iii. 66;

refusal of Richard II. to dismiss him, 67; his impeachment and sentence, 68; subsequent proceedings relative to him, 72.

Porcaro, revolt and death of, i. 419.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255; repealed by Louis XI., _ib._; its popularity with the people, _ib._; liberties secured by it, 256.

Pragmatic Sanction of S. Louis, enactment of the, ii. 214 and _note_.

Prague university, opposition of the nobles to the institution of, ii. 102 _note_ t; fate of its rector, _ib._

Precarious, origin of the adjective, ii. 147 _note_ d.

Prerogative of the kings of England, observations on the, iii. 147, 257-260. See English Constitution.

Prices of commodities, iii. 368-370.

Printing, invention of, iii. 471; first books printed, _ib._; Italian presses, 472. See Learning.

Protadius, oppressive conduct of, i. 114.

Provence annexed to the French dominions, i. 100; _note_ upon its history, 101.

Public weal, origin of the war of the, i. 85; object of its chiefs, 87, 88 and _note_ n; their fate, 89.

Punishments amongst the Franks for murder, i. 150, 151 and _notes_, 198 and _note_ q, 281; amongst the Burgundians, 151 and _note_ s.

Purveyance, oppressive operation of the prerogative of, iii. 148, and 149 _note_.

Races, turbulence of the Carlovingian period ascribed to the antipathy between, i. 128-134.

Rachimburgii, the, i. 214; difference between them and the Scabini, 216 _note_ z.

Ravenna, conquest and reconquest of. i. 8, 9.

Raymond VI. (count of Toulouse) excommunicated by Innocent III., i. 28; reverses of his son Raymond, 29.

Regencies, rule in France relative to, i. 68 and _note_ a; instances of regencies in England, and principles deducible therefrom, iii. 184-190.

Religious sects, moral improvement accelerated by the growth of, iii. 378; tenets of the Manicheans and Paulicians, 378, 379 and _notes_; the Albigenses, and controversies respecting them, 380, 381 and _note_; origin of the Waldenses, 382, 383 and _notes_; morality of their life, 384 _note_ b; Manicheism of the Albigenses, 385; persecutions at Oxford, _ib._ and _note_; secret readings of the scriptures, 386; persecutions for witchcraft, _ib._ _note_; permissions and prohibitions concerning the sacred writings, 387; continued spread of heresies, 388; strictnesses of Lollardism, 389; schism of the Hussites, 389, 390 and _note_ m.

Representation of the towns. See Parliament, States-General.

Representative legislation, first germ of, i. 216. See Parliament.

Revenues of the kings of France, how derived, i. 208-212. See Taxation.

Richard I., non-success of, against Philip Augustus, i. 26; joins with Philip in the crusades, 40; his prowess; terror excited by his name, _ib._ and _note_ t; his refusal relative to the right of private war, 207 _note_ t; his submission to the pope, ii. 197; deposition of his chancellor, 325; enactment of the laws of Oleron imputed to him, iii. 334; his character as a troubadour, 439 and _note_ k.

Richard II. loses ground in France, i. 64, 65; his coronation, iii. 58; his council during his minority, _ib._; his struggles with parliament, 62-64; sketch of his character, 65; his dependence on favourites, 66; his refusal to dismiss de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, 67; determined conduct of the commons towards him, 67, 68; he yields to their demands, 69; his further attempts at independent rule, 73; his complaint against the commons, 75; their submission, 76; his seizure of the duke of Gloucester and other arbitrary acts, 77-79; necessity for his deposition, 80; progress of the constitution during his reign, 83; extent of his malpractices relative to the raising of money, 84, 85; his attack upon Haxey, 76, 102.

Richard (earl of Cornwall), chosen emperor of Germany, ii. 76; absurdity of the choice, 77.

Richard (duke of York). See York.

Richer (a mediaeval historian), degree of value due to the testimony of, i. 130.

"Riding the city," meaning of the phrase, i. 429.

Rienzi (Nicola di), sudden accession to power of, i. 417; his exile, recall, and death, 418; Petrarch's enthusiasm towards him, _ib. note_.

Robert of Artois, impolitic act of forgery committed by, i. 47 _note_ k.

Robert of Gloucester, and other metrical writers, iii. 453.

Robert of Naples, wise rule of, i. 485; singular provision made by him, ii. 226 _note_ x.

Robert (count palatine) supersedes Wenceslaus as emperor of Germany, ii. 87.

Robertson (the historian), value of his treatise on private warfare, i. 207 _note_ t.

Rochelle, patriotism of the citizens of, i. 63.

Roderick the last of the Goths, credibility of the legend relative to, ii. 62-65.

Rodolph of Hapsburg elected emperor of Germany, ii. 81; Austria conferred upon his son, _ib._; his ascendency in Switzerland, 107.

Rollo of Normandy, conversion of, i. 22.

Romance language, ascendency in the Frank dominions of the, i. 131. See Learning.

Romano (Eccelin da). See Eccelin.

Rome, subversion of the empire of, i. 1; its division by barbarous races, _ib._; portion which remained subject to it, 2; partition of its provinces amongst their conquerors, 146, 275-278; its municipal institutions, 339, 340; its internal state in the tenth century, 358; infamous conduct of candidates for the papal chair, 359; execution of the consul Crescentius, 359 and _note_; schemes of Innocent III. for aggrandizing the holy see, 381, 382; increase of the temporal authority of the popes, 414; the Roman orator and Frederic Barbarossa, 415 and _note_; expulsion of popes by the citizens, 416; the senators and their jurisdiction, _ib._; mutual animosities of the nobles, 417; rise and fall of Rienzi, _ib._, 418; transient revival of the republican spirit, 418; miscarriage of Porcaro's revolutionary projects, 419. See Papal Power.

Romeo and Juliet, parallel to the story of, i. 402 and _note_.

Saint Bathilda, character of, i. 112.

Saint Boniface. See Winfrid.

Saint Denis, sum paid for redeeming the abbot of, i. 22.

Saint John of Jerusalem, knights of, i. 40; their saint, who he was, _ib. note_ r; their enormous possessions, _ib._ and _note_ s.

Saint Louis. See Louis IX.

Saint Medard, parentage of, i. 296.

Saint Pol (count of), anecdote of, i. 84 _note_ f; executed on the scaffold, 89; anecdote of his distrust of Louis XI, 97 _note_.

Saint Wilfrid, historical service rendered by, i. 112.

Saints, great addition to the calendar of, in the time of Clovis and his sons, i. 111; historical value of their lives, _ib._; extent of their title to canonization, 112, 113.

Saladin, conquest of Jerusalem by, i. 40.

Salic lands, characteristics of, i. 147-149 and _notes_.

Salic law, circumstances which led to the confirmation of the, i. 47, 48; date of its enactment, 278, 279; its incompleteness as a code, 280.

Sancho the Great bestows Castile on his second son, ii. 4; he incorporates Naxara, 6.

Sancho IV. assassinates Don Lope, ii. 13; clerical encroachments encouraged by, 220 _note_ r.

Sanctuary, institution of the privilege of, iii. 302.

Saracens, expulsion of the, from France, i. 7 and _note_ q; their inroads upon Italy, 19 and _note_ u; Eudon's great victory over them, 116; their conflicts with the Christians [see Crusades]; they conquer Spain, ii, 2; encroachments of the Christians on their territories, 3; mainspring of their heroism, 117; their eastern conquests, 119; their triumphs in the west, _ib._; effect of their successes, _ib._; their internal dissensions, 121. See Crusades, Moors.

Saragosa taken from the Moors, ii. 5.

Sardinia conquered by the Pisans, i. 441; its cession to the king of Aragon, 443.

Saxons, obstinate resistance to Charlemagne by the, i. 10; enormous number beheaded by him, 13; true cause of their wars with the Franks, 120; their early kings, 303. See Anglo-Saxons.

Scabini, representative character of the, i. 216; difference between them and the Rachimburgii, _ib. note_ z; their functions, 238 and _note_ g.

Scanderbeg, protracted opposition to the Turks by, ii. 138.

Scandinavia and her Sea Kings, ii. 271.

Sclavonians, territories occupied by the, i. 19.

Scotus (Duns), notices of, iii. 427, 428 _note_ i, 429.

Scotus (John), an exception to the ignorance of his times, iii. 290 and _note_ r; character of the philosophy introduced by him, 430 _note_ p.

Scrope (lord steward), answers to the commons by, iii. 60; cause of his dismissal from office, 66.

Serfdom and villenage, distinctive features of, i. 197-200. See Villeins.

Servitude enforced upon the cultivators of the soil in the middle ages,