children, 172 and _note_ b; legal distinctions, 172 and _notes_; difficulties besetting the abolition of villenage, 173; gradual softening of its features, 174-176; merger of villeins into hired labourers, 177; effects of the anti-poll-tax insurrection, 181; disappearance of villenage, 181, 182; elucidatory _notes_ on the subject, 260-264.

Virgin, absurd miracles ascribed to the, iii. 300 _note_.

Visconti and Torriani families, rivalry of the, i. 409, 410; triumph of the Visconti, 410; their power and unpopularity, 411; their marriages with royalty, 412 and _note_ e; tyranny of Bernabo Visconti, 439; Giovanni Visconti's brutality, _ib._; his assassination, 466; Filippo Visconti's accession, _ib._; his ingratitude to Carmagnola, _ib._; his mistrust of Sforza, 482; his alliance with Alfonso, 492; quarrels of the family with the popes, ii. 235.

Visigoths, portions of the Roman provinces possessed by the, i. 1; conduct of their earlier rulers towards the catholics, 3 _note_ f; their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146; their laws, how compiled, 151, 152 _note_ z; difference between the Frank monarchy and theirs, ii. 1, 2.

Voltaire, limited knowledge of early French history by, i. 213 _note_ p.

Wages, futility of laws for the regulation of, iii. 178. See Labourers.

Waldenses. See Religious Sects.

Wales, causes of the turbulent state of, iii. 169 _note_.

Walworth, and Philpot made stewards of a subsidy (temp. Richard II.),