ii. 194;

Descartes's argument on the Deity anticipated by him, iii. 428.

Appanages, effect of the system of, i. 88.

Aquinas (Thomas), metaphysical eminence of, iii. 427; comparative obsoleteness of his writings, 428 _note_ i.

Aquitaine, extent of the dominions so called, i. 116; character of its people 116, 117; effect of the wars of the Merovingian kings, 282.

Arabia and the Arabs. See Mohammed.

Aragon, bequest of to the Templars by Alfonso I., and reversal thereof, ii. 8; rise of the kingdom in political importance, 39; struggle for the succession to its crown, 39-41; points of interest in its form of government, 43; privileges of its nobles and people, 43, 44; its natural defects and political advantages, 45; statistics of its wealth, population, &c., _ib. note_ r; grant of the "privilege of union," 46; supersession thereof, 48; the office of justiciary, _ib._; instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49; and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54; duration and responsibilities of the office, 54; the Cortes of Aragon, 56; social condition of the kingdom, 58; its union with Castile, _ib._; its burgesses, iii. 331 _note_ u.

Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54. See Military Systems.

Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. 346; early castles in England, _ib._; improvements thereon, 347; early houses, 348; revival of the use of bricks, 349; arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, 350; dwellings in France and Italy, 350, 351; introduction of chimneys and glass windows, 351-353 and _notes_; house furniture and domestic conveniences, 353, 354 and _notes_; farm-houses and cottages, 355; ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, 355-359 and _notes_; domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, 479-482.

Arian sovereigns, tolerance of the, i. 3 and _note_ f.

Aribert declared king of Aquitaine, i. 115.

Aristocracy. See Nobility.

Aristotle, writings of, how first known in Europe, iii. 426 and _note_ f; ignorance of his translators, 429 and _note_ k; character of the Aristotelian philosophy, 430; its influence on religion, _ib. notes_.

Armagnac (count of), opposes the duke of Burgundy, i. 71; massacre of himself and partizans, 72; assassination of a later count of Armagnac, 89.

Armagnacs, rise of the faction of the, i. 71; tactics of the dauphin towards them, 72; their league with Henry IV. of England, 74; their defeat by the Swiss, ii. 112.

Armorial bearings, general introduction of, i. 190; instances of their earliest use, 191 _note_.

Armorican republic, questionable existence of the, i. 2; hypothesis of Dubos relative thereto, _ib. note_; further elucidation thereof, 103; supposed extent of its territories, 103, 104.

Armour. See Military Systems.

Artois. See Robert of Artois.

Arundel (bishop and archbishop), remonstrates with Richard II., iii. 67; deprived of, and reinvested with, the great seal, 73; his subsequent deprivation and banishment, 77.

Arundel (earl of, _temp._ Richard II.), favoured by the parliament,