Vegetable Teratology An Account of the Principal Deviations from the Usual Construction of Plants

While the terms atrophy and abortion apply in the main to a mere diminution of size, as contrasted with the ordinary standard, degeneration may be understood to apply to those c...

Moquin-Tandon and other writers have classed the production of buds in unwonted situations under the head of multiplication, but, as the altered arrangement is of graver import...

The cases referrible to this head may be ranged under two sections according as the increase is due to plurality of ordinarily single organs, or to an increase in the number of...

This condition, wherein true leaves are substituted for some other organs,[245] must be distinguished from Virescence, q. v., in which the parts affected have simply the green c...

Under this category are here included a variety of deviations from the ordinary arrangement and position of parts which cannot conveniently be classed under the preceding or und...

One of the main arguments adduced by Goethe and others in support of the now generally received doctrine of the essential morphological identity of the various whorls of the flo...

General morphology of the leaf and axis, 476.--Homology, 476--Special morphology, 479--Calyx-tube, 480--Androecium, 482--Inferior ovary, 482--Placentation, 483--Structure of the...

Following Augustin Pyranius De Candolle, botanists have applied the term cohesion to the coalescence of parts of the same organ or of members of the same whorl; for instance, to...

This subject may be considered, according as the separate leaves of the stem or of the flower are affected, and according as either the number of members of distinct whorls, or...

The special meaning here attached to the term deformity is sufficiently explained in the preceding paragraph; it remains to give a few illustrations, and to refer to other headi...

Adhesion, so called, occurs either from actual union of originally distinct members of different whorls or from the non-occurrence of that separation which usually takes place b...

A swollen or thickened condition (_renflement_) is usually the result of a disproportionate formation of the cellular tissue as contrasted with the woody framework of the plant....

Real or apparent displacement of organs from their usual position is an almost necessary consequence of, or is, at least, coexistent with a large number of teratological phenome...

The sense in which this term is here understood has been explained in the preceding paragraph. It is only necessary to say further, that cases of abortion are to be distinguishe...

The term peloria was originally given by Linné to a malformation of _Linaria vulgaris_, with five spurs and five stamens, which was first found in 1742 near Upsal. This was cons...

Under the above heading are included certain forms arising from excess not of growth, but of development, and consisting in the formation of supplementary lobes or excrescences...

In some cases of Syncarpy the fusion and interpenetration of the carpels is carried to such an extent that it is very difficult to trace on the outer surface the lines of union....

This term is here intended to apply to all those cases in which the arrangement of the sexual organs is different from what it is habitually. It is evident that in many instance...

When an organ becomes divided it receives at the hands of descriptive botanists the appellations cleft, partite, or sect, according to the depth of the division; hence in consid...

The deviations from the ordinary direction of organs partake for the most part more of the nature of variations than of absolute malposition or displacement. It must also be bor...

When an habitually irregular flower becomes regular, it does so in one of two ways; either by the non-development of the irregular portions, or by the formation of irregular par...

The class of cases coming under this head are sufficiently indicated by the name. There are many instances of this phenomenon occurring under different conditions, which, though...

Usually the several organs of the same individual plant do not differ to any great extent one from another. One adult leaf has nearly the same appearance and dimensions as anoth...

The isolation or separation of different whorls that are ordinarily adherent together is by no means of rare occurrence. Were it not that the isolation is often congenital, the...

As full details relating to the disposition or arrangement of the general organs of flowering plants are given in all the ordinary text-books, it is only necessary in this place...

This term is here made use of in the same sense as in descriptive botany, to indicate the isolation of parts of the same whorl; it is thus the opposite of cohesion. Morren, as h...

By Linné an undue number of branches was designated as "plica," from the analogy with the disease of the hair known as plica polonica: "_Plicata dicitur planta, cum arbor vel ra...

An augmentation in the number of parts may arise from several causes, and may sometimes be more apparent than real. True multiplication exists simply as a result of over-develop...

Alterations in colour arise from a diminished or an increased amount of colouring matter, or from an unusual distribution of the solid or fluid matters on which the colour depen...

[524] Mr. Selby, in his 'History of British Forest Trees,' p. 465, gives the following account of the formation of this peculiar growth:--"In the autumn the parent aphis deposit...

Absolute suppression of the main axis is tantamount to the non-existence of the plant, so that the terms "acaulescent," "acaulosia," etc, must be considered relatively only, and...

In the animal kingdom the entire adult organism, as well as each of its separate parts, has certain dimensions, beyond which, under ordinary circumstances, it does not pass, eit...

In a morphological point of view the form of the various parts or organs of plants and the changes to which they are subjected during their development are only second in import...

Much of the objection with which Goethe's famous essay on the 'Metamorphosis of Plants' was met on its publication may be traced to a misapprehension of the sense in which Goeth...

The retention in adult life of a form characteristic of an early stage of development, and therefore usually transient, may be manifested in any of the organs of the plant. As t...

Under this head are included all those instances wherein organs usually entire, or more or less united, are, or appear to be, split or disunited. It thus includes such cases as...

The term hypertrophy may serve as a general one to comprise all the instances of excessive growth and increased size of organs, whether the increase be general or in one directi...

The diminished size is, in such instances, obviously due to a partial development and to an arrest of growth at a certain stage, from the operation of various causes, either ext...

To a certain extent the number of the organs of a plant is of even greater consequence for purposes of classification than either their form or their arrangement; for instance,...

The union of parts, usually separate in their adult condition, is of very common occurrence as a malformation. The instances of its manifestation admit of being grouped under th...

A diminution in the number of parts is generally due to suppression, using that word as the equivalent of non-development. It corresponds thus in meaning with the _Fehlschlagen_...

Necessarily connected with changes in the arrangement of organs are similar alterations in their position; so closely, indeed, that but for convenience sake, it would be unneces...

There are many cases in which the forms proper to a juvenile condition of the plant are retained for a much longer period than ordinary, or even throughout the life of the indiv...

There are certain malformations that have little in common beyond this, that they cannot readily be allocated in either of the great groups proposed by writers on teratology. Th...

Most irregular flowers owe their irregularity to an unequal development of some of their organs as compared with that of others. When such flowers become exceptionally regular t...

Formation of adventitious roots, 156--Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161--Adventitious leaves, 162--On scapes, 163--Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164-...

Pleiophylly, 353--Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357--Polyphylly, 358--Increased number of leaves in a whorl, 358--Polyphylly of bracts, 358--Of calyx, 358--Of corolla...

Sepalody of petals, 282--Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283--Petalody of stamens, 285--Of anther, 291--Of connective, 293--Compound stamens, 294--Petalody of pistils, 296--Of...

Adhesion of foliar organs, 32--Of leaves by their surfaces, 33--Of foliar to axile organs, 34--Of sepals to petals, 34--Of stamens to petals, 34--Of stamens to pistils, 35--Misc...

Cohesion between axes of same plant, 9--Fasciation, 11--Cohesion of foliar organs, 21--Of margins of single organs, 21--Tubular petals, 23--Cohesion of several organs by their m...

Aphylly, 395--Meiophylly, 396--Of calyx or perianth, 396--Of corolla, 397--Of androecium, 398--Of gynoecium, 399--Of flower, 400--Meiotaxy, 403--Of calyx, 403--Of corolla, 403--...

Of axile organs, 418--Knaurs, 419--Enlargement of buds, 420--Of flower-stalk, 421--In pears, 423--Of placenta, 424--Of leaves, 426--Development of parts usually abortive, 427--E...

Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191--From monoecious to dioecious condition, 193--From dioecious to monoecious, 193--From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195...

Phyllody of bracts, 242--In inflorescence of Conifers, 245--Of calyx, 245--Of corolla, 251--Of stamens, 253--Of pistils, 256--Of ovules, 262--Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269--P...