i. 55, 77;

disadvantages of feudal obligations in long campaigns, 262; substitution of mercenaries, 264; Canute's soldiers, and his institutes respecting them, 264 and _note_ g; the mercenaries of the Anglo-Norman kings, 265; advantages of mercenary troops, _ib._; high rate of pay to English soldiers, 77 and _note_ t, 266; establishment of a regular force by Charles VII., 267; military resources of the Italian cities, 467; importance of their carroccio, 467 and _note_ d; their foreign auxiliaries, 468; arms and armour, 469 and _note_ k; citizens excused from service, 469; companies of adventurers: Guarnieri's systematic levies, 471; spirited refusal of tribute by Florence, 472; Sir John Hawkwood's career [see Hawkwood]; eminent Italian generals and their services, 474, 475; probable first instance of half-pay, 475 and _note_ u; small loss of life in mediaeval warfare, 476, 477, and _notes_; long bows and cross bows, 477, 478; advantages and disadvantages of armour, 478; introduction of gunpowder, 479; clumsiness of early artillery and fire-arms, 480; increased efficiency of infantry, 481.

Mocenigo (doge), dying prophecy of, i. 465, 466, and _note_.

Moguls, ravages of the, ii. 131; their exploits under Timur, 133.

Mohammed, advent of, ii. 114; state of Arabia at the time, 115; dearth of materials for his history, _ib. note_; characteristics of his writings, 115, 116; his knowledge of Christianity whence derived, 116, _note_ c; martial spirit of his system, 117, 118; career of his followers. See Abbassides, Moors, Ottomans, Saracens, Turks.

Monarchy in France, character of the, i. 217 _note_; means by which it became absolute, 223; its power of enacting laws unlimited, 229 _note_ h.

Monasteries, cultivation of waste lands by, ii. 142; less pure sources of income, 144; their exemption from episcopal control, 168 and _note_ f; preservation of books by them, iii. 292; extent of their charities, 302 and _note_; vices of their inmates, 303; their anti-social influence, 304; their agricultural exertions, 360 and _note_.

Money, high interest paid for, iii. 337; establishment of paper credit, 339 and _note_ b; banks of Italy, 340; securities for public loans, 341; changes in the value of money, 366-369; comparative table of value, 370 _note_ x; See Coining.

Montagu (minister of Charles VI.), arrest of, i. 68 _note_ z.

Montfort (Simon de), heads the crusade against the Albigeois, i. 29.

Montfort (Simon de, earl of Leicester), his writs of summons to the towns of England, iii. 27.

Montfort (ally of Edward III.) obtains the duchy of Britany, i. 99.

Moors, successes of the Spaniards against the, ii. 3; victories of Alfonso VI., 5; Cordova taken from them, 9; its fabulous extent and wealth, _ib._ _note_ m; cause of their non-expulsion from Spain, 10, 11.

Mosheim, error of, relative to Louis IX., i. 33 _note_ z.

Mowbray (earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk), made lord appellant,