i. 90;

his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, _ib. note_ q.

Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472; gratitude of the Florentines towards him, _ib._; his skill as a general, 473.

Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard II., iii. 76, 102; important principles involved in his case, 76 _notes_.

Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14; his defeat and subsequent victory, 15; his vow to preserve justice, 36.

Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.

Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17; deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, _ib._; futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18; contests after his death, _ib._; his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.

Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.

Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25; opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222; cause of his dispute with Thomas a Becket, 223.

Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213; abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217; his submissiveness, 226; provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328; worthlessness of his character, 329; his perjuries, 330; his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331; his expensive foreign projects, 332; demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333; his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. 164.

Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74; circumstances attending his succession, iii. 81; invalidity of his hereditary title, 82; his tactics towards the parliament, 83; aid granted to him in 1400, 85; policy of the commons towards him, 86, 87; limitations imposed on him, 93, 94; he comes to terms with them, 94. See Bolingbroke.

Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of France, i. 74 and _note_ n; invasion of France by, _ib._ and _note_ o; his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75; his marriage and death, 76; life subsidies granted to him, iii. 87; improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, 96; his claims on popular affection, _ib._; his clemency to the earl of March, 194.

Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii. 97, 98; unpopularity of his marriage, 98; his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, 99; state of the kingdom during his minority, 183; his imbecility, _ib._; solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy, 186-190; provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, 190-194.

Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii. 200 and _note_ q.

Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24 _note_ h; extent of authority exercised by him, 137.

Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67; his scheme for improving his territories, _ib. note_ d.

Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.

Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68; instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95; his judicious nomination of popes, 183.

Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69; conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70 _note_ k; his abduction by Hanno, _ib._; his excommunication and its consequences, _ib._ and _note_ n; his remains insulted by Rome, 71; zeal of the cities in his cause, 90; his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185; his humiliation by Gregory, 186; the tables turned, 187; animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.

Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71; privilege granted by him to the cities, 90; his compromise with the popes, 188.

Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor and the popes, i. 381; production of his alleged will, _ib._; his ambitious project, ii. 74; his death, 75.

Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85; his opposition to the papal power, 234.

Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72; consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.

Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73; fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.

Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154 _note_ f, 299; disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273; establishment of the principle in England, 343-346; elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.

Hereford (earl and duke of). See Bohun, Bolingbroke.

Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304 _note_ f.

Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161 _note_ p.

Hildebrand. See Gregory VII.

Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206; refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.

Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.

Hugh Capet. See Capet.

Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20; their ferocity towards the clergy, _ib. note_ z; their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104; their wars with the Turks, 105-107.

Hungary, kings and chiefs of. See Andrew, Corvinus, Hunniades, Ladislaus, Louis of Hungary, Sigismund, Uladislaus.

Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii. 58.

Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106; his death, 106.

Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102; characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii. 389 and _note_ m, 390.

Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28; his ambitious policy, 379; his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381; position of the Italian cities towards him, _ib._; use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385; increase of temporal authority under him, 416; his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195; extravagance of his pretensions, 196; his scheme of universal arbitration, 197; his decrees and interdicts, 199; his interference with the German emperors, 200; his claim, to nominate bishops, 212; cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213; he levies taxes on the clergy, 216; his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220; he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221; his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.

Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391; his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392; he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213; height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217; his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231 _note_ g; anecdote of him, 238 _note_ r.

Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.

Interdicts, ii. 172, 260 _note_ g, and 261. See Papal Power.

Ireland a mediaeval slave depot, iii. 316 and _note_ d.

Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122; Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne, _ib._

Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards her husband, i. 69; her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72; joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.

Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.

Isabella of Castile. See Ferdinand II.

Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166; their character and object, 166, 167 and _notes_; authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.

Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1; its subjection by the Lombards, 8; conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9; its king Bernard, 14; its state at the end of the ninth century, 355; authorities referred to for its history, _ib. note_; its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 and _note_ c; assumption of power by Otho the Great, _ib._; execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359; election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin, _ib._; condition of its people under Henry II., 360; cause of its subjection to German princes, _ib._; accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences, 360, 361; its Greek provinces, 361, 362; incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364; progress of the Lombard cities [see Lombards]; accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [see Frederic I.]; cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378; its domestic manners, iii. 342, 344.

Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, and _note_ k.

James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485; invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231 _note_ g.

Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45; betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47; she recovers Navarre, _ib. note_ g.

Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.

Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.

Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38; its conquest by Saladin, 40; restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41; oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180; title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386 _note_ d.

Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209; their early celebrity as usurers, _ib. note_ b; their final expulsion from France, 210 and _note_ d; ordinances against them, 222; exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320; their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii. 297; their liability to maltreatment, 305; barbarous customs regarding them, _ib. note_; the Jew-drowning story, 306 _note_ u; their early money dealings, 338; toleration vouchsafed to them, _ib._; decline of their trade, 339; their addiction to coin-clipping, 369 _note_ t.

Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80; her betrayer, 84 _note_ f; her name and birthplace, 143; great merit of Southey's poem, _ib._

Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486; her husband's murder imputed to her, _ib._ and _note_ q; she dies by violence, 487.

Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489; her vacillation relative to her successors, 490; puts Caraccioli to death, 491 _note_.

John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15; his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.

John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his infancy, ii. 15, 16; he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17; his death, 17; its results, 58.

John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26; results of his contumacy, 27; singular fines levied by him, ii. 320; his rapacity, 326 and _note_ q; Magna Charta, 326, 329; curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii. 65 _note_ t.

John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 and _note_ e.

John II. of France, character of, i. 53; taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58; bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57; submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59; his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.

John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483; result of his intrigues, 484.

John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174; asserts a right to nominate the emperor, _ib._

John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235; his dispute with Louis of Bavaria, _ib._; he persecutes the Franciscans, 237; his immense treasures, 238; his imposts on the clergy, 238 _note_ x.

John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance, ii. 243.

Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last crusade, i. 42 _note_.

Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.

Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend, ii. 62-65.

Jury. See Trial by Jury.

Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238; various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239; judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240; cruel custom in Aragon, 241 _note_ q; trial by combat, 242, 243 and _notes_; the Establishments of St. Louis, 244; limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247 _note_ p; royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246; the court of peers, 247; the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248; jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337; its constitution, 337; imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97; its functions and jurisdiction, 98; the six circles and the Aulic council, 99; character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425; importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336 _note_ r; functions of the court of exchequer, 336 and _note_ s, 425; institution of justices of assize, 337; establishment of the court of common pleas, 338; origin of the common law, 339; difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of jurisprudence, 339, 340; complicated character of English laws, 341; necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 and _note_; jurisdiction of the king's council, iii. 138-147, 249-257; safeguard for the independence of judges, 152 _note_ t; rarity of instances of illegal condemnation, 156-158; origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery, 241-249.

King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii. 138; its composition, _ib._; its encroachments, 140; limitations on its power, 141; remonstrances of the commons, _ib._; its legislative status, 143; its frequent junction with the lords' house, 144-146 and _notes_; views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject, 249-257.

Knighthood. See Chivalry.

Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40; their large possessions and rapacity, _ib._ and _note_ s; question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139; Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142; Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142; their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.

Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.

Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii. 372, 373; degree of comfort thereby indicated, 373, 374 and _notes_.

Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488; energy displayed by him, 489; his death, _ib._

Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105; his accession to the throne, _ib._; his death, _ib._; suspicions relative thereto, 106 _note_.

Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.

Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii. 55; his ambitious projects, _ib._; cause of his retirement from court, 58; he curries favour with the commons, 65 and _note_ t; his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester, 74; his marriage with Katherine Swineford, _ib._; his antenuptial children by her, 75; conduct of Richard II. on his death, 80.

Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii. 197.

Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435; his just exercise of power, 436; sent into exile, 438.

Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 _note_ e.

Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 _note_ h.

Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285; principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.

Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and _note_; devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and _notes_; its cession to the crown of France, 29; its provincial assembly, 234.

Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. 56; their further tactics regarding him, 59.

Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. 275. See Learning.

Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See Petrarch.

Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297; study of the civil law, iii. 414; fame of the Bolognese school, 415; necessity for legal knowledge in mediaeval magistrates, 416; unpopularity of the Roman law in England, 417; neglect of the elder civilians, 418, 419 and _note_ x. See Justice.

Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. 270; neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, 273; blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, 274; corruption of the Latin tongue, 275; rules observed in its pronunciation, 276-278; errors of the populace, 278; changes wrought by the Italians and French, 279, 280; neglect of quantity, 281; specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, 282-284 _notes_; change of Latin into Romance, 283; Italian corruptions of the Latin, 285; effect of the disuse of Latin, 286; ignorance of various sovereigns, _ib. notes_; extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, 286 and _note_ f; ignorance of the clergy, 287, 288, and _notes_; scarcity of books, 289 and _note_ p; erasure of manuscripts, 289; lack of eminent learned men, _ib._; John Scotus and Silvester II., 290 and _note_ r; preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, 291-293; non-existence of libraries, 292 _note_; prevalence of superstitions, 293-295; revival of literature, 413; study of civil law, 414-419; establishment of public schools, 419; Abelard and the university of Paris, 420, 421; Oxford university and its founders, 422, 423, and _notes_; rapid increase of universities, 423-425; causes of their celebrity, 425; spread of the scholastic philosophy, 426; its eminent disputants, 427; influence of Aristotle and of the church, 429, 430; unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, 430, 431; labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, 432 and _note_ s, 433; cultivation of the new languages, 433; the troubadours and their productions, 434-436; origin of the French language, 436; early French compositions, 437, 438; Norman tales and romances, 439; the Roman de la Rose, 440; French prose writings, 441, 442 and _notes_; formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, 442, 443, and _notes_; rapid growth of the Italian language, 443, 444; excuses of Italians for writing in French, 445 _note_ z; Dante and his Divine Comedy, 445-449; Petrarch and his writings, 449-452; dawn of the English tongue, 452; Layamon's Brut, 453 and _note_ k; Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, 453; merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, 454; cause of the slow progress of the English language, _ib._; earliest compositions in English, 455; pre-eminence of Chaucer, 456; revival of classical learning, 457; eminent cultivators thereof, 458; invention of paper, 459; transcribers and booksellers, _ib. note_ x; rarity and dearness of books, 460; recovery of classical manuscripts, 461; eminent labourers in this field, 462, 463; revival of the study of Greek, 465, 466; state of learning in Greece, 466; services rendered by the mediaeval Greeks, 467-469 and _notes_; opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, 470; fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, _ib._; invention of printing, 471; first books issued from the press, _ib._; first printing presses in Italy, 472; elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, 474-476; Dr. Maitland's views thereon, 476-479; earliest use of the English language in public documents, 484-486.

Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212; the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214; participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336; Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215; cessation of national assemblies, 218; assemblies of the barons, 219; the cours plenieres, 220; limitation of the king's power, 221; substitutes for legislative authority, _ib._; ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222; general legislation, when first practised, _ib._; increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes, 223, 224; convocation of the States-General, 224; constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279; Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and _note_; prerogatives of the crown, 410; custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412. See Justice, Parliament, States-General.

Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 _note_ p.

Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11; his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122; Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.

Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182 and _note_ x.

Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363; devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364. See Papal Power.

Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3; its king killed in battle, 4; its union with Castile, 9.

Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.

Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. 460, 461, and _notes_.

Literature. See Learning.

Lollards, rise of the, iii. 388; their resemblance to the Puritans, 389.

Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 and _note_ t; extension of their dominions, _ib._; defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9; their mode of legislating, 212; position of their Roman subjects, 295; progress of their cities, 365; frequency of wars between them, _ib._; acquisition of territories by them, 368; democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369; destruction of Lodi by the Milanese, _ib._ and _note_ i; courage of the citizens of Como, 370; exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities, _ib._; siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372; efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372; destruction of Milan, 373; league of the Lombard cities, 374; defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375; peace of Constance, 376; their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377; their wars with Frederic II., 387; party nature of these struggles, 388; arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389; chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390; their papal supporters, _ib._; causes of their success, 392; their means of defence, 394, 395; internal government of their cities, 395; revival of the office of podesta, 396; position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397; duties and disabilities of the podesta, 397, 398; their internal dissensions, 398, 399; artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400; vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401; inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results, 402; effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404; moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409; the Visconti in Lombardy, 464. See Visconti.

Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established by the banishment of, ii. 325.

London, early election of the magistrates of, iii. 219; its municipal divisions, 220; its first lord mayor, 221; not exclusively a city of traders, 223; its extent and population, _ib._; comparison with Paris, 224.

Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.

Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his father, i. 15; his jealousy of his half-brother, 16; territories allotted to him, 16, 17, and _notes_ o, p; cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.

Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 and _note_ p; failure of his scheme of succession, 72; the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195 _note_ g.

Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85; his contest with the popes, 234; he aids the Visconti, 235; he dies unabsolved, 236.

Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14; his cruelty to his nephew, _ib._; his character, 15; associates his sons in power with him, _ib._; his second marriage and its consequences, 16; enmity of the clergy against him, _ib._; his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239, _note_ h; his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156; he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii. 295 _note_ x.

Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his father, i. 15; share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.

Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles from, i. 126.

Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128; Fulk's saucy retort, iii. 286 _note_ e.

Louis V., i. 18, 128.

Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24; his contests with the Norman princes, 25; his participation in judicial matters, 244 _note_ c.

Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25; confirms the rights of the clergy, 27; joins in the second crusade, 38; his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.

Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29; issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.

Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30; revolt of the barons against him, _ib._; excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32; undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32; his superstition, 33 and _note_; he embarks in the crusades, 33; calamitous results of his first crusade, 41; his second expedition and death, _ib._; his Establishments, 222, 224, 244; his open-air administrations of justice, 244; the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 and _note_; his submissiveness to the church, 226; his restraint on the church holding land, 227 and _note_.

Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45; treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46; his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202; he renounces certain taxes, 227.

Louis XI., accession of, i. 86; his character and policy, 86, 87; bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88; and then deprives him of it, 89; grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90; his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, and _notes_; and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, and _notes_; his last sickness and its terrors, 96; his belief in relics, 97 and _note_; court boast relative to his encroachments, 235; civic liberty encouraged by him, 352; he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255; his people oppose the repeal, _ib._; his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258, _note_ c.

Louis XII. See Orleans.

Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.

Louis of Anjou adopted by Joanna of Naples, i. 487; his death, 488.

Louis II. of Anjou and Naples, accession of, i. 488; subdued by Ladislaus, _ib._

Louis III. of Anjou and Naples called in by Joanna II., i. 489; his doubtful prospects, and death, 491.

Lucius II. (pope), cause of the death of, i. 416.

Luna (Alvaro de), influence exercised by, ii. 16; disgraced and beheaded, 17; law on which his opponents relied, 38.

Luna (Antonio de) assassinates the archbishop of Saragossa, ii. 41.

Luna (Frederic count of) claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41; care taken of his interests by the court, _ib._

Luna (Peter de). See Benedict XIII.

Lupus Servatus, literary performances of, iii. 475 _note_ a.

Luxemburg (John of), execution of prisoners of war by, i. 84; betrays Joan of Arc to the English, _ib. note_ f.

Magna Charta. See England.

Mahomet the prophet. See Mohammed.

Mahomet II. attacks the Venetians, i. 493; his success, 495; failure of his assault upon Belgrade, ii. 106; he captures Constantinople, 136; unrealised schemes for his expulsion, 136, 137; his European successes and reverses, 138; AEneas Sylvius's odd proposal, _ib. note_.

Mandats and their abuses, ii. 212.

Manfred, brave retention of the imperial throne by, i. 392; killed, 406.

Manicheans. See Religious Sects.

Manners. See Chivalry, Domestic Life, Learning, Superstition.

Manufactures. See Trade.

Manuscripts. See Learning.

Marcel (magistrate of Paris), why assassinated, i. 232.

March (Roger, earl of) opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56; his significant policy, 57; his popularity with the parliament, 65; his exclusion from the throne, 82, 194; clemency of Henry V. towards him, 194.

Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI., iii. 98; consequences of her impolicy, 194, 197. See Henry VI.

Mariner's compass, tradition of the invention of the, iii. 332, 333.

Maritime laws of early times, iii. 333; prevalence of piracy, 334; law of reprisals, 335.

Marriages, capricious decrees of the popes concerning, ii. 208; dispensations and their abuses, _ib._

Martin (prince of Aragon) marries the queen of Sicily, i. 490; his death, _ib._

Martin (king of Aragon) succeeds to his son's Sicilian dominions, i. 490; contests for the Aragonese throne at his death, ii. 39.

Martin V. elected pope, ii. 246; he convokes the council of Pavia, 247; his anger at the English statute of praemunire, 251, _note_ y; his concordat with England, 251; powers reserved to him by the German concordats, 252, 253; rejection of his concordat by France, 254.

Mary of Burgundy. See Burgundy.

Matilda (countess) bequeaths her dominions to Rome, i. 380.

Matthias Corvinus. See Corvinus.

Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy, i. 96; becomes king of the Romans, ii. 89 and _notes_; ascends the German throne, 94; he extinguishes the robber-nobles, 96; institutes the Aulic council, 99; extent of the empire at his accession, 100.

Mayor of the palace, importance of the office of, i. 6, 113-115, 157. See Charles Martel, Pepin Heristal, Ebroin.

Medici (Salvestro de') proposes to mitigate the severity of the law in Florence, i. 434; rise of his family, 498; character of Giovanni, _ib._ and _note_; banishment and recall of Cosmo, 499; his death: his son Piero, 500; death of Julian: popularity and princely career of Lorenzo, 501; his bankruptcy repaired at the cost of the state, 502 and _note_ q; his title to esteem, 503.

Mendicant friars, first appearance of the, ii. 205; success of their preachings, 206; their extensive privileges, 206, 207, and _notes_.

Mercenary troops. See Military Systems.

Merovingian dynasty, character of the times during which it ruled, i. 5; chronological sketch of its career, 118-120.

Middle ages, period comprised under the term, iii. 269.

Milan, resolute conduct of the people of in the choice of a bishop, i. 366 and _note_ y; its siege by Frederic I., 372; destruction of the city, 373; its statistics in the 13th century, 393; its public works, 394; creation of the duchy of Milan, 412; lax conduct of the Milanese clergy, ii. 187, _note_ g. See Lombards.

Military systems of the middle ages. character of the English troops at Crecy, Poitiers, and Azincourt,