iii. 72;

he espouses the king's interest, 74; his quarrel with Bolingbroke and its results, 79, 80 and _note_ z.

Municipal institutions of the Roman provincial cities, i. 338; importance of the office of defensor civitatis, 340; duties appertaining to it, 340; responsibilities of the decurions, 341; the senatorial orders, 342-344; civic position of the Frank bishops, 345; municipal government of the Frank cities, 345-347; corporate towns of Spain, 347; of France, 348; their struggles for freedom, 348, 349; early independence of the Flemish and Dutch cities, 349; origin of the French communes, 350, 351; growth of the burgages, 352; policy of Louis XI. relative to civic liberty, _ib._; Italian municipalities, 353, 354 [see Lombards]; free cities of Germany [see Germany]. See Parliament, Towns.

Murder, gradation of fines levied as punishment for, amongst the Franks, i. 150, 151 and _notes_, 198 and _note_ q, 281; rates of compensation amongst the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 275.

Naples subjugated by Roger Guiscard, i. 363, 364; contest for its crown between Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 406; murder of the rightful heir by Charles, 407; schemes relative to the severance of Sicily, 483 [see Sicily]; accession of Robert, 485; queen Joanna and her murdered husband, 486 and _note_ q; Louis of Anjou and Charles III., 488; reign of Louis II., _ib._; ambition of the young king Ladislaus, 489; his death, _ib._; Joanna II., her vices and her favourites, 489, 490, and 491 _note_; career of Alfonso, 492 [see Alfonso V.]; invasion of the kingdom by John of Calabria, 494; his failure, _ib._; Ferdinand secured on the throne, 495; his odious rule, 503.

Navarre, origin of the kingdom of, ii. 3, 4.

Neustria, extent of the dominions so termed, i. 6 _note_ o; its peculiar features as distinguished from Austrasia, 118; when first erected into a kingdom, 119 and _note_; destruction of its independence, 120.

Nevil (lord) impeached by the commons, iii. 56.

Nicolas II. (pope), innovations introduced by, ii. 183.

Nobility, origin of, in France, i. 157, 158 and _note_, 189; privileges conferred on the class, 191; consequences of marriage with plebeians, 192; letters of nobility when first granted, 193; different orders, and rights belonging to each, 194; their gallows distinctions, _ib._ _note_ c; their right to coin money, 205, 206; to levy private war, 207; characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312; excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424; turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13; contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92; rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95; their career, how checked, 95; source of the influence of the English nobility, iii. 165; their patronage of robbers, 169; German robber lords, 314; legislative province of the English nobility [see Parliament].

Norfolk (earl and duke of). See Bigod, Mowbray.

Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20; their plan of warfare, 21; sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22; their conversion and settlement in France, _ib._; terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135; beneficial effects of their conversion, 135; their incursions into Italy, 363 and _note_ m; successes of their leaders, 363, 364; their invasion of England [see England].

Nottingham (earl of). See Mowbray.

Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210; notable instances thereof, _ib._ _note_ c.

Odo (archbishop). See Dunstan.

Oleron, laws of, iii. 334.

Ordeals, nature of, iii. 294, 295; stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda, 295 _note_ y; instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii. 339 _note_ b.

Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69 _note_ c; loses his popularity, 70; his assassination and its probable causes, _ib._ and _notes_; commotions which ensued, 71, 72.

Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98; instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.

Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1; annihilation of their dominion, 8; Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.

Othman. See Ottomans.

Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.

Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.

Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382; enmity of the pope towards him, 384; its consequences, ii. 75; obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209; rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 and _note_ f.

Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132; their European conquests, _ib._; their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135; they capture Constantinople, 136; European alarm excited thereby, _ib._; institution of the Janizaries, 137; suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.

Oxford university. See Learning.

Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.

Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.

Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. 331.

Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. 329. See Crusades.

Pandects, discovery of the, iii. 415.

Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159; preceded by the patriarchate, 160; character of Gregory I., 161; his wary proceedings, 162 and _notes_; convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and _notes_; effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and _notes_, 221; papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167; exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and _note_ f; kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169; origin of excommunications, 170; helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171; interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172; further interference with regal rights by the popes, _ib._; scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174; Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177; prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182; innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183; election and death of Alexander II., 184; career of Gregory VII. [see Gregory VII.]; contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188; Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, _ib._; papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and _notes_; abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193; papal legates and their functions, 194; Alexander III. and Thomas a Becket, 195; career of Innocent III. [see Innocent III.]; height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202; promulgation of the canon law, 203; its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and _notes_; establishment of the mendicant friars, 205; dispensations of marriage, 208 and _notes_; dispensations from oaths, 210; encroachments on episcopal elections, 211; and on rights of patronage, 212; mandats and their abuse, _ib._; the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and _note_; pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216; clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218; progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221; opposition thereto by England, 223 and _notes_; faint opposition of France, 225; career of Boniface VIII. [see Boniface VIII.]; decline of the papacy, 232; removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233; its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234; growing resistance to the popes, 236; rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237; participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238; independent conduct of England, _ib._ and _notes_; return of the popes to Rome, 240; contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., _ib._; the two papal courts, 242; three contemporary popes, _ib._; proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243 [see Councils]; reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251; effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253; papal encroachments in Castile, 254; restraints thereon in France, 254-256; further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and _notes_; decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259; despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 _note_. See Church, Clergy, Monasteries.

Paper from linen, when invented, iii. 459 and _note_ y.

Paris, seditions at, i. 66; defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and _notes_; their fear of the Normans, 134; population of the city in early times, iii. 224; See Parliament of Paris.

Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and _note_ r; their slow growth, 145.

Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. 4; right by which the spiritual peers sit, 4, 5, 122; earls and barons, 5, 6; theories of Selden and Madox, 6-9; tenants in chief in parliament, 10, 11; first germ of representation, 11, 12 and _note_ a; county representation, 12; parliaments of Henry III., 13, 14 and _notes_; knights of the shire, how elected, 15-19; first summoning of towns to parliament, 27 and _note_ s; question of an earlier date discussed, 28-30 and _notes_; the parliament of Acton Burnell, 31 _note_ e; the Barnstaple petition, 32; cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, 35-37; division of parliament into two houses, 37; proper business of the house of commons, 38; complaint of the commons in 1309, 40; rights established by them, 42; their struggle with the king relative to taxation, 42-47; concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, 48; distinction between statutes and ordinances, 49-52; interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, 53, 54; right to inquire into public abuses, 54; increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., 58; their protests against lavish expenditure, 59-61; success of their demands for accounts, 61; boldness of their remonstrances, 62-64; they aid the duke of Lancaster, 65 _note_ t; their charges against the earl of Suffolk, 67, 68; submission of Richard to their demands, 69-71; they come to an understanding with him, 73, 74; they fall under his displeasure, 75; servility of their submission, 76-78; necessity for deposing Richard, 80; cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, 82, 83; rights acquired by the commons during his reign, 83; their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, 84; their exclusive right of taxation, 84-86; their right of granting and controlling supplies, 86; and to make same depend in redress of grievances, 86, 87; establishment of their legislative rights, 87-88; falsification of their intentions how accomplished, 88-90; their first petition in English, 90; introduction of bills, public and private, 91, 92; legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, 92 _note_ h; parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, 93; limitations laid on Henry IV., 93, 94; re-establishment of a good understanding with him, 95; harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, 96; parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, 97; their right to impeach ministers, 98; Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, 99; assertion of the privilege of parliament, 100; cases of Lark and Clerke _ib._; principles involved in Thorp's case, 101; infringements on liberty of speech, 102; privilege of originating money-bills, 103-106; the three estates of the realm, 105 _note_ b; course of proceeding on other bills, 106, 107; instance of excess of privilege, 108; contested elections and proceedings thereon, 109, 110; county franchise, in whom vested, 111 and _note_; representation of towns, 111, 112; partial omission of boroughs, 113, 114 and _notes_; reluctance of boroughs to send members, 115; in whom the right to vote was vested, 116, 117 and _note_ m; status of the members, 117; exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, 118; members originally compelled to be residents, 118, 119; election irregularities and crown interference, 120, 121; constitution of the house of lords, 121; qualification of spiritual barons, 122; barons by writ, 123-126 and _notes_; distinction between barons and bannerets, 126-129; creation of peers by statute and by patent, 129, 130; clergy summoned to send representatives, 131-138; remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the council, 140-142.

Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248; progress of its jurisdiction, 250; enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251; its spirited conduct in reference thereto, _ib._; interference of the kings with its privileges, 251; establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252; its claims on the respect of posterity, _ib._; important ordinance of Charles V., iii. 152 _note_ t.

Paschal II. (pope), opposition to investitures by, ii. 187 _note_ i, and 189 _note_ o; his animosity against Henry IV. of Germany, 188.

Pastoureaux. See Superstitions.

Paulicians. See Religious Sects.

Pauperism, slavery chosen as a refuge from the miseries of, i. 328.

Pecock (bishop), character of, iii. 389 _note_ i.

Peers of England. See Nobility, Parliament.

Peers of France, original constitution of the, i. 249.

Pelagius II. and the bishop of Arles, ii. 164.

Pembroke (William, earl of), resolute defiance of Henry III. by, iii. 164.

People, state of the, _temp._ Charlemagne and his successors, i. 18, 19, _et seq._; their lawlessness, iii. 307; their general immorality, _ib._

Pepin Heristal, usurpation of supremacy by, i. 7; his influence over the destinies of France, 117; he restores the national council, 215.

Pepin (son of Charles Martel) deposes Childeric III., i. 8; ascends the throne, _ib._; subdues the Lombards, 9; his legislative assemblies, 215.

Perjury, prevalence of, in the middle ages, iii. 309.

Perrers (Alice). See Edward III.

Peter the Great compared with Charlemagne, i. 13.

Peter the Cruel, succession of crimes perpetrated by, ii. 14; his apologists, _ib._ and _note_; his discomfiture and death, 15.

Peter the Hermit. See Crusades.

Peter II. of Aragon surrenders his kingdom to the pope, ii, 200, 231.

Peter III of Aragon assists John of Procida, i. 483; he accepts the crown of Sicily, 484.

Peter IV. of Aragon, character and reign of, ii. 39; consequences of his attempts to settle the crown on his daughter, _ib._

Petrarch on the state of France in 1360, i. 59, _note_; his extravagant views relative to Rome, 418, _note_; his personal characteristics, iii. 449 and _note_ e; his great popularity, 450; his goldsmith host, _ib._ _note_ f; his passion for Laura, 451; character of his poetry, 452 and _note_; his efforts for the preservation of manuscripts, 461; was Laura married or single? 482-484.

Philip Augustus, accession of, i. 26; he cites John king of England before him, _ib._; deprives the English crown of its French possessions, 27; joins in the third crusade, 40; his request to an abbot relative to coinage, 206; pope Gregory's menaces towards him, ii. 192; his fear of Innocent III., 197; takes back his repudiated wife, 199.

Philip III. (the Bold), accession of, i. 42; his conduct towards the archbishop of Lyons, 45; he taxes the clergy, ii. 219 _note_ h.

Philip IV. (the Fair), accession of, i. 43; policy adopted by him, _ib._; his resentment against the English king, _ib. note_; his fraudulent conduct towards him, 44; successful resistance of the Flemings against his attacks, 44 and _note_ a; his further acquisitions, 44; and siege of Lyons, 45; claims a right to debase the coin, 206 _note_ q; his character according to Guizot, 224 _note_; he convokes the States-General, 225 and _note_; his motives in embodying the deputies of towns, 226; he taxes the clergy, ii. 228; he arrests the pope's legate, 230; he burns the pope's bulls, _ib._; retaliation of the pope, 231; his stratagem against the pope, 232; its consequences, _ib._

Philip V. (the Long), assumption of the regency of France by, i. 45; violates his treaty with his brother's widow, 46; Salic law confirmed in his reign, 48 decrees the abolition of serfdom, 202; result of his attempt at an excise on salt, 228.

Philip VI. (of Valois) regency and coronation of, i. 48; sketch of his character, 53; his debasements of the coin, 228.

Philip of Suabia elected emperor of Germany, ii. 75; his assassination, _ib._

Phocas, supposed concession to the popes by, ii. 162 _note_ s.

Pickering (Sir James), tenor of a speech made by, iii. 59.

Piedmont, comparative obscurity of the history of, i. 390 _note_.

Piracy, temptations to the practice of, iii. 334; difficulty of repressing it, 335.

Pisa, early naval and commercial importance of, i. 441; her wars with Genoa, 442; her reverses and sale to Florence, 443; effect of the crusades on her prosperity, iii. 329.

Pisani (Vittor) defeated by the Genoese, and imprisoned by the Venetians,