CHAPTER IV

The Critics

The plan of describing all the writers of a period who are not poets, novelists and historians as critics is open to many objections, although I intend to adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for poetry as a criticism of life holds good, it is precisely the poets, novelists and historians who are the true critics. An alternative plan would have been to give a chapter to prose writers and another to the poets; and still another arrangement would have been to divide the subject, as De Quincey suggested, into the literature of power and the literature of imagination, the former including the philosophers and historians, the latter the poets, the novelists, and the more picturesque of the prose writers--Carlyle and Ruskin, for example.

One unhesitatingly assigns to Mr Ruskin the distinction of the critic whose work is most eloquent and impressive. =John Ruskin (1819- )= was born in Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. He has told us in his autobiography, "Præterita," of his early life under a tender mother's care, of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott, and of the youthful impulse to art study excited by the present of Rogers's "Italy," with Turner's illustrations. In 1837 he was entered as a gentleman commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, gaining, two years later, the Newdigate prize for English poetry, his subject being "Salsette and Elephanta." In 1843 he produced the first volume of "Modern Painters: their Superiority in the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate of Oxford." The work originated, he says, "in indignation at the shallow and false criticism of the periodicals of the day on the work of the great living artist to whom it principally refers." The artist in question was Joseph Mallord William Turner, upon whom Ruskin has pronounced somewhat contradictory judgments at different periods in his career. "Modern Painters" soon extended beyond the mere essay at first intended, and in its final form of five handsome volumes, it was not only a philosophical treatise on landscape painting, but an exhaustive dissertation on many phases of life from one whom Mazzini declared to possess "the most analytic brain in Europe."

Another important work, "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" (1849), is a brilliant attempt at reform in domestic and church architecture. The "lamps" represent the characteristics which good architecture should possess. The first is the Lamp of Sacrifice: "What of beauty and what of riches we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God. It was in this spirit that our cathedrals were built." The second, the Lamp of Truth, is a plea for honesty in architecture, no imitation wood or marble, but solid wood and solid stone. "Exactly as a woman of feeling," he says, "would not wear false jewels, so would a builder of honour disdain false ornaments. The using of them is just as downright and inexcusable a lie." The third is the Lamp of Power: "Until that street architecture of ours is bettered, until we give it some size and boldness, until we give our windows recess and our walls thickness, I know not how we can blame our architects for their feebleness in more important work." The fourth is the Lamp of Beauty, and in this chapter he maintains that "all the most lovely forms and thoughts" are directly taken from natural objects. The fifth is the Lamp of Life. "To those who love architecture," he says, "the life and accent of the hand are everything." The sixth is the Lamp of Memory: "All public edifices should be records of national life, all ordinary dwelling-houses endeared to their owners by sacred and sweet associations. There is infinite sanctity in a good man's house!" The seventh is the Lamp of Obedience, and here he pleads eloquently for the enforcement of an established type of architecture--the Gothic, in his judgment, lending itself most readily to all services, vulgar or noble. The "Stones of Venice" (1851-1853), in three volumes, gives in further detail Ruskin's views of the laws of architecture. The pre-Raphaelite movement of Millais, Rossetti, and Holman Hunt early enlisted his sympathy, and in "Pre-Raphaelitism" (1851) he declared that they had worthily followed the advice given in "Modern Painters," to "go to nature in all singleness of heart, and walk with her laboriously and trustingly, having no other thought but how best to penetrate her meaning; rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and scorning nothing." From that time until his Slade lectures at Oxford in 1883-1884 Ruskin wrote several books on painting and architecture, all of them in a style which attracts even those who are least in sympathy with his opinions.

But as Goethe declared of himself that posterity would honour him, not for his poetry, but for his discoveries in science, so Ruskin, perhaps more justly, insists that it is as an economist that he is most deserving of remembrance. The four essays on the first principles of political economy, entitled "Unto this Last" (1862), he declares to be "the truest, rightest-worded, and most serviceable things" he has ever written. These essays were originally published by Thackeray in the _Cornhill Magazine_, but the remonstrances of its readers brought the series to a speedy end. The principles of state socialism there initiated have since entered the field in direct contest with the established order of things. Mr Ruskin would have every child in the country taught a trade at the cost of government; he would have manufactories and workshops entirely under government regulation for the production and sale of every necessary of life, and for the exercise of every useful art; he would permit competition with government manufactories and shops, but all who desired work could be sure of it at the state establishments: finally, he would provide comfortable homes for the old and destitute, as "it ought to be quite as natural and straightforward a matter for a labourer to take his pension from his parish, because he has deserved well of his parish, as for a man in higher rank to take his pension from his country because he has deserved well of his country." Ruskin has amplified his economic doctrines in "Munera Pulveris," "Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne," and "Fors Clavigera." "Time and Tide" is a collection of letters on the laws of work to the late Thomas Dixon, a working corkcutter of Sunderland. They were originally published in the _Manchester Examiner_. "Fors Clavigera" is a series of ninety-six letters to working-men, which were issued in monthly parts, and rendered additionally interesting by the quantity of autobiographical anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages. The title is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from the Latin _fors_, the best part of three good English words--force, fortitude, and fortune; the root of the adjective _clavigera_ being either _clava_, a club, _clavis_, a key, or _clavus_, a nail, and _gero_, to carry. Fors the Club-bearer therefore represents the strength of Hercules or of Deed; the Key-bearer, the strength of Ulysses or of Patience; and the Nail-bearer, the strength of Lycurgus or of Law.

To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin established for a short time a tea shop in the Marylebone Road, where nothing but the best tea was sold at a fair price, and he founded the St George's Guild with a view of showing "the rational organisation of country life independent of that of cities;" or in other words, the restoration of the peasantry to the soil of England. One of the conditions of membership was that every member should give one-tenth of his property to the guild for carrying out its work. Ruskin led the way, his property being then estimated at £70,000. He has told us in "Fors" that out of the £157,000 left him by his parents he has spent £153,000. Much of this must have gone to the Ruskin Museum at Sheffield.

It is, however, in following Carlyle as a bracing, invigorating influence that Ruskin has most claim on the gratitude of the present generation. If Carlyle taught us to be content with this "miserable actual," with such environment as may have fallen to our lot, his disciple has given the impulse which has led to the beautifying of that environment. The more refined taste in dress, furniture, and in dwelling-houses which has characterized the later Victorian era, and, side by side therewith, a greater simplicity of life on the part of the more cultured rich, are in an especial degree due to the influence of Ruskin. "What is chiefly needed in England at the present day," he says, "is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be obtained by a consistent, well-administered competence, modest, confessed, and laborious. We need examples of people who, leaving Heaven to decide whether they are to rise in the world, decide for themselves that they will be happy in it, and have resolved to seek--not greater wealth, but simpler pleasures; not higher fortune, but deeper felicity; making the first of possessions, self-possession; and honouring themselves in the harmless pride and calm pursuits of peace." In the "Crown of Wild Olive," "Time and Tide," and "Sesame and Lilies," he emphasizes this teaching with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by far the most important is "Sesame and Lilies," which was written, he says, "while my energies were still unbroken and my temper unfretted, and if read in connection with 'Unto this Last,' contains the chief truths I have endeavoured through all my life to display, and which, under the warnings I have received to prepare for its close, I am chiefly thankful to have learnt and taught." It treats of "the majesty of the influence of good books and of good women, if we know how to read them and how to honour." How to read books he shows by analyzing the well-known passage from Milton's "Lycidas" on "The Pilot of the Galilean Lake," and explaining the deep meaning of its every word. How to honour women, how women may become worthy of honour, he shows by taking us to Shakspere and to Scott, whose Portias and Rosalinds, Catherine Seytons and Diana Vernons are ever ready at critical moments to be a help and a guidance to men; and finally he appeals to the great Florentine, and shows us Beatrice leading Dante through the starry spheres of heaven up to the very throne of light and of truth. But the book is full of healthy and helpful passages, and is, like so much that its author has written, a moral inspiration for all who read it. "I am a great man," Ruskin once said, with a consciousness of genius which reminds us that Horace and Milton, Shakspere and Goethe were equally outspoken. Posterity, we may well believe, will endorse the self-criticism, and will not willingly let his works or his memory die.

Of late years Mr Ruskin has lived, not in the most robust health, in a house at Coniston, in the English Lake District.

The next most prominent critic of the period is one upon whom Ruskin has always poured his bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered with warmest reverence by those who are old enough to have been his contemporaries. I mean John Stuart Mill.

Jeremy Bentham, who gave such an impulse to all political reform, and made a complete revolution in English jurisprudence, died in 1832. His friend James Mill, who wrote the "History of India" and an "Analysis of the Human Mind," died four years later. "It was," says Professor Bain, "James Mill's greatest contribution to human progress to have given us his son." It may be so, and yet he seems to have done his utmost to spoil the gift, not, as children are usually spoiled, by over-indulgence, but by the most excessive severity.

=John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)= born in Rodney Street, Pentonville. His education, which was conducted by his father, would have been the mental ruin of a mind of smaller powers. "I never was a boy," he said, "never played at cricket; it is better to let Nature have her own way." He began Greek at three, and Latin at eight years of age. The list of classical authors with whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly appalling. This in itself would have been a small matter had not his cold, stern father discouraged all imaginative reading. Poetry in particular he was taught to look upon as mere vanity, and there are few passages in Mill's "Autobiography" more interesting than the story how in early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came to him like veritable "balm in Gilead," for spiritual refreshment and healing. In 1823 he obtained a clerkship in the India House, from which he withdrew, with ample compensation, when the Indian Government was transferred to the Crown in 1858. Meanwhile he had been an industrious contributor to the _Westminster Review_ and other periodicals, and regularly attended the debates of the Speculative Society which met at Grote's house. Scarcely any scene in literature is better known than the destruction of the manuscript of Carlyle's "French Revolution" which he had lent to Mill. Mill lent it to Mrs Taylor, the lady who afterwards became his wife, and it was inadvertently destroyed. The speechless agony of Mill when he went to inform his friend, the self-command with which Carlyle and his wife concealed their own misery in endeavouring to moderate his self-reproaches--these and many other details have been made familiar to us by many pens. Mill gave Carlyle what monetary compensation he could, and acted, as he always acted in life, with all possible nobleness. Mrs Taylor, who was the real culprit on this occasion, was the wife of a wholesale druggist in Mark Lane. When Mill made her acquaintance, his father remonstrated, but he replied that he had no other feelings towards her than he would have towards an equally able man. The equivocal friendship, which was the talk of all Mill's circle of acquaintances, lasted for twenty years, when Mr Taylor died, and Mill married his widow. It is impossible to regard the enthusiasm of Mill for this lady without feeling how much there was in it of the humorous, how much also of the pathetic. That Mill had a most exaggerated opinion of her intellectual attainments there can be no doubt. He declared her to be the author of all that was best in his writings. Much of his "Political Economy," he said, was her work, and also the "Liberty" and the "Subjection of Women." His language with regard to her was always extravagant, and Grote said that "only John Mill's reputation could survive such displays." Mill's brother George declared that she was "nothing like what John thought her," and there is much evidence to show that she was but a weak reflection of her husband. Still, it is impossible not to sympathize with such an illusion. Mrs Mill died in 1858, and was buried at Avignon, in France, where Mill himself spent many of the later years of his life, and where he died in 1873. It was at Avignon that the Crown Princess of Prussia and the Princess Alice of Hesse proposed to visit him, when he, with due courtesy, declined to see them.

Mill's works, which are very extensive, deal with philosophical, psychological, economical, and political problems. His "Logic" was published in 1843, his "Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy" in 1844, his "Principles of Political Economy" in 1848, and his "Liberty" in 1858. In 1865 he published his "Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy." Four volumes of "Dissertations and Discussions" appeared between 1859 and 1867, and "Considerations on Representative Government" in 1861. In 1865 he entered Parliament as Member for Westminster, losing his seat, however, in 1868. It would be hard to speak too highly of Mill. As a man he was all kindliness and considerate thoughtfulness for others, and his ideal of life was a very high one. Carlyle's Letters, Caroline Fox's Memoirs, and many other sources of information, make this clear. On the literary side he will be variously estimated, as we survey him from one or other aspect of his many-sided career. As a stimulator of public opinion the work he did was enormous. This is not the place to discuss the value of this or that movement associated with his name; but there can be no doubt that many questions, like the reform of the land laws, were initiated by him. In the seventies his philosophy dominated Oxford. It is of no account to-day.

On the philosophical side Mill's position is weakened by his ignorance of the more simple sciences, which we now know to be of the greatest moment in the study of intellectual problems. Mill knew little of physics, and of biology still less. His education in this respect belonged to the old-fashioned type. His work in logic is all but unshaken, although his book has been superseded for school and college use. His psychology, however, his ethics, much of his economics, and above all, his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. Doubtless Mill's readjustments in mental science are most valuable, especially his rehandling of the old doctrines; but fundamentally these are Hume's. Mill's chief philosophical work was destructive. He utterly routed the remnants of a still earlier philosophy, furbished up with all the knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William Hamilton. But the great generalizations which have changed the whole drift of our philosophy are the Conservation of Energy, and Evolution, including as the latter does the laws and conditions of life, and in particular the doctrine of Heredity. For adequate philosophical guidance on these subjects we must turn to Herbert Spencer.

But first let me point to the number of political economists who have followed Mill in the discussion of the relation of society to the "wealth" it produces. Mill's "Political Economy" was more of a systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines than an original work. It long formed, however, the basis of ordinary English knowledge on the subject, and by its adhesion to the Wages Fund and other erroneous theories, it did not a little harm as well as good to Economic Science. Mill's most enthusiastic disciple in economics, =Henry Fawcett (1833-1884)=, went far beyond his master in his acceptance of the main doctrines of the Ricardo school. Many of the positions maintained in his "Political Economy" were abandoned by Mill before his death, particularly the Wages Fund theory; and in his "Autobiography" he traced his own progress to views which, as he said, would class him "under the general designation of Socialist." He declared himself in favour of "the common ownership in the raw material of the globe, and an equal participation of all in the benefits of combined labour."[18]

Professor Fawcett, who published his "Manual of Political Economy" in 1863, continued to the last to hold to the old views, and especially to favour as little as possible the intervention of the State. As member of Parliament, first for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney, he did great service by his criticisms of Indian finance. For more than four years (1880-1884) he held the position of Postmaster-General, and introduced many valuable reforms into the department under his administration. Other economists of importance, =John Elliott Cairnes (1824-1875)= and =William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)=, have differed from Mill in many theoretic principles; but the fairest survey of the later developments of Mill's economics is given by =Henry Sidgwick (1838- )=, Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at Cambridge, and by Alfred Marshall (born 1842). In his "Principles of Political Economy" (1883) Sidgwick attempts, with great clearness, to criticise the conflicting views of the older economists in the light of the modern and more socialist views. He also attempts in his "Methods of Ethics" (1874) a compromise between the Utilitarian and the Intuitionist schools, and he does this also in his "Elements of Politics" (1891), a comprehensive survey of political science. Mr Marshall, who holds the Chair of Political Economy at Cambridge, has written "Economics of Industry" (1879), and "Principles of Economics" (1890). A writer who did much to make foreign economists known in England, and who seemed at one time destined to be the able leader of a new school, was =Thomas Edward Cliffe Leslie (1827-1882)=, whose "Essays" are full of terse and suggestive criticism. Cliffe Leslie died, however, without writing any work of first-rate importance. He did something, however, following the line of writers like Richard Jones (1790-1855), to bring academic theory to the test of actual facts.

During the last twenty years of the century, economic study has taken increasingly the direction of elaborate investigation of the circumstances of industrial life. On the one hand, a school of economic historians,--Arnold Toynbee, with a brilliant _aperÁu_ on "The Industrial Revolution," Thorold Rogers in his monumental "History of Agriculture and Prices," Dr Cunningham, in the "Growth of English History and Commerce," and Professor W. J. Ashley in "Economic History and Theory," have greatly extended our knowledge of past industry. On the other, we have the colossal work undertaken at his own expense by Mr Charles Booth, assisted by a group of zealous students--including H. Llewellyn Smith, D. F. Schloss, and Miss Clara Collet, now all filling official posts at the Labor Department of the Board of Trade; and Miss Beatrice Potter (now Mrs Sidney Webb)--a complete survey of London life, statistical, economic, industrial, and social. The nine volumes of this "Life and Labor of the People," already issued, constitute one of the most important statistical works ever undertaken by a private person. Mr and Mrs Sidney Webb wrote together another valuable contribution to economic science in "The History of Trade Unionism" (1894).

But political economy is merely a branch of the larger science of sociology, and for the first general treatment of the whole science, since Comte, we turn to the most characteristic philosopher of the century. =Herbert Spencer (1820- )= was born at Derby, where his father was a teacher of mathematics. From his father and uncle, the latter a Congregational minister, he received his early education. Articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer, he followed that profession with some success for seven or eight years, when he gradually drifted into literature--a series of letters by him "On the Proper Sphere of Government" appearing in the _Nonconformist_ for 1842. A few years later, he wrote for the _Westminster Review_, at the house of the editor of which magazine he met George Eliot in 1851, and began the most famous friendship of his life. It was also in 1851 that he published his first work, "Social Statics," and four years later his "Principles of Psychology." In 1861 he published his work on "Education," and the following year his "First Principles." Between that time and 1896 he has slowly built up a system of synthetic philosophy, in a dozen bulky volumes, which has secured him a very large following not only in England, but throughout the Continent and America. His "Descriptive Sociology" is the production of many writers, who have worked under his direction, collecting facts from travellers and scientists all over the world.

To have placed Psychology and Ethics on a scientific basis in harmony with the discoveries of the century is a truly great achievement. Many years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer claimed the whole domain of knowledge as his own, and undertook to revise, in accordance with the latest lights, the whole sphere of philosophy. What must have seemed intolerable presumption in 1860 became in 1896 a completed task. In universality of knowledge he rivals Aristotle and Bacon at a time when the sphere of learning is immensely larger than in their epochs. It is not within the province of this survey of literature to go through the twelve large volumes of his works in detail. We would rather point out that, to the unphilosophical reader, who would willingly know something of Spencer's literary powers, the "Study of Sociology," which he wrote for the "International Scientific Series," and the treatise on "Education" are books which all who read must enjoy.

To him, with Mill, belongs the glory of restoring to Great Britain the old supremacy in philosophy given to her by Bacon, continued by Locke, Hume, and Berkeley, but temporarily interrupted by Kant and Hegel.

Another writer who has attempted to combine psychology with physiology is =Alexander Bain (1818- )=, who was for many years Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen, and twice Lord Rector. Bain assisted Mill in the preparation of his "Logic," and has himself written a treatise on that science, also lengthy works on "The Senses and the Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." Perhaps his work on "Mental and Moral Science" is his best-known contribution to student literature. Although he is the author of books on grammar and composition, Professor Bain's style is always oppressively heavy and unattractive. As Spencer and Bain combined psychology with physiology, so it was the effort of Boole and De Morgan to extend the scope of logic by an ingenious application of mathematics.

The leader for many years of the "Hegelian" school of philosophy at Oxford, which has long held the field against Mill on the one hand and Spencer on the other, was =Thomas Hill Green (1838-1882)=, who was appointed Whyte Professor of Moral Philosophy in 1877, and who published the same year a series of articles in the _Contemporary Review_, on "Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought." He was preparing for publication his "Prolegomena to Ethics" at the time of his death, and the work was finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley, who has himself written a treatise on logic, and whose Hegelian work, entitled "Ethical Studies," is of the highest interest. Green was a moral force in Oxford, quite apart from his philosophical speculation, as the following extract from one of his lectures will indicate:--"I confess to hoping for a time when the phrase, 'the education of a gentleman,' will have lost its meaning, because the sort of education which alone makes the gentleman in any true sense will be within the reach of all. As it was the aspiration of Moses that all the Lord's people should be prophets, so with all seriousness and reverence we may hope and pray for a condition of English society in which all honest citizens will recognize themselves and be recognized by each other as gentlemen."

=George Henry Lewes (1817-1878)=, whose name is frequently joined with that of Spencer by his association of biology with ethics and psychology, was the son of Charles Lee Lewes, the actor, and was one of the most versatile writers of our times. His first important work was the "Biographical History of Philosophy," originally published in 1845 in Knight's Shilling Library, but amplified without improvement into two substantial volumes in 1867. Lewes's distaste for the ordinary metaphysics, and the severity of his criticism on Hegel, have rendered this work the _bête noir_ of all transcendental students; but it remains the one English "History of Philosophy" of any pretension. More unqualified praise may be given to the "Life of Goethe," which Lewes published in 1855. Perhaps no other man then living could have shown himself competent to deal with Goethe's many-sidedness--to discuss "Faust" and "Tasso," "Hermann und Dorothea" at one moment, the poet's biological and botanical discoveries the next, and to estimate at their true worth the speculations on colours, which Goethe held to be more calculated than his poems to secure him immortality. The book remains the standard life of the great Weimar sage in this country, and is popular in Germany, in spite of a vast Goethe literature which has been published since its appearance. In addition to these great works Lewes wrote two novels, one of which, "Ranthorpe," Charlotte Brontë praised enthusiastically. He edited the _Fortnightly Review_, and also initiated a craze for aquaria, by his "Seaside Studies;" he endeavoured, indeed, to popularise many of the sciences, particularly physiology. His last years were devoted to philosophical questions, and his "Problems of Life and Mind" were published in fragments, the concluding volume, under George Eliot's editorship, after his death.

The earliest writer of the era to popularise science was =Sir David Brewster (1781-1868)=, an eminent physicist, in whose _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_ Carlyle commenced his literary career. His "Life of Newton," "Martyrs of Science," and "More Worlds than One" are still widely read. =Michael Faraday (1791-1867)=, another famous physicist, is still better remembered by our own generation, principally for his popular lectures at the Royal Institution, where he was superintendent of the laboratory for forty-eight years. He was a blacksmith's son, and was originally apprenticed to a bookbinder. After his discovery of magneto-electricity, he had, he told Tyndall, a hard struggle to decide whether he should make wealth or science the pursuit of his life. Tyndall calculates that Faraday could easily have realised £150,000; but he declared for science and died a poor man.

=John Tyndall (1820-1893)=, who once said that it was his great ambition to play the part of Schiller to this Goethe, succeeded Faraday at the Royal Institution, and wrote about him eloquently in his "Faraday as a Discoverer." Tyndall was born at Leighlin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, in 1820. His father was a member of the Irish constabulary. His services to many branches of science were great; but he concerns us here not so much by his treatises on electricity, sound, light, and heat, or by his discoveries in diamagnetism, as by his "Lectures on Science for Unscientific People," which, Huxley said, was the most scientific book he had ever read, and which has yet the transcendent merit of giving enjoyment as well as instruction, even to the readers of three-volume novels. In 1856 Tyndall made a journey to Switzerland, in company with Professor Huxley, and the friends afterwards wrote a treatise "On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers." Geological treatises may be said to have given the fullest play to the literary side of science. The work of Robert Bentley and Sir Joseph Hooker in botany, of Michael Foster, St George Mivart, and Francis Maitland Balfour in biology, is, it may be, equal or superior to that of the bulk of the writers whose achievements we have chronicled; but it is not a part of literature. Burdon Sanderson, Balfour Stewart, and a host of other men, have done incalculable service in the Victorian era--service, it is to be feared, which scarcely obtains as generous recognition as the cheap generalisations of smaller men; but scientific text-books, however important, are scarcely within the scope of these chapters. Geology, on the other hand, is, as it were, a conglomerate of the sciences, and lends itself readily to the most eloquent literary expression. Few writers have been more widely read than =Hugh Miller (1802-1856)=, a Cromarty stone-mason, whose first enthusiasm for study of the rocks arose from following his trade, but whose life was mainly devoted to journalism, and to editing _The Witness_. His "Old Red Sandstone," "Footprints of the Creator," and "The Testimony of the Rocks" were effective in kindling a taste for natural science.

The special study which Miller gave to the Red Sandstone rocks was extended by =Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792-1871)= to the Silurian System, and his work entitled "Siluria" has passed through many editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery of geologists, for Miller and Murchison, Lyell and the brothers Geikie, were all born north of the Tweed. =Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)= was born at Kinnordy, in Forfarshire, and educated at Midhurst, and at Exeter College, Oxford. Called to the bar, he went the Western Circuit for two years, but, when attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, he became attached to geology. His "Principles of Geology," first published in 1830, caused a revolution in the science. Never before had there been presented such a connected illustration of the influences which had caused the earth's changes in the unresting distribution of land and water areas. Much of Lyell's great work reads like a fairy tale; much might have been thought the fruit of an imaginative rather than of a scientific mind. Lyell's smaller book, the "Student's Elements of Geology," was injured in literary merit by the progressive study of the science of which he had been the second father. The constant addition of fresh knowledge, and his conversion to Darwin's views, necessitated the continual rewriting of parts and further revision by other hands after the author's death. "The Antiquity of Man" (in defence of Darwin's theory) is of more value from a literary standpoint. Before the beginning of the reign =William Buckland (1784-1856)=, Dean of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyell had so much profited, had written his famous Bridgewater Treatise on "Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology." His son, =Frank Buckland (1826-1880)=, wrote clever and readable books on "Natural History," and had genuine enthusiasm for the study of animal life; but he was charged with having vulgarised the studies in which he took so keen an interest. The most distinguished living geologist is Sir Archibald Geikie, who is now director-general of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. His "Text Book," which was first published in 1882, is a model of lucid writing, and his essays are among the most pleasant literary products of the age. His brother, James Geikie, has written an important work on glaciation, entitled "The Great Ice Age."

But the scientific literature of the past sixty years might almost be said to be summarised in the work of =Charles Darwin (1809-1882)=. A funeral in Westminster Abbey, amid the mourning of many nations, closed the career of one whose life-work had often been greeted with scorn. "Our century is Darwin's century," said a leading German newspaper (_Allgemeine Zeitung_) at his death, and the statement is no exaggeration. Those who witnessed the long stream of prelates and nobles who filed through the Abbey at his funeral, the then Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr Tait) and the present Prime Minister (Lord Salisbury) among the number, could not but recall the reception of the great investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop Wilberforce in particular denounced it in the _Quarterly Review_ as "a flimsy speculation." Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such as, on the principle of heredity, a great man should possess. His paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a poet, whose "Botanic Garden" may still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather was Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter. Darwin was the son of a doctor of Shrewsbury, and was educated at the Grammar School of that city and at Christ's College, Cambridge. Here his natural history studies were sympathetically directed by Professor Henslow, the botanist, by whose recommendation he was selected to accompany the _Beagle_ on its expedition to survey the South American coast. The results of his travels were embodied in his first important work, "Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World," which was published in 1839, and was republished under the title of "A Naturalist's Voyage round the World." In the same year he married his cousin, Miss Wedgwood, and, after a few years of London life, took up his residence in a pleasant country house at Down, near Beckenham, in Kent. Here he pursued his remarkable investigations until his death, surrounded by his accomplished children, and finding, as he told a friend, his highest emotional gratification in the joys of family life and a love of animate nature. Two of his sons, George Howard Darwin and Francis Darwin, have done good work in science, the one in geology and astronomy, the other in botany. Darwin himself wrote also on the "Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs," revolutionising the popular view concerning these remarkable phenomena. Discovering that reef-building polyps cannot live at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found it necessary to explain the presence of rocks built by them which rise from more than 2000 feet below the surface of the sea. This he did on the hypothesis of a gradual subsidence of the sea-floor whilst the polyps are at work. This view has since been generally accepted by geologists, although somewhat modified by Dr John Murray's observation in the _Challenger_ expedition, that the reefs are not always of solid coral, and that they may in many cases have been formed on the cones of extinct volcanoes.

Darwin had pondered for many years over the theory which was to make him famous before he decided to bring his conclusions before the public. After considerable observation of every form of animal and vegetable life and experiments in selective breeding he concluded that the species of plants and animals now on the earth were not created in their present form, but had been evolved by unbroken descent with modification of structure from cruder forms, the remains of many of which are constantly discovered in the older rocks. He discovered in 1858 that =Alfred Russel Wallace (1822- )= had independently arrived at the same conclusions, and so it was agreed that their views should be jointly laid before the Linnæan Society. In 1859 the "Origin of Species" was published, and it was followed by a number of works bearing upon the same subject, the most notable of all being the "Descent of Man." Darwin's work on "Earth Worms," perhaps the most purely literary of all his writings, appeared the year before his death. It is not the province of a sketch of Victorian literature to discuss the many important bearings of the Darwinian hypothesis. Received with unbounded contempt by literary men so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it was accepted only with qualification by men of science like Agassiz, Carpenter, and Owen; but an overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, America, and above all in Continental countries, have declared in its favour. The theory has received popular interpretation in Germany from Haeckel, and in England from Huxley, although in this connection we must not forget =George John Romanes (1848-1894)=, the author of "Animal Intelligence" and "Mental Evolution in Animals," Grant Allen, and Edward Clodd.

=Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895)=, one of the greatest of our men of science, was of interest not only on account of his vast scientific attainments, but for his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as illustrated in his "Life of Hume," his wide culture, and his exquisite literary style. He was born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex, where his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine at the Charing Cross Hospital, then entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and went in the _Rattlesnake_ to survey the Barrier Reef of Australia. The papers which he sent to the Royal and Linnæan Societies gave him fame. After his return he devoted himself to original research; but work of that sort brings no recompense in money, and Huxley's means were narrow. In 1854, however, he obtained the chairs of Natural History and Palæontology at the School of Mines, and to this he afterwards added the appointment of Inspector of Fisheries. The "blue ribbon" of science, the Presidency of the Royal Society, was conferred on him in 1883. Huxley wrote much on biological problems, and by the publication of his "Physiography" gave a new name to the science which has extended the scope of the old Physical Geography: but his chief interest for us here is in his "Lay Sermons," "Addresses and Reviews," his "Critiques and Addresses," and his "American Addresses," all of which may take rank among the finest prose of our age.

As an interesting contrast to the work of Darwin and Huxley, and all that it has implied to modern literature, one may refer once again to the movement inspired by Cardinal Newman. His most prominent associates for many years, neither of whom, however, left the Church of England for the Church of Rome, were Pusey and Keble.

=Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882)= was practically the founder of the modern High Church movement in the Anglican community. A writer of "Tracts for the Times," he was, after Newman had "gone over to Rome," the recognized head of the movement, and his followers were frequently called "Puseyites." A demoralization of the party seemed inevitable on Newman's secession, but the publication of Dr Pusey's "Letter to Keble" gave it fresh life. In 1866 his "Eirenicon," a proposal for the reunion of Christendom, drew a reply from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, he maintained the profoundest friendship to the end. =John Keble (1792-1866)=, who was born at Fairford, in Gloucestershire, was a man of far higher gifts. Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he obtained a fellowship at Oriel. For some years he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford, a position for which he had qualified himself by the publication of the "Christian Year," a volume of religious poems for every Sunday and church festival, many of which have been admitted into the hymnology of all the Christian sects. Perhaps truer poetry is to be found in his "Lyra Innocentium," a series of poems on children, for there the human element is more marked. Keble also wrote a "Life of Bishop Wilson," and published several volumes of sermons.

The movement of Liberal theology, to which men like Keble gave the name of "national apostasy," was headed in its earlier developments by Archbishop Whately and Dr Arnold of Rugby, and more recently by the Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice and Dean Stanley. =Richard Whately (1787-1863)=, who was at Oriel with Keble, had published his once popular "Logic" and "Rhetoric" before the commencement of the reign of Victoria, and in 1831 had been made Archbishop of Dublin, a position which he held till his death, in 1863, winning all hearts by his kindness and liberality, by his generous tolerance and zeal for progress. His "Logic" is chiefly of importance for the impetus it gave to the study of that science. His "Christian Evidences" gained in its day a wider audience. =Thomas Arnold (1795-1842)= was born at East Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, and was educated at Winchester, and with Keble at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After ordination he removed to Laleham-on-Thames, where he prepared young men for the universities. When, in 1827, the head-mastership of Rugby became vacant, Arnold was elected on the strength of a recommendation by Dr Hawkins, to the effect that he "would change the face of education all through the public schools of England." The prophecy was fulfilled. He was the first to introduce modern languages and modern history and mathematics into the regular school course. At the same time he always insisted on the value of the classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared an edition of "Thucydides," and wrote a "History of Rome" in its earlier periods, which is at least eminently interesting. His services to his country as an educational reformer were even greater on the moral side. Dr Arnold was a purifying influence to men of the higher classes, to a degree which is inexplicable to the present generation. For a time he was unpopular, and his school suffered, through his advocacy of church reform and his association with political Liberalism; but the success of his pupils at the universities had caused a reaction in his favour at the time of his death, which occurred all too early, for he was only forty-seven. Of his many distinguished pupils, perhaps the best known are Tom Hughes and Dean Stanley. =Thomas Hughes (1823-1896)=, who in 1882 was made a county-court judge, wrote many books, but only one of them entitles him to be remembered to-day. In a moment of happy inspiration, he wrote the finest boy's book in the language. "Tom Brown's School Days" was published in 1857. It is a picture of life at Rugby, under Dr Arnold's healthy, manly guidance.

=Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815-1881)= wrote his "Life of Dr Arnold" in 1844. A son of Edward Stanley, Bishop of Norwich, he was born at Alderley, in Cheshire. From Rugby he went to Balliol College, Oxford, where he had an exceptionally distinguished career. In 1851 he became a canon of Canterbury, and his picturesque "Memorials of Canterbury" were the outcome of residence in that city. In 1863 he was made Dean of Westminster, notwithstanding the opposition of the High Church party, to whom the theological views expressed in his numerous works were distasteful. Of these writings, "Sinai and Palestine," "Lectures on the Eastern Church," and "Lectures on the Jewish Church," are the best known. As Dean of Westminster Dr Stanley became an active leader of the Broad Church movement. Although not a contributor to "Essays and Reviews" his services to the movement were incalculable. He invited Max Müller to lecture in the Abbey, befriended Père Hyacinthe, and gave sympathy to Bishop Colenso. His speeches in the Lower House of Convocation, particularly one in which he proposed the suppression of the Athanasian Creed in the services of the Church, made him many enemies; but few ecclesiastics have been so beloved by both sovereign and people. One recalls the pleasant, active little man, so proud of his Abbey Church, with a deep sigh that he should be no more. His life was written by his successor, Dean Bradley.

Of the contributors to "Essays and Reviews," the manifesto of the Broad Church party, which appeared in 1860, Frederick Temple must be mentioned, because his contribution, "The Education of the World," led to a frantic effort to prevent his receiving the bishopric of Exeter, an effort which was unsuccessful. In 1885 Dr Temple was made Bishop of London, and in 1896 Archbishop of Canterbury. Other distinguished writers in "Essays and Reviews" were Dr Jowett and Mr Mark Pattison. =Benjamin Jowett (1817-1893)=, master of Balliol, who wrote the essay on "The Interpretation of Scripture," achieved his greatest successes by his brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and "The Politics" of Aristotle. His Plato drew from John Bright, who was little inclined to appreciate the great thoughts of the Athenian philosopher, an expression of admiration for the classic English of the Oxford professor. Jowett's life was written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell. =Mark Pattison (1813-1884)=, whose contribution to "Essays and Reviews" was on "The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England," assisted Newman and Pusey in the early days of the Tractarian movement, but finally went over to the Liberalism which they so much dreaded. In 1861 he was elected Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford. Pattison was a profound scholar. Few men have led lives so absorbed in books. The results of his learning are apparent in his interesting "Life of Isaac Casaubon," which he had hoped to follow by a life of Scaliger.

But men like Jowett and Pattison have been the arm-chair representatives of a movement which found one of its most active supporters in =John Frederick Denison Maurice (1805-1872)=. Maurice was the son of a Unitarian minister, and was born at Normanstone, near Lowestoft. For a time he was editor of the _Athenæum_, but joined the Anglican Church in 1831, and accepted a curacy near Leamington. A treatise entitled "Subscription no Bondage," which defined his position in the Church, excited much attention, as did also his tracts on the "Kingdom of Christ." In conjunction with Kingsley and Hughes he published pamphlets called "Politics for the People," and organised the Christian socialist and co-operative movement of 1850. Like Kingsley, Maurice may be labelled a Broad Churchman, not so much on doctrinal grounds as for the breadth of his sympathies. It was social rather than theological problems to which he attached importance. Kingsley, indeed, described himself to correspondents as a Broad Churchman, a High Churchman, and an Evangelical, as the mood seemed to take him. Bishop Colenso is a good type of the more militant theologians. =John William Colenso (1814-1883)= first came before the public as the author of mathematical text-books. At this time he was vicar of Forncett St Mary, in Norfolk, but in 1853 he was made Bishop of Natal. In South Africa he was a zealous advocate of the rights of the natives against the oppression of the Boers and Cape Town officials; but in a measure his influence was weakened by the publication of his work on Biblical criticism, "The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined," which was condemned by both Houses of Convocation as heretical. When Colenso came to England in 1874 he was inhibited from preaching in the dioceses of London, Lincoln, and Oxford. At Oxford, however, his sermon was read from the pulpit of Balliol while the Bishop sat below, and the same device was pursued at Mr Stopford Brooke's Church in London. Dean Stanley invited him to the Abbey pulpit, claiming freedom from the jurisdiction of Dr Jackson, the then Bishop of London; but Colenso declined to increase the ill-feeling which had been excited.

Another distinguished member of the Broad Church party, =Edwin Abbott (1838- )=, was head-master of the City of London School from 1865 to 1889. He has published several educational works. His religious influence has developed itself through "Philochristus; Memoirs of a Disciple of our Lord," and "Onesimus; Memoirs of a Disciple of St Paul," also by a volume of sermons, "Through Nature to Christ," which is perhaps the best evidence of the development of the Broad Church movement. Dr Whately, one of its founders, argued for the miracles as indicative of the Divine origin of Christianity; Dr Abbott esteems the insistence on miracles as a bar to belief. Perhaps the purest and most inspiring of all the eloquent teachers belonging to this party was =Frederick William Robertson (1816-1853)= of Brighton, whose sermons have been widely read, especially in America, and whose lectures are as helpful and bracing as any written in our time. Robertson's remarkable career of only thirty-seven years has been made known to us by the beautiful life which was written by Mr Stopford Brooke. =Stopford Augustus Brooke (1832- )= was born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College. At first he was a Church of England clergyman and a Queen's Chaplain, but seceded in 1880 on account of his inability to believe in many supernatural phases of Christian teaching. His "Primer of English Literature," "History of Early English Poetry," "Theology in the English Poets," and "Life of Milton" have the ring of the genuine, and, indeed, of the great, critic.

Outside the pale of the Anglican community, but powerful factors in that same Broad Church movement which has been charged with "stretching the old formula to meet the new facts," one recalls the names of Lynch and Martineau. =Thomas Toke Lynch (1818-1871)= was born at Dunmow, in Essex, and held for many years the ministry of a small Congregational Church, first in Grafton Street and afterwards in the Hampstead Road, London. He died in comparative obscurity; but the poems in his "Rivulet," once condemned as heretical, have found their way into most hymnologies.

=James Martineau (1805- )= was born at Norwich, and was originally educated for the profession of civil engineer, but turned to theological studies, and was for some time the minister of a Presbyterian Church in Dublin. Then, during a residence in Liverpool, he became a supporter of the philosophy of Bentham and the elder Mill, but finally abandoned that position for Kantian metaphysics. Thenceforth he was to be a great power on behalf of the Theistic and Unitarian position, and he turned vigorously upon the materialistic beliefs which he had abandoned, and was, it may be added, somewhat too harsh to his sister Harriet when, later in life, she adopted them. His "Endeavour after the Christian Life" and "Hours of Thought on Sacred Things" are two of his best known works, although a more philosophical interest attaches to his "Study of Spinoza" and his "Types of Ethical Theory."

I have dwelt at some length on the work of the High Church and Broad Church parties during the reign, because with these bodies it has been a period of great literary achievement, and it can scarcely be claimed that Evangelicanism, however earnest, zealous, and numerically powerful, has added much of enduring worth to religious literature. =Richard William Church (1815-1890)=, Dean of St Paul's, who wrote so eloquently on Dante and St Anselm, belonged to the Liberal High Church school, as did also =Henry Parry Liddon (1829-1890)=, a canon of the same cathedral, whose Bampton lectures "On the Divinity of Jesus Christ" marked him out as one of the most eloquent of modern preachers. One of the greatest scholars in the English Church, =Joseph Barber Lightfoot (1828-1889)=, Bishop of Durham, who replied to the author of "Supernatural Religion," belonged to the same party. Midway between the Broad Church and the Evangelical schools we find =Frederick William Farrar (1831- )=, Dean of Canterbury, who, as head-master of Marlborough College, wrote stories of boy life. He succeeded Kingsley as a Canon of Westminster, and excited much attention by his sermons on the doctrine of eternal punishment. His lives of Christ and of St Paul have been widely read. =John Charles Ryle (1816- )=, Bishop of Liverpool, has been perhaps the most famous literary exponent of the Evangelical position. "Shall we know one another in Heaven" and "Bible Inspiration" were characteristic books from his pen. =John Saul Howson (1816-1885)=, Dean of Chester, who, in conjunction with the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, wrote an able work on "The Life and Epistles of St Paul," was also a Low Churchman.

The most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the Victorian period, and the man whose sermons found most readers, was =Charles Haddon Spurgeon (1834-1892)=, with whom eloquence and earnestness were combined with the possession of a simple English style, which he derived from a study of the Puritan fathers. In "John Ploughman's Talk" (1868) Spurgeon put forth much homely wisdom in a quaint and humorous garb.

I have said well nigh enough concerning speculative writers and theologians, but it is necessary to mention here =Henry Longueville Mansel (1820-1871)=, who succeeded Milman as Dean of St Paul's. Mansel was a vigorous defender of the Anglican position. "The Limits of Religious Thought" was the title of one of his books; "Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real" was another, but he crossed swords with many disputants, with F. D. Maurice, with J. S. Mill, and indeed he was ever a fighter, subtle and skilful. Another theologian, =Cardinal Manning (1808-1892)=, was a disputant on behalf of Roman Catholicism, he having left the Anglican Church in 1851. His many books and sermons are to-day only of interest to the theological student. His life was written in 1896, and caused much controversy through its exceeding candour and indiscretion.

Philosophy has had notable students also in Ferrier, Caird, and Clifford. =James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864)= who was a nephew of Susan Ferrier the author of "Marriage," was professor of moral philosophy at St Andrews. He wrote "Lectures in Greek Philosophy" and other works. =Edward Caird (1835- )= is master of Balliol and he has written "Philosophy of Kant," "Essays on Literature and Philosophy," and "The Evolution of Religion." =William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)= belonged to the opposite camp. He obtained an early reputation as a mathematician and became professor of applied mathematics in University College, London, in 1871. His powerful contributions to the literary side of science were contained in "Seeing and Thinking" and "Lectures and Essays," the latter volume being edited after his death by his friends Mr Leslie Stephen and Sir Frederick Pollock.

The three most notable books that we have seen from the anti-theological side, apart from Matthew Arnold's "Literature and Dogma," are "The Creed of Christendom," "Phases of Faith," and "Supernatural Religion," although to these may perhaps be added translations of the Lives of Christ, of Strauss, and of Renan. The "Creed of Christendom" was the work of =William Rathbone Greg (1809-1881)=, who wrote also "Enigmas of Life" (1872), and "Rocks Ahead" (1874). "Phases of Faith" was the work of =Francis William Newman (1805-1897)=, a younger brother of Cardinal Newman, but at the opposite pole of religious conviction. He has written many books, the most successful being one on "The Soul" (1849). Another on "Theism" (1858), was inspired by the same theistic, but non-Christian impulse. "Phases of Faith" (1858), was his most successful work. The author of "Supernatural Religion" is Walter Richard Cassels, who has also published a reply to Bishop Lightfoot's strictures upon his larger work--a work now all but forgotten, but which created a considerable sensation at the time of its appearance.

The age has been, particularly in its later developments, an age of good critics of literature. Criticism unhappily rarely lasts much beyond its own decade. Even Mr Matthew Arnold lives now only by his poetry, and the many good things that he said about books are being steadily forgotten. Arnold was a great critic, and so also was =Walter Pater (1839-1894)=, whose "Marius the Epicurean" and "Imaginary Portraits" should have ranked him with writers of imagination were it not that criticism was his dominant faculty. Pater has been described as "the most rhythmical of English prose writers," and his "Renaissance: Studies in Art and Poetry," and his "Appreciations" give him a very high place among the writers of our time.

=Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1834-1894)= was another great critic, who wrote at least one work of imagination. "Marmorne" is a very pretty story of life in France. With every aspect of French life Mr Hamerton was well acquainted, as he lived in that country for very many years. He wrote regularly upon art topics, and edited an art magazine, _The Portfolio_; but it is by his volume of essays entitled "The Intellectual Life" that he will be most kindly remembered for many a year to come.

Certain writers whom I must mention are entitled to a place both as critics and as poets. Mr W. E. Henley, Mr F. W. H. Myers, William Bell Scott, and William Allingham for example. =William Ernest Henley (1849- )= has written plays in conjunction with R. L. Stevenson, and his "Book of Verses" and "Song of the Sword" entitle him to very high rank among the poets of the day. But he is also a critic of exceptional vigour and force, and since Matthew Arnold there has been no volume of criticism so full of discrimination and sound judgment as "Views and Reviews." Ill health has compelled Mr Henley to waste much of his undoubted talent. He is at present editing fine library editions of Burns and Byron. =Frederic William Henry Myers (1843- )= wrote "Saint Paul," a poem of considerable reputation, but his critical essays are more widely known. They were published in two volumes, "Classical" and "Modern," and are full of delightful ideas delightfully expressed. His biography of Wordsworth is a daintily fanciful memoir, abounding in good criticism. Mr Myers's brother Ernest is also a poet, and so also was =William Bell Scott (1811-1890)=. He was, it is true, a poet of a narrow range, but a critic of great energy and industry. Bell Scott became best known by his "Autobiography," published after his death. In it he discussed Rossetti and the Pre-Raphaelite movement with sufficient frankness. =William Allingham (1824-1889)= wrote many poems and ballads full of the Celtic spirit, and of Ireland, which he loved as the land of his birth. Allingham was for a time editor of _Fraser's Magazine_, and he contributed regularly to the chief literary periodicals of his day.

Literary critics of importance to-day are Edward Dowden, Richard Garnett, George Saintsbury, Edmund Gosse, Leslie Stephen, and Andrew Lang--all of whom are happily living and writing.

=Edward Dowden (1843- )=, who is an Irishman, and a professor of Trinity College, Dublin, has a genius for accuracy and is a master of detail. For textual criticism of Wordsworth and Shelley he has no superior. He has an immense knowledge of the literature of many languages, and holds without dispute the first place among living students of German literature in this country. His knowledge of English literature is profound, and in "Shakspere, his Mind and Art," and "Studies in Literature," he has said some singularly illuminating things about books. With his "Life of Shelley" one observes a certain deterioration; Professor Dowden, with all his profound love of literature, has scarcely the qualities which would find attraction in the curiously impulsive character of the poet Shelley. Dowden was happier when writing about Southey, and he is still more at home with great impersonal literary figures like Shakspere and Goethe.

=Richard Garnett (1835- )=,--better known to the world to-day as Dr Garnett--has also written on Shelley, not merely with sympathy but with partisanship. Dr Garnett, who is honourably associated with the British Museum Library, is a most acute critic, a biographer of Carlyle and Emerson, a translator from the Greek and German, and, like Professor Dowden, a poet.

=George Saintsbury (1845- )=, who is Professor of English Literature at the University of Edinburgh, has been an industrious critic for many years, and his knowledge of French literature in particular is profound. His acquaintance with English literature in the seventeenth century has, however, considerably vitiated his style. It is not easy to tolerate the phraseology of the seventeenth century in modern books. This defect of style is regrettably noticeable in two volumes of literary history which Professor Saintsbury has published, one dealing with the seventeenth and the other with the nineteenth century. It is in certain brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others that Professor Saintsbury is most excellent; but his wide knowledge and his genuine grasp of the most salient characteristics of good literature are indisputable qualities which rank him high among the bookmen of his day.

=Edmund Gosse (1849- )= is not less distinguished than the writers I have named. He would be widely known as a writer of charming verse were he not actively engaged in literary criticism. The son of a famous naturalist, Mr Gosse is the author of many admirably written books about the literature of the past and the present. What Carlyle so largely did for German literature by introducing it to English readers Mr Gosse has done for Scandinavian literature. In conjunction with Mr William Archer--a dramatic critic of singular insight--he has translated Ibsen, whose influence has been as marked during the past ten years as the influence of German writers was marked during the previous thirty. Mr Gosse's best biography is his "Life of Gray."

A critic of remarkable learning is =Leslie Stephen (1832- )=, whose "Hours in a Library" and "History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century" are books which have profoundly impressed the age. Mr Leslie Stephen has written a large number of biographies, all of them characterised by singular accuracy, by remarkable graces of style, and by genuine insight. He was the first editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, a work which has proved invaluable to students of our later literature.

=Andrew Lang (1844- )= is the last of the critics I have named, and not the least active. He has shone in many branches of literary work. His "Ballads and Lyrics of Old France," "Ballades in Blue China," and numerous other verses, have gained him considerable reputation as a poet. His translations of Homer and Theocritus are by many counted the finest translations that our literature has seen. Some have contended that his musical prose rendering of the Odyssey is incomparably superior to all the efforts of Pope, of Cowper, and of the many other poets who have attempted to render Homer in verse. Mr Lang is an authority on folk-lore; he has joined issue with Professor Max Müller on many points which are of keen interest to those who are attracted towards the science of language and the study of comparative religion. As a writer of fairy-tales, and as the editor of books of fairy-stories, Mr Lang has endeared himself to thousands belonging to the younger generation. But all this is but dimly and inefficiently to appraise Mr Lang's marvellous versatility. He has written fiction, history, and, above all, biography, his biographical work including a Life of Sir Stafford Northcote and a Life of John Gibson Lockhart, Scott's son-in-law.

Biography has generally been written by literary critics, and one requires no apology in any case for ranking the biographers among the critics. =John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854)= himself was a notable example. He was editor of the _Quarterly Review_, and an industrious writer for many years; but he is best known to us by his "Life of Sir Walter Scott," which was published--it is worthy of note--in 1837, the year of the Queen's accession. Lockhart's "Scott" is beyond question the most important biography of the reign. The longest is that of Milton by Professor Masson. =David Masson (1822- )= has held a chair of literature in University College, London, and later at Edinburgh. Few men know English literature better than he. His name will always be associated with his monumental "Life of Milton," a solid, accurate, exhaustive book; but he has written pleasantly on "British Novelists and their Styles" and "Drummond of Hawthornden," besides sundry other books. Many of our poets have had capable biographers. Professor Knight of St Andrews has devoted himself for many years to Wordsworth, and has written his biography besides editing his collected works. The late James Dykes Campbell (1835-1894) wrote a biography of Coleridge distinguished by remarkable thoroughness. Professor W. J. Courthope has proved himself Pope's best biographer and editor, and is giving us a good "History of English Poetry," which at present reaches only to the Reformation. Mr Churton Collins, one of the most thorough of our critics, has written on Swift, as has also Sir Henry Craik; and Swift's life in Ireland has been gracefully sketched by Mr Richard Ashe King, a novelist whose "Love the Debt" and "The Wearing of the Green" have commanded a large audience. Swift has been a favourite subject with the biographers. A life of him was the task upon which =John Forster (1812-1876)= was engaged at the time of his death. Forster was an untiring biographer, and he benefited literature as well by his death as by his life, in that he bequeathed his fine library of books and manuscripts to the nation. John Forster wrote a Life of Walter Savage Landor, another of Goldsmith, and another of Charles Dickens, against which it was urged that he had introduced too much of his own personality. Perhaps Forster's best work was his "Life of Sir John Eliot," an expansion of a biography of that patriot which he had contributed to his "Statesmen of the Commonwealth."

Biography is the great medium of instruction and inspiration of that little band of Positive philosophers who accept their gospel from Auguste Comte, whose "Philosophie Positive" they have translated into English. "Study the 'Philosophie Positive' for yourself," says George Henry Lewes, who, with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm for the new cult; "study it patiently, give it the time and thought you would not grudge to a new science or a new language; and then, whether you accept or reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably enlarged. 'But six stout volumes!' exclaims the hesitating aspirant: Well, yes; six volumes requiring to be meditated as well as read. I admit that they 'give pause' in this busy bustling life of ours; but if you reflect how willingly six separate volumes of philosophy would be read in the course of the year the undertaking seems less formidable. No one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which will give unity to his life, would hesitate to pay a higher price than that of a year's study." Among the most gifted of the Positivists is =Frederic Harrison (1831- )=, whose "Order and Progress," and "Choice of Books," are well known. Among his companions in literary and religious warfare have been =James Cotter Morison (1831-1888)=, who wrote biographies of St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay, "The Service of Man" which was a contribution to religious propaganda; and Richard Congreve (born 1818), who was a pupil of Dr Arnold at Rugby, and who has written many thoughtful political tracts.

An attempt to popularise Comte by an abridgment of his great work was made by =Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)=, who was born at Norwich, and was one of the most versatile of Victorian writers. None of her work has stood the test of time, perhaps because she had so little of real genius, although possessed undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments. Not the less readily should we recognise that she exercised considerable influence upon her own generation. She wrote many stories dealing with social subjects, and tales illustrative of Political Economy, which dispersed many a popular illusion. In a visit to America she learned to sympathise with the Northern States, and perhaps no writer of the day did so much in England to excite sympathy with the cause which ultimately proved victorious. Miss Martineau's "Biographical Sketches" were originally published in the _Daily News_, a journal to which she was for many years a regular contributor, and for which she wrote her own obituary notice. Her historical work is mere compilation, destitute alike of originality and thoroughness, and the greater part of her other work has proved to be ephemeral. Such tales, however, as "Deerbrook" and "The Hour and the Man" have still admiring readers. The publication of her "Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development" (1851) excited much controversy, although her fearless honesty won the respect even of her opponents.

A writer who distinguished himself most notably at one period by a combination of antagonism to Supernatural Christianity, and a gift for writing biography, was =John Morley (1838- )=. Mr Morley was born at Blackburn, and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford. Much of his work was done in journalism; he edited in succession the _Morning Star_, the _Literary Gazette_, the _Fortnightly Review_, the _Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_. He resigned the editorship of the _Pall Mall Gazette_ in 1883, when he entered Parliament as member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, and he gave up his post on _Macmillan's Magazine_ on entering a Liberal Cabinet in 1886. He still edits the "English Men of Letters Series," a remarkable collection of handy biographies, for which he wrote a "Life of Burke." His literary achievement, apart from his essays, is entirely biographical, but it was of enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful young men at the Universities during the seventies and eighties. He has written lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot, which throw much light on the period prior to the French Revolution, and give abundant evidence that, had he not devoted himself to politics he would have been able to produce a history of the French Revolution of inestimable value. On the other hand his "Life of Cobden" was a failure from a literary standpoint. The essay "On Compromise" is a most interesting development of the fundamental idea of Milton's "Areopagitica," and is probably the most exhaustive treatment of the question--how far we are justified in keeping back the expression of our opinions in deference to the views and customs of our fellow-men.

Another good biographer who gave up to Parliament time which might have been better employed, from the point of view of a lover of letters, is =Sir George Otto Trevelyan (1838- )=, whose life of his uncle, Lord Macaulay, is a delightful biography, full of entertainment for the most frivolous of readers. Not less entertaining is Sir George Trevelyan's "Early History of Charles James Fox" (1880), a book which makes one wish that the writer had devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and had done for the period of the Georges what his uncle had done for their immediate predecessors.

=Lord Houghton (1809-1885)= wrote poetry as Richard Monckton Milnes, and his lines are still frequently quoted. But his biography of Keats--"Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats (1848)," although not now in any publisher's list, is certain to be long remembered. Lord Houghton's life was written by his friend, Sir Wemyss Reid, author also of a "Monograph on Charlotte Brontë." His son, after serving as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe; his daughter, Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the family, and is known as a writer of short stories. Lord Houghton had a genuine love of letters and of the society of literary men. So also had =Henry Crabb Robinson (1775-1867)=, whose diary edited by Dr Sadler (1869) brings one in touch with all the literary men and women of the period. At his house in Russell Square Robinson gave breakfasts, to which it became a distinction to be invited. =Samuel Rogers's (1763-1855)= breakfasts have been described in many memoirs. Rogers wrote all his poems long years before the Queen began to reign, but he lived for another thirty years with the reputation of a good conversationalist and story-teller. His "Table Talk" was published in 1856, and it is full of good stories. Two valuable books concerning Rogers have been written by Mr Peter William Clayden, "Early Life of Samuel Rogers," and "Rogers and His Contemporaries."

An important biography was written by =James Spedding (1810-1881)=, whose whole life was devoted to a study of Bacon, and to a thorough destruction of Macaulay's criticism upon the great philosopher. The "Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all his Occasional Works, newly collected and set forth, with a Commentary Biographical and Historical," was published in seven volumes between 1857 and 1874.

Two of the most notable political philosophers of the era were George Cornewall Lewis and Bagehot. =Sir George Lewis (1806-1863)= held important posts in the Governments of his day, being at one time Home Secretary and at another Secretary of State for War. He wrote "A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government" and many other treatises. =Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)= was one of the greatest authorities of his day on banking and finance. He wrote "Physics and Politics," "Economic Studies," and several other works which have little relation to literature; but his "Literary Studies" indicated a critical acquaintance with the best books. A brilliant publicist of our day, who combines, like Bagehot, a love of affairs with keen literary instincts, is =Goldwin Smith (1823- )=, who has made his home in Toronto, Canada, for many years now, but who was once intimately associated with Oxford University. Goldwin Smith has written many books and pamphlets, one on "The Relations between England and America," another on "The Political Destiny of Canada," and he has written a short biography of Cowper.

The most famous traveller of the reign and one of our greatest men of letters was =George Borrow (1803-1881)=, who went to Spain as an agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Hence his "Bible in Spain," which has become one of the most popular books in our language as it is one of the most fascinating. It was first published in 1843 under the title "The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments of an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the Scriptures in the Peninsula." "Lavengro" (1851) and "The Romany Rye" (1857) have enjoyed almost an equal popularity with "The Bible in Spain."

Herman Melville (1819-1891) was an American citizen, and his work, therefore, does not come within the scope of this volume. I am the more sorry for this, that I consider Melville's name is entitled to rank with that of George Borrow as one of the two travellers during the epoch whose books make literature. It is small disparagement to the majority of our great travellers that they have not been men of letters, that their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of little moment considered from the standpoint of art. Although Mr H. M. Stanley, Dr Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time, may be quite as important in the general drift of the world's doings as any of the literary men whose names are contained in this volume, their books have no place whatever in literature. It is noteworthy, however, that books written by travellers have been, during the past ten years or more, by far the most popular form of reading, apart from fiction. Interest in historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined; interest in travel is as marked as ever.

The journalism of the reign has been so intimately associated with literature that were my space more ample I should have chosen to devote a chapter to that subject alone. Many of the men I have mentioned, perhaps most of them, have at one time or another contributed to the journals or magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a peculiar interest in journalism, because of late years as large a proportion of their pecuniary reward has come from what is called serial publication in this or that magazine or newspaper as from book publication. Apart from fiction, access to magazines and newspapers has become, if it has not always been, an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon the subject nearest to one's heart. Literary journalists, who have afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sydney Smith and John Wilson at the beginning of the reign; as also Douglas Jerrold, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and George Augustus Sala. =Sydney Smith (1771-1845)= left nothing that we can read to-day. He lives as a pleasant memory. We know that he must have been a liberal-minded, as he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote on "The Ballot" in 1837 and on "The Church Bills" in 1838, and he went on writing zealously until his death. "The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith" was published in 1861. =John Wilson (1785-1854)= has a more purely literary record. As editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_, he made that publication a power in the land. His "Recreations of Christopher North" appeared in 1842. Many of his essays and sketches may still be read with real pleasure, and indeed his influence will be very much alive for many a year to come. =Douglas Jerrold (1803-1857)= is also well known to-day by his "Black-eyed Susan" and "Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures." His son, Blanchard Jerrold (1826-1884), wrote his life. =Mark Lemon (1809-1870)= was one of the first editors of _Punch_ newspaper. His hundreds of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten, but his name will always receive honourable mention in the history of journalism. =Edmund Yates (1831-1894)=, who founded _The World_ newspaper in 1874, will be remembered by his well written "Autobiography"--one of the best books of the kind ever issued. Yates wrote many novels, but they have all passed out of memory. =Charles Mackay (1814-1889)= was an active journalist for a number of years. He wrote novels, poems, and criticisms, and an entertaining autobiography entitled "Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature, and Public Affairs." Dr Mackay was father of Eric Mackay, author of "Love Letters of a Violinist," and stepfather of Miss Marie Corelli the novelist. =George Augustus Sala (1828-1895)=, who wrote so continuously for the _Daily Telegraph_ and other journals, was also author of many books as well as the inevitable autobiography. "The Land of the Golden Fleece," "America Revisited," and "Living London" are well known. =Richard Jefferies (1848-1887)= published his "Gamekeeper at Home" in the _Pall Mall Gazette_. "Wood Magic" (1881), "Bevis" (1882), and "The Story of My Heart" (1883), are his best books.

These names suggest a hundred others. The most honoured journalist of to-day is =Frederick Greenwood (1830- )=, who has edited "The Cornhill Magazine" and more than one newspaper. He has written poems, stories, and essays, his "Lover's Lexicon" and "Dreams" being two of his latest volumes.

Another editor of _The Cornhill Magazine_, =James Payn (1830- )=, has written many successful novels, of which "Lost Sir Massingberd" (1864) and "By Proxy" (1878) are perhaps the most popular. Mr Payn's many accomplishments, his delightful humour and gift of genial anecdote, have endeared him to a wide circle.

A journalist of equal distinction was =Richard Holt Hutton (1826-1897)=, the editor of the _Spectator_, who in that journal maintained for thirty-five years the high-water mark of dignified and independent criticism, in an age in which the extensive intercourse of authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers of books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent criticism a difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible achievement. Mr Hutton wrote many books, two of the most notable being "Essays Literary and Speculative," which were full of thoughtful and discerning estimates of the works of Wordsworth, George Eliot, and other writers.

Memoirs abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to translations. Amiel's "Journal," translated by Mrs Humphry Ward, "Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary," translated by Mathilde Blind, reflect one side of this literary taste; while the thousand and one memoirs concerning Napoleon I. represents another. The most popular series of political memoirs in English we owed to =Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville (1794-1865)=, who became Clerk to the Privy Council in 1821, and held that post until 1860. After his death his diary was edited by Mr Henry Reeve. The first series of the "Greville Memoirs" dealing with the reign of George IV. and William IV., appeared in 1875 and created immense excitement.[19] The later volumes excited less interest.

"The Life of the late Prince Consort" (1874) by =Sir Theodore Martin (1816- )=, naturally contained no indiscretions although it did much to enhance, if that were possible, kindly memories of the Queen's husband. Sir Theodore Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of Bon Gaultier. His "Book of Ballads," written in conjunction with Professor Aytoun, had much success. Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Aytoun's "Memoir" (1867), and "The Life of Lord Lyndhurst" (1883). He has translated the Odes of Horace, "The Vita Nuova" of Dante, Goethe's "Faust," and Heine's "Poems and Ballads." In 1885 he published a "Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice."

It is difficult to know where to place =Sir Arthur Helps (1817-1875)=, who wrote plays, novels, histories, and essays. He was an overrated writer in his time. He is perhaps underrated now. Two series of "Friends in Council" appeared, the first in 1847, the second in 1859. They dealt with all manner of abstract subjects, such as "war," "despotism," and so on, and were very popular. Another volume, "Companions of my Solitude," was equally successful. Helps was rash enough to enter into competition with Prescott in treating of the Spanish Conquest of America; but the picturesque books of the earlier writer are still with us while Helps's "Life of Pizarro" (1869) and "Life of Cortes" (1871) are almost forgotten. That also is the fate of his romance, "Realmah" (1868) and of his tragedies, "Catherine Douglas" and "Henry II." Sir Arthur Helps was Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the "Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort" (1862).

Sir Arthur Helps also edited for =Queen Victoria (1819- )= her "Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1868). The Queen has also published "The Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort" (1867), and "More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands" (1884).

Her Majesty has been credited with a genuine taste for letters, and a love for good poetry and good fiction. With some show of authority it has been stated that her favourite novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss Austen, and Miss Brontë; while it is quite evident to the least inquisitive that many literary theologians have had some measure of her regard. Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the patronage of the powerful. To-day it can honourably stand alone. But it is pleasing to remember that the sovereign whose sixty years of rule make so remarkable a record in literature, as in many other aspects of the world's progress, has taken a sympathetic interest in the books and bookmen of the epoch.

The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth and flicker out ignominiously; she will have seen many a writer hailed for immortal to-day and forgotten to-morrow. She will have seen, however, a succession of writers, Browning and Tennyson, Carlyle and Ruskin, most notable of all, who in their impulse towards high ideals of human brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity, have given us a literature without a parallel in history; and she will not be without a sense of gratification that that literature will go down the ages bearing the name of Victorian.

FOOTNOTES:

[18] "Autobiography" by John Stuart Mill (1869), pp. 232, 233.

[19] A contemporary epigram thus expressed the general feeling:

"For fifty years he listened at the door, And heard some scandal, but invented more. This he wrote down; and statesmen, queens, and kings, Appear before us quite as common things. Most now are dead; yet some few still remain To whom these 'Memoirs' give a needless pain; For though they laugh, and say ''Tis only Greville,' They wish him and his 'Memoirs' at the D--l."

INDEX

Abbott, Edwin. Distinguished member of Broad Church party; 'Philochristus' and 'Onesimus'; his 'Through Nature to Christ' perhaps the best evidence of the development of his party, 165.

Abbott, Evelyn, 163.

'Adam Bede,' 49; Reade on, 50.

'Addresses and Reviews,' 158.

'Admiral's Daughter, The,' 71.

'Adventures of Harry Richmond, The,' 61.

'Agnes Grey,' 47, 48.

'Agriculture and Prices, History of,' 144.

'A Hard Struggle,' 38.

Ainsworth, W. H. 'Old St Paul's,' 'The Tower of London,' and 'Rookwood' his best novels, 67.

'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63.

Alexander, Mrs (Mrs Hector), 74.

'Alexander the Great,' 33.

'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland,' 64.

Allen, Grant. 'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99.

'All in All,' 39.

'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' 65.

Allingham, William. Writer of Celtic and Irish poems and ballads; edited _Fraser's Magazine_, 173.

_All the Year Round_, 69.

A.L.O.E. (Miss Charlotte Maria Tucker). Most popular stories, 'Pride and his Pursuers,' 'Exiles in Babylon,' 'House Beautiful,' and 'Cyril Ashley,' 73.

'Alton Locke,' 53.

'America Revisited,' 188.

'Amiel's Journal,' 189.

'And Shall Trelawney Die,' 38.

'Angel in the House, The,' 31.

'Anglo-Saxon Britain,' 99.

'Animal Intelligence,' 157.

'Ann Sherwood,' 72.

'Annals of the Parish,' 63.

'Anthony Hope,' 63.

'Anthropology' (Tylor's), 99.

'Antiquity of Man, The,' 153.

Anti-theological books. The three most notable, 170.

'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,' 110.

'Appreciations,' 171.

Archer, William, 175.

Aristotle's 'Politics,' Jowett's translation, 163.

Arnold, Dr. 'History of Rome,' 102. (_Vide infra._)

Arnold, Matthew, and Wordsworth, 8; his poetic gifts first recognised by Swinburne, 17; 'Literature and Dogma'; 'God and the Bible'; influence on contemporary religious thought, 18; Professor of Poetry; 'Essays in Criticism'; definition of criticism; educational work, 19; best known by his poetry, 19, 20, 171; 'Empedocles on Etna'; 'The Strayed Reveller'; 'Poems,' 20; 'Thyrsis,' 21; admiration for Emily Brontë, 47.

Arnold, Sir Edwin. 'Light of Asia' and 'Light of the World,' 26; on Henry Kingsley, 56.

Arnold, Thomas. At Rugby; Dr Hawkins' recommendation; his methods; 'Thucydides'; 'History of Rome'; a purifying influence, 160; at first unpopular; reaction in his favour; his best known pupils, 161. (_Vide supra._)

Ashley, Professor W. J. 'Economic History and Theory,' 144.

_Athenæum_ The, and Tupper's 'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27.

_Aunt Judy's Magazine_, 73.

'Aurora Leigh,' 14.

Austin, Alfred. Laureate, 39; 'The Golden Age'; 'Savonarola'; 'English Lyrics,' etc., 40.

'Autobiography of W. B. Scott,' 173.

'Autobiography' (Mill), 138, 142.

'Autobiography' (Yates), 188.

'Ave atque Vale,' 17.

'Ayrshire Legatees,' 63.

Aytoun, Professor, 191.

Bagehot, Walter. A great authority on banking and finance; 'Physics and Politics'; 'Economic Studies'; 'Literary Studies,' 184.

Bailey, Philip James; author of 'Festus,' 28.

Bain, Alexander. Assisted Mill in his 'Logic'; 'The Senses and the Intellect'; 'The Emotions and the Will'; 'Mental and Moral Science'; style, 147.

Balfour, Francis Maitland, 151.

'Ballades in Blue China,' 30, 176.

'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France,' 176.

'Ballads for the Times,' 27.

'Ballot, The,' 187.

Banim, John and Michael, 34.

'Barchester Towers,' 58.

Barham, Richard Harris. 'Ingoldsby Legends' first appeared in _Bentley's Miscellany_; his novel, 'My Cousin Nicholas,' all but forgotten, 30.

'Barnaby Rudge,' 42.

Barnes, William. Philologist and poet; author of 'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37.

'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40.

Barrie, J. M. 'A Window in Thrums,' written before he had read Dr MacDonald's books; probably influenced by John Galt, 63.

'Barry Cornwall,' 35-36.

_Beagle, The_, 154.

'Beau Austin,' 60.

'Beauchamp's Career,' 61.

Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, author of 'The Bride's Tragedy' and 'Death's Jest Book,' 36.

Bell, Currer, Ellis, and Acton, 47, 48.

Bentham, Jeremy, 137.

Bentinck, Lord George. Biography of, by Lord Beaconsfield, 57.

Bentley, Robert, 151.

_Bentley's Miscellany_ and 'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30.

Besant, Sir Walter. 'All Sorts and Conditions of Men,' practical influence of; collaboration with James Rice; 'Ready Money Mortiboy'; 'The Golden Butterfly,' 65.

'Bevis,' 188.

'Bible Inspiration,' 168.

'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148-149.

'Biographical Sketches,' 180.

'Black but Comely,' 59.

Black, William. First appearance as a novelist in 'Love or Marriage,' 68; 'A Daughter of Heth'; 'Madcap Violet'; 'Macleod of Dare,' 69.

'Black-eyed Susan,' 187.

Blackmore, Richard Doddridge. 'Lorna Doone,' received coldly at first; an unexcelled master of rustic comedy; 'The Maid of Sker'; 'Christowell'; 'Cripps the Carrier,' 69.

_Blackwood's Magazine_, 49, 70, 74, 187.

'Blessed Damozel, The,' 23.

Blind, Mathilde. Translated 'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190.

'Blot in the 'Scutcheon, A,' 12.

'Book of Ballads' (Martin and Aytoun), 191.

'Book of Verses,' 172.

Boole. The Logician, 147.

Booth, Charles. 'Life and Labor of the People,' 144-145.

'Borderers, The,' 9.

Borrow, George. The most famous traveller of the reign; 'Bible in Spain'; 'Lavengro'; 'The Romany Rye,' 185.

'Botanic Garden, The,' 154.

Braddon, Miss, 74.

Bradley, Professor A. C. Editor of Green's 'Prolegomena,' and author of 'Ethical Studies,' 148.

Brewer, Rev. John Sherren. Chief work a 'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' 88; 'The Reign of Henry VIII.,' 89.

Brewster, Sir David. The first writer of the era to popularise science; founder of _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_; his 'Life of Newton,' 'Martyrs of Science,' and 'More Worlds than One' still widely read, 150.

'Bride's Tragedy, The,' 36.

_Bridgewater Treatises_, 153.

Bright, James Franck. 'English History for the use of Public Schools,' 97.

'British Novelists and their Styles,' 177.

Broad Church party, manifesto of, 162.

Brontë, Anne. 'Poems'; 'Agnes Grey,' 47; 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,' 48.

Brontë, Charlotte. Early years, 46; Brussels; 'Poems'; 'The Professor'; 'Jane Eyre'; 'Shirley'; 'Villette'; marriage and death, 47; Mrs Gaskell's 'Life,' 71.

Brontë, Emily. 'Poems'; 'Wuthering Heights'; 'Last Lines'; 'The Old Stoic,' 47; Swinburne's criticism of 'Wuthering Heights,' 48.

Brooke, Stopford Augustus. Secession from the Church of England; 'Primer of English Literature,' 'History of Early English Poetry,' 'Theology in the English Poets,' and 'Life of Milton,' 166.

Broughton, Miss Rhoda, 74.

Browne, Hablot, 45.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 13; not in the least incomprehensible; 'Cry of the Children'; 'Cowper's Grave'; 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Sonnets from the Portuguese'; her opinion of 'Aurora Leigh'; 'Casa Guidi Windows'; death, 14.

Browning, Robert. Friendship with Tennyson; social traits, 11; superb characterisation; charge of obscurity; half his work not obscure; 'The Ring and the Book'; 'Men and Women'; and 'Dramatic Idyls' are exciting stories; 'Luria'; 'In a Balcony'; and 'A Blot in the 'Scutcheon' as readable as railway novels; his small audience, 12; 'Pauline'; hard fight for recognition; Elizabeth Barrett's appreciation; marriage, 13-14.

Bryce, James. 'The Holy Roman Empire'; parliamentary life, 104.

Buckland, Frank. Author of books on 'Natural History,' 153.

Buckland, William. Author of 'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' 153.

Buckle, Henry Thomas. 'History of Civilization in England'; defects of, 103.

Burney, Fanny, 49.

Burton, John Hill. 'History of Scotland,' 96.

'By Proxy,' 189.

Byron, death of, 5; attitude towards Wordsworth, 8.

Caird, Edward. 'Philosophy of Kant'; 'Essays on Literature and Philosophy'; 'The Evolution of Religion,' 170.

Cairnes, John Elliott, 143.

'Calendar of Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., A,' 88.

'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89.

'Called to be Saints,' 22.

'Callista,' 111.

Calverley, Charles Stuart. One of the most famous successors of Hood and Barham; wrote 'Fly Leaves' and 'Verses and Translations,' 30.

Campbell, James Dykes. Biographer of Coleridge, 178.

Campbell, Lewis, 163.

Carleton, William. 'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry'; 'Tales of Ireland'; 'Fardorougha the Miser'; 'Black Prophet,' 66.

Carlyle, Thomas. Birth; education; his father's influence, 112; as tutor; biographer; Madame de Staël's influence, 113; veneration for Goethe, 113-114, 120-121; 'Wilhelm Meister'; 'Life of Schiller,' 113; marriage; Richter's influence, 114; personal character, 115-120; domestic relations, 115-120; Froude's 'Letters' and Reminiscences, 115-116; his influence, 118-119, 128; intentions respecting 'Reminiscences,' 119-120; 'Sartor Resartus'; _Fraser's Magazine_, 121; influence of his teaching on younger minds, 122-123; 'Past and Present'; 'Latter-day Pamphlets'; John Stuart Mill; Governor Eyre and Jamaica riots, 123; 'Heroes and Hero-Worship'; 'French Revolution'; 'Cromwell'; 'Frederick II. of Prussia'; his place in literature; 'Schiller' criticised; 'Life of John Sterling,' 124; Mill on the 'French Revolution,' 125; Carlyle's judgments endorsed by John Morley; his 'Cromwell'; his 'Frederick II.,' 126-7; his enormous personality, 127-8; _Edinburgh Cyclopædia_, 150; contempt for Darwinian hypothesis, 156.

Carroll, Lewis. 'Euclid and his Modern Rivals'; 'A Tangled Tale'; 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'; 'Through the Looking-glass,' 64.

'Casa Guidi Windows,' 14.

Cassels, Walter Richard. Author of 'Supernatural Religion,' 171.

'Catherine Douglas,' 191.

'Cave-hunting,' 99.

'Caxtons, The,' 56.

Cellini's 'Autobiography' (Symonds'), 104.

Celtic Renaissance, The, and Thomas Moore, 33.

_Challenger_ Expedition, The, 155.

'Channings, The,' 70.

Chapman, Dr, 49.

Charles, Mrs. Author of 'The Schönberg Cotta Family' and 'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73.

'Charles O'Malley,' 66.

Charlesworth, Maria Louisa. Author of 'Ministering Children,' 73.

'Chartist Parson, The,' 53.

Chartist poets, 37.

'Childhood of Religion,' 99.

'Childhood of the World,' 99.

'Child's Garden of Verses, A,' 60.

'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99.

'Choice of Books,' 179.

'Choir Invisible, The,' 50.

'Christian Evidences,' 160.

'Christian Year, The,' 159.

'Christowell,' 69.

'Church Bills, The,' 187.

Church, Richard William. Author of works on _Dante_ and _St Anselm_, 167.

'Cithara,' 27.

'City of Dreadful Night, The,' 32.

'Civilisation, History of,' 103.

'Classical' essays, 172.

Clayden, Peter William, 183; 'Early Life of Samuel Rogers' and 'Rogers and His Contemporaries,' 184.

Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74.

Clive, Mrs Archer. Author of 'Paul Ferrell,' 72.

Clodd, Edward. 'Childhood of the World'; 'Childhood of Religion'; 'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99.

'Cloister and the Hearth, The,' 58.

Clough, Arthur Hugh, 21; Lowell's estimate of; a pupil of Dr Arnold; 'The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich'; death, 21.

Colenso, John William. 'The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined,' condemned as heretical, 164; invited to the Abbey pulpit, 165.

Coleridge, death of, 5; on 'Thalaba,' 6; Dykes Campbell's biography of, 178.

Coleridge, Hartley, 35.

Coleridge, Sara, and Southey, 7; 'Phantasmion,' 35.

Collet, Miss Clara, 144.

Collins, J. Churton, 178.

Collins, William Wilkie. The novelist of sensation. 'The Woman in White'; 'The Moonstone'; 'The New Magdalen,' 69.

'Companions of my Solitude,' 191.

Comte, Auguste and the 'Philosophie Positive,' 179.

Congreve, Richard. A writer of thoughtful political tracts, 180.

'Coningsby,' 57.

'Conquest of England, The,' 98.

'Considerations on Representative Government,' 140.

'Constitutional History' (Hallam's), 78.

---- (May's), 80.

---- (Stubbs'), 79.

Cook, Eliza. Her claims to consideration; 'The Old Armchair; the _Journal_, 29.

Cooper, Thomas. Chartist poet, wrote 'The Purgatory of Suicides,' &c., 37.

Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168.

'Coral Reefs, Structure and distribution of,' 155.

Corelli, Miss Marie, 74.

_Cornhill Magazine_, The, 45, 93, 133.

'Corn Law Rhymes,' 37.

'Count Cagliostro,' 125.

'Count Julian,' 15.

Courthope, Professor W. J. Pope's best biographer and editor; 'History of English Poetry,' 178.

'Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, The,' 89.

Cowper, 6.

'Cowper's Grave,' 14.

Cox, Sir George. 'Mythology of the Aryan Nations;' 'History of Greece,' 100.

Craik, Mrs, 72. _See_ Mulock.

Craik, Sir Henry. A writer on Swift, 178.

'Cranford,' 71.

'Creed of Christendom, The,' 170.

Creighton, Mandell. 'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome,' 103.

Crewe, Earl of, 183.

'Cripps the Carrier,' 69.

Critics of the Era-- Abbott, Dr E., 165. Allingham, W., 173. Arnold, Dr, 160. Arnold, M., 171. Ashley, Professor W. J., 144. Bagehot, W., 184. Bain, A., 147. Bentley, R., 151. Booth, C., 144. Borrow, G., 185. Bradley, Professor A. C., 148. Brewster, Sir D., 150. Brooke, S. A., 166. Buckland, Dean, 153. Buckland, F., 153. Caird, E., 170. Cairnes, J. E., 143. Campbell, J. D., 178. Cassels, W. R., 171. Church, R. W., 167. Clayden, P. W., 183. Clifford, W. K., 170. Colenso, J. W., 164. Collet, Miss C., 144. Collins, C., 178. Congreve, R., 180. Conybeare, Rev. W. J., 168. Courthope, Professor W. J., 178. Craik, Sir H., 178. Cunningham, Dr, 144. Darwin, C., 153. Dowden, E., 173. Faraday, M., 150. Farrar, F. W., 168. Fawcett, H., 142. Ferrier, J. F., 169. Forster, J., 178. Foster, M., 151. Garnett, Dr, 174. Geikie, Sir A., 153. Geikie, J., 153. Gosse, E., 175. Green, T. H., 147. Greenwood, F., 188. Greg, W. R., 170. Greville, C. C. F., 190. Hamerton, P. G., 171. Harrison, F., 179. Helps, Sir A., 191. Henley, W. E., 172. Hooker, Sir J., 151. Houghton, Lord, 183. Howson, J. S., 168. Hutton, R. H., 189. Huxley, T. H., 157. Jefferies, R., 188. Jerrold, D., 187. Jevons, W. S., 143. Jowett, B., 162. Keble, J., 159. King, R. A., 178. Knight, Professor, 178. Lang, A., 176. Lemon, M., 187. Leslie, T. E. C., 144. Lewes, G. H., 148. Lewis, Sir G. C., 184. Liddon, H. P., 167. Lightfoot, J. B., 168. Lockhart, J. G., 177. Lyell, Sir C., 152. Lynch, T. T., 166. Mackay, C., 188. Manning, Cardinal, 169. Mansel, H. L., 169. Marshall, A., 143. Martin, Sir T., 190. Martineau, Dr J., 166. Martineau, Miss, 180. Masson, D., 177. Maurice, J. F. D., 163. Mill, J. S., 137. Miller, H., 151. Mivart, St G., 151. Morison, J. C., 180. Morley, J., 181. Murchison, Sir R. I., 152. Murray, Dr J., 155. Myers, F. W. H., 172. Newman, F. W., 170. Pater, W., 171. Pattison, M., 163. Payn, J., 189. Potter, Miss B., 144-5. Pusey, E. B., 158. Reid, Sir W., 183. Robertson, F. W., 165. Robinson, H. C., 183. Rogers, S., 183. Rogers, T., 144. Romanes, G. J., 157. Ruskin, J., 129. Ryle, J. C., 168. Saintsbury, G., 174. Sala, G. A., 188. Sanderson, B., 151. Schloss, D. F., 144. Scott, W. B., 173. Sidgwick, H., 143. Smith, H. Ll., 144. Smith, G., 185. Smith, S., 187. Spedding, J., 184. Spencer, H., 145. Spurgeon, C. H., 168. Stanley, A. P., 161. Stephen, L., 175. Stewart, B., 151. Temple, Dr, 162. Toynbee, A., 144. Trevelyan, Sir G. O., 182. Tyndall, J., 150. Victoria, Q., 192. Wallace, A. R., 156. Whately, R., 159. Wilson, J., 187. Yates, E., 188.

'Critiques and Addresses,' 158.

'Cromwell,' 124, 126.

'Cromwell's Place in History,' 90.

Cross, J. W., 50.

Cross, Mrs (George Eliot), 50.

'Crotchet Castle,' 62.

Crowe, Mrs. Author of 'Susan Hopley' and 'The Night Side of Nature,' 71-72.

'Crown of Wild Olive,' 135.

'Cry of the Children,' 14.

Cunningham, Dr. 'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144.

'Curiosities of Literature,' 57.

'Cyril Ashley,' 73.

_Daily Telegraph, The_, 188.

'Daniel Deronda,' 50.

'Dante and His Circle,' 23.

Darwin, Charles, 153; early reception of his theory; Bishop Wilberforce in the _Quarterly Review_; education; Professor Henslow; _Beagle_ expedition, 154; 'Journals of Researches,' republished as 'A Naturalist's Voyage Round the World'; 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs' a revolutionary work; the theory now somewhat modified; the theory of evolution; contemporaneous discovery by Dr Wallace; 'Origin of Species'; 'Descent of Man'; 'Earth Worms,' 156; the hypothesis now generally accepted; popular interpretators, 157.

Darwin, Erasmus, 154.

Darwin, Francis, 155.

Darwin, George Howard, 155.

'Daughter of Heth, A,' 69.

'David Copperfield' and Thackeray, 44.

'David Elginbrod,' 63.

Davis, Thomas. Wrote 'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' 34.

Dawkins, William Boyd, 98; 'Cave-hunting'; 'Early Man in Britain,' 99.

'Death of Marlowe, The,' 36.

'Death's Jest Book,' 36.

'Deerbrook,' 181.

'Defence of Guenevere,' 25.

'Deformed, The,' 71.

De Morgan, 147.

De Quincey's opinion of 'Count Julian,' 15.

'Descent of Man,' 156.

'Descriptive Sociology,' 146.

De Vere, Thomas Aubrey. Wrote 'The Waldenses,' 'Alexander the Great,' 'St Thomas of Canterbury,' and a volume of critical essays, &c., 33.

'Dialogue on the best form of Government, A,' 184.

'Diamond Necklace, The,' 125.

'Diana of the Crossways,' 61.

Dickens, Charles. Literary equipment of, 41; achieved immediate fame with his first great book; birth; Dickens senior and 'Micawber'; the _Morning Chronicle_; 'Boz'; the _Monthly Magazine_; 'Pickwick'; 'Oliver Twist'; 'Nicholas Nickleby'; 'The Old Curiosity Shop'; 'Barnaby Rudge'; the most popular writer our literature has seen, 42; criticisms, 43; Thackeray's enthusiasm, 44; 'Life' of, 178.

_Dictionary of National Biography_, 176.

Disraeli, Benjamin. 'Vivian Grey'; 'The Young Duke'; 'Venetia'; 'Henrietta Temple'; 'Coningsby'; 'Tancred'; 'Sybil'; Biography of Lord George Bentinck, 57.

D'Israeli, Isaac. 'Curiosities of Literature,' 57.

'Dissertations and Discussions,' 140.

Dobell, Sydney, 31; admiration for Emily Brontë, 47.

Dobson, Austin. Author of 'Vignettes in Rhyme'; 'Proverbs in Porcelain,' &c., 30.

'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60.

'Dr Thorne,' 58.

Dodgson, Rev. C. L., 64.

Dowden, Edward. Eminent critic of Wordsworth and Shelley; 'Shakspere, his Mind and Art'; 'Studies in Literature,' 173; 'Life of Shelley,' 174.

Doyle, Conan, 63.

'Dramatic Idyls,' 12.

'Dramatic Scenes,' 36.

'Dream of Eugene Aram,' 29.

'Dream of Gerontius,' 111.

'Dream of John Ball,' 24.

'Dreams,' 189.

'Dress,' 74.

'Drink,' 58.

'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177.

_Dublin University Magazine_, 66.

Dufferin, Lady, 34.

'Early Days of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort,' 192.

'Early History of Charles James Fox,' 182.

'Early Italian Poets, The,' 23.

'Early Life of Samuel Rogers,' 184.

'Early Man in Britain,' 99.

'Earthly Paradise, The,' 25.

'Earth Worms,' 156.

'East Lynne,' 70.

'Ecce Homo,' 105.

'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 9.

'Economic History and Theory,' 144.

'Economics of Industry,' 143.

'Economic Studies,' 184.

_Edinburgh Cyclopædia_ and Carlyle, 150.

_Edinburgh Review_ and Macaulay, 91.

'Education' (Spencer's), 145.

'Education of the World, The,' 162.

'Egoist, The,' 61.

'Eirenicon,' 158.

'Elements of Politics,' 143.

Eliot, George. Early years; Strauss's 'Life of Jesus'; _Westminster Review_; George Henry Lewes; 'Scenes of Clerical Life'; 'Adam Bede,' 49; 'The Mill on the Floss'; 'Silas Marner'; 'Romola'; 'Felix Holt'; 'Middlemarch'; 'Daniel Deronda'; marriage; death; her letters a disappointment; her poetry; 'Spanish Gipsy'; 'Choir Invisible'; 'by her novels she must be judged,' 50; catholicity of sympathy, 51-52; has not maintained her position, but has an assured place, 53.

Eliot, George, and Spencer, 145.

_Eliza Cook's Journal_, 29.

Elliott, Ebenezer. Author of 'Corn Law Rhymes,' &c., 37.

'Emotions and the Will, The,' 147.

'Empedocles on Etna,' 20.

'Endeavour after the Christian Life,' 167.

'English History and Commerce, Growth of,' 144.

'English History for the Use of Public Schools,' 97.

'English in Ireland, The,' 88.

'English Lyrics,' 40.

'English Men of Letters Series,' 181.

'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century,' 88.

'Englishwomen of Letters,' 72.

'Enigmas of Life,' 170.

'Eothen,' 96.

'Epic of Hades,' 26.

'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39.

'Esmond,' 45.

'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' 111.

'Essay on Ritualism,' 106.

'Essays and Reviews,' 162.

'Essays and Studies,' 17.

'Essays,' by T. E. C. Leslie, 144.

'Essays, Classical and Modern' (Myers), 172.

'Essays in Criticism' (Arnold), 19.

'Essays, Literary and Speculative' (Hutton), 189.

'Essays on Literature and Philosophy' (Caird), 170.

'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy' (Mill), 140.

'Ethical Studies,' 148.

'Ethical Theory, Types of,' 167.

'Euclid and his Modern Rivals,' 64.

'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne,' 96.

'Evan Harrington,' 61.

Evans, Mary Ann (George Eliot), 49-53.

'Evolution of Religion, The,' 170.

Ewing, Mrs. Author of 'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73.

'Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy,' 140.

'Excursion, The,' 9.

'Exiles in Babylon,' 73.

'Expansion of England, The,' 105.

'Face of the Deep, The,' 22.

Faraday, Michael. Famous physicist; Royal Institution Lectures; 'Magneto-electricity'; devotion to science, 150.

'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150.

'Fardorougha the Miser,' 66.

'Far from the Madding Crowd,' 68.

'Farina,' 61.

Farrar, Frederick William, 168.

'Faust' (Martin's translation), 191.

Fawcett, Henry. A disciple of the Ricardo school; 'Manual of Political Economy,' 142-143; a critic of Indian finance; Postmaster-General, 143.

Ferguson, Sir Samuel, 34.

'Felix Holt,' 50.

Ferrier, James Frederick. Professor of moral philosophy at St Andrews; 'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169.

'Festus,' 27, 28.

Finlay, George. 'A History of Greece from its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time'; Greek War of Independence, 102.

'First Principles' (Spencer's), 145.

Fitzgerald, Edward. 'Letters and Literary Remains' and 'Omar Khayyám,' 35.

'Fly-Leaves,' 30.

'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38.

'Footprints of the Creator,' 152.

'Fors Clavigera,' 133-134.

Forster, John. 'Life of Swift'; 'Life of Walter Savage Landor'; 'Goldsmith'; 'Dickens'; 'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178; 'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179.

_Fortnightly Review_, 93, 181.

'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' 188.

Foster, Michael, 151.

'Foul Play,' 58.

Fox, Charles James, and 'Madoc,' 6; 'Early History of,' 182.

'Framley Parsonage,' 58.

'Frank Mildmay,' 67.

_Fraser's Magazine_, 45, 173.

'Frederick II. of Prussia,' 124, 126, 127.

Freeman, Edward A. First work, 'A History of Architecture'; 'History of Federal Government; 'History of the Norman Conquest'; 'Reign of William Rufus'; 'Old English History,' 81; not a metaphysician; the 'Norman Conquest,' worth the effort of reading it; Regius Professor at Oxford, 82; contrasted with Froude, 83.

'French Revolution,' 124, 125.

'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72.

'Friends in Council,' 191.

Froude, James Anthony. Contrasted with Freeman; abandoned supernatural Christianity, 83; 'The Spirit's Trials'; 'The Lieutenant's Daughter'; 'Nemesis of Faith'; his great work, 'The History of England,' 84; his style and sympathies, 85; the 'À Becket' articles inaccurate; his 'Life of Carlyle'; Sir Fitz James Stephen's defence of the 'Life,' 86-87; 'Short Studies on Great Subjects'; 'Life of Bunyan'; 'Life of Cæsar'; Carlyle's influence in 'The English in Ireland'; 'Lectures on the Council of Trent'; 'English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century'; 'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88.

Froude, Richard Hurrell. 'Literary Remains of,' 83.

Fullerton, Lady Georgina. Author of 'Ann Sherwood,' 72.

Gairdner, James. 'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96.

'Gamekeeper at Home, The,' 188.

Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. The Historian of the Stuart kings; now well into the study of the Protectorate, 89; minor works, 'The Gunpowder Plot'; 'Cromwell's Place in History'; not a brilliant writer, but absolutely fair and impartial; his books the safest guide to the period, 90.

Garnett, Richard (Doctor), and Marston, 38; a partisan of Shelley; an acute critic, 174.

Gaskell, Mrs. 'Mary Barton' her first success; 'Ruth,' 'North and South,' 'Sylvia's Lovers,' 'Cranford,' and 'The Life of Charlotte Brontë' her most enduring works, 71.

Gatty, Mrs, 73.

'Gebir,' 15.

Geikie, James. 'The Great Ice Age,' 153.

Geikie, Sir Archibald. His 'Text Book of Geology' a model of lucid writing, 153.

'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' 55.

'Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology,' 153.

'Geology, Principles of' (Lyell's), 152.

'Geology, Text Book of' (Geikie's), 153.

_Germ_, The, 23.

Gibbon's 'Rome,' Milman's edition of, 102.

'Glaciers, On the Structure and Motion of,' 151.

'Gladiators, The,' 59.

Gladstone, William Ewart, and Macaulay, 93; 'The State in its Relations with the Church'; Macaulay's review; 'Essay on Ritualism'; and 'The Vatican Decrees'; 'Studies in Homer'; 'Gleanings'; on Newman's secession, 106.

'Gleanings' (W. E. Gladstone), 106.

'Goblin Market,' 22.

'God and the Bible,' 18.

'Golden Age, The,' 40.

'Golden Butterfly, The,' 65.

'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics, The,' 81.

Goldsmith, 41; Life of, 178.

Gosse, Edmund. A poet and critic; joint translator with Mr Wm. Archer of _Ibsen_, 175; best biography, 'Life of Gray,' 175.

'Government, A Dialogue on the best form of,' 184.

'Government, On the Proper Sphere of,' 145.

'Grammar of Assent,' 111.

'Great Ice Age, The,' 153.

'Greece, History of' (Cox's), 100.

'Greece, History of' (Finlay's), 102.

'Greece, History of' (Grote's), 100, 101.

'Greece, History of' (Thirlwall's), 101.

Green, Alice Stopford. 'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, '98.

Green, John Richard. 'Short History of the English People'; place as a historian, 97; critics, 97-98; enlarged edition; dedication; Bishop Stubbs and Professor Freeman; 'The Making of England,'; 'The Conquest of England'; Sir Archibald Geikie's tribute; adverse criticisms, 98.

Green, Thomas Hill. Long a leader of the Hegelian philosophy at Oxford; published through _Contemporary Review_ articles on 'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147; his 'Prolegomena to Ethics,' finally edited by Professor Bradley; a moral force in Oxford apart from his philosophy, 148.

Greenwood, Frederick. The most honoured journalist of to-day; edited _Cornhill Magazine_, 188; writer of poems, stories, and essays; 'Lover's Lexicon'; 'Dreams,' 189.

Greg, William Rathbone. Anti-theological writer; 'The Creed of Christendom'; 'Enigmas of Life'; 'Rocks Ahead,' 170.

Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. His political memoirs the most popular series we have, 190.

'Greville Memoirs,' 190.

'Griffith Gaunt,' 58.

Grote, George. _Westminster Review_, 100; M.P. for the City of London; 'History of Greece'; Bishop Thirlwall's appreciation, 101; influence respecting views of Athenian democracy, 102.

Grote and J. S. Mill, 139.

'Growth of English History and Commerce,' 144.

'Gryll Grange,' 63.

'Gunpowder Plot, The,' 90.

Hallam, Henry. 'View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages,' 77; Constitutional History of England'; 'Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries,' 78.

Hamerton, Philip Gilbert. Author of 'Marmorne,' 171; intimately acquainted with French life; edited _The Portfolio_; 'The Intellectual Life,' 172.

'Hand and Soul,' 23.

'Handy Andy,' 34.

'Hard Cash,' 58.

Hardy, Thomas. Earlier fame won with 'Far from the Madding Crowd'; later popularity by 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 'The Return of the Native,' and 'The Woodlanders' greater than either, 68.

'Harold,' 10, 56.

Harrison, Frederic. A gifted Positivist; 'Order and Progress'; 'Choice of Books,' 179.

'Harry Lorrequer,' 66.

Hawker, Robert Stephen. Author of 'Song of the Western Men,' and 'Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall,' 38.

'Headlong Hall,' 62.

Heine's 'Poems and Ballads' (Martin's translation), 191.

Helps, Sir Arthur. 'Friends in Council'; 'Companions of my Solitude'; 'Life of Pizarro'; 'Life of Cortes'; 'Realmah'; 'Catherine Douglas'; 'Henry II.,' 191; edited 'Principal Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' and 'Leaves from a Journal,' 192.

Henley, William Ernest. 'Book of Verses'; 'Song of the Sword'; a critic of exceptional vigour; 'Views and Reviews,' 172.

Henley, W. E., and Stevenson, 60.

Hennell, Sarah, 49.

Henniker, Florence, 183.

'Henrietta Temple,' 57.

'Henry II.' 191.

Henslow, Professor, 154.

'Herodotus,' Sayce's edition of, 100.

'Heroes and Hero-Worship,' 124.

'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire,' 29.

'Hillyars and the Burtons, The,' 55.

Historians of the Era-- Allan, G., 99. Arnold, Dr, 102, 160. Brewer, Rev. J. S., 88. Bright, J. B., 97. Bryce, J., 104. Buckle, H. T., 103. Burton, J. H., 96. Carlyle, T., 112. Clodd, E., 99. Cox, Sir G., 100. Creighton, M., 103. Dawkins, W. B., 98. Finlay, G., 102. Freeman, E. A., 81. Froude, J. A., 83. Gairdner, J., 96. Gardiner, S. R., 89. Gladstone, W. E., 105, 106. Green, J. R., 97. Green, Mrs, 98. Grote, G., 100. Hallam, H., 77. Hume, Major M., 89. Kemble, J. M., 80. Kinglake, A. W., 96. Kitchin, G. W., 103. Lecky, W. E. H., 96. Lingard, J., 80. Lubbock, Sir J., 99. Macaulay, T. B., 91. MacCarthy, J., 95. Massey, W. M., 95. May, Sir T. E., 79. Merivale, C., 102. Milman, H. H., 102. Molesworth, Rev. W. N., 95. Müller, F. M., 99. Napier, Sir Charles, 97. Newman, J. H., 107. Palgrave, Sir F., 81. Sayce, A. H., 100. Seeley, Sir J. R., 104. Stanhope, Earl, 95. Stubbs, W., 78. Symonds, J. A., 103. Thirlwall, C., 101. Tylor, E. B., 99.

'History and Politics,' 104.

'History of Agriculture and Prices' (Rogers), 144.

'History of Christianity under the Empire' (Milman), 102.

'History of Civilization in England' (Buckle), 103.

'History of Early English Poetry' (Brooke), 166.

'History of Eighteenth Century Literature, A' (Oliphant), 74.

'History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, The' (Froude), 84, 85.

'History of England from 1603-1642' (Gardiner), 89.

'History of England from the Accession of James II.' (Macaulay), 92.

'History of England from 1713 to 1783' (Earl Stanhope), 95.

'History of England' (Lingard), 80.

'History of England under George III.' (Massey), 95.

'History of England, 1830-1873' (Molesworth), 95.

'History of English Poetry' (Courthope), 178.

'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century' (Stephen), 175.

'History of France previous to the Revolution' (Kitchin), 103.

'History of Federal Government' (Freeman), 81.

'History of Greece' (Cox), 100.

'History of Greece' (Finlay), 102.

'History of Greece' (Grote), 100-102.

'History of Greece' (Thirlwall), 101.

'History of Normandy and England' (Palgrave), 81.

'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897 (MacCarthy), 95.

'History of Rome' (Arnold), 102, 160.

'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond, The,' 45.

'History of Scotland' (Burton), 96.

'History of Trade Unionism, The' (Webb), 145.

'History of the Church of England' (Molesworth), 95.

'History of the Eighteenth Century' (Lecky), 96.

'History of the Four Georges' (MacCarthy), 96.

'History of the Jews' (Milman), 102.

'History of the Norman Conquest' (Freeman), 81.

'History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome' (Creighton), 103.

'History of the Peace' (Martineau), 95.

'History of the Romans under the Empire' (Merivale), 102.

'History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (Stanhope), 95.

'History of the War in the Crimea,' (Kinglake), 96.

'Holy Roman Empire, The,' 104.

'Homer' (Lang's translation), 176.

'Homer, Studies in,' 106.

Hood, Thomas. 'Song of the Shirt' and 'Dream of Eugene Aram' most popular, 29.

Hooker, Sir Joseph, 151.

Horne, Richard Hengist. Wrote 'Orion,' 'Judas Iscariot,' 'The Death of Marlowe,' &c., 36.

Houghton, Lord (Monckton Milnes). 'Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of John Keats'; his life written by Sir Wemyss Reid, 183.

'Hour and the Man, The,' 181.

'Hours in a Library,' 175.

'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things,' 167.

'House Beautiful,' 73.

'House of Life, The,' 24.

Howson, John Saul. Joint authorship with Rev. W. J. Conybeare of 'The Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168.

Hughes, Thomas. A pupil of Dr Arnold's; wrote finest boy's book in the language, 'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161.

Hume, Major Martin. 'The Year after the Armada'; 'The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth'; 'Calendar of Spanish State Papers of Elizabeth,' 89.

Hunt, Holman, and the pre-Raphaelite Movement, 23.

Hutton, Richard Holt. Editor of the _Spectator_; A dignified and independent critic; 'Essays, Literary and Speculative,' 189.

Huxley, Thomas Henry. A profound Metaphysician as well as a great scientist; early days; _Rattlesnake_ Voyage; Royal and Linnæan Society Papers; Natural History and Palæontology Chairs, 157; Inspector of Fisheries; President of the Royal Society; 'Physiography'; his 'Lay Sermons,' 'Addresses and Reviews,' 'Critiques and Addresses,' and 'American Addresses,' rank among the finest prose of our age, 158.

'Hypatia,' 54.

Ibsen. Gosse and Archer's translations, 175.

'Ice Age, The Great,' 153.

'Idylls of the King, The,' 10.

'Imaginary Conversations,' 16.

'Imaginary Portraits,' 171.

'In a Balcony,' 12.

'In a Glass Darkly,' 66.

'Industrial Revolution, The,' 144.

Ingelow, Jean. Outlived her popularity; 'High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire' and 'Supper at the Mill' her most enduring work, 29.

'Ingoldsby Legends,' 30.

'In Memoriam,' 10.

'Intellectual Life, The,' 172.

'International Scientific Series' and Spencer, 146.

'Interpretation of Scripture, The,' 163.

'Irish Melodies,' 33.

'Jackdaw of Rheims,' 30.

James, G. P. R., 67.

'Jane Eyre,' 46, 47.

Jefferies, Richard. 'Gamekeeper at Home,' published in the _Pall Mall Gazette_; 'Wood Magic'; 'Bevis'; 'The Story of My Heart,' 188.

Jerrold, Douglas. 'Black-eyed Susan'; 'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' 187.

'Jesus, Strauss's Life of,' 49.

Jevons, William Stanley, 143.

'John Inglesant,' 64.

'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168.

Jones, Ebenezer. Wrote 'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37.

Jones, Sumner, 37.

'John Halifax, Gentleman,' 72.

Journalism and Novelists, 186-7.

'Journals of Researches during a Voyage round the World,' 154-155.

Jowett, Benjamin, 162; 'The Interpretation of Scripture'; brilliant translations of Plato, Thucydides, and 'The Politics' of Aristotle; John Bright's admiration of Jowett's classic English; 'Life,' written by Evelyn Abbott and Lewis Campbell, 163.

'Judas Iscariot,' 36.

'Katerfelto,' 59.

Kavanagh, Julia. Now little known. Wrote 'Madeleine,' 'Women in France in the 18th Century,' 'Englishwomen of Letters,' and 'Frenchwomen of Letters,' 72.

Keats, death of, 5; Biography, 183.

Keble, John. Professor of Poetry at Oxford; 'Christian Year'; 'Lyra Innocentium'; 'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159.

Kemble, John Mitchell. His 'Saxons in England' still useful, 80.

King, Richard Ashe. Has sketched Swift's life in Ireland; 'Love the Debt'; 'The Wearing of the Green,' 178.

'Kingdom of Christ,' 164.

Kinglake, Alexander William. 'History of the War in the Crimea,' a brilliant effort; his 'Eothen' scarcely less popular, 96.

Kingsley, Charles. 'The Saint's Tragedy'; 'Alton Locke,' 53; 'Yeast'; 'Two Years Ago'; 'Hypatia'; 'Westward Ho'; 'The Three Fishers'; 'The Sands of Dee'; Professor of History at Cambridge; his influence great and beneficial, 54-55.

Kingsley, Henry. 'Geoffrey Hamlyn,' the best novel of Australian life; 'Ravenshoe,' and 'The Hillyars and The Burtons' forcible effective works, 55; Sir Edwin Arnold and Mrs Thackeray Ritchie's testimony, 56.

Kingston, W. H. G. Author of one hundred and twenty-five stories of the sea, 67.

'King's Tragedy, The,' 24.

Kipling, Rudyard. 'Soldiers Three'; 'Wee Willie Winkie'; 'Barrack-Room Ballads,' 40.

Kitchin, George William. 'History of France previous to the Revolution,' 103.

'Kitty Trevelyan's Diary,' 73.

Knight, Professor, of St Andrews. Biographer of Wordsworth and editor of his collected works, 178.

'Lachrymæ Musarum,' 40.

'Lady Geraldine's Courtship,' 13.

'Lady of Lyons, The,' 56.

'Lady's Walk, The,' 75.

'Lalla Rookh,' 33.

'Land of the Golden Fleece, The,' 188.

Landor, Walter Savage. Temperament; 'Gebir'; 'Count Julian,' 15; 'Imaginary Conversations' and 'Longer Prose Works' have all cultured men for readers now; Swinburne's admiration of, 16.

Landor and 'Madoc,' 6.

Lang, Andrew. 'Ballads and Lyrics of Old France'; 'Ballades in Blue China'; translator of Homer and Theocritus, 176; 'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote'; 'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' 177.

'Laodamia,' 7.

'Last Days of Pompeii,' 56.

'Last Lines,' 47.

'Last of the Barons, The,' 56.

'Latin Christianity,' 103.

'Latter-day Pamphlets,' 123.

Laureate, The present, 39-40.

'Lavengro,' 185.

'Lay Sermons,' 158.

'Lead Kindly Light,' 108.

'Leaves from a Journal,' 192.

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. 'History of England in the Eighteenth Century'; 'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism' and 'European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne' justly popular, 96.

'Lectures in Greek Philosophy,' 169.

'Lectures on the Council of Trent,' 88.

'Lectures on the Jewish Church,' 162.

'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People,' 151.

'Lectures on the Eastern Church,' 161-162.

'Lectures on the Science of Language,' 99.

Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 'Uncle Silas'; 'In a Glass Darkly,' 66.

'Legends and Lyrics,' 36.

Lemon, Mark, 187. Editor of _Punch_, 187-8.

Leslie, Thomas Edward Cliffe. His 'Essays' full of terse and suggestive criticism, 144.

'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon' (Spedding), 184.

'Letters' and 'Reminiscences' of Carlyle, 115-116, 119-120.

'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' 181.

'Letter to Keble,' 158.

Lever, Charles. _Dublin University Magazine_; 'Charles O'Malley' and 'Harry Lorrequer' still command attention, 66.

Lewes, George Henry. 'Biographical History of Philosophy,' 148; his 'Life of Goethe' the standard work; 'Ranthorpe'; edited _Fortnightly Review_; 'Seaside Studies'; 'Problems of Life and Mind,' 149; on 'Philosophie Positive,' 179.

Lewes, George Henry, and George Eliot, 49.

Lewis, Sir George Cornewall. A notable political philosopher; wrote 'A Dialogue on the Best Form of Government,' 184.

'Liberty,' 139.

Liddon, Henry Parry. Bampton lectures 'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ'; one of the most eloquent of preachers, 167.

'Lieutenant's Daughter,' 84.

'Life and Death of Jason,' 25.

'Life and Epistles of St Paul,' 168.

'Life and Letters of Erasmus,' 88.

'Life and Reign of Richard III.,' 96.

'Life and Times of Stein,' 104.

'Life, Letters and Literary Remains of John Keats,' 183.

'Life of Bishop Wilson,' 159.

'Life of Bunyan,' 88.

'Life of Burke,' 181.

'Life of Byron,' 34.

'Life of Cardinal Manning,' 169.

'Life of Carlyle,' 86.

'Life of Cæsar,' 88.

'Life of Charlotte Brontë, The,' 71.

'Life of Christ,' 168.

'Life of Cicero,' 58.

'Life of Cobden,' 182.

'Life of Cortes,' 191.

'Life of Cowper,' 6.

'Life of Dickens,' 178.

'Life of Dr Arnold,' 161.

'Life of Edward Irving,' 74.

'Life of F. W. Robertson,' 166.

'Life of Goethe,' 149.

'Life of Gray,' 175.

'Life of Hume,' 157.

'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163.

'Life of Jesus,' 49.

'Life of John Gibson Lockhart,' 177.

'Life of John Sterling,' 124.

'Life of Jowett,' 163.

'Life of Lord Lyndhurst,' 191.

'Life of Lord Macaulay,' 182.

'Life of Milton,' 166, 177.

'Life of Nelson' (Mahan's), 6.

'Life of Nelson' (Southey's), 5.

'Life of Newton,' 150.

'Life of Pizarro,' 191.

'Life of St Paul,' 168.

'Life of Schiller,' 113, 124.

'Life of Shelley,' 174.

'Life of Sir John Eliot,' 178-179.

'Life of Sir Stafford Northcote,' 177.

'Life of Sir Walter Scott,' 177.

'Life of the late Prince Consort, The,' 190.

'Life of Walter Savage Landor,' 178.

Lightfoot, Joseph Barber. One of the greatest scholars in the English Church, 168.

'Light of Asia, The,' 26.

'Light of the World, The,' 26.

'Limits of Religious Thought, The,' 169.

Lingard, John. 'History of England' impartial, but dull, 80.

Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74.

_Literary Gazette_, 181.

'Literary Studies,' 184.

'Literature and Dogma,' 18.

'Literature of Europe' (Hallam's), 78.

'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64.

'Living London,' 188.

Lockhart, John Gibson. Editor of the _Quarterly Review_; his 'Life of Scott,' the most important biography of the reign, 177.

'Logic' (Mill's), 140.

'Logic,' (Whately's), 159.

'Longer Prose Works,' 16.

'Lorna Doone,' 69.

'Lost and Saved,' 72.

'Lost Sir Massingberd,' 189.

'Love in a Valley,' 60.

'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188.

'Love or Marriage,' 68.

'Love the Debt,' 178.

Lover, Samuel. Best known works, 'Rory O'More' and 'Handy Andy,' 34.

'Lover's Lexicon,' 189.

Lubbock, Sir John. 'Pre-historic Times'; 'Origin of Civilization,' 99.

'Luria,' 12.

Lyall, Edna, 74.

Lyell, Sir Charles. Abandoned law for geology; his 'Principles of Geology' a revolutionary work; the smaller 'Student's Elements of Geology' injured in literary merit, 152; converted to Darwin's views; 'The Antiquity of Man,' 153.

Lynch, Thomas Toke. His poems in the _Rivulet_ now in most hymnologies, 166.

'Lyra Innocentium,' 159.

'Lyrical Ballads,' 7.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer. 'Pelham'; 'Zanoni'; 'Harold'; 'Rienzi'; 'The Last of the Barons'; 'The Last Days of Pompeii'; 'The Caxtons'; 'Money'; 'Richelieu'; 'The Lady of Lyons'; one of the 'cleverest' men of his age, 56.

Macaulay, Thomas Babington. His work guided by rhetorical principles; earliest efforts in _Quarterly Magazine_ and _Edinburgh Review_; Jeffrey on his 'Milton,' 91; qualities of his 'Essays'; his career; 'History of England from the Accession of James II.' very successful, 92; now severely criticised, 93; in spite of its deficiencies, a great work, 94-95.

Macaulay and Hawker, 38.

MacCarthy, Justin. 'History of Our Own Time, 1830-1897,' 95; 'History of the Four Georges,' 96.

MacDonald, George. 'Robert Falconer'; 'David Elginbrod'; 'Alec Forbes of Howglen,' 63.

Mackay, Charles. Novelist, poet and critic; 'Forty Years' Recollections of Life, Literature and Public Affairs,' 188.

Mackay, Eric. 'Love Letters of a Violinist,' 188.

'Macleod of Dare,' 69.

Macquoid, Mrs, 74.

_Macmillan's Magazine_, 181.

'Madcap Violet,' 69.

'Madeleine,' 72.

'Madoc,' 6.

Mahon, Lord, 95.

'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' 72.

'Maid of Sker, The,' 69.

'Maid Marion,' 62.

'Makers of Florence,' 74.

'Making of England, The,' 98.

Malet, Lucas, 74.

_Manchester Examiner_ and Ruskin, 133.

Mangan, James Clarence, 34.

Manning, Anne. Author of 'Maiden and Married Life of Mary Powell,' 72.

Manning, Cardinal. Books and sermons of theological interest only; his 'Life,' 169.

Mansel, Henry Longueville. 'The Limits of Religious Thought'; 'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real'; a skilful fighter, 169.

'Manual of Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142.

'Marie Bashkirtseff's Diary,' 190.

'Marcian Colonna,' 36.

'Marie de Méranie,' 38.

'Marius the Epicurean,' 171.

'Marmorne,' 171.

Marryat, Captain Frederick. 'Frank Mildmay'; 'Mr Midshipman Easy'; 'Peter Simple'; editor of _Metropolitan Magazine_; appreciated by Carlyle and Ruskin, 66-67.

Marsh, Mrs. Author of 'The Admiral's Daughter' and 'The Deformed,' 71.

Marshall, Alfred. Author of 'Economics of Industry' and 'Principles of Economics,' 143.

Marston, John Westland. Author of 'Strathmore,' 'Marie de Méranie,' and 'A Hard Struggle,' 38.

Marston, Philip Bourke. Published 'Song Tide and other Poems,' 'All in All,' and 'Wind Voices,' 39.

Martin, Sir Theodore. 'Life of the late Prince Consort,' 190; 'Book of Ballads'; 'Memoir of Aytoun'; 'Life of Lord Lyndhurst'; translated the Odes of Horace; 'The Vita Nuova'; 'Faust'; and Heine's 'Poems and Ballads'; 'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' 191.

Martineau, Harriet. 'History of the Peace,' 95; Abridgment of Comte; influence upon her own generation; very versatile writer; her 'Biographical Sketches' originally published in _Daily News_, 180; her historical work mere compilation; 'Deerbrook'; 'The Hour and the Man'; 'Letters on the Laws of Man's Nature and Development,' 181.

Martineau, James. Early career, 166; from Bentham to Kant; 'Endeavour after the Christian Life'; 'Hours of Thought on Sacred Things'; 'Study of Spinoza'; 'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167.

'Martyrs of Science,' 150.

'Mary Barton,' 71.

'Mary Tudor,' 33.

'Masks and Faces,' 58.

Massey, Gerald. Chartist poet. Wrote 'Poems and Charms' and 'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' &c., 37.

Massey, William Nathaniel. 'History of England under George III.' 95

Masson, David. 'Life of Milton'; 'British Novelists and their Styles'; 'Drummond of Hawthornden,' 177.

'Master of Ballantrae, The,' 60.

'Maud,' 10.

'Maude,' 22.

Maurice, John Frederick Denison. Editor of the _Athenæum_; joined the Anglican Church, 163; 'Subscription no Bondage'; 'Kingdom of Christ' tracts; 'Politics for the People'; organised the Christian socialist and co-operative movement, 164.

Maxse, Admiral, 62.

May, Sir Thomas Erskine. Continued the work of Hallam and Stubbs, 79; 'Democracy in Europe'; 'Constitutional History,' 80.

Melbourne, Lord, and Macaulay, 91.

'Melincourt,' 62.

Melville, George John Whyte. The novelist of the hunting field; 'Katerfelto'; 'Black but Comely'; 'The Queen's Maries'; 'The Gladiators,' 59.

'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon,' 45.

'Memoir of Principal Tulloch,' 74.

'Memorials of Canterbury,' 161.

'Men and Women,' 12.

'Mental and Moral Science,' 147.

'Mental Evolution in Animals,' 157.

Meredith, George. 'Love in a Valley,' 60; The Browning of Novelists; 'The Shaving of Shagpat'; 'Farina'; 'The Ordeal of Richard Feverel' considered his best novel; 'Evan Harrington'; 'Rhoda Fleming'; 'The Adventures of Harry Richmond'; 'Beauchamp's Career'; 'The Egoist'; 'The Tragic Comedians'; 'Diana of the Crossways'; Stevenson's admiration for 'The Egoist,' 61; 'Sandra Belloni,' 62.

Meredith, George, and Rossetti, 24.

Merivale, Charles. 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' 102.

'Metaphysics, or the Philosophy of Consciousness, Phenomenal and Real,' 169.

Methodism and Carlyle, 51.

'Methods of Ethics,' 143.

_Metropolitan Magazine, The_, 67.

'Middle Ages' (Hallam's), 77.

'Middlemarch,' 50.

Mill, James. 'History of India'; 'Analysis of the Human Mind,' 137.

Mill, John Stuart. Ruskin's scorn of; education, 137; influence of Wordsworth; the India House; _Westminster Review_; Carlyle's 'French Revolution,' 138; 'Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Subjection of Women'; contemporary opinion of Mrs Mill, 139; 'Logic'; 'Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy'; 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Liberty'; 'Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy'; 'Dissertations and Discussions'; 'Considerations on Representative Government'; a stimulator of public opinion, 140; his philosophical weaknesses, 141-42; abandonment of early positions; 'Autobiography'; a socialist at the last, 142.

Miller, Hugh, 151. Journalist; _The Witness_; 'Old Red Sandstone'; 'Footprints of the Creator'; 'The Testimony of the Rocks,' 152.

'Mill on the Floss, The,' 50.

Millais, Sir John, and the pre-Raphaelite movement, 23.

Milman, Henry Hart. 'Gibbon's Rome'; 'History of the Jews'; 'History of Christianity under the Empire,' 102; 'Latin Christianity'; Dean Stanley's appreciation, 103.

'Milton, Masson's Life of,' 177.

'Ministering Children,' 73.

Minor Poets, The, of our era, 31.

'Mirandola,' 36.

'Mr Herbert Spencer and Mr G. H. Lewes; their application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147.

'Mr Midshipman Easy,' 67.

'Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lectures,' 187.

'Mrs Halliburton's Troubles,' 70.

Mivart, St George, 151.

'Modern' Essays (Myers), 172.

'Modern Painters,' 130, 132.

Molesworth, Rev. William Nassau. 'History of England, 1830-1873'; 'History of the Church of England,' 95.

'Molière,' by Mrs Oliphant, 74.

'Money,' 56.

'Monks of St Mark, The,' 62.

'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' 183.

_Monthly Magazine, The_, 42.

'Moonstone, The,' 69.

Moore, Thomas. The pioneer of the 'Celtic Renaissance'; 'Irish Melodies,' 33; 'Lalla Rookh'; 'Life of Byron,' 34.

'More Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands,' 192.

'More Worlds than One,' 150.

Morison, James Cotter. Biographer of St Bernard of Clairvaux and Macaulay; 'The Service of Man,' 180.

Morley, John. Antagonist of 'Supernatural Christianity'; a gifted biographer and journalist; editor of _Morning Star_, _Literary Gazette_, _Fortnightly Review_, _Pall Mall Gazette_, and _Macmillan's Magazine_; editor of 'English Men of Letters Series'; 'Life of Burke'; influence, 181; lives of Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot; 'Life of Cobden'; his essay 'On Compromise' probably the most exhaustive treatment of the question, 182.

Morley, John, and Macaulay, 93.

_Morning Chronicle, The_, 42.

_Morning Star_, 181.

Morris, Sir Lewis. Wrote 'Songs of Two Worlds'; 'Epic of Hades'; 'A Vision of Saints,' &c., 26.

Morris, William. Connection with Rossetti, 23; versatility of his genius; 'Dream of John Ball'; 'News from Nowhere,' 24; 'Defence of Guenevere'; 'Life and Death of Jason'; 'The Earthly Paradise,' 25.

Moulton, Mrs Chandler, 39.

Müller, Friedrich Max. Eminent Philologist; 'Lectures on the Science of Language'; 'Chips from a German Workshop,' 99; early religious systems, 100.

Mulock, Dinah. 'John Halifax, Gentleman,' her best and most successful book, 72.

'Munera Pulveris,' 133.

Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey. Geologist; popularity of his 'Siluria,' 152.

Murray, Dr John, 155.

'My Beautiful Lady,' 23.

'My Cousin Nicholas,' 30.

Myers, Ernest, 173.

Myers, Frederick William Henry. 'Saint Paul'; his 'Classical' and 'Modern' critical essays full of delightful ideas; biography of Wordsworth, 172.

'Mythology of the Aryan Nations,' 100.

Nansen, Dr, 186.

'Napoleon, A Short History of,' 105.

'National and Historical Ballads, Songs and Poems,' 34.

_National Reformer, The_, and 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32.

'Natural History,' 153.

'Natural Religion,' 105.

'Naturalist's Voyage Round the World, A,' 155.

'Nelson Memorial, The,' 6.

'Nemesis of Faith,' 84.

'Never too Late to Mend,' 58.

'New Arabian Nights, The,' 60.

'Newcomes, The,' 45.

'New Magdalen, The,' 69.

Newman, Francis William. 'The Soul,' 'Theism,' 'Phases of Faith,' 170, 171.

Newman, John Henry. Early religious tendencies; 'My Battle with Liberalism,' 107; Matthew Arnold's description of Newman, 107-108; Tractarian movement; 'Lead Kindly Light'; 'Tracts for the Time'; Tract XC., 108-109; joins Church of Rome; Father Achilli, 109; 'Apologia pro Vitâ Suâ,'; Kingsley's attack and defeat, 110-111; Froude on Newman's character, 110; 'Dream of Gerontius'; 'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111; 'Callista'; 'A Sketch of the Third Century'; 'Essay in Aid of the Grammar of Assent,' 111; Swinburne's 'Apostrophe'; Newman's influence on England and her Prime Ministers, 112.

'New Poems,' 22.

'News from Nowhere,' 24.

'Nicholas Nickleby,' 42.

'Nightmare Abbey,' 62.

'Night Side of Nature, The,' 72.

_Nonconformist, The_, and Spencer, 145.

'North and South,' 71.

Norton, Mrs. Author of 'Stuart of Dunleath' and 'Lost and Saved,' 72.

Novelists and journalism, 186-187.

Novelists of the Era:-- Alexander, Mrs, 74. A.L.O.E., 73. Ainsworth, W. H., 67. Barrie, J. M., 63. Besant, Sir W., 65. Black, W., 68. Blackmore, R. D., 69. Braddon, Miss, 74. Brontë, Anne, 48. Brontë, Charlotte, 46. Brontë, Emily, 47. Broughton, Miss R., 74. Carleton, W., 66. Carroll, Lewis, 64. Charles, Mrs, 73. Charlesworth, Miss M. L., 73. Clifford, Mrs W. K., 74. Clive, Mrs Archer, 72. Craik, Mrs, 72. Crowe, Mrs, 71. Collins, W. W., 69. Corelli, Miss M., 74. Dickens, C., 42. Disraeli, B., 57. Doyle, Conan, 63. Eliot, George, 49. Ewing, Mrs, 73. Fullerton, Lady G., 72. Gaskell, Mrs, 71. Hardy, T., 68. Hope, Anthony, 63. James, G. P. R., 67. Kavanagh, Miss J., 72. Kingsley, C., 53. Kingsley, H., 55. Kingston, W. H. G., 67. Le Fanu, J. S., 66. Lever, C, 66. Linton, Mrs Lynn, 74. Lyall, Edna, 74. Lytton, E. B., 56. MacDonald, G., 63. Macquoid, Mrs, 74. Malet, L., 74. Manning, Anne, 72. Marryat, Captain F., 66. Marsh, Mrs, 71. Melville, G. J. W., 59. Meredith, G., 60. Mulock, Miss D., 72. Norton, Mrs, 72. Oliphant, Mrs, 74. Ouida, 74. Peacock, T. L., 62. Pemberton, Max, 63. 'Q.', 63. Reade, C., 57. Rice, J., 65. Schreiner, Miss O., 74. Sergeant, Miss A., 74. Shorthouse, J. H., 64. Stevenson, R. L., 59. Stretton, Mrs, 72. Thackeray, W. M., 44. Trollope, A., 58. Tucker, Miss C. M., 73. Ward, Mrs H., 74. Warren, S., 70. Weyman, S., 63. Wood, Mrs H., 70. Yonge, Miss C., 74.

Odes of Horace (Martin's translation), 191.

'Old Arm Chair, The,' 29.

'Old Curiosity Shop, The,' 42.

'Old English History,' 81.

'Old Red Sandstone,' 152.

'Old St Paul's,' 67.

'Old Stoic, The,' 47.

Oliphant, Mrs. Type of the age; wrote biography, criticism, and every form of prose; 'Makers of Florence'; 'Life of Edward Irving'; 'History of Eighteenth Century Literature'; 'Memoir of Principal Tulloch'; 'Cervantes'; 'Molière'; 'Dress'; neither a good critic nor a very accurate student; her fame will have to rest on her novels, 74; 'Salem Chapel'; 'Passages in the life of Margaret Maitland' her first novel; 'The Lady's Walk' the last, 75.

'Oliver Twist,' 42.

'Omar Khayyám,' 35.

'On Compromise,' 182.

'Onesimus,' 165.

'On the Divinity of Jesus Christ,' 167.

'On the Proper Sphere of Government,' 145.

'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151.

'Ordeal of Richard Feverel,' 61.

'Order and Progress,' 179.

'Origin of Civilization,' 99.

'Origin of Species,' 156.

'Orion,' 36.

O'Shaughnessy, Arthur. Wrote 'Epic of Women and other Poems,' 39.

Ouida, 74.

_Oxford and Cambridge Magazine, The_, 23.

Palgrave, Francis Turner. Editor of the 'Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics,' 81.

Palgrave, Sir Francis. Wrote 'History of Normandy and England,' 81.

_Pall Mall Gazette_, 181, 188.

'Palmyra,' 62.

'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' 62.

'Passages from the Diary of a Late Physician,' 70.

'Passages in the Life of Margaret Maitland,' 75.

'Past and Present,' 123.

Pater, Walter. A great Critic; 'Marius the Epicurean'; 'Imaginary Portraits'; 'The most Rhythmical of English Prose Writers'; 'Renaissance'; 'Appreciations,' 171.

Patmore, Coventry. 'Angel in the House' not always sincere, 31; 'Unknown Eros,' 32.

Pattison, Mark. 'The Tendencies of Religious Thought in England'; profound scholar; 'Life of Isaac Casaubon,' 163.

'Paul Ferrell,' 72.

'Pauline,' 13.

Payn, James. Editor _Cornhill Magazine_; 'Lost Sir Massingberd' and 'By Proxy' the most popular of his novels, 189.

Peacock, Thomas Love. Influence of, on Meredith; 'The Monks of St Mark'; 'Palmyra'; 'Headlong Hall'; 'Melincourt'; 'Nightmare Abbey'; 'Maid Marion'; 'Crotchet Castle'; 'Paper Money Lyrics and other Poems,' 62; 'Gryll Grange'; his relations with other famous men, 63.

'Peg Woffington,' 58.

'Pelham,' 56.

Pemberton, Max, 63.

'Pendennis,' 45.

'Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, The,' 164.

'Peter Simple,' 67.

'Phantasmion,' 35.

'Phases of Faith,' 170, 171.

'Philip Van Artevelde,' 28.

'Philochristus,' 165.

'Philosophy of Kant,' 170.

'Physics and Politics,' 184.

'Physiography,' 158.

'Pickwick Papers,' influence of eighteenth century humorists marked in, 41; first appearance of, 42.

'Pioneers of Evolution,' 99.

'Poems and Charms,' 37.

'Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell,' 47.

'Poems' by George Meredith, 60, 62.

'Poems,' by Matthew Arnold, 20.

'Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect,' 37.

Poets of the Era:-- Arnold, M., 17-21. Arnold, Sir Edwin, 26. Austin, A., 39. Bailey, P. J., 28. Banim, J., 34. Banim, M., 34. Barham, R. H., 30. Barnes, W., 37. Beddoes, T. L., 36. Browning, Mrs, 14-15. Browning, Robert, 13-14. Calverley, C. S., 30. Clough, A. H., 21. Coleridge, H., 35. Coleridge, Sara, 35. Cook, Eliza, 29. Cooper, T., 37. Davis, T., 34. De Vere, T. A., 33. Dobell, S., 31. Dobson, A., 30. Dufferin, Lady, 34. Elliott, E., 37. Ferguson, Sir S., 34. FitzGerald, E., 34. Hawker, R. S., 38. Hood, T., 29. Horne, R. H., 36. Ingelow, Jean, 29. Jones, E., 37. Kipling, R., 40. Landor, W. S., 15-16. Lang, A., 30. Lover, S., 34. Mangan, J. C, 34. Marston, J. W., 38. Marston, P. B., 39. Massey, G., 37. Moore, T., 33. Morris, Sir Lewis, 26. Morris, William, 24. O'Shaughnessy, A., 39. Patmore, C., 31. Procter, A. A., 36. Procter, B. W., 35. Rossetti, Christina, 22. Rossetti, Dante G., 22. Rossetti, Maria Francesca, 22. Smith, A., 31. Southey, R., 5. Swinburne, A. C., 16. Taylor, Sir Henry, 28. Tennyson, A., 10. Thomson, J., 32. Tupper, M. F., 27. Watson, W., 40. Woolner, T., 23. Wordsworth, 7.

'Political Destiny of Canada,' 185.

'Political Economy' (Fawcett's), 142.

'Political Economy' (Mill's), 139-141.

'Political Economy' (Sidgwick's), 143.

'Politics for the People,' 164.

_Portfolio, The_, 172.

Potter, Miss Beatrice, 144.

Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, 36.

'Præterita,' 130.

'Pre-historic Times,' 99.

'Prelude, The,' 9.

'Pre-Raphaelitism,' 132.

'Pre-Raphaelite Movement, The,' 23.

'Pride and his Pursuers,' 73.

'Primer of English Literature,' 166.

'Primitive Culture,' 99.

'Prince Otto,' 60.

'Principles of Economics,' 143.

'Principles of Geology,' 152.

'Principles of Psychology,' 145.

'Problems of Life and Mind,' 149.

Procter, Adelaide Anne. Wrote 'Legends and Lyrics,' &c., 36.

Procter, Bryan Waller. Wrote 'Dramatic Scenes'; 'Marcian Colonna'; 'Mirandola,' &c., 35-36.

'Professor, The,' 47.

'Prolegomena to Ethics,' 148.

'Proverbial Philosophy,' 27.

'Proverbs in Porcelain,' 30.

_Punch_, 187.

'Purgatory of Suicides, The,' 37.

Pusey, Edward Bouverie. Founder of the modern high church movement; a writer of 'Tracts for the Times'; 'Letter to Keble'; 'Eirenicon,' 158.

'Put Yourself in His Place,' 58.

'Q,' 63.

_Quarterly Magazine, The_, 91.

_Quarterly Review, The_, 28, 93, 154, 177.

'Queen's Maries, The,' 59.

'Queen Mary,' 10.

'Raleigh,' 27.

'Ranthorpe,' 149.

_Rattlesnake_ Survey, The, 157.

'Ravenshoe,' 55.

Reade, Charles, 57-58. 'Peg Woffington'; 'The Cloister and the Hearth'; 'Griffith Gaunt'; 'Hard Cash'; 'Foul Play'; 'Put Yourself in His Place'; 'Never Too Late to Mend'; 'Masks and Faces'; 'Drink,' 58.

'Ready Money Mortiboy,' 65.

'Realmah,' 191.

Reid, Sir Wemyss. 'Monograph on Charlotte Brontë,' and life of Lord Houghton, 183.

'Reign of Henry VIII.', 89.

'Reign of William Rufus and Accession of Henry I.,' 81.

'Rejected Addresses,' 8.

'Relations between England and America, The,' 185.

'Remembrances of Mrs Overtheway,' 73.

'Renaissance in Italy,' 103.

'Renaissance. Studies in Art and Poetry' (later), 171.

'Return of the Native, The,' 68.

'Rhetoric' (Whately's), 159.

'Rhoda Fleming,' 61.

Rice, James. Collaborated with Walter Besant in 'Ready Money Mortiboy' and 'The Golden Butterfly,' &c., 65.

'Richelieu,' 56.

'Rienzi,' 56.

'Ring and The Book, The,' 12.

'Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism,' 96.

'Ritualism, Essay on,' 106.

'Rivulet, The,' 166.

'Robert Falconer,' 63.

Robertson, Frederick William, 165; 'Life,' 166.

Robinson, Henry Crabb. 'Diary,' edited by Dr Sadler, 183.

'Rocks Ahead,' 170.

Rogers, Thorold. 'History of Agriculture and Prices,' 144.

Rogers, Samuel. His 'Table Talk' full of good stories, 183.

'Rogers and his Contemporaries,' 184.

'Rogers, Early Life of,' 184.

'Roman Empire, The Holy,' 104.

'Rome, History of' (Dr Arnold's), 160.

Romanes, George John. 'Animal Intelligence,' 'Mental Evolution in Animals,' 157.

'Romany Rye, The,' 185.

'Romola,' 50.

'Rookwood,' 67.

'Rory O'More,' 34.

Rossetti, Christina Georgina. 'Goblin Market,' 'Called to be Saints,' 'The Face of the Deep,' 'Maude,' 'New Poems,' 22.

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 22; the pre-Raphaelite movement; the _Germ_; 'The Blessed Damozel'; 'Hand and Soul'; connection with Ruskin, Morris, Swinburne, and _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_; 'The Early Italian Poets,' 23; 'The White Ship'; 'The King's Tragedy'; 'Sister Helen'; 'The House of Life,' 24.

Rossetti, Maria Francesca. 'Shadow of Dante,' 22.

'Recreations of Christopher North,' 187.

'Rubáyát of Omar Khayyám of Naishápur,' 35.

Ruskin, John, 129. 'Præterita'; early influences; Oxford; 'Salsette and Elephanta'; 'Modern Painters'; Mazzini's opinion of, 130; 'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131; the 'Stones of Venice'; 'Pre-Raphaelitism'; Slade lectures; as economist; 'Unto this Last,' 132; the _Cornhill Magazine_ readers; his socialism; 'Munera Pulveris'; 'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne'; _Manchester Examiner_; 'Fors Clavigera,' 133; the tea-shop in the Marylebone Road; St George's Guild; Ruskin museum, 134; his influence; 'Crown of Wild Olive'; 'Time and Tide,' 'Sesame and Lilies,' 135-6; his self criticism, 136; scorn of John Stuart Mill, 137.

'Ruth,' 71.

Ryle, John Charles. Famous literary exponent of the Evangelical position; 'Shall we know one another in Heaven'; 'Bible Inspiration,' 168.

Saintsbury, George. Profound knowledge of French and English literature, 174; in brief biographies of Sir Walter Scott and others most excellent, 175.

'Saint Paul,' 172.

'Saint's Tragedy, The,' 53.

'St Ives,' 60.

St Luke. Schleiermacher's Essay on, 101.

'St Thomas of Canterbury,' 33.

Sala, George Augustus. 'The Land of the Golden Fleece'; 'America Revisited'; 'Living London,' 188.

'Salem Chapel,' 75.

'Salsette and Elephanta,' 130.

Sanderson, Burdon, 151.

'Sandra Belloni,' 62.

'Sands of Dee, The,' 54.

'Sartor Resartus,' 121.

_Saturday Review, The_, and Freeman, 83.

'Savonarola,' 40.

'Saxons in England,' 80.

Sayce, Archibald Henry, 100.

'Scenes of Clerical Life,' 49.

Schloss, D. F., 144.

'Schönberg-Cotta Family, The,' 73.

Schreiner, Miss Olive, 74.

'Science, Lectures on, for Unscientific People,' 150-151.

Scott, Sir Walter. Death of, 5; on 'Madoc,' 6; Lockhart's 'Life of,' 177.

Scott, William Bell. Best known by his 'Autobiography,' 173.

'Seaside Studies,' 149.

Seeley, Sir John Robert. 'Life and Times of Stein'; German and English criticisms; 'History and Politics,' 104; 'Expansion of England'; 'A Short History of Napoleon'; 'Ecce Homo'; censure and praise; Mr Gladstone; 'Natural Religion,' 105.

'Select Charters,' 79.

'Selections from Wordsworth,' 8, 9.

'Senses and the Intellect, The,' 147.

Sergeant, Miss Adeline, 74.

'Service of Man, The,' 180.

'Sesame and Lilies,' 135-136.

'Seven Lamps of Architecture,' 130-131.

'Shadow of Dante,' 22.

'Shakspere, his Mind and Art,' 173.

'Shall we know one another in Heaven,' 168.

'Shaving of Shagpat, The,' 61.

Shelley. Death of, 5; on Southey's 'Thalaba,' 6; acquaintance with Peacock, 62; Dowden's 'Life of,' 174.

Sherlock Holmes, 63.

'Shirley,' 47.

'Short History of Napoleon, A,' 105.

'Short History of the English People,' 97.

Shorthouse, Joseph Henry. 'John Inglesant'; 'Sir Perceval'; 'Little Schoolmaster Mark,' 64.

'Short Studies on Great Subjects,' 88.

Sidgwick, Henry. 'Principles of Political Economy'; 'Methods of Ethics'; a compromise; 'Elements of Politics,' 143.

'Silas Marner,' 50.

'Siluria,' 152.

'Sinai and Palestine,' 161.

'Sir Perceval,' 64.

'Sister Helen,' 24.

'Sketches by Boz,' 42.

'Sketch of the Life of Princess Alice,' 191.

Smith, Alexander, 31.

Smith, Goldwin. 'The Relations between England and America'; 'The Political Destiny of Canada,' 185.

Smith, H. Llewellyn, 144.

Smith, Sydney. 'The Ballot'; 'The Church Bills'; 'The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith,' 187.

'Social Statics,' 145.

'Soldiers Three,' 40.

'Some Aspects of Robert Burns,' 60.

'Song of the Shirt,' 29.

'Song of the Sword,' 172.

'Song of the Western Men,' 38.

'Songs of Two Worlds,' 26.

'Song Tide and other Poems,' 39.

'Sonnets from the Portuguese,' 14.

'Sonnets on the War,' 31.

'Soul, The,' 170.

Southey, 5-7, 15.

'Spanish Gypsy,' 50.

Spedding, James. 'Letters and Life of Francis Bacon,' 184.

'Speeches and Addresses of the late Prince Consort,' 192.

Spencer, Herbert. The most characteristic philosopher of the century; 'On the Proper Sphere of Government'; _Nonconformist_; _Westminster Review_; 'Social Statics'; 'Principles of Psychology'; 'Education'; 'First Principles,' 145; 'Descriptive Sociology'; universality of his knowledge; his 'Study of Sociology' and 'Education' books which all who read must enjoy, 146.

'Spencer, Mr Herbert, and Mr G. H. Lewes: their Application of the Doctrine of Evolution to Thought,' 147.

'Spirit's Trials, The,' 84.

Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. Most distinguished Nonconformist minister of the period; 'John Ploughman's Talk,' 168.

_Standard, The_. Austin's connection with, 40.

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. 'Life of Dr Arnold'; 'Memorials of Canterbury'; 'Sinai and Palestine,' 161; 'Lectures on the Eastern Church'; 'Lectures on the Jewish Church'; leader of the Broad Church movement; proposed the suppression of the Athanasian creed in church services; his 'Life,' written by Dean Bradley, 162.

Stanley, H. M., 186.

Stanhope, Earl (Lord Mahon). 'History of the Reign of Queen Anne,' and 'History of England from 1713-1783,' 95.

'State in its Relations with the Church, The,' 106.

'Statesmen of the Commonwealth,' 179.

'Stein, Life and Times of,' 104.

Stephen, Leslie. A critic of remarkable learning; 'Hours in a Library'; 'History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century,' 175; first editor of the _Dictionary of National Biography_, 176.

Stephen, Leslie, and Macaulay, 93.

Stevenson, Robert Louis. One of the most picturesque figures in literature; 'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59; his plays; 'Beau Austin,' probably the greatest contribution to the drama of the era; 'Virginibus Puerisque'; 'Some Aspects of Robert Burns'; 'A Child's Garden of Verse'; 'Underwoods'; his place as a novelist; 'Treasure Island'; 'The New Arabian Nights'; 'The Master of Ballantrae'; 'Prince Otto'; 'St Ives'; 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde,' 60; his admiration of 'The Egoist,' 61; his influence on the modern historical romance, 63.

Stewart, Balfour, 151.

'Stones of Venice,' 132.

'Story of My Heart, The,' 188.

'Stuart of Dunleath,' 72.

Stubbs, William. Librarian at Lambeth Palace; edited mediæval chronicles, 78; Regius Professor of History at Oxford; 'Select Charters'; 'Constitutional History'; profoundly scientific, but not dry-as-dust, 79.

'Student's Elements of Geology,' 152.

'Studies in Art and Poetry,' 171.

'Studies in Homer,' 106.

'Studies in Literature,' 173.

'Studies in Sensation and Event,' 37.

'Study of Sociology,' 146.

'Study of Spinoza, 167.

'Strathmore,' 38.

Strauss, 49.

'Strayed Reveller, The,' 20.

Stretton, Mrs. Author of 'The Valley of a Hundred Fires,' 72.

'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs,' 155.

'Subjection of Women,' 139.

'Subscription no Bondage,' 164.

'Supernatural Religion,' 171.

'Supper at the Mill,' 29.

'Susan Hopley,' 71.

'Swallow Flights,' 39.

Swift, modern biographies of, 178.

Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Only comparable to Landor, 16; 'Ave atque Vale' an imperishable elegy; a great poet and a great prose writer, 17; connection with Rossetti, 24; admiration for Matthew Arnold, 17, and Emily Brontë, 48.

'Sybil,' 57.

'Sylvia's Lovers,' 71.

Symonds, John Addington. 'Renaissance in Italy,' 103; Cellini's 'Autobiography,' 104.

'Table Talk' (Rogers's), 183.

'Table Talk' (Southey's), 6.

'Tales of Ireland,' 66.

'Tancred' 57.

'Tangled Tale, A,' 64.

'Task, The,' 6.

Taylor, Sir Henry. Author of 'Philip Van Artevelde,' &c., 28.

Temple, Frederick. 'The Education of the World'; Bishop of London, Archbishop of Canterbury, 162.

'Tenant of Wildfell Hall, The,' 48.

'Tendencies of Religious Thought in England, The,' 163.

Tennyson, Alfred. Purity of his style; music; no great characterisation in 'Harold' or 'Queen Mary'; insight of 'Maud'; 'In Memoriam' and 'The Idylls of the King' won him wider audiences, 10; his transcendentalism; friendship with Browning; social traits, 11; popularity, 12.

'Ten Thousand a Year,' 70.

'Tess of the D'Urbervilles,' 68.

'Testimony of the Rocks, The,' 152.

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 44-46; admiration for 'David Copperfield'; his literary position, 44; _Fraser's Magazine_; 'History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond'; 'Yellow Plush Papers'; 'Memoirs of Barry Lyndon'; 'Vanity Fair'; 'Pendennis'; 'Esmond'; 'The Newcomes'; 'The Virginians'; contested Oxford; _Cornhill Magazine_, 45; his death; his five great novels the basis of his future fame, 46; Trollope's biography of, 58; burlesqued G. P. R. James, 67.

'Thalaba,' 6.

'Theism,' 170.

Theocritus (Lang's), 176.

'Theology in the English Poets,' 166.

Thirlwall, Connop (Bishop). 'History of Greece'; Grote's appreciation of; Schleiermacher's 'Essay on St Luke,' 101.

'Thomas à Becket,' 86.

Thomson, James. Author of 'The City of Dreadful Night,' 32.

'Three Fishers, The,' 54.

'Through Nature to Christ,' 165.

'Through the Looking-Glass,' 64.

'Thucydides,' 160.

'Thyrsis,' 21.

'Time and Tide by Wear and Tyne,' 133, 135.

'Tom Brown's School Days,' 161.

'Tower of London, The,' 67.

'Town Life in the Fifteenth Century,' 98.

Toynbee, Arnold. 'The Industrial Revolution,' 144.

'Tract XC.,' 108.

'Tracts for the Time,' 108.

'Trade Unionism, History of,' 145.

'Tragic Comedians, The,' 61.

'Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry,' 66.

'Treasure Island,' 60.

Trevelyan, Sir George Otto. His 'Life of Lord Macaulay' a delightful biography; 'Early History of Charles James Fox,' 182.

Trollope, Anthony. 'Barchester Towers'; 'Framley Parsonage'; 'Dr Thorne'; 'Life of Cicero'; his biography of Thackeray the best that has yet appeared, 58.

Tucker, Miss C. M. (A.L.O.E.), 73. (_Vide supra._)

Tupper, Martin Farquhar. 'Proverbial Philosophy'; 'Ballads for the Times,' 'Raleigh,' 'Cithara,' 27.

Turner, Sharon, 80.

'Two Years Ago,' 54.

Tylor, Edward Burnett. 'Primitive Culture'; 'Anthropology,' 99.

Tyndall, John. 'Faraday as a Discoverer,' 150; 'Lectures on Science for Unscientific People'; Huxley's eulogy of; 'On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers,' 151.

'Types of Ethical Theory,' 167.

'Uncle Silas,' 66.

'Underwoods,' 60.

'Unknown Eros,' 32.

'Unto this Last,' 132-3, 136.

'Valley of a Hundred Fires, The,' 72.

'Vanity Fair,' 45.

'Vatican Decrees, The,' 106.

'Venetia,' 57.

'Verses and Translations,' 30.

'Verses on Various Occasions,' 111.

Victoria, Queen. 'Leaves from a Journal'; 'The Early Days of the Prince Consort'; 'More Leaves from the Journal,' 192.

'Views and Reviews,' 172.

'Vignettes in Rhyme,' 30.

'Villette,' 47.

'Virginians, The,' 45.

'Virginibus Puerisque,' 60.

'Vision of Saints, A,' 26.

'Vita Nuova' (Martin's), 191.

'Vivian Grey,' 57.

'Voices of Freedom and Lyrics of Love,' 37.

'Waldenses, The,' 33.

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 156.

Ward, Mrs Humphry, 74; Translated Amiel's 'Journal,' 189.

Warren, Samuel. 'Passages from a Diary of a Late Physician,' 'Ten Thousand a Year,' 70.

Watson, William. Author of 'Wordsworth's Grave,' 'Lachrymæ Musarum,' &c., 40.

'Wearing of the Green, The,' 178.

Webb, Mr and Mrs Sidney. 'The History of Trade Unionism,' 145.

'Wee Willie Winkie,' 40.

_Westminster Review_, 49, 138, 145.

'Westward Ho,' 54.

Weyman, Stanley, 63.

Whately, Richard. His 'Logic' and 'Rhetoric,' pre-Victorian; Archbishop of Dublin, 159; 'Christian Evidences,' 160.

'White Ship, The,' 24.

Wilberforce, Bishop, and Darwin, 154.

'Wilhelm Meister,' 113.

Wilson, John. Editor of _Blackwood's Magazine_; 'Recreations of Christopher North,' 187.

'Window in Thrums, A,' 63.

'Wind Voices,' 39.

'Wit and Wisdom of Sidney Smith, The,' 187.

'With a Donkey in the Cevennes,' 59.

_Witness, The_, 152.

'Woman in White, The,' 69.

'Woman in France in the 18th Century,' 72.

Women novelists, 49.

'Woodlanders, The,' 68.

'Wood Magic,' 188.

Wood, Mrs Henry. 'The Channings' and 'Mrs Haliburton's Troubles' her best novels; 'East Lynne' the most popular, 70.

Woolner, Thomas, 23.

Wordsworth, William. 'Lyrical Ballads'; 'Laodamia'; Keble's eulogy on; laureate, 7; Arnold's estimate of, 8; Wordsworth Society; a vital force in the last decade; Arnold's 'Selections'; 'The Excursion,' 'The Prelude,' 'Ecclesiastical Sonnets,' 'The Borderers,' 9; on the Brownings' marriage, 13.

'Wordsworth's Grave,' 40.

Wordsworth, Knight's biography of, 178.

Wordsworth Society, The, 8, 9.

'Wuthering Heights,' 47, 48.

Yates, Edmund. Founded _The World_; his 'Autobiography' one of the best books of the kind ever issued, 188.

'Yeast,' 54.

'Yellow Plush Papers, The,' 45.

Yonge, Miss Charlotte, 74.

'Young Duke, The,' 57.

'Zanoni,' 56.

TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH

London: 10 Henrietta Street Covent Garden, W.C.

A Selected List of Books published by Mr James Bowden

Telegraphic Address: "Reperuse, London"

_Mr JAMES BOWDEN'S Announcements._

NEW NOVEL BY JOSEPH HOCKING.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._

The Birthright

By Joseph Hocking, Author of "All Men are Liars," "Andrew Fairfax," &c.

With Illustrations by Harold Piffard.

_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._

"This volume proves beyond all doubt that Mr Hocking has mastered the art of the historical romancist. 'The Birthright' is, in its way, quite as well constructed, as well written, and as full of incident as any story that has come from the pen of Mr Conan Doyle or Mr Stanley Weyman."--_The Spectator._

"We read Mr Hocking's book at a sitting; not because we had any leisure for the task, but simply because the book compelled us.... We hold our breath as each chapter draws to an end, yet cannot stop there, for the race is unflagging.... We congratulate Mr Hocking upon his book, for it is a great advance upon anything he has done. We prophesy a big public for 'The Birthright.'"--_The Daily Chronicle._

"'The Birthright' will be appreciated on account of its successions of exciting scenes, its crisp dialogue, its play of varied character, and a certain eerie air of superstition with which it is pervaded....--_The Daily Mail._

"A thoroughly enjoyable romance.... Mr Hocking has woven a story which few will lay down unfinished. The interest never flags for a moment, and the faithfulness with which the scenery of the land of Tre, Pol and Pen is described, and the quaint dialect and traditions of its older inhabitants are reproduced, is beyond praise."--_Weekly Times._

"We feel certain that, were we still condemned to go to bed at nine, we should sleep with the book under our pillow, and wake with the birds to see what happened.... A capital story of its class."--_The Star._

THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME I.

SECOND EDITION NOW READY.

_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._

Litanies of Life

By Kathleen Watson

Mr T. P. O'CONNOR, M.P., in _The Weekly Sun_ ("A Book of the Week")

"Fancy a woman ... so gifted, sitting down with the resolve to crush into a few words the infinite tale of all the whole race of her sex can suffer, and you have an idea of what this remarkable book is like.... As wonderful an epitome of a world of sorrow as I have ever read."

"A work of great charm, over which one likes to linger, and dream, and think.... The words flow with that tuneful felicity which belongs more to poetry than to prose."--_Liverpool Post._

"The five short, poignant stories which make up this excellent little book, are remarkable for distinction of style, and interesting by reason of the writer's observation of life and character, and the originality of her reflections.... Miss Watson can tell a story in a way to cut the reader to the heart.... The reader of sensibility will find a chastened pleasure in every one of them."--_The Morning._

"So real is this first sketch, so human, so sensitively delicate, so successful in its curious mingling of boldness and tenderness, that the reader necessarily imagines it to be autobiographical, believing that only out of actual sorrow could be distilled so true a record of passion and of regret."--_The Daily Mail._

"Written in most admirable prose, this collection of five beautiful, though sad stories, will appeal to all lovers of good literature.... It adds to its worth as a clever book the additional charm of being a good one."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._

THE LAUREL LIBRARY--VOLUME II.

_Crown 8vo, cloth elegant, gilt top, 2s._

The Widow Woman

A CORNISH TALE.

By Charles Lee.

_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._

"Such a delightfully natural love story is this that even staid old people who have not read one for a score of years will admit that it is quite unromantic enough to be sensible.... We close the book with a feeling of gratitude to the author who has supplied us with such a delightful study."--_Manchester Courier._

"A delightful little work.... Mr Lee knows these fisher folk by heart, and has the ability to draw them to the life in a few bright strokes of drollery.... The character sketching is admirable, the scenes and situations are most vividly brought out, and the pervading humour is of a genuine stamp."--_Sheffield Independent._

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"The story, simple and homely in its nature, is told with a humour and abandon that makes the book most delightful reading."--_Glasgow Daily Mail._

"The book is one to read, having the blessed quality of making you chuckle: the best of qualities in literature, one is inclined to say, in these tired days."--_Black and White._

STORIES OF LOWER LONDON.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._

East End Idylls

By A. St John Adcock.

"This is a remarkable book. It is a collection of short stories on East End life, but they are told with that real realism of observation of which Mr Morrison has set the fashion. The setting is real, the slang is real, the manners and customs seem to have been drawn from life."--_The Daily News._

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"Distinctly a book worth reading. There is heroism here, and knowledge--true insight, in fact--and sympathy."--_The Leeds Mercury._

"A series of touching and delightful sketches. Much has been written of the East End, but rarely with more charm or sympathy than by Mr Adcock."--_The Star._

"Mr Adcock possesses a graphic pen, and has sketched the loves and hates, the joys and the sorrows of the dwellers in London's mighty East in a series of short, vigorous stories that make up a very delightful volume."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._

A BOOK OF YACHTING STORIES FOR HOLIDAY READING.

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The Paper Boat

By "Palinurus."

_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._

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"As bright and breezy as can be wished.... One of the best volumes of light short stories offered to the public for a long time past."--_Lloyd's Newspaper._

NEW WORK BY THE REV. FREDERICK LANGBRIDGE.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._

The Dreams of Dania

By Frederick Langbridge, Author of "Sent back by the Angels," &c.

With Four Full-Page Illustrations by J. B. Yeats.

"Mr Langbridge's novel is one which will be read with unmixed pleasure. It is sprightly and often amusing, reproducing the talk of Irish peasants and Irish editors. It is also pathetic as it gives us with much sympathy and good taste a picture of an Irish rector in sickness and sorrow.... Narrated by Mr Langbridge in a manner that holds the interest of the reader from beginning to end. Bridget is one of the raciest characters in recent fiction, and a novel at once so healthy and so pleasant should be heartily welcomed."--_British Weekly._

_Crown 8vo, Art Linen, 3s. 6d._

Orgeas and Miradou

With other Pieces

By Frederick Wedmore

Author of "Renunciations," "English Episodes," &c.

"The beautiful story of 'Orgeas and Miradou,' is specially typical of Mr Wedmore's power of expressing and translating the poignancy of human emotion.... It is charged with depths of feeling, and vivid in its extreme reticence and discrimination of touch. In it there is nothing short of divination."--_The Athenæum._

SECOND EDITION NOW READY.

_Fcap. 4to, art canvas, gilt, 3s. 6d._

The House of Dreams

_An Allegory_

By an Anonymous Author.

"'The House of Dreams' belongs to the same class as Mrs Oliphant's 'A Pilgrim in the Unseen,' and may rival the great popularity of that striking fancy.... A book of signal literary beauty, of profound tenderness, and deeply reverent throughout; the work of a man who finds in earth and heaven alike the sign and token of the Cross."--_The British Weekly._

"A very beautiful allegory.... The author's deep reverence and exalted phantasy never ring false, and his work cannot fail to inspire the reader with reverence for ideals undreamed of in worldly philosophy."--_The Pall Mall Gazette._

"An allegory worthy to rank among the greatest achievements of that form of literature.... The great gospel of love and hope shines out from these splendid pages.... 'The House of Dreams' is a book which religious teachers will find it abundantly worth their while to study."--_Christian World._

"It is in truth a prose poem, one of the most beautiful and delightful we have ever read.... Nothing could be better than that the leaders of all Churches should breathe the pure and tender atmosphere of 'The House of Dreams,' and carry it with them into the world of daily reality."--_Methodist Times._

"A vision of extraordinary force and significance.... It seems to us that no thoughtful reader will be likely to rise from a perusal of this book without feeling himself heartened, so inspiring are certain of its passages.... It is full of high suggestion, of pathos, and of poetry."--_The Literary World._

THE FIFTIETH THOUSAND NOW READY.

_Long 8vo, sewed, 1s.; cloth extra, gilt, gilt top, 2s._

The Child, the Wise Man, and the Devil

By Coulson Kernahan

Author of "God and the Ant."

_SOME OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._

_The Bookman_ says--

"It is the author's special gift to stimulate the minds of Christian teachers.... In this little work he has given us work which deserves to live.... No one can read these pages without emotion."

_The Daily Mail_ says--

"The writer's views are expressed with bold and manly sincerity, and in a spirit of true reverence. His little book must make a very deep and abiding impression upon the hearts and minds of all who read it to the end."

_The Echo_ says--

"There will be few readers of this work who will not allow with enthusiasm the moral earnestness, the poetic imagination, and the literary charm of Mr Kernahan's stern muse."

_The British Weekly_ says--

"By far the best piece of work that Mr Kernahan has done.... The spirit of the age, with its yearnings, its sorrows, its vague aspiration, finds expression in these pages."

_The Queen_ says--

"A work of genius. No one who has read it will ever be likely to forget it."

_The Saturday Review_ says--

"There is a touch of genius, perhaps even more than a touch, about this brilliant and original booklet."

_The Illustrated London News_ says--

"All must recognise the boundless charity, the literary power, and the intense sincerity of one of the most interesting works of the year."

"We put first of the books for girls 'When Hearts are Young' by Deas Cromarty."--_The Christian World_ on "The Season's Gift Books."

_Crown 8vo, cloth extra, gilt, 2s. 6d._

When Hearts are Young

By Deas Cromarty

With Eight Illustrations by Will Morgan.

_OPINIONS OF THE PRESS._

_The Manchester Guardian_ says--

"It is delightful to read. One has come across few recent books that leave a pleasanter impression on the reader's memory."_

_The Star_ says--

"There is true insight into the peasant character of the lower fringe of the Highlands.... The girl Maggie is true to the life.... _One is grateful for the wholesomeness of this gentle story._"

_Lloyd's News_ says--

_"This is one of the pleasantest volumes we have picked up for a long time.... It is a tender, beautiful love story, very fresh and wholesome, with a wealth of fine descriptive writing."_

_The Methodist Times_ says--

"Deas Cromarty ... comes in a good second to these great writers (Barrie and Maclaren). _There is the freshness of the mountain breezes about the book which gives zest to the reading of it._"

_The Manchester Courier_ says--

_"Those who pick up the book will find difficulty in laying it down before the last page is reached."_

_The Methodist Recorder_ says--

"One of the most charming stories of the season.... _This is as truly an 'Idyll' as anything Tennyson ever wrote._"

NEW BOOK BY CUTCLIFFE HYNE.

_Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, 6s._

The 'Paradise' Coal Boat

By Cutcliffe Hyne, Author of "The Recipe for Diamonds," &c.

"In Mr Cutcliffe Hyne our great Anglo-Indian romancer (Rudyard Kipling) seems to have found a worthy comrade.... Grim and powerful tales.... Alike from a literary and political point of view Mr Cutcliffe Hyne has, in his latest volume, deserved well of the commonwealth."--_The Star._

"Mr Hyne knows the sea, and the seamy side of sea life. He also knows the West Coast of Africa, and whether we are voyaging with him in a tramp steamer between London and Shields, or off the Lagos Coast, we feel that we are somehow in the proper atmosphere. Constructively his stories are always excellent."--_The Scotsman._

A NEW VOLUME OF SERMONS.

_Just Published, crown 8vo, buckram, 3s. 6d._

The Sorrow of God

And Other Sermons

By Rev. John Oates.

"For the contents of 'The Sorrow of God' we have nothing but praise, and we could wish for nothing more than that the book might be widely circulated. Spiritual insight, large culture, with its consequent breadth of sympathy and eloquent expression, are the distinguishing features of what is, without exaggeration, a collection of notable sermons.... Those of our readers who value a fresh utterance on the great problems of religion will lose no time in getting acquainted with a book we have been able to notice all too briefly."--_The Sunday School Chronicle._

"There are many noble utterances in these sermons.... It is because the author helps us to feel purer and better that we so heartily commend his book."--_The New Age._

FOURTH EDITION. _Long 8vo, cloth, 1s._

Manners for Men

By Madge of "Truth"

(Mrs Humphry.)

"Always in most excellent taste as well as astonishingly complete. Certainly the world would be a very much pleasanter place to live in if all men did read and practise her admirable precepts."--_Saturday Review._

"It is a charmingly-written code of true manners."--_Leeds Mercury._

"Very welcome will be this little book, written sensibly and brightly."--_Daily Telegraph._

"Mrs Humphry's book will be worth more than its weight in gold.... Excellent, robust common sense, tempered by genuine goodness of heart, is a characteristic of everything she writes."--_The Queen._

"A very dainty and instructive epitome of all that we ought to be.... To a shy young man this tactful volume should be invaluable."--_To-Day._

NEW BOOK BY MRS HUMPHRY.

_Long 8vo, cloth, round corners, 1s._

Manners for Women

By the Author of, and a Companion to, the above.

This new work is intended to mirror the social and home life of a girl and woman of the present day. The subjects treated will include: The Girl in Society--Cards and Calls--Engagement--Marriage--Weddings-- Entertaining--Restaurants--Clubs--Correspondence--Dress--Mothers and Daughters--Mourning--Home Life, &c.

_Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d._

The White Slaves of England

Being true Pictures of Certain Social Conditions of England in the year 1897.

By Robert H. Sherard.

With about 40 Illustrations by Harold Piffard.

Dr ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE says:--"You have done a service to the cause of humanity in publishing it, and the author in writing it. That such things as Mr Sherard describes should exist at the very end of the century, when all our public writers are boasting of our wealth, our progress, and our civilisation, is a sufficient proof that our so-called civilisation is rotten to the core, worse in many respects than it has ever been before."

Mr HALL CAINE says:--"The appalling revelations of Robert Sherard in his recent book are enough to make a man's heart bleed for the awful sufferings of women in the bitter struggle for bread. On the fate of our women, especially our working women, the future of our country, I truly believe, depends; and it is amazing that Parliament and the Press, and, above all, the Church, have hitherto given so little attention to so great a problem."

Dr MAX NORDAU says:--"I have now read your book 'The White Slaves of England.' I am not easily unnerved, but at times it was almost too much for me.... May it be your lot to become the Plimsoll of the alkali and lead-workers. This would be an achievement grand enough to satisfy the ambition of the greatest."

"An indictment which should rouse a cry of passionate indignation throughout the land. A careful and noble exposure of industrial iniquity."--_The Echo._

NEW NOVEL BY SHAN F. BULLOCK.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._

The Charmer

A SEASIDE COMEDY

By Shan F. Bullock,

Author of "The Awkward Squads," "By Thrasna River," &c.

With Illustrations by Bertha Newcombe.

"Mr Anthony Hope at his best has given us nothing more delicious in humour. The pages of the book ripple--as we turn them--with fun as sparkling and spontaneous as the ripple of the salt water upon the sandy beach whither Mr Bullock leads us. Surely no more delightful picture of Irish life and of Irish people--the people whom we love while we laugh at, and laugh at while we love--has been drawn than is to be found in 'The Charmer.'"--From an illustrated article on Mr Bullock and his work in _The Young Man_.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s._

Methodist Idylls

By Harry Lindsay.

"Worthy of any writer who has yet set himself to depict Methodist life.... A very helpful and right religious book."--_Methodist Times._

"A book which in its lovely prose chapters gives an insight into the true romance, the April sunshine, of Methodist life.... We hope that the volume may find its way into every Methodist home."--_Methodist Recorder._

"A most admirable attempt to throw into permanent form some portraits of the old and vanishing Methodists.... As a study in Methodism, Mr Lindsay's work can be cordially and heartily commended."--_The Sun._

"Extremely interesting stories ... admirably told."--_The Scotsman._

NEW BOOK BY REV. F. B. MEYER.

Work-a-day Sermons

By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A.

Few names in the Christian ministry are held in such honour as is accorded by earnest Christian men and women of every sect to that of the Rev. F. B. Meyer, who has an enormous audience outside his own church. Hence the announcement of a new volume of Sermons by him will be peculiarly welcome, and all the more so for the fact that this is a book which is intended, not for the few, but for the work-a-day many, for whose encouragement and consolation Mr Meyer has here given the very fine gold of his thoughts upon spiritual things and upon the intimate association which exists--or should exist--between the things of the work-a-day life and the higher life.

NEW BOOKLET BY RICHARD LE GALLIENNE

_Long 8vo, price One Shilling._

If I Were God

By Richard Le Gallienne.

The announcement of a new book--and especially of a new book of a peculiarly Le Galliennesque and characteristic description by the author of "The Book-Bills of Narcissus," "The Religion of a Literary Man," and "Prose Fancies," will be received with very eager and unusual interest. Whatever may be the opinions entertained by individual readers about Mr Le Gallienne's own views, there is no denying that no book by him has yet appeared which has not aroused exceptional interest and exceptional discussion. His last venture is likely to be even more universally talked about. It is a greatly-daring but extremely beautiful and reverent attempt to deal with the terrible problem of the presence of moral and physical evil, but quite apart from its value as a contribution to the philosophy of life, it is a singularly striking and beautiful piece of literary work, full of the exquisite imaginings and lovely fancies of the accomplished poet and man of letters.

BY THE LATE WM. BRIGHTY RANDS.

_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 340 pp., 3s. 6d._

I. Lazy Lessons and Essays on Conduct.

_Fcap. 8vo, buckram, 192 pp., 2s. 6d._

II. Lilliput Lectures.

With Introductions by R. Brimley Johnson.

These two instructive books for Children by the late William Brighty Rands, "the laureate of the nursery," as he has been called, may be classed as entirely new works, although some portions appeared in magazine form under the author's numerous pen-names. The two books have been edited by Mr R. Brimley Johnson, who supplies a biographical and critical introduction.

NEW NOVEL BY E. PHIPPS TRAIN.

_Crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d._

A Deserter from Philistia

By E. Phipps Train

Author of "A Social Highwayman," etc.

This is a book which, with ordinary luck, should bid fair to rival the popularity of "Called Back" or "Mr Barnes of New York." From first to last it is enthrallingly interesting, and dealing, as it does, with the life "behind the scenes" of a great dancer who is the "darling" of her public, it gives its readers a peep into a world of which little is known by outsiders. Rarely have the trials and temptations, the thousand and one cares and anxieties of those whose business it is always to wear a smiling face, in order that they may entertain their public, been drawn with such skill and vividness.

_London: 10 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C._

End of Project Gutenberg's Victorian Literature, by Clement K. Shorter