i. 212, 213;

their character, 213, 214; not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282; how often held, 308.

Field Sports. See Sports.

Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.

Fire-arms. See Military Systems.

Fiscal lands. See Benefices.

Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44; successful resistance of its people, _ib._; large capture of gilt spurs by them, _ib. note_ a; their commerce with England, 54; their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and _notes_; their insubordination, 92; their resistance to taxation, 93 and _note_; their woollen manufacture, iii. 318, 319; their settlement in England, 320 _note_ h; its policy relative thereto, 321 and _note_ o. See Trade.

Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420; exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, _ib._; Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, _ib._; corporations of the citizens, 421; its magistracy, _ib._; curious mode of election, 422; the consiglio di popolo, 423; defiance of law by the nobility, 424; Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425; rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426; Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427; his tyranny and excesses, 428; his overthrow, 429; singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430; machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433 and _note_ c; prostration of the Guelfs, 434; insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435; his judicious administration, 436; restoration of the Guelfs, 437; comparative security of the Florentines, 438; their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440 and _notes_; Pisa bought by them, 443; further disquietudes in their government, 496; rise of the Medici [see Medici]; first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and _note_; Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. 340 and _notes_.

Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.

Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421, 427, 449.

Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312; mitigation of their severity, iii. 150; punishments inflicted, 311.

Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. 154.

France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 _note_ i; insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and _note_ m; loss of the English possessions in, 27; increase of the French domains, 42-45; its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51; its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56; assembly of the States-General, _ib._; desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and _note_; ravaged by banditti, 58; the Jacquerie insurrection, _ib._ and _note_ k; state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66; under Charles VII., 77, 84; consolidation of its dominions, 100; its historians, 101 _note_ m; its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135; its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152; succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 _note_; its progress from weakness to strength, 204; revenue of its kings, how raised, 208; its coinage, 210, 211; taxation, 211, 212; its constitution never a _free_ one, 229 _note_ b; designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 _et seq._

Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68; its extinction, 71.

Frankfort, council of. See Council.

Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and _note_ c; their probable origin, _Note_ II. 104, 105; their position under Pepin, 117, 118; their promise to Pepin, 127, 154; character of their church dignitaries, 150 _note_ q; increase of the power of their kings, 155; serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200; extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and _note_; origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279; their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292; presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296; extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.

Fredegonde, queen. See Chilperic.

Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40; title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45; commencement of his career in Italy, 371; he besieges Milan, 372; subjugation and second rise of its citizens, _ib._; destruction of their city, 373; league of Lombardy against him, 374; his defeat and flight, 375; peace of Constance, 376; his policy relative to Sicily, 378; his response to Roman oratory, 415 and _note_; his accession to the German throne, ii. 73; Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and _note_ y; he institutes the law of defiance, 95; his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195; his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227; his intellectual acquirements, iii. 286 _note_ d; his patronage of learning, 422.

Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385; cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386; rancour of papal writers against him, _ib. note_ c; result of his crusade, 387; his wars with the Lombards, _ib._; his successes and defeats, 390; animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391; sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391; his accession to the German throne, ii. 75; his deposition, 76; he restrains the right of defiance, 96; his imperial tribunal, 97; his poetry, iii. 442.

Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and _note_; his significant motto, 89 _note_ i; objects of his diets, 96, 97; he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.

Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. 359 _note_ k.

Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323; alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324; other freemen, 325; consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.

Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.

Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 _note_ x.

Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. 286 _note_ e.

Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41; his death and failure of his son, _ib. note_ e.

Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2; condition of its Roman natives, 149; privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 _note_ r, 281 and _note_ e; retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282; their cities, 286; their subjection to taxation, 287; their accession to high offices, 293; their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294; presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.

Genoa, early history of, i. 444; her wars with Pisa and Venice, _ib._; victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445; insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446; her subsequent reverses, 447; surrender of her forces to Venice, 448; decline of her power, 449; her government and its various changes, _ib._; dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450; her first doge, 451; frequent revolutions of her citizens, _ib._; the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496; commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. 329; their position in Constantinople, 330; their manufactures, 331; their money transactions, 337, 340; state security taken by their bankers, 341.

Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10; held by Louis his grandson, 16; passes away from his family, 17; its Hungarian assailants, 19; its first apostles, 121; political state of ancient Germany, 145; mode in which kings were chosen, _ib._; lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146; customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_; superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204; causes of the reversal of this state of things, _ib._; degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions, 273-275; character of its governments, 302; limited power of its kings, 302-304; its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66; election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80; partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84; importance of its free cities, 90; privileges conferred on them, _ib._; their warfare with the nobles, 91; the sanctuary of the palisades, 92; league of the cities, _ib._; polity of the principalities, 93; extent of the imperial domains, _ib._; their gradual alienation by the emperors, _ib._; the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98; limits of the German empire at various periods, 100; absence of towns, iii. 312; pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, 314. See Diet, Justice.

Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93; policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 _note_; its trading eminence, iii. 319; its houses and population, 320 _note_ f.

Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73. See Guelfs.

Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403; result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.

Gloucester, duke of (_temp._ Richard II.), speaks for the parliament, iii. 67, 68 _note_ c; made lord appellant, 72; reinstated in the council, 73; his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, 74, 75; his seizure by the king, 76; his murder and posthumous attainder, _ib._

Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38; his reasons for refusing the title of king, _ib. note_ g; his feats of strength, _ib. note_ h.

Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60; its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, _ib._

Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.

Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.

Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120; its theological dissensions, _ib._; revival of its power, 124; tactics of its emperors, 125 and _note_ n; exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126; results of the first crusade, 127; expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128; sacking of the capital, 128-130; partition of the empire, 130; its declining state, 132; lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135; fall of the empire, 136; the last of the Caesars, _ib._; Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. 315 _note_ a. See Constantinople.

Gregory I., character of, ii. 161; he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, _note_ r.

Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's protection, i. 122.

Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.

Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34; his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380; his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184; elected pope, 184; his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany, 184, 185 and _note_; rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186; his exile and death, 187; his declaration against investitures, 189; his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192; his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193; his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.

Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391; his further designs against Frederic, _ib._; Decretals published by his order, ii. 203; his encroachments on the English church, 212; his pretext for levying contributions, 216; immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.

Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.

Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.

Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.

Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.

Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 _note_ f; iii. 429 _note_ k, 464.

Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471; success of his operations, _ib._

Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382; their German antecedents, 383 and _note_; characteristics of the two parties, 384; irrationality of the distinctions, 406; temporary union of the factions, _ib._; expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407; revival of their party, 410; origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73; See Florence, Genoa.

Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.

Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43; restored to England, 44; insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and _note_; suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and _note_.

Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363; he takes Leo IX. prisoner, _ib._; his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.

Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363; declared king by Innocent II., 364; he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187; he subjugates Amalfi, iii. 328; he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, 331.

Gunpowder. See Military Systems.

Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310; Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 _note_.

Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. 325.

Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121; African principalities in his reign, 122.

Hastings, lord (_temp._ Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI.,