iii. 72;

he sides with the king, 74; his quarrel with the duke of Norfolk, 79; advantage taken of it by Richard II., 80 and _note_ z; his accession to the throne, 81. See Henry IV.

Bolognese law-schools, iii. 415.

Boniface (St.). See Winfrid.

Boniface VIII. suspected of fraud towards Celestine V., ii. 228; his extravagant pretensions, _ib._ and _note_; disregard of his bulls by Edward I., 229; his disputes with Philip the Fair, 230-232; success of Philip's stratagem against him, 232; his death, _ib._; rescindment of his bulls, 233; Ockham's dialogue against him, 236 _note_ n; rejection of his supremacy by the English barons, 239.

Boniface IX., elected pope, ii. 242; his traffic in benefices, 245, 246; his rapacity in England checked, 250, 251.

Books and booksellers. See Learning.

Boroughs. See Municipal Institutions, Parliament, Towns.

Braccio di Montone, rivalry of, with Sforza, i. 481.

Brienne (Walter de, duke of Athens), invested with extreme powers in Florence, i. 427; his tyranny and excesses, 428; his overthrow, 429.

Britany, origin of the people of, i. 98 and _note_; grant of the duchy to Montfort, 99; its annexation to the crown, 100; alleged existence of a king of Britany, 103; right of its dukes to coin money, 206.

Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, i. 5; her character and conduct, 6 _note_; her mayor, Protadius, 114; her scheme of government, 117; she falls into the hands of Clotaire II., and is sentenced to death, 119; cause of her overthrow, _note_ 157, 293, 309; pope Gregory I.'s adulation towards her, ii. 162 _note_ q.

Buchan (earl of), made constable of France, i. 78.

Burdett (Thomas), cause of the execution of, iii. 199 and _note_ o.

Burgesses. See Parliament.

Burgesses of the palisades, origin of the, ii. 92.

Burgundians, Roman provinces occupied by the, i. 1; their tolerance, 3 _note_ f; their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146; elucidatory observations thereon, 275-278.

Burgundy (_Eudes_, duke of), undertakes the protection of his niece Jane, i. 45; he betrays her cause, 46.

Burgundy (duke of), named guardian of Charles VI., i. 65; loses his ascendency over the king, 69; regains it, _ib._; his death, 70.

Burgundy (_John_, duke of, "Sans-peur"), assassinates the duke of Orleans, i. 70; his supposed provocation, _ib. note_; obtains pardon for the crime, 71; consequence of his reconciliation with the court, 71, 72; is assassinated, 73 and _note_; his defeat at Nicopolis, ii. 133 _note_.

Burgundy (_Philip_, duke of), allies himself with Henry V., i. 76; his French predilections, 82; and treaty with Charles VII., _ib._ 90 _note_ r, 91 _note_ s; splendour of his court, 91; jealousy of his subjects concerning taxation, 93 _note_ x.

Burgundy (_Charles_, duke of), character and ambitious designs of, i. 91 and _note_, 92; his contumacious subjects, 92; his rash enterprises and failures, 93; is defeated and killed, 94; adventures of his diamond, _ib. note_.

Burgundy (Mary, duchess of), defends her rights against Louis XI., i. 94 and _notes_; marries Maximilian of Austria, 95; her death, 96.

Caballeros of Spain, privileges enjoyed by the, ii. 8.

Calais, abject condition of the citizens of, i. 58 _note_ k; terms of instruments signed there, 60.

Calixtins, tenets of the, ii. 103.

Calixtus II. (pope), compromise effected by, ii. 188; he abolishes feudal services by bishops, 189.

Calverley (Sir Hugh), characteristic anecdote of, i. 65.

Cambridge university, first mention of, iii. 424 _note_ y.

Canon law, promulgation of the, ii. 203; its study made imperative, 204.

Capet (Hugh), usurpation of the French throne by, i. 18; antiquity of his family, _ib. note_ r; state of France at his accession, 22; opposition to, and ultimate recognition of his authority, 23 and _note_ g; period of his assumption of regal power, 128; degree of authority exercised by his immediate descendants, 24, 136; his sources of revenue, 208.

Capitularies, what they were, i. 215; their latest date, 218 and _note_.

Caraccioli, favourite of Joanna II. of Naples, i. 489; his assassination, 491 _note_.

Carloman, inheritance of the children of, usurped by Charlemagne, i. 9 _note_ y.

Carlovingian dynasty, extinction of the, i. 17.

Carrara (Francesco da), Verona seized by, i. 464; killed in prison, 465.

Carroccio, the, i. 467 and _note_ d.

Castile and Leon united into one kingdom, ii. 4; their subsequent re-division and reunion, 9; composition and character of the cortes of Castile [see Cortes]; the council and its functions, 33, 34; administration of justice, 35; violations of law by the kings, 36; confederacies of the nobility, 37; similarity of its polity to that of England, 38; establishment of tithes in Castile, 146 _note_ a.

Castle, graphic description of a, i. 322.

Castruccio Castrucani, success of, i. 410.

Catalonia, character of the people of, ii. 57; severity of the state of villenage there, _ib. note_ c.

Catharists, religious tenets held by the, iii. 384.

Catholics, treatment of the, by their Gothic conquerors, i. 3 _note_ f.

Cava (count Julian's daughter), legend of the seduction of, ii. 62.

Celestine V., fraud of Boniface VIII. towards, ii. 228.

Champ de Mars. See Field of March.

Charlemagne, reunion of the Frankish empire under, i. 9 and _note_ y; his victories in Italy and Spain, 9, 10; obstinate resistance and ultimate submission of the Saxons to his rule, 10; his Sclavonian conquests, 11; extent of his dominions, _ib._; his coronation as emperor, _ib._ and _note_ c; its consequences, 12; his intellectual acquirements and domestic improvements, _ib._ and _note_ e; his vices, cruelties, religious edicts, 13; his sons and successors, 14; his control over the clergy, 16; degeneracy of his descendants, 17; state of the people under his rule, 18; his dread of the Normans, 21; his alleged election by the Romans as emperor discussed, 122-124; question of succession involved in his elevation to the imperial title, 124-126; his wise provisions relative to fugitive serfs, 198 _note_ q; his revenue, how raised, 208; peculiarities of his legislative assemblies, 215, 216; French ignorance of his character in the 14th century, 228; his capitulary relative to tithes, ii. 145, 146 and _note_ z; his authority over the popes, 182; state of his education, iii., 286 and _note_ f; his library, 292 _note_; his encouragement of ordeals, 295; his agricultural colonies, 361; public schools in France due to him, 419; becomes a disciple of Alcuin, _ib._

Charles the Bad. See Charles of Navarre.

Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and _note_ on p. 17; ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21; his imbecile government and its consequences, 135; his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157; he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.

Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17; position of Germany at his death, ii. 66; arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.

Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.

Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law,