i. 328, 329;

contrary hypothesis of M. Guerard, 329-331.

Sforza Attendolo, rise to distinction of, i. 481; his tactics relative to the crown of Naples, 489, 490.

Sforza (Francesco), powerful position achieved by, i. 483; becomes duke of Milan, _ib._; joins in the quadruple league, 493; his policy towards Naples, 504; accession and assassination of his son Galeazzo, 496; policy of Ludovico Sforza, _ib._; he directs the French king's attention towards Naples, 505; short-sightedness of his views, _ib._

Sheriffs, partiality of, in elections, iii. 113; how originally appointed, 120 and _note_ y.

Sicily, conquest of, by Roger Guiscard, i. 363; its subsequent fortunes, 378; its rebellion against Charles of Anjou, 483; the Sicilian Vespers, 484 and _note_; opposition of the Sicilians to Charles II. of Naples, 484; settlement of the crown on Frederic, 485; Sicilian possessions of the Chiaramonti, 490; union of Sicily with Aragon, _ib._

Sigismund elected emperor of Germany, ii. 87 and _note_ g; his safe-conduct violated, 102; acquires the crown of Hungary, 104; his conduct at the council of Constance, 249.

Silk manufacture established in Palermo, iii. 331.

Silvester II. (pope), scientific acquirements of, iii. 290, 291 _note_.

Simony. See Church, Clergy.

Slavery, existence of, in ancient times, i, 197; its features amongst the Franks, 198 and _note_ q; voluntarily submitted to from superstitious motives, 199; edicts for its abolition, 202; submitted to by the poor for subsistence sake, 328; Venetian and English slave-trading, iii. 316 and _note_ d.

Society, state of. See Architecture, Chivalry, Clergy, Feudal System, Learning, Superstition, Trade, Villenage.

Sorel (Agnes), examination of the story of, i. 80 _note_ z.

Southey's Joan of Arc, eulogium of a French writer upon, i. 143.

Spain, character of the Visigothic kingdoms in, ii. 1; its conquest by the Saracens, 2; kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Castile, 3, 4; reverses of the Saracens, 5; chartered towns, 6, 7, 8; establishment of military orders, 8; non-expulsion of the Moors, 10; its probable cause, 11; Alfonso X. and his shortcomings, 12; frequent defection of the nobles, 13; Peter the Cruel, 14; accession of the Trastamare line, 15; disgrace and execution of Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17; contests after Henry IV.'s death, 18; constitution of the national councils, 19; composition of the Cortes, 21; its trade relations with England, iii. 327. See Aragon, Castile, Cortes.

Spelman (Sir Henry), remarkable mistake of, i. 166 _note_ n.

Sports of the field, popularity of, iii. 309; addiction of the clergy thereto, 310; evils attendant thereon, 311.

States-General of France, memorable resistance to taxation by the, i. 66; convoked by Philip IV., 225, 226; probability of their earlier convocation canvassed, _ib. note_; Philip's politic reasons for summoning them, 226; extent of their rights as to taxation, 227, 228 and _notes_; their resolute proceedings in 1355 and 1356, 228; their protest against the debasement of the coin, 230 and _notes_; disappointment occasioned by their proceedings in 1357, 231; they compel Charles VI. to revoke all illegal taxes, 232; effect of their limited functions, 233; theoretical respect attached to their sanction, 234; provincial estates and their jurisdiction, _ib._; encroachments of Louis XI., 235; the States-General of Tours, 236; means by which their deliberations were jeopardized, _ib._; unpalatable nature of their remonstrances, 237.

Stephen (king), cruel treatment of the people in his reign, ii. 319 _note_.

Stratford (archbishop), circumstances attending the trial of, iii. 205.

Succession to kingly and other dignities. See Hereditary Succession.

Suevi, part of the Roman empire held by the, i. 1.

Suffolk (duke of), impeachment of, iii. 99.

Suffolk (earl of). See Pole.

Sumptuary laws, enactment and disregard of, iii. 343, 344 and _notes_.

Superstition, learning discouraged by, iii. 274; its universal prevalence, 293; instances of its results, 294; ordeals, 294, 295 and _notes_; fanatical gatherings: the White Caps, 296; the Pastoureaux, _ib._; the Flagellants, 297; the Bianchi, 298; pretended miracles, and their attendant evils, 298, 299; miracles ascribed to the Virgin, 300 and _note_; redeeming features of the system, 301; penances and pilgrimages, 306, 307. See Religious Sects.

Surnames, introduction of, i. 190.

Sweden, semi-feudal custom in, relative to military service, 188 _note_ g.

Swineford (Katherine), proceedings relative to the marriage of, iii. 74, 75.

Switzerland, early history of, ii. 107; ascendency of Rodolph, _ib._; expulsion and defeat of Albert and Leopold, 108, 109; formation of the Swiss confederation, 109; indomitable heroism of the Swiss, 111; their military excellence, _ib._; failure of Maximilian's attempt to subjugate them, 112.

Syagrius, Roman provinces governed by, i. 2; defeated by Clovis, _ib._ and 106.

Taborites, fanaticism and courage of the, ii. 103; iii. 390.

Tacitus, general accuracy of the descriptions of, i. 273; qualifications necessary to be observed touching his account of the Germans, 274.

Tartars. See Moguls.

Taxation, remarks on the philosophy of, i. 68; clumsy substitutes for taxes in the middle ages, 208; arbitrary course adopted by Philip Augustus, 212; conditions annexed by the States-General to a grant of taxes, 230; Philip de Comines on taxation, 236; taxes under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 321, 322 and _notes_. See States-General.

Temple, knights of the. See Knights Templars.

Tenure of land under the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans, ii. 293-301, 406-410. See Feudal System.

Teutonic knights, establishment of the order of, i. 40.

Theodebert, story of the wife of, iii. 306 _note_ u.

Theodoric, disregard of learning by, iii. 275.

Thierry (son of Clovis), territories possessed by, i. 4, and 5 _note_.

Timur, conquering career of, ii. 133.

Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144; Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and _notes_; origin of lay impropriators, 148; _note_ relative to the subject, 263.

Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Torriani. See Visconti.

Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27 and _note_ r; their fall, 29. See Raymond VI.

Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256; considerations on the causes of such grants, _ib._ 257; privileges of incorporated towns, 258; their relationship towards the crown, 259-261; independence of maritime towns, 261; chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6; their privileges and duties, 7, 8; cause of their importance, 20; cities of Germany [see Germany]; cities of Italy [see Florence, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Venice].

Towns of England, progress of the, iii. 19; Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, 20 _note_ r; conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, 21; incorporation of towns by charter, 22 and _notes_; curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, 23 _note_ b; prosperity of the towns, 24; early importance and populousness of London, 24, 25 and _notes_; participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, 26; first summoning of towns to parliament, 27. See Municipal Institutions.

Trade and commerce, mediaeval non-existence of, iii. 313; barriers to their progress, _ib._ 314; extent of foreign commerce, 315; home traffic in slaves 316 and _note_ d; woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings relative thereto, 318-323 and _notes_; opening of the Baltic trade, 324; growth of English commerce, 325; opulence of English merchants, _ib._ 326; increase of maritime traffic, 326-328; commercial eminence of the Italian states, 328-330 and _notes_; invention of the mariners' compass, 332, 333; compilation of maritime laws, 333; frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, 334; practice of reprisals, 335, 336 and _notes_; liability of aliens for each other's debts, 336; trade profits and rates of interest, 337; price of corn and cattle, 368.

Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and _notes_; abolished by St. Louis, 244.

Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288; early modes of trial, 386-388; abolition of trial by ordeal, 390; difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392; original functions of juries, _ib._; origin of the modern system, 402-404; character of the early system, 405.

Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. 434-436.

Troyes, conditions of the treaty of, i. 76 and _note_.

Turks, Italian fears of the, i. 495; triumphant progress of their arms, ii. 127; their defeat by the crusaders and Alexius, 128; their settlement under Othman, 132; war declared against them at Frankfort, 136; the Janizaries, 137. See Ottomans.

Tuscany (Boniface, marquis of), flogged for simony, ii. 181 _note_ q.

Tuscany, league of the cities of, i. 382; espousal of the papal cause, _ib._ 389; progress of its cities. See Florence.

Uladislaus crowned king of Hungary, ii. 105; violates his treaty with the Turks, _ib._; its fatal results, _ib._

Urban II., encouragement of the crusades by, i. 34; he succeeds Gregory VII., ii. 187; his concession to the kings of Castile, 190.

Urban V. retransfers the papal court to Avignon, ii. 240.

Urban VI. aids Charles of Durazzo in his designs on Joanna of Naples,