i. 121;

its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.

Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140; its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141; source of its legitimate wealth, 142; its religious extortions, 143; privileges attached to its property, 144; institution of tithes, 144-146 and _notes_; liability of church property to spoliation, 146; origin of _precariae_, 147 _note_ d; extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and _note_ i; its participation in the administration of justice, 149; limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151; its political influence, 152; source thereof, 153; its subjection to the state, _ib._; Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and _notes_; its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157; obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158; investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181; their simoniacal practices, _ib._ and _note_ q; canons and chapters, 191; liberties of the Gallican church, 256; high church principles always dangerous, 257 _note_ x; privileges of sanctuary, iii. 302, 303. See Clergy, Monasteries, Papal Power.

Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.

Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. 199.

Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221; their influence on Thomas a Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.

Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 _note_ t.

Cities. See Municipal Institutions and Towns.

Civil Law. See Laws.

Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215; opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.

Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485; his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215; he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233; his contests with the emperor Louis, 234; England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 _notes_; his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.

Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487; his licentiousness, ii. 238.

Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240; division of the papacy thereupon, 242; proceedings after his death, 242, 243.

Clergy, ascendency of the (_temp._ Charles the Bald), i. 135; their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196; fighting prelates, 195 _note_ f; their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215; privileges of their tenants, 319; bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and _note_ x; share of the citizens in their election, 366 and _note_ y; a robber archbishop, ii. 95; immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and _notes_; their acquisition of political power, 152, 153; their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177; sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and _note_ d; lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 _notes_; practice of simony, 179; consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, _ib._; interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and _note_ n; character of the clergy of Milan, 187 _note_ g; taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216; tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217; their disaffection towards Rome, 218; their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221; extortions of Edward I., 229; effects of Wicliff's principles, 252; priests executed for coining, _ib. note_ e; spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. 4, 5; their qualifications, 122; clergy summoned to send representatives, 131; cause of their being summoned, 132; result of their segregating themselves from the commons, 133; instances of their parliamentary existence, 135-138; right of bishops to be tried by the peers, 204-207; mediaeval clergy not supporters of despotism, 258; their ignorance of letters, 287-289; their monastic vices, 303; why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, 306 _note_ u. See Church, Monasteries, Papal Power, Superstition.

Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.

Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4; proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 _note_.

Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4; union of the whole under him, 5; re-division amongst his sons, _ib._; criminality of his character, 119.

Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5; nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.

Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3; her sons, 4.

Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2; accepts the title of consul, _ib._ and _note_ d; defeats the Alemanni, 3; his conversion to Christianity, _ib._; defeats Alaric, 4; his last exploits and sanguinary policy, _ib._ and _note_ g; division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and _notes_; the last of his race, 8; his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, _Note_ III. 106-111; his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155; theory built on the story, 301, 302; crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. 306 and _note_ u.

Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.

Cobham, lord (_temp._ Richard II.). banished, iii. 77.

Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205; debased money issued by them, 206; systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231; measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 _note_ h; grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230; priests executed for coining, ii. 252 _note_ e; an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. 205; clipping of coins by the Jews, 369 _note_ t.

Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.

Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.

Combat. See Trial.

Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.

Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. 281; specimen thereof, _ib. note_ n.

Comnenus. See Alexius.

Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.

Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166, 167 and _notes_; elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68; his ancestry, _ib. note_ f.

Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38; elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.

Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392; his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, _ib._; his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.

Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407; put to death by Charles of Anjou, _ib._

Constance, council of. See Council.

Constance, treaty of, i, 376.

Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.

Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125; its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126; its capture by the Latins, 128; its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130; Vandalism of its conquerors, 130; its recapture by the Greeks, 131; besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135; attacked by Mahomet II., 136; its fall, 136, 137; unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.

Constitution of England. See English Constitution.

Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9; its extent and wealth, _ib. note_ m.

Corn. See Agriculture, Trade.

Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20; dwindling down of their numbers, 21; their remonstrance against corruption, 22; spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and _notes_; control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25; their resolute defence of their right, 26; their control over expenditure, 27; its active exercise, 28; their forms of procedure, 29; their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the kings, 29-32; their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34; position of the clergy therein, iii. 106 _note_.

Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106; his patronage of literature, 107 and _note_ d.

Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247; reforms effected by it, 248 and _note_; its indiscretions, _ib._ and 250 _note_.

Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned, ii. 102; deposes John XXIII., 243; preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244; French opposition to the English deputies, _ib. note_; tactics of the cardinals, 246; national divisions in the council, _ib._; its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and _note_.

Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165; its importance in papal history, _ib._

Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.

Council of Pavia, ii. 247.

Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.

Cours plenieres, character of the, i. 220.

Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. 66.

Crecy, battle of, i. 55.

Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and _note_.

Crusades, origin of the, i. 33; energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34; inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35; crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36; results of the first crusade, 37; second crusade, 38; its failure, _ib._ and _notes_; origin of the third crusade, 40; its famous commanders and inconclusive results, _ib._; crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and _note_; cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. 305; their demoralizing influence, 307.

Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 _note_ h; further observations thereon, 267, 268.

Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6; nature of the authority exercised by him, 117; progress of the arts in his reign, 119.

Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.

Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.

Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.

Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402; his birth, iii. 445; style of his Vita Nuova, _ib. note_; characteristics of his great poem, 446-448; enthusiasm which attended its publication, 448.

Dauphine annexed to the French crown, i. 100; its origin, 101, _note_ k.

Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95; its abolition, 96.

De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. 56; conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, 57; elected speaker of the commons, 58.

Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424; driven into exile, 425.

Derby (earl of). See Bolingbroke.

Diet. See Council.

Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94; abolishes the right of defiance, 96; establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.

Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. 362 _note_ r.

Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. 341-345; income and style of living, 370.

Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.

Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. 294 and _note_ u.

Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58; his character 64; he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15; is taken prisoner, _ib._

Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158; elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.

Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274 _note_ p.

Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.

Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389; pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, _ib. note_ f; his fall, 406.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See Church, Clergy, Papal Power.

Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and _note_ f.

Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.

Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and _note_; his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44; he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224; his tyranny towards them, 228; his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. 1; his despotic tendencies, 2; he confirms the charters, 3 and _note_ c.

Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45; he yields to the pope, ii. 239.

Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48; its injustice shown, _ib._ and _note_ 49; his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49; his chances of success, 51; attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, _ib. note_; principal features in his character, 52; extent of his resources, 53, 54, and _notes_; excellence of his armies, 55 and _note_; his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56; his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57; conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59; his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and _note_ p; his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and _notes_; his opposition to the pope, ii. 239; progress of parliament under him, iii. 42; his attempts at encroachment, 44-47; ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, 55; ordinance against Alice, 56; repeal thereof, 57; revival of the prosecution against her, 58 and _note_ g; his debts to Italian bankers, 340.

Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52; his victory at Poitiers, 55; created prince of Aquitaine, 61; his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63; summoned before the peers of France, _ib._ and _note_ t; machinations relative to his heir, iii. 55 and _note_ a; his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, 56; his death, 57.

Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89; his military force, _ib. note_ p; Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90; his accession to the throne, iii. 198; his inexcusable barbarities, 199; popularity of his government, _ib._; his system of benevolences, 200.

Edwy and Elgiva. See Dunstan.

England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21; its resources under Edward III., 53, 54; causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77; high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 _note_ t; discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79; impolicy touching its relations with France, 82; deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83; its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158; its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225; its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and _notes_; its share in the council of Constance, 244 and _note_; enactment of the statute of praemunire, 251; effect of Wicliff's principles, 252; progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see Anglo-Saxons]; its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303; fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and _notes_; expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and _note_; attempted suppression of its language, 306 and _note_; wholesale spoliation of property, 308; abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310; vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310; conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311; forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and _notes_; depopulation of the towns, 312; establishment of feudal customs, 314; preservation of the public peace, 315; difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317; hatred by the English of the Normans, 318; oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320; nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322; laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324; banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325; establishment of Magna Charta, 326; difficulty of overrating its value, 327; outline of its provisions, 321, 328; confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329; constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334; limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and _notes_; institution of the various courts of law, 336-338; origin of the common law, 339-341; character and defects of the English law, 341-343; hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346; legal position of the gentry, 346-348; causes of civil equality, 348-351; character of its government, iii. 147; prerogatives of its kings, 147-150; mitigation of the forest laws, 150 and _note_ p; jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, 151, 152 and _notes_; spirit of independence exhibited in mediaeval ballads, 265-267; its customs farmed by Italian bankers, 339, 340 _note_ d.

English constitution, character of the, iii. 152; Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, 153-155; Hume's erroneous views regarding it, 155, 158; causes tending to its formation, 159; effect of the loss of Normandy, 160; real source of English freedom, 162; principle involved in the relationship between lords and their vassals, _ib._; right of distress on the king's property, 163; feudal sources of constitutional liberty, 164; influence of the nobility, 165; salutary provisions of Edward I., 169; nature and gradual extinction of villenage, 171-183; instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded, 184-190; doctrine of prerogative, 257-260. See Anglo-Saxons, England, Feudal System, Parliament.

Erigena. See Scotus (John).

Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 _note_ a, 263.

Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127; his qualifications for the dignity, _ib._

Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See Burgundy.

Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116; receives aid from Charles Martel, _ib._

Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with Amurath, ii. 105; its fatal consequences, 106; other instances of his perfidy, 210 _note_ e; his contests with the councils, 247; his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and _note_ q.

Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 _note_ f.

False Decretals. See Isidore.

Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.

Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.

Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494; attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, _ib._; his odious rule, 503 and _note_.

Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.

Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18; they succeed to the Castilian throne, _ib._; Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42; arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59; conquest of Granada, 59, 60.

Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.

Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign of, ii. 12, 13; his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.

Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145; nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and _notes_; distinction of laws, 151; origin of nobility, 157-159, 189; fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent, 159, 160; introduction of subinfeudation, 161; origin of feudal tenures, 163; custom of personal commendation, 164; its character, _ib._, 165; edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and _notes_; principle of a feudal relation, 167; rights and duties of vassals, _ib._; ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169; obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170; military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and _notes_; feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173; of fines on alienation, 174; the custom of _frerage_ in France, 176; escheats and forfeitures, 177; objects for which aids were levied, _ib._; limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178; institution of wardships, _ib._; their vexatious character in later times, 179; extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180; introduction of improper feuds, 181; fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and _notes_; feudal law-books, 182; the Milanese collection, 183; difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184; the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186; localities over which it extended, 187, 188; privileges of nobility, 191-194; difference between a French _roturier_ and an English _commoner_, 191 _note_ p; condition of the clergy, 195, 196; of the classes below the gentry, 196; assemblies of the barons, 219; the cours plenieres, 220, 248; legislative and judicial assemblies [see Legislation, States-General, Justice]; decline of the feudal system, 249; its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254; rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see Towns]; commutation of military service, 261 [see Military Systems]; decay of feudal principles, 268; influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and France, 269; civil freedom promoted by it, 270; its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271; its value as an element of discipline, _ib._; and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272; the _mundium_, 318 _note_; essentials of the feudal system, 319; its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321; Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322; laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365; question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii. 293-301; feudalism under the Normans, 314; innovation introduced by William I., 315; difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318; tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410; abuses of feudal rights, iii. 150.

Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.

Fiefs. See Benefices, Feudal System.

Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed,