iii. 65;

his conduct as a lord appellant, 72; his breach with the duke of Lancaster, 74; refuses to aid in legitimating Lancaster's children, 75; his decapitation, 77.

Aschaffenburg, concordats of, ii. 253.

Athens (duke of). See Brienne.

Augustin (St.), specimen of the verses of, iii. 282 _note_ o.

Aulic council, powers and jurisdiction of the, ii. 99.

Auspicius (bishop of Toul), character of the poetry of, iii. 282; specimen thereof, _ib. note_ p.

Austrasia, characteristics of the people of, i. 118.

Auxiliary verb active, probable cause of the, iii. 280.

Averroes, error relative to, iii. 422 _note_ o; his eminence as a philosopher, 426 _note_ f; tendency of his commentaries, 430.

Avignon, removal of the papal court to, ii. 233; rapacity of its popes, 237, 238; its abandonment by the popes, 240.

Azincourt (battle of), i. 74 and _note_.

Bacon (Roger), a true philosopher, iii. 429 _note_ k; his acquaintance with mathematics, 432; parallel between him and Lord Bacon, _ib. note_ s; his knowledge of Greek, 464.

Bagdad, celebrity of the early khalifs of, ii. 121; character of its later khalifs, 122; frequency of their assassination, 123; defection of its provinces, 124.

Bajazet, military successes of, ii. 132; defeated and captured by the Tartars, 134.

Baltic trade. See Trade.

Banks and bankers of Italy, iii. 340, 341.

Barbiano (Alberic di), military eminence of, i. 474; his pupils, 481.

Barcelona, feudal submission to France of the counts of, i. 10, _note_; its early commercial eminence, iii. 331; its code of maritime laws, 333 and _note_; and of marine insurance, 339 _note_ c; its bank of deposit, 340.

Bardas, revival of Greek literature by, iii. 468 _note_ z.

Bardi, Florentine bankers, English customs farmed by the, iii. 340 _note_ d.

Barons (in France), occasional assemblages of the, i. 219; consequences of their non-attendance at the royal council, 222; they become subject to the monarch, 223; their privileges curtailed by Philip IV., 226. See Nobility.

Barristers' fees in the 15th century, iii. 371.

Basle, council of. See Council.

Beaumanoir, definition of the three conditions of men by, i. 197, 200.

Bedford (duke of), regent for Henry VI., i. 76; his character, 77; his successes in France, _ib._; overthrow of his forces by Joan of Arc, 79.

Belgrade, siege and relief of, ii. 106.

Benedict XI. reconciles Philip the Fair to the holy see, ii. 232; he rescinds the bulls of Boniface VIII., 233.

Benedict XII., purport of his letter to Edward III., i. 51 _note_; his rapacity, ii. 237.

Benedict XIII. elected pope by the Avignon cardinals, ii. 242; deposed by the council of Pisa, 243; Spain supports him, _ib._

Benedictines, exemplary agricultural labours of the, iii. 360 _note_ n.

Benefices, grants of land so called, i. 159; conditions annexed to them, _ib._; their extent, 160 and _note_; their character under Charlemagne and Louis the Debonair, 313; views of various writers concerning their nature, 313-315; character of hereditary benefices, 320; their regenerative effects upon the French people, _ib._

Benevolences, by whom first levied in England, iii. 200.

Berenger I. and II. See Italy.

Bermudo III. (king of Leon), killed in battle, ii. 4.

Bernard (grandson of Charlemagne), deprived of sight by judicial sentence, i. 14.

Berry (duke of), appointed guardian of Charles VI., i. 65; his character, 69.

Bianchi. See Superstitions.

Bianchi and Neri, factions of, i. 402; iii. 445.

Bigod (Roger, earl of Norfolk), patriotism of, iii. 2.

Bills. See Parliament.

Birth, privileges of. See Nobility.

Bishops. See Church, Clergy.

Blanchard (Alain), unjustifiable execution of, i. 84.

Blanche of Castile, acts as regent during the minority of Louis IX.,