PART V.

DOCUMENTS.

I.--_A few notes and observations relating to bites of poisonous snakes treated by antivenomous serum- therapeutics_ 326

II.--_A few notes and observations relating to domestic animals bitten by poisonous snakes and treated with serum_ 356

III.--_Note on the collection of cobra-venom and the treatment of poisonous bites in the French Settlements in India (by Dr. Paul Gouzien)_ 359

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE

Fig. 1.--A. Skull of one of the non-poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Ptyas mucosus_) 7 B. Skull of one of the poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Naja tripudians_) 7 C. Skull of one of the poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Bungarus fasciatus_) 7 D. Skull of one of the _Viperidæ_ (_Vipera russellii_) 7 E. Skull of one of the _Viperidæ Crotalinæ_ (_Crotalus durissus_) 7 F. Skull of one of the _Colubridæ Hydrophiinæ_ (_Hydrophis pelamis_) 7

Fig. 2.--A. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the _Viperidæ_ (_Vipera russellii_) 8 B. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the _Colubridæ_ (_Naja tripudians_) 8 C. Maxillary bone and fangs of one of the _Colubridæ_ (_Bungarus fasciatus_) 8 D. Maxillary bone and teeth of one of the non-poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Ptyas mucosus_) 8

Fig. 3.--A. Fang of one of the _Viperidæ_ (_Vipera russellii_) 8 D. Transverse section of the fang 8

Fig. 4.--B. Fang of one of the _Colubridæ_ (_Naja tripudians_) 9 E. Transverse section 9

Fig. 5.--C. Fang of one of the _Hydrophiinæ_ (_Hydrophis pelamis_) 9 F. Transverse section 9

Fig. 6.--Three transverse sections of a poison-fang of one of the _Colubridæ_ 9

Fig. 7.--Marks produced on the skin by the bites of different species of snakes 10

Fig. 8.--Poison-gland and fangs of a venomous snake (_Naja tripudians_) 11

Fig. 9.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of _Vipera russellii_ 12

Fig. 10.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of _Vipera russellii_ 12

Fig. 11.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of _Naja tripudians_ 13

Fig. 12.--Muscular apparatus and poison-gland of _Naja tripudians_ 13

Fig. 13.--Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the non-poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Ptyas mucosus_) 14

Fig. 14.--Arrangement of the scales of the head in one of the poisonous _Colubridæ_ (_Naja tripudians_) 15

Fig. 15.--Feeding a poisonous snake (first stage) 18

Fig. 16.--Feeding a poisonous snake (second stage) 18

Fig. 17.--Capture of a _Naja tripudians_ (first stage) 19

Fig. 18.--Capture of a _Naja tripudians_ (second stage) 20

Fig. 19.--Hindu carrying two captured Cobras in “chatties” 21

Fig. 20.--Maxillary bone, mandible, and head of _Cœlopeltis monspessulana_ 23

Fig. 21.--(1) _Vipera berus_; (2) _Vipera aspis_; (3) _Vipera ammodytes_; (4) _Vipera ammodytes_ 25

Fig. 22.--_Vipera aspis_, from the Forest of Fontainebleau 28

Fig. 23.--Skull of _Bungarus_ 31

Fig. 24.--_Bungarus fasciatus_ (India) 32

Fig. 25.--Skull of _Naja tripudians_ 34

Fig. 26.--_Naja tripudians_ (Cobra-di-Capello) on the defensive, preparing to strike 35

Fig. 27.--_Naja tripudians_ (Cobra-di-Capello) 36

Fig. 28.--_Vipera russellii_ (Daboia) 45

Fig. 29.--_Pseudocerastes persicus_ 47

Fig. 30.--_Echis carinatus_ (India) 48

Fig. 31.--_Ancistrodon hypnale_ (Carawalla, of Ceylon) 50

Fig. 32.--_Lachesis okinavensis_ 52

Fig. 33.--_Lachesis flavomaculatus_ 55

Fig. 34.--Skull of _Dendraspis viridis_ 65

Fig. 35.--Skull of _Causus rhombeatus_ 68

Fig. 36.--Skull of _Bitis arietans_ (Puff Adder) 70

Fig. 37.--_Bitis arietans_ (Puff Adder) 71

Fig. 38.--_Bitis cornuta_ 73

Fig. 39.--_Bitis rasicornis_ 74

Fig. 40.--_Cerastes cornutus_ 75

Fig. 41.--_Echis coloratus_ 77

Fig. 42.--Skull of _Atractaspis aterrima_ 79

Fig. 43.--Skull of _Glyphodon tristis_ (Australian Colubrine) 83

Fig. 44.--_Pseudelaps krefftii_ 85

Fig. 45.--_Pseudelaps harriettæ_ 85

Fig. 46.--_Pseudelaps diadema_ 85

Fig. 47.--_Diemenia psammophis_ 86

Fig. 48.--_Diemenia olivacea_ 86

Fig. 49.--_Diemenia textilis_ 86

Fig. 50.--_Diemenia nuchalis_ 87

Fig. 51.--_Pseudechis porphyriacus_ (Black Snake) 87

Fig. 52.--_Denisonia superba_ (Copperhead) 89

Fig. 53.--_Denisonia coronoides_ 89

Fig. 54.--_Denisonia ramsayi_ 90

Fig. 55.--_Denisonia signata_ 90

Fig. 56.--_Denisonia maculata_ 91

Fig. 57.--_Denisonia gouldii_ 91

Fig. 58.--_Hoplocephalus bitorquatus_ 94

Fig. 59.--_Notechis scutatus_ (Tiger Snake) 95

Fig. 60.--Skull of _Acanthophis antarcticus_ (Death Adder) 96

Fig. 61.--_Acanthophis antarcticus_ 97

Fig. 62.--_Rhynchelaps australis_ 98

Fig. 63.--Skull of _Furina occipitalis_ 99

Fig. 64.--_Furina occipitalis_ 99

Fig. 65.--Skull of _Elaps marcgravii_ 101

Fig. 66.--_Elaps fulvius_ (Harlequin Snake) 105

Fig. 67.--Head and Skull of _Crotalus horridus_ (Horrid Rattle-snake) 109

Fig. 68.--_Ancistrodon piscivorus_ (Water Viper) 110

Fig. 69.--_Lachesis lanceolatus_ (Fer-de-Lance) 112

Fig. 70.--_Lachesis neuwiedii_ (Urutù) 116

Fig. 71.--_Sistrurus catenatus_ (Prairie Rattle-snake) 121

Fig. 72.--A. Horny appendage (rattle) of a _Crotalus horridus_ 122 B. Horny appendage, longitudinal section 122 C. Separated segments of the appendage 122

Fig. 73.--_Crotalus terrificus_ (Dog-faced Rattle-snake) 123

Fig. 74.--_Crotalus scutulatus_ (Texas Rattle-snake) 126

Fig. 75.--_Crotalus confluentus_ (Pacific Rattle-snake) 128

Fig. 76.--_Crotalus cerastes_ (Horned Rattle-snake) 130

Fig. 77.--Skull of _Hydrus platurus_ 132

Fig. 78.--_Hydrus platurus_ 133

Fig. 79.--_Hydrophis coronatus_ 134

Fig. 80.--_Hydrophis elegans_ 135

Fig. 81.--Skull of _Distira_ 137

Fig. 82.--_Enhydrina valakadien_ (_E. bengalensis_) 138

Fig. 83.--Skull of _Platurus colubrinus_ 139

Fig. 84.--_Platurus laticaudatus_ (_P. fischeri_) 140

Fig. 85.--Collecting venom from a _Lachesis_ at the Serotherapeutic Institute of São Paulo (Brazil) 154

Fig. 86.--Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (first stage) 155

Fig. 87.--Chloroforming a Cobra in order to collect venom at Pondicherry (second stage) 157

Fig. 88.--Collecting Cobra-venom at Pondicherry (third stage) 158

Fig. 89.--Mongoose seized by a Cobra 225

Fig. 90.--Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) 230

Fig. 91.--Indian Snake-charmer at Colombo (Ceylon) 231

Fig. 92.--Musical instrument used by Indian snake-charmers to charm Cobras 232

Fig. 93.--Vaccinating a horse against venom at the Pasteur Institute, Lille 244

Fig. 94.--Aseptically bleeding a horse, vaccinated against venom, in order to obtain antivenomous serum, at the Pasteur Institute, Lille 245

Fig. 95.--Technique of injecting antivenomous serum beneath the skin of the abdomen 264

Fig. 96.--_Lactrodectus mactans_ 275

Fig. 97.--_Scorpio occitanus_ 277

Fig. 98.--_Scolopendra morsitans_ 280

Fig. 99.--Poison-apparatus of the bee 281

Fig. 100.--Interior of the gorget of the Bee 282

Fig. 101.--_Synanceia brachio_ var. _Verrucosa_ 291

Fig. 102.--_Cottus scorpius_ (Sea Scorpion, or Father Lasher) 292

Fig. 103.--_Scorpæna grandicornis_ 293

Fig. 104.--_Scorpæna diabolus_ 294

Fig. 105.--_Pterois artemata_ 295

Fig. 106.--_Pelor filamentosum_ 296

Fig. 107.--_Trachinus vipera_ (Lesser Weever) 297

Fig. 108.--Operculum and opercular spine of the Lesser Weever 298

Fig. 109.--_Callionymus lyra_ (Dragonet) 300

Fig. 110.--_Batrachus grunniens_ 302

Fig. 111.--_Thalassophryne reticulata_ 302

Fig. 112.--_Lophius setigerus_ 303

Fig. 113.--_Serranus ouatabili_ 304

Fig. 114.--_Holacanthus imperator_ 305

Fig. 115.--_Tetrodon stellatus_ 306

Fig. 116.--_Tetrodon rubripes_ 306

Fig. 117.--_Chilomycterus orbicularis_ 307

Fig. 118.--_Chilomycterus tigrinus_ 307

Fig. 119.--_Silurus glanis_ 308

Fig. 120.--_Muræna moringa_ 310

Fig. 121.--_Salamandra maculosa_ (Spotted Salamander) 314

Fig. 122.--_Triton marmoratus_ (Marbled Newt) 314

Fig. 123.--_Cryptobranchus japonicus_ (Great Japanese Salamander) 315

Fig. 124.--_Heloderma horridum_ 322

Fig. 125.--_Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_ (Duck-billed Platypus) 324

VENOMS.