i. 406;

he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407; he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany, _ib._ and _note_; revolt of his subjects, 410.

Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485; his death, _ib._

Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew, i. 486 _note_ q; puts queen Joanna to death, 487; his assassination, 488.

Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85; his Golden Bull, 86 and _note_ e; he alienates the imperial domains, 94; advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.

Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7; site and importance of the battle, _ib. note_ q; its object, 12; his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.

Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56; his crimes, 57; allies himself with Edward III., _ib._

Chartered towns. See Municipal Institutions, Towns.

Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii. 160 _note_; character of his works, 456, 457.

Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii. 95.

Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 and _note_ i; his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 _note_.

Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.

Children, crusade undertaken by, iii. 296 _note_ z.

Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119; oppressive taxes levied by him, 306; tumult which ensued, _ib._; what followed after his death, _ib._; his attempts at poetry, iii. 283; his attack on the sanctuary, 303.

Chimneys. See Architecture.

Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390; remoteness of its origin, 391; individual honour its keystone, 392; types of chivalry, 392 and _note_ s; its original connection with feudal service, 394; effect of the crusades, 395; its connection with religion, 395, 396; enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398; licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399; virtues inculcated by it, 400; practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403; obligations of chivalry to the East, 403; its attendant evils, 404; education preparatory to knighthood, 405; chivalric festivals, 406; tournaments and their dangers, 407; privileges of knighthood, 408; who were admissible thereto, _ib._ and _note_; military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 and _notes_; causes of the decline of chivalry, 411; influences by which it was superseded, 412 and _note_ d.

Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by,