Chapter 9

Antoine Opdebeek, born 1709, author of many paintings of merit, was an untaught genius. Employed in the hospital of St. Hedwige in Malines, he taught himself the art, with success, but never reached the height which would have been his had he had instruction in his youth. He died 1759.

Pierre Antoine Verhulst, born 1751, painter of marines and landscape, which he executed with great delicacy and charm, died 1809.

Matthieu Joseph Charles Hunin, born 1770, was a master engraver, producing many plates after Rubens and other masters. To his talent is also due a great number of original engravings of the Tower of St. Rombold; the interior and exterior of the Cathedral of Antwerp; the Hotels de Villes of Oudenaarde, Brussels and Louvain, etc., etc. He died in 1851.

His son, Pierre Paul Aloys, born 1808, was a genre painter of great taste and renown. His works in which the painting of silk and satin appeared were in great demand. He was professor of the Malines Academy, and in 1848 Leopold I conferred upon him the decoration of the Order of Leopold. He died February 27th, 1855. Many of his paintings have been reproduced in engravings.

Jean Ver Vloet, the _doyen_ of the artists of Malines, died October 27th, 1869, after a long and successful artistic career. One of the founders of the society "Pour l'Encouragement des Beaux Arts" of Malines, he was indefatigable in all art movements of the town. To him was due the success of the magnificent Cavalcades for which Malines has been famous. For fifty years he was the director of the Academy of Design and Painting of his native town.

This ends the list of famous painters of Malines, and so far as I know it is the first and only one in English. Did space permit I might include the architects who made Flanders famous the world over as the cradle of art and architecture.

A Word About the Belgians

A Word About the Belgians

The little country called Belgium, it should be remembered, dates only from 1830, when the existing constitution was prepared and adopted for the nine southern provinces of the ancient Netherlands. The sudden and unexpected revolt against the Dutch in that year has been since styled "a misunderstanding" upon the part of the Belgians, and was brought about by the action of the King, William I, of the house of Orange-Nassau, who attempted ostentatiously to change at once the language and religion of his southern subjects. They were both Roman Catholic and conservative to the last degree, attached to traditional rights and forms and fiercely proud of the ancient separate constitutions of the southern provinces, which could be traced back to the charters of the Baldwins and Wenceslas.

Undoubtedly the French Revolution of 1830, which closed the Monarchy of the Bourbons, hastened the crisis. For the Belgians had no liking for the rule of the House of Orange-Nassau against which they had discontentedly struggled for some years more or less openly. But matters might have gone on thus indefinitely had not the French Revolution furnished ground for hope of support from a people akin in religion and language, as well as race. The smouldering fire of discontent broke into fierce flame on August 25th, 1830, in the city of Brussels, during a performance of the opera "Muette de Portici," when the tenor was singing the inspired words of Massaniello:

"Plutot mourir que rester miserable, Pour un esclave est-il quelque danger? Tombe le joug qui nous accable, Et sous nos coups perisse l'etranger. Amour sacre de la patrie, Rends nous l'audace et la fierte; A mon pays je dois la vie, Il me devra sa liberte!"

The immense audience, roused to patriotic enthusiasm, took up the words of the song and, rushing from the theatre _en masse_, paraded the streets, attacking the residences of the Dutch ministers, which they sacked and burned.

The few troops in the town were powerless to stem the revolt, which grew until Brussels was entirely in the hands of the revolutionists, who then proceeded to appoint a Council of Government, which prepared the now celebrated Document of Separation.

William sent his son, the Prince of Orange, to treat with the Council, instead of sending a force of soldiers with which the revolt might have been terminated easily, it is claimed. The Prince entered Brussels accompanied only by a half dozen officers as escort. After three days' useless parley, he returned to King William with the "Document of Separation."

The reply of the King to this message was made to the Dutch Chambers ten days later. Denouncing the revolt, he declared that he would never yield to "passion and violence." Orders were then issued to Dutch troops under Prince Frederick of Holland to proceed to Brussels and retake the city. The attack was made upon the four gates of the walled city on September 23rd. The Belgians prepared a trap, cunningly allowing the Dutch soldiers to enter two of the gates and retreating towards the Royal Park facing the Palace. Here they rallied and attacked the troops of William from all sides at once. Joined by a strong body of men from Liege they fought for three days with such ferocity that Prince Frederick was beaten back again and again, until he was forced to retreat at midnight of the third day.

In the battle six hundred Belgian citizens were slain, and to these men, regarded now as the martyrs of the Revolution, a great monument has been erected in the Place des Martyrs, near the trench in which they were buried.

A provisional government was now formed which issued the following notice: "The Belgian provinces, detached by force from Holland, shall form an independent state." Measures were taken to rid the country of the Dutch, who were expelled forcibly across the border.

Envoys to Paris and London presented documents to secure sympathy for the new government, while the fight for independence was still going on fiercely. Waelhern and Berchem, besieged by the Belgian volunteers, soon fell, and the city of Antwerp was occupied by them before the end of October.

Then the Conference of the Five Powers, sitting in London, interposed to force an armistice in order to determinate some understanding and arrangement between the Dutch and the Belgians, since it had become evident that the Netherlands kingdom of 1815 had practically come to an end. By the treaty of London in 1814, and that of Vienna in 1815, Belgium, after a short interregnum of Austrian rule, was incorporated with Holland into the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In the space of a month then the Belgian patriots had accomplished their task, and on November 18th the National Assembly, convoked, declared as its first act the independence of the Belgians.

It was now necessary to find a head upon which to place the crown. The first choice of the provisional government was the Duc de Nemours, the son of Louis Philippe, but objection was made to him on the ground that his selection would add too much, perhaps, to the power of France, so his candidature was withdrawn.

Choice was fixed finally upon Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, who had but recently declined the throne of Greece by advice of the European diplomats. A resident of England, this Prince, who had espoused Princess Charlotte, the daughter of George IV, was well known as a most clear headed diplomat, a reputation he enjoyed during his whole career.

In his acceptance he said: "Human destiny does not offer a nobler or more useful task than that of being called to found the independence of a nation, and to consolidate its liberties."

The people hailed and received him with great enthusiasm, and on July 21st he was crowned King of the Belgians, with most impressive ceremonies, at Brussels. The Dutch, however, viewed all this with much concern, and at once began hostilities, thinking that the powers would sustain them rather than permit France to occupy Belgium. At once Dutch troops were massed for attack on both Brussels and Louvain. Outnumbered by the Dutch, the badly organized national forces of Belgium met disaster at Hasselt, and, realizing his peril, Leopold besought the French, who were at the frontier, to come to his assistance. Simultaneously with the assault on Louvain, therefore, the French troops arrived at Brussels. Great Britain now entered the fray, threatening to send a fleet of warships to occupy the Scheldt unless King William recalled his army from Belgium. This settled the matter, and the Dutch withdrew. The French likewise returned to their own territory. Jealousy, however, was manifested by Austria, Prussia and Russia toward the new kingdom, and their refusal to receive Leopold's ambassadors was calculated to encourage hope in Holland that the reign of the new monarch was to be limited.

New troubles began for the Belgians, in the presentation of the London Protocol of October 15, 1831, in consequence of a demand that the greater part of Limbourg and Luxembourg be ceded. Not only the Belgians but the Dutch opposed this demand, as well as the conditions of the protocol. And at once King William prepared for armed resistance. Leopold immediately after obtaining votes for the raising of the sum of three millions sterling for war purposes, increased the army to one hundred thousand men.

Now ensued a most critical period for the little kingdom, but both France and England held their shields over it, while Leopold's marriage to the Princess Louise, eldest daughter of King Louis Philippe, gained for it still greater strength in its relations with France.

King William, however, refused stubbornly to recognise the protocol, and retained possession of Antwerp, which he held with a garrison of five thousand soldiers. Antwerp Citadel being the pride of the kingdom, the Belgians, restive under the control of the powers, demanded that both England and France help them at once to recover it, alleging that in case this help was refused, they, with their hundred thousand men, were ready to capture it themselves. So in the month of November the French troops, under Marechal Gerard, laid siege to the Antwerp stronghold, held by General Chasse, who after three weeks' siege capitulated, and the Dutch, rather than have their warships captured, burnt and sank them in the Scheldt.

With the surrender of Antwerp, the French withdrew their army, but the Dutch sullenly refused to recognise the victory until the year 1839, when they withdrew from and dismantled the forts on the Scheldt facing Antwerp.

Naturally the support of the French and English brought about a deep and lasting feeling of gratitude on the part of the Belgians. Louis Philippe said, "Belgium owes her independence and the recovery of her territory to the union of France and England in her cause."

Her independence thus gained and recognised, Belgium turned her attention to the development of the country and its rich natural resources. The Manufactures flourished, her mines of coal and iron became famous throughout the world, and she trod the peaceful path of strict neutrality among the great nations. Passing over the all familiar history of Waterloo, one may quote the saying of M. Northomb: "The Battle of Waterloo opened a new era for Europe, the era of representative government." And this new era was enjoyed by Belgium until the Franco-Prussian War confronted the little country with a fresh crisis, and one fraught with danger. Although her absolute neutrality had been earnestly proclaimed and presented to the powers, it was feared that she might be invaded and be unable to maintain her integrity by her military force.

Leopold promptly mobilized the army and massed it upon the frontier. During and after the battle of Sedan, a large number of both French and German soldiers crossed the border and were interned until the close of the war.... Once more peace descended upon the Belgians, for a fresh treaty prepared by England and signed by both France and Prussia engaged the British Government to declare war upon the power violating its provisions.

After his acceptance of the Crown of Belgium, the Constitution declared the monarchy hereditary in the male line of the family of Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, which consisted of two sons and one daughter. The elder of the sons was born in 1835, and succeeded his father as Leopold II, in 1865. The Austrian Archduchess Marie Henriette became his wife in 1853, and their descendants were one son and three daughters, none of whom is now living. The Salic Law prevailing in Belgium, the history of the female descendants is not of political importance. The only son of Leopold II dying in 1869, the succession passed to the brother of the King, the Count of Flanders, who married Mary, Princess of Hohenzollern, a sister of the King of Roumania.

The death of their son Prince Baldwin in 1891 was held to be a national calamity. This left the nephew of Leopold II, Prince Albert (the present King of Belgium), the heir presumptive to the throne. He married in 1900 the Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria; to them have been born three children, two boys and a girl. Both the King and Queen, the objects of intense devotion on the part of the Belgians, are very simple and democratic in their bearing toward the people. The Queen is a very beautiful woman, and a most devoted wife and mother.... Since the seat of government has been removed to Havre, the Queen divides her time between the little hamlet of La Panne, headquarters of the Belgian army, near the town of Furnes on the dunes of the north sea, and London, where the children are being cared for and educated.... May not one hope that brighter days are in store for this devoted and heroic King and Queen, for the once smiling and fertile land, and for the kindly, gentle, and law abiding Belgian people?[5]

THE END

INDEX

Albert, King of Belgium, 102, 207

Alost, church of St. Martin's, 113, 114 Hotel de Ville, 111

Antwerp, carillon of, 52 cathedral of, 41, 44, 143

Archers of St. Sebastian, 66

Artists of Malines, list of the, 183-195

Aymon, legend of the four sons of, 133-136

Baldwin Bras-de-Fer, 55, 171

Baldwin the Ninth, Count of Flanders, 72, 121

Battle of the Dunes, the, 101

Battle of the Spurs, the, 120, 172

Battle of Waterloo, the, 206

Bayard, the horse, 133-138

Beguinage, the, Courtrai, 121 " " Malines, 23-24 " " Ypres, 82

Bell-founding, process of, 45-48

Berincx, Gregoire, 186 " Gregoire le Jeune, 186, 191

Bethune, Robert of, Count of Flanders, 75, 79

Biset, Charles Emmanuel, 191 " George, 191

Bol, Jean, 188

Bouts, Dierick, 48, 149

Broel Towers, the, Courtrai, 119, 123

Bruges, cathedral of, 41 library, 171

Brussels, cathedral of, 41 Museum of Decorative Arts, 76, 149

Burgundy, House of, 68 " Mary of, 165

Carillons of Antwerp, 52 " of Bruges, 52 " of Ghent, 52 " of Louvain, 52 " of Malines, 52 " of Tournai, 52

Carpreau, Jean, 187

Cathedral of Antwerp, 41 " of Bruges, 41 " of Brussels, 41 " of Ghent, 41 " of Malines, 18-19, 41, 42 " of Ypres, 69, 73

Charlemagne, 134-136

Charles the Bold, 25, 76, 81

Charles the Eleventh, 119

Charles the Fifth, 18, 130, 165

Cloth Hall, the, Ypres, 69, 72-75, 78, 80, 81

Commines, Philip of, 86

Cossiers, I., 24

Coxie, Jean, 185 " Jean Michel, 185 " Michel, 184 " Michel le Jeune, 184 " Michel the Third, 185 " Michel the Fourth, 185 " Raphael, 185

Counts' Chapel, the, Courtrai, 121

Courtrai, the Counts' Chapel, 121 the Hall of the Magistrates, 129 the Town Hall, 129

Cuyp, 36, 102

De Gruyter, Jean, 185

De Hornes, Jacques, 191, 193

Deklerk, 44, 45

De Poindre, Jacques, 187

De Vos, Lambert, 188

Douai, Hotel de Ville, 157, 160

Douai Bible, the, 158

Dyle, the river, 21, 26, 152

Elle, Ferdinand, 192

Franchoys, Luc, 189 " Luc le Jeune, 190, 192, 193 " Pierre, 190

Franco-Prussian War, the, 206

Furnes, Hotel de Ville, 173

Ghent, the carillons of, 52

Gild of St. Luke, the, 181

Gothic architecture, styles of, 90

Great Wars of Flanders, the, 86

Hall of the Magistrates, the, Courtrai, 129

Hals, Frans, 141, 190

Hanseatic League, the, 69

Hanswyk, the Tower of Our Lady of, Malines, 26

Haweis, 41, 43, 49, 50

Hemony, 42, 49

Henry the First, 152

Herregouts, David, 191

Hoogenbergh, Jean, 186

Hotel de Ville of Alost, 111 " " " of Douai, 157, 160 " " " of Furnes, 173 " " " of Louvain, 147, 149 150 " " " of Oudenaarde, 164 " " " of Ypres, 73

Huet, 87, 89

Hunin, Matthieu Joseph Charles, 194 " Pierre Paul Aloys, 194

Hugo, Victor, 52

Ingelrams, Andre, 187 " Corneille, 187

Inghelbrugtorre, Courtrai, 119

Inquisition, the Spanish, 68

Jansenius, Cornelius, Bishop of Ypres, 73, 80

Janssens, Daniel, 193

Joffroy, Jean Barthelemy, 193

Jordaens, 141

Jube, at St. Martin's, Dixmude, 55, 57-59, 62, 79

Keldermans, 17, 18, 130

Knights of the Golden Fleece, 36

Knights Templar, the, 99, 101

La Panne, 74, 207

La Pla, Jacques, 193

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, King of Belgium, 203, 204, 205

Leopold the Second of Belgium, 207

Le Saive, Jean, 190, 193

Library, the, Bruges, 43, 171 Brussels, 43 Louvain, 43, 49, 150

Lion of Flanders, the, 22, 28

Louis of Maele, 66, 67

Louis of Nevers, 76

Louis Philippe, 203, 205

Louis the Eleventh, 157

Louis the Fourteenth, 158

Louvain, church of St. Peter, 147, 152 carillons of, 52 Hotel de Ville, 149 library, 149

Loyola, Ignatius, 21

Luther, Martin, 21

Lys, the river, 119, 120, 122-123

Malines, carillons of, 52 cathedral of, 18-19, 41, 42 St. Rombauld, 17, 19, 22, 26, 37, 44

Margaret of Artois, 76 " of Austria, statue of, 22 " of Parma, 165 " of York, 25, 76 " the Courageous, the legend of, 150-153

Marguerite of Flanders, 152 " of Savoie, 18

Mary of Burgundy, 165

Matsys, Quentin, 149

Memling, 85, 148, 149

Mercier, Cardinal, Primate of Belgium, 21, 167

Moertens, Thierry, 112

Museum of Decorative Arts, the, Brussels, 76, 149

Mysteries of the Passion, the, 175

Nemours, Duc de, 202

Nieuwerck, Ypres, 70, 73, 77

Notre Dame, the church of, Courtrai, 121

Opdebeek, Antoine, 194

Oudenaarde, church of St. Walburga, 165 " Hotel de Ville, 164 " Town Hall, 17, 165

Philip of Alsace, 119 " of Savoie, 18 " the Second of Spain, 85, 101

Place de la Boucherie, 25

Quesnoy, Jerome due, 24

Redel, August Casimir, 193

Rembrandt, 141

Rubens, 113, 141, 173, 190

Ruskin, 28, 42

St. Martin's, cathedral of, Ypres, 73, 77, 78, 79 " church of, Alost, 113, 114 " church of, Dixmude, 55, 56, 57, 60

St. Mary Bells, in Antwerp cathedral, 44

St. Nicholas, church of, Furnes, 99, 171

St. Peter, church of, Louvain, 147, 152

St. Pierre, tower of, Ypres, 80

St. Rombauld, Malines, chimes of, 19, 22 " " spire of, 17 " " tower of, 26-37, 44

St. Walburga, church of, Oudenaarde, 165, 174-176

St. Winoc, the abbey of, Bergues, 95

Sainte Begga, 23, 121

Salvator Bell, the, 20, 48

Scheldt, the river, 133, 204, 205

Smeyers, Egide Joseph, 192 " Gilles, 192 " Jacques, 192

Snellinck, Jean, 188

Speytorre, the, Courtrai, 119

Stevens, Pierre, 189

Taillebert, d'Urbain, 79

Thierry d'Alsace, 65, 85

Toeput, Louis, 188

Tournai, Town Hall, 52

Tower of the Templars, the, Nieuport, 99, 101

Town Hall of Brussels, 17 " " of Courtrai, 129 " " of Dixmude, 56 " " of Louvain, 17 " " of Oudenaarde, 17 " " of Tournai, 52

Trabukier, Guillaume, 184

Untenhoven, Martin, 78

Van Aken, Sebastian, 193

Van Artevelde, family of, 36 " " Philip, 66, 86

Van Avont, Pierre, 189 " " Rombaut, 189

Van Battele, Baudouin, 183 " " Gautier, 183 " " Jean, 183 " " Jean le Jeune, 183

Van den Gheyn, family of, 20, 33, 42, 44, 45, 158 " " " Mathias, 147 " " " Peter, 48

Van Dyck, 133

Van Eyck, Jean, 79

Van Halter, Catherine, 24

Van Ophem, Jean, 186

Van Orley, Bernard, 184

Van Orshagen, Jean, 183

Van Steynemolen, Zacherie, 184

Van Thieleu, Jean Philippe, 192

Van Valckenborgh, Luc, 188 " " Martin, 189

Van Yleghem, Daniel, 183

Van Yper, Carel, 80

Vauban, 65

Verbeek, Francois, 186 " Hans, 186

Vereeke, 65, 70

Verhaegan, P.J., 150, 153

Verhoeven, Jean, 191 " Martin, 191

Verhulst, Pierre Antoine, 194

Ver Vloet, Jean, 195

Vinckboons, Maur, 184 " Philip, 189

Waghemans, family of, 20

Waterloo, the Battle of, 206

Willems, Marc, 187

William the First of Holland, 199, 201, 204

Ypres, the Beguinage, 82 the cathedral of, 69, 72 the Cloth Hall, 69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 81 the Hotel de Ville, 73

Yser, the river, 55, 62

Zeelstman, 19

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Those who are interested in the subject are referred to C. Lemonnier's "Histoire des Beaux Arts en Belgique" (Brussels, 1881), E. Hessling's "La Sculpture Belge Contemporaire" (Berlin, 1903), Destree's "Renaissance of Sculpture in Belgium," Crowe and Cavalcaselle's "Early Flemish Painters" (1857).

[2] This passion play is described in detail in "Some Old Flemish Towns." (Same author. Moffat, Yard & Co., New York, 1911.)

[3] See "Some Old Flemish Towns."

[4] The list is drawn in part from the "_Histoire de la Peinture et de la Sculpture a Malines_," _par Emmanuel Neefs_--Gand, Van der Heeghen, 1876, translated from the manuscripts composed in Latin by the painter Egide Joseph Smeyers, Malines, 1774.

[5] The author refers the reader to "The Constitution of Belgium," J.M. Vincent, Phila., 1898; "Belgium and the Belgians," C. Scudamore, London, 1904; "History of Belgium," D.C. Boulger, London, 1900; "The Story of Belgium," C. Smythe, London, 1902.