CHAPTER XXVII
POLITICS AND REVOLUTIONS
The Constitution of Uruguay--Government of the Republic--Deputies and senators--Their duties--The Civil Code--Marriage--Rights of foreigners--Law--The Commission of Charity and Public Welfare--Hospitals--Orphan asylums--Infirmaries--The charity hospital lottery--The distribution of political parties--The Colorados and the Blancos--Policy of both--Feud between the parties--Old-standing strife--Explanation of the nomenclature--Origin of the feud--Rivera and Oribe--Inherited views--Attitude of the foreigners--Revolutions--Manner of their outbreak--Government precautions--The need of finance and arms--Some rebellious devices--Rifles as Manchester goods--The importance of horses--Difficulties that attend a revolutionary movement--The sweeping up of horses--Equine concentration camps--A powerful weapon in the hands of the authorities--First signs of an outbreak--Sylvan rendezvous--The question of reinforcements--Some desperate ventures--Their accustomed end--Chieftains of the north--Effect of a revolution upon local industries--Needs of the army--Estancia hands as troopers--Hasty equipment--Manner in which actual hostilities are conducted--"The Purple Land that England lost"--The spirit of modernism and the internal struggle--Tendency to localise the fields of strife--Power of the Colorado party--Whence the respective partisans are drawn--Distinguishing insignia--Some necessary precautions on the part of the foreigner--Adventures derived from colour in clothes--Some ludicrous episodes--The expense of revolution.
The Constitution of Uruguay has now stood the test of eighty years, and thus claims to be the oldest in South America, or, at all events, the one that has suffered no modification for the longest period of time. The basis on which this is composed is liberal in the extreme, and the laws undoubtedly concede to Oriental subjects an amount of freedom that can be surpassed in few other countries.
The Republic possesses two chambers, one of deputies elected by the direct vote of the people, the other of senators. In addition to their legislative functions it is the duty of these chambers to elect the President of the nation, whose term of office lasts for four years. The chambers also nominate the judges of the High Court, who, in turn, select the magistrates of the lower courts.
The civil code is largely based upon the Napoleonic model. It may be as well to note rapidly a few of its more salient features. From the point of view of the resident foreigner it is admirable in at least one respect, since it makes no distinction between the civil rights accorded to Uruguayans and those to foreigners. Civil marriage is obligatory, the offspring of a union contracted solely by the Church being considered illegitimate. In commerce the system of arrest for debt is not admitted, the only cases of the kind in which imprisonment is imposed being those in which an element of fraud has entered. In criminal law the death penalty has been abolished, and the various modes of punishment consist of solitary imprisonment, exile, deprivations, suspension from public employment, ordinary imprisonment, and fines.
On the whole, there is a satisfactory absence of red-tape in Uruguayan administrative and municipal affairs. It is true that in litigation the delays are occasionally lengthy; but the popular idea on this point has been much exaggerated, and the dispatch of legal business is far more satisfactory than is generally supposed. The great majority of officials, moreover, discharge their duties in a reasonable and fair-minded fashion that has been heartily acknowledged by many a resident foreigner.
Uruguay possesses comparatively few paupers. Indeed, it would be strange were this otherwise in a land the resources of which are in excess of the population. Nevertheless a certain proportion of the lame, blind, halt, and indigent is inevitable, and these unfortunate human elements are well cared for. Public assistance towards this end is chiefly in the hands of a Commission of Charity and Public Welfare, formed of twenty-one members, two-thirds of whom must be citizens of the Republic.
The powers of this Commission are considerable, and they control a number of important institutions, such as hospitals, orphan asylums, and establishments of refuge for the infirm, indigent, and insane. These are, almost without exception, exceedingly well-organised, and conducted on the most modern humanitarian lines. The financial support necessary for the upkeep of these charities is derived to a large extent from rates and taxes. In addition to this a special lottery has been instituted that is known as the "Charity Hospital Lottery." Twenty-five per cent. of its proceeds are devoted to the institution in question. The support at present derived from this source is not inconsiderable, as will be evident when it is explained that the amount it rendered in 1809 exceeded eight hundred thousand dollars.
We now arrive at the political affairs of Uruguay--a subject that calls for explanation at some length. So far as the distribution of parties is concerned, the matter is simple enough. Shifting parties, fusions and splits between contending sections, and the general complications that attend changing political programmes are to all intents and purposes absent here. The rival parties of Uruguay are the Colorados (reds) and the Blancos (whites). The policy of both is equally well-defined, and, indeed, is amazingly simple. It is to govern! The national programme would almost certainly remain exactly the same whichever were in power. Thus the aim of the party that is "out" is to obtain power in the first place, and to declare their policy of government afterwards.
The feud between the parties is one of old-standing. It commenced with the final wars of liberation, became strongly marked with the establishment of the Republic over eighty years ago, and has continued without intermission from that day to this. The origin of the party terms dates from the war of liberation. General Oribe was the founder of the Blanco party and General Rivera that of the Colorado. The former was wont to ride a white horse, the latter a bay, and the distinguishing colours of the lance pennons of their followers were respectively white and red.
It is a little curious to consider that the present-day party strife in Uruguay is the direct legacy of the disputes between these two generals that broke out in the first instance ere the Banda Oriental had even been proclaimed a nation! In 1830 Rivera was elected first Constitutional President of the Republic; he was succeeded on March 1, 1835, by his rival, Manuel Oribe, and in 1838 there broke out what is known as the _Grande Guerra_, which lasted, with varying results, until 1852. In 1853 a triumvirate was formed, consisting of Rivera, Lavalleja, and Flores, and in the following year the last named, on the death of his two colleagues, was elected Constitutional President. Since that time there have been no less than twenty-three presidents, constitutional and provisional, of whom only two, Perreira and Berro, from 1856 to 1864, have been Blancos. In that year the Colorado party got into office, and have maintained themselves, in spite of the forcible efforts of the Blancos to expel them.
It will be seen that no political principle divides the two parties; men are simply Blanco or Colorado because their fathers and grandfathers were so before them, but they cling to their respective parties with a strange courage and high sense of honour. In the case of foreign immigrants whose sons, born in the country, become Oriental subjects, but who have no Blanco or Colorado traditions to inherit, what happens is this: the youths go to school, form boyish friendships, and by pure accident become ardent supporters of one or other of the two parties. Two brothers may thus chance to become bitter political opponents, and when a revolution breaks out they are to be found fighting on opposite sides. The situation may savour a little of the Gilbertian, but it is sufficiently serious for the families involved. It must be admitted that many revolutions in Uruguay are curious affairs. To one not in close touch with the national movements an outbreak of the kind may appear to burst forth spontaneously, whereas it has probably been anticipated by the Government as well as by the revolutionaries for months beforehand. In these days even the most casual insurrection is not to be effected without a certain amount of forethought. First of all financial sinews are indispensable, and, these once obtained, it follows that a supply of arms is equally essential.
The introduction of these is the most difficult feat of all to accomplish, since the Government adopts methods of precaution, and keeps a sharp look-out for any possible importations of the kind. Thus as a rule the weapons are either smuggled across the Brazilian frontier or over some of the more lonely stretches of the River Uruguay. Occasionally a device is tried similar to that which met with success in the Transvaal Colony previous to the South African War. When I was in Uruguay at the end of 1910 many indications were at hand that went to prove the imminence of a revolution, and the authorities, not only in Uruguay but in the neighbouring countries, were on the alert for any development that might arise. At this period a large number of innocent-looking packing-cases, purporting to contain Manchester goods, were in transit through Argentina destined for one of the northern Oriental ports on the Uruguay River. Through some cause or other the cases came under suspicion, and they were opened ere they had crossed the Argentine frontier. In place of the Manchester goods reposed thousands of grim Mauser rifles and millions of cartridges! The discovery of these weapons must have dealt a bitter blow to the insurrectionist cause; nevertheless, as anticipated, the revolution broke out a few weeks later.
I have said that both weapons and cash are essential for the purpose of a revolution--which is obvious enough in almost every country as well as in Uruguay. But there is a third requisite that is quite as indispensable as either of the former. The Uruguayan is a born cavalryman, and a horse is necessary to him, not only for the partaking in the actions but for the covering of the lengthy distances that have to be traversed. A score of leagues and more frequently lie between a man and his appointed rendezvous. A pedestrian in the midst of the hills and valleys would be a lost and negligible unit.
It might be imagined that the matter was simple enough, and that all a revolutionist had to do when the time for the outbreak arrived was to mount his horse, and to ride away over the hills to join his fellows. In actual fact a rising is not to be started in this fashion. It is inevitable in the first place that numerous preparations must occur ere the time for active operations has ripened, and it is equally inevitable that an organisation of the kind, with whatever attempt at secrecy it may be conducted, cannot proceed without becoming known to the Government.
The eve of an outbreak is, in consequence, marked by tremendous vigilance on the part of the authorities. Troopers and police are dispatched to strategic positions throughout the country, and then for a while the nation waits in anxious expectation while the tension increases. With the first hint of the actual banding together of the revolutionary companies the authorities strike a blow--not at the men themselves, but at their means of transport. The troopers and police ride hastily in all directions, and scour the countryside in search of every horse that is available. When the districts have been swept quite clear of their equine population the horses are driven together to the various headquarters, where they remain, strongly guarded.
This very practical measure naturally provides the authorities with a power with which it is difficult for the revolutionists to cope. It is distinctly fatal to a premature or to a belated move on their part, and even should they chance to strike upon the most favourable moment, the horse-gathering policy militates strongly against any likelihood of eventual success. Should the malcontents determine to proceed with the affair in the face of this discouragement, they, of course, follow the lead of the Government, and endeavour to annex all the mounts that the authorities have been unable to carry off in time.
So far as the militant programme of the revolutionists is concerned, the first sign of an outbreak is invariably the riding away of a number of men from townships and estancias to the woods in the remoter and more lonely districts. These sylvan rendezvous are, of course, known to the party in general beforehand, and here the leaders of the movement lie hidden in order to await the advent of reinforcements. The first move is simple enough; but it is the arrival of the necessary reinforcements that is frequently frustrated by the precautionary measures of the Government.
Should the matter appear quite hopeless, it is even then possible for the insurrectionists to disperse and to return to their homes ere the shedding of blood has occurred. The Uruguayan, however, is not noted without reason for his spirit of reckless daring. It frequently happens that a forlorn band, once gathered, will refuse to disperse, and then the result of the campaign is usually short and sharp. In the ordinary course of events the adventurers will lie hidden until a sufficient force has come in, one by one, or in parties of three and four. Then they will ride out and commence active operations, of which the end in these days is invariably the defeat of the party.
Many of the attributes of these revolutions are not a little quaint and picturesque--reminiscent, in fact, of the times when personality counted more and system less. In the remote country districts, more especially in those of the north, are many prominent men who occupy more or less the position of chieftains, or that of the old Caudillos who have left so great a mark on Uruguayan history. Each of these is a power in himself, according to the extent of his following; for each can count upon his own particular body of armed men just as surely as could the feudal knights upon their mediæval retainers. These personalities are naturally marked, and their movements are closely watched in a period of unrest.
A Uruguayan revolution, even when in full blast, has this to be said in its favour, that it does not in the least interfere with the liberty or with the movements of a resident foreigner. If he be an estanciero, however, and should the tide of campaign flow into his district, it is likely enough that it will affect him materially in much the same fashion that a strike influences the fortunes of dwellers in industrial districts. It is obvious enough that when the Government is in need of recruits the claims of neither the pastures nor the shearing-shed can rival those of the cause. Unfortunately for the estanciero, there is almost certainly not a man in his employ who is not admirably adapted for a trooper, and none are more alive to this fact than the Government recruiting-officers. Thus, when the official party arrives its members will be polite but firm, and a short while afterwards the station hands will be bearing rifles instead of lassos, and a _capataz_ or two--the foremen on the estate--will find their heads raised a little higher in the air beneath the support of a military title, although it is possible that this may be effected a little at the expense of their pockets, since the pay is not in proportion to the temporary rank.
In the circumstances of haste that obtain at such moments it may be imagined that, with the exception of the Government regular forces, the equipment on both sides knows little of the accepted insignia of military pomp. Indeed, a rifle and a badge in the majority of cases alone distinguish the militant from the ordinary civilian. But at such periods it must be admitted that, putting aside the foreigners, very few ordinary civilians are left in the disturbed areas, since, when the tide of warfare rolls his way, it is practically impossible for an Oriental to remain neutral. Even were he so inclined, it is doubtful whether he would be given the opportunity.
In order to obtain an insight into the manner in which the actual hostilities are conducted no better means could be adopted than the perusal of a novel, "The Purple Land that England Lost," from the pen of a great authority on the River Plate, Mr. W. H. Hudson. It is true that the descriptions deal with a period when the present prosperity of the Banda Oriental had not yet come into existence; but the vivid local colouring must hold good for all the contemporary softening of the national methods.
The spirit of modernism that is now evident in Uruguay has entered to a certain extent into the waging of these internal struggles that themselves by rights should belong to the past. The Oriental is perfectly willing to acknowledge that the dispute concerns himself alone, and the tendency to localise the fields of strife and to respect private property is becoming more and more marked. A certain amount of inevitable damage, however, ensues. In districts where fuel is scarce fence-posts and even railway-sleepers are apt to be employed for the purpose of the camp fires.
So far as the parties themselves are concerned, the tenacity of the Uruguayan character is clearly evidenced in the continued struggles of the Blancos. In view of the fact that this party has not been in office since 1864, it might be thought that forty-seven years of unsuccessful attempts would have cured it of an ambition that has been so costly both in life and purse. Nevertheless, whether openly or covertly, the contest continues with much the same amount of bitterness that characterised it from the start.
Broadly speaking, it may be said that the Colorado party is made up of the dwellers in the towns and more populous centres, while the Blancos are represented to a large extent by the dwellers in the Campo and the clerical party. Of course, no hard-and-fast rule can be laid down on the subject: there are Blancos in plenty to be met with in the towns, and numbers of the opposing section to be found in the country; but in the main the distinction applies.
The districts in which the Blancos are most strongly represented of all are those of the northern provinces of Tacuarembó and Rivera, more especially the latter, since it offers in case of need the refuge of the Brazilian frontier. Party feeling at all times runs high, and in these districts that are almost altogether given over to the Blanco cause a certain amount of caution is necessary should a revolution actually be in progress. Much stress, for instance, is laid on the insignia that--in the absence of regular military uniforms--distinguish the adherents of one side from those of the other. In a Blanco district, when trouble is seething, it may be laid down as a hard-and-fast maxim that the traveller should wear no trace of red about his person. The precaution may seem grotesque, yet many ludicrous mistakes have occurred through a failure to observe it.
One of the numerous instances of the kind was provided me by a mining engineer, who had himself undergone the experience. Appointed as manager to a goldmine in the far north of the Republic, he happened to arrive, a stranger to the country, during the period of unrest in 1904. Nearing his destination, he had left the railway-line, and was completing the last few leagues of his journey by coach, when he stopped for refreshment at a small _pulperia_, or rural inn.
The place was fairly well filled with _peones_, and with the various types of the local labourer, and no sooner had he entered the doors than it became obvious to the traveller that his advent had caused a deep sensation amongst these folk. The landlord served him with reluctance and a visible show of embarrassment, while the black looks of the rest grew deeper, until the demeanour of a certain number became actually threatening. The mining engineer turned in amazement to the _pulpero_, who in mute accusation pointed a finger at the tie he wore. It was a vivid red! The traveller had learned sufficient of the country's situation to enable him to understand something of the situation. The group of Blancos were fully under the impression that one of their hated political enemies had defiantly come to beard them in their very midst. Explanations produced only a minor result, since these hardy dwellers in the back-blocks were wont to judge by deeds rather than by words. So, perceiving that no other remedy remained, the wearer of the hated badge hurried out to his coach, unstrapped one of his bags, and entered the pulperia once more, bearing beneath his collar a standard of neutrality and peace in the shape of a black tie! On this the local patrons of the inn expressed their entire satisfaction, and profound peace reigned in the pulperia.
It would be possible to mention a number of similar episodes. There have even been cases when the colouring of surveyor's poles has given an unpleasantly political significance to instruments that were never more misjudged. But even such ludicrous side-issues serve to show the amount of bitterness that exists amongst the humblest members of either cause. Such determined struggles, it is true, are not a little eloquent of the virility and energy of a nation. Nevertheless, it will be a bright day for Uruguay when the country can look upon its revolutions as past history. As I have said elsewhere, these minor wars have not succeeded in arresting the forward march of the Republic. Yet their cessation could not fail to produce an even greater acceleration in the present rate of progress. Since every thoughtful Uruguayan admits this to the full, and openly deplores these periodical outbursts of unrest, it is to be hoped that the days of internal peace will not be much longer delayed.
APPENDIX
FINANCIAL AND COMMERCIAL STATISTICS
The increase in Uruguay's trade with foreign countries since 1862--Trade with foreign countries in 1908--Imports of articles destined for commercial purposes--Imports of articles destined for industrial purposes--Ports to which Uruguayan wool was chiefly exported during 1908--Values of imports from foreign countries--Values of exports to foreign countries--Values of goods handled by the various ports since 1909--Proportion of cultivated soil compared with the area of departments--Live stock census of the Republic in 1900, showing the amounts owned by Uruguayan and foreign proprietors--The distribution of live stock in the various departments--Principal articles exported from Uruguay to the United Kingdom in 1909--Principal articles exported from the United Kingdom to Uruguay in 1909--Uruguay's Budget--Distribution of expenditure among the various departments--Services provided for by special revenues--Principal sources from which the revenues are derived--The development of the State Bank during the years 1897-1909--Balance-sheet--Cereal production in tons--Cereal harvest for the year 1908-9--Cable, telegraph, and telephone systems--Postal service.
TABLE SHOWING THE INCREASE IN URUGUAY'S TRADE WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES SINCE 1862
------+-------------+-------------+------------+ Year. | Imports. | Exports. | Total. | ------+-------------+-------------+------------+ 1862 | $8,151,802 | $8,804,442 |$16,956,244 | 1864 | 8,384,167 | 6,334,706 | 14,718,873 | 1866 | 14,608,091 | 10,665,040 | 25,273,131 | 1867 | 17,657,918 | 12,077,795 | 29,735,713 | 1868 | 16,102,465 | 12,139,720 | 28,242,195 | 1869 | 16,830,078 | 13,930,827 | 30,760,705 | 1870 | 15,003,342 | 12,779,051 | 27,782,393 | 1871 | 14,864,247 | 13,334,224 | 28,198,471 | 1872 | 18,859,794 | 15,489,532 | 34,349,256 | 1873 | 21,075,446 | 16,301,772 | 37,377,218 | 1874 | 17,481,672 | 15,244,785 | 32,426,455 | 1875 | 12,431,408 | 12,693,610 | 25,125,018 | 1876 | 12,500,000 | 13,727,000 | 26,527,000 | 1877 | 15,045,846 | 15,899,405 | 30,945,251 | 1878 | 15,927,974 | 17,492,159 | 33,420,153 | 1879 | 15,949,303 | 16,645,961 | 32,595,864 | 1880 | 19,478,868 | 19,752,201 | 39,231,069 | 1881 | 17,918,884 | 20,229,512 | 38,148,396 | 1882 | 18,174,800 | 22,062,934 | 40,237,734 | 1883 | 20,322,311 | 25,221,664 | 35,543,975 | 1884 | 24,550,674 | 24,759,485 | 49,309,559 | 1885 | 25,275,476 | 25,253,036 | 50,528,512 | 1886 | 20,194,655 | 23,811,986 | 44,006,641 | 1887 | 24,615,944 | 18,671,996 | 43,287,940 | 1888 | 29,477,448 | 28,008,254 | 57,485,702 | 1889 | 36,823,863 | 25,954,107 | 62,777,970 | 1890 | 32,364,627 | 29,085,519 | 61,450,146 | 1891 | 18,978,420 | 26,998,270 | 45,976,690 | 1892 | 18,404,296 | 25,915,819 | 44,356,115 | 1893 | 19,671,640 | 27,681,373 | 47,353,013 | 1894 | 23,800,370 | 33,470,511 | 57,279,881 | 1895 | 24,596,193 | 32,543,643 | 57,279,881 | 1896 | 25,530,185 | 30,403,084 | 55,933,269 | 1897 | 19,512,216 | 29,219,573 | 48,831,789 | 1898 | 24,784,361 | 30,276,916 | 55,061,277 | 1899 | 25,552,800 | 36,574,164 | 62,226,964 | 1900 | 23,978,206 | 29,410,862 | 53,389,068 | 1901 | 23,691,932 | 27,731,126 | 51,423,058 | 1902 | 23,517,347 | 33,602,512 | 57,119,859 | 1903 | 26,103,966 | 37,317,909 | 62,421,975 | 1904 | 21,217,000 | 38,485,000 | 59,702,000 | 1905 | 30,778,000 | 30,805,000 | 61,583,000 | 1906 | 34,455,000 | 33,402,000 | 67,857,000 | 1907 | 37,470,715 | 34,912,072 | 72,382,787 | 1908 | 36,188,723 | 40,296,367 | 76,485,090 | 1909 | 37,136,764 | 45,789,703 | 82,946,467 | ------+-------------+-------------+------------+
URUGUAY'S TRADE WITH FOREIGN COUNTRIES IN 1908. A COMPARISON WITH THAT OF SOME OTHER CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICAN STATES
Uruguay $76,485,090 Peru 49,585,000 Bolivia 33,837,000 Columbia 28,512,636 Venezuela 26,540,905 Ecuador 15,296,627 Santo Domingo 14,613,807 Costa Rica 13,386,930 Guatemala 12,567,729 San Salvador 10,028,237 Panama 9,563,946 Haiti 8,180,008 Paraguay 7,661,468 Nicaragua 7,500,000 Honduras 4,664,039
URUGUAY'S IMPORTS OF ARTICLES DESTINED FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES
----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+----------- | Yearly | | | |average from | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. |1898 to 1902.| | | ----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+----------- Various foods | $4,938,000 | $5,293,397 | $6,966,500 | $6,530,700 Beverages | 2,359,000 | 1,724,185 | 1,808,500 | 2,097,000 Tobacco | 218,000 | 306,142 | 280,109 | 697,000 Cotton manufactures | 3,265,000 | 4,900,000 | 4,400,000 | 4,555,000 Woollen " | 1,203,000 | 1,523,600 | 1,814,000 | 1,879,800 Thread " | 155,000 | 170,086 | 166,000 | 226,100 Silk " | 276,000 | 303,286 | 364,000 | 521,500 Other " | 344,000 | 1,727,492 | 1,587,000 | 955,000 Chemical and | | | | pharmaceutical | | | | products | 507,000 | 751,993 | 718,000 | 1,178,000 Musical instruments | 61,000 | 93,873 | 106,800 | 116,600 Paper and cardboard | 496,000 | 615,617 | 675,100 | 709,300 Manufactured metal | 707,000 | 1,072,426 | 1,078,100 | 593,600 China and earthenware | 84,000 | 163,000 | 186,800 | 185,400 Jewels, crystals, &c. | 373,000 | 494,815 | 546,000 | 724,000 Various articles | 1,271,000 | 1,635,203 | 1,948,800 | 1,384,315 |-------------+------------+------------+----------- Total | $17,271,000 |$20,775,651 |$22,645,700 |$22,353,615 ----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
URUGUAY'S IMPORTS OF ARTICLES DESTINED FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
-----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+----------- | Yearly | | | |average from | 1905. | 1906. | 1907. |1898 to 1902.| | | -----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+----------- Livestock | $1,388,000 | $1,822,452 | $990,000 | $754,000 Machine oil | 533,000 | 691,860 | 781,400 | 841,400 Coal | 1,128,000 | 1,366,564 | 1,723,000 | 1,879,000 Paints and inks | 139,000 | 224,784 | 223,000 | 320,000 Timber | 1,112,000 | 1,605,410 | 1,526,000 | 1,620,000 Wooden manufactures | 134,000 | 308,175 | 349,000 | 418,700 Tanned hides | 211,030 | 310,756 | 379,000 | 258,000 Iron and steel | 420,000 | 684,959 | 883,000 | 1,688,500 Agricultural machinery | | | | and instruments | 235,000 | 299,146 | 241,300 | 180,300 Industrial machinery | | | | and implements | 149,000 | 247,116 | 338,000 | 847,600 Wire fencing | 506,000 | 976,490 | 721,000 | 793,700 Manufactured iron | 403,000 | 619,749 | 737,000 | 470,000 Portland cement | 103,000 | 237,437 | 347,000 | 479,600 Tiles | 41,000 | 59,601 | 73,000 | 74,500 Railway and tramway | | | | material | 490,009 | 275,889 | 2,089,000 | 3,194,000 General factory | | | | material | 72,000 | 275,564 | 407,600 | 1,295,700 |-------------+------------+------------+----------- Total | $7,064,000 |$10,001,952 |$11,808,300 |$15,117,100 -----------------------+-------------+------------+------------+-----------
PORTS TO WHICH URUGUAYAN WOOL WAS CHIEFLY EXPORTED DURING 1908
Bales. Marseilles 94,418 Hamburg and Bremen 28,003 Dunkirk 21,901 Ambères 17,926 Havre 12,953 Liverpool 7,003
VALUES OF IMPORTS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
----------------+-------------+------------+------------- | Yearly | | |average from | 1907. | Difference. |1898 to 1902.| | ----------------+-------------+------------+------------- Great Britain | $6,447,764 | $11,572,152| + $5,124,388 Germany | 2,932,965 | 6,079,498| + 3,146,533 France | 2,290,174 | 3,924,069| + 1,633,885 United States | 2,091,209 | 3,439,445| + 1,348,236 Italy | 2,218,844 | 2,898,391| + 679,547 Belgium | 1,456,469 | 2,688,520| + 1,232,051 Argentina | 3,151,345 | 2,563,186| - 588,158 Brazil | 1,518,800 | 1,743,731| + 224,931 Spain | 1,837,603 | 1,725,198| - 112,405 Holland | 3,625 | 233,968| + 230,343 Paraguay | 145,431 | 187,989| + 42,558 Australia | -- | 130,559| + 130,539 Cuba | 105,932 | 121,040| + 15,108 Chile | 106,608 | 108,342| + 1,734 Portugal | 15,087 | 32,668| + 17,281 Austria | 3,071 | 22,178| + 19,107 |-------------+------------+------------- Total | $24,324,927 | $37,470,615| +$13,145,688 ----------------+-------------+------------+-------------
URUGUAYAN EXPORTS TO VARIOUS COUNTRIES
--------------------+-------------+-------------+----------- | Yearly | | |average from | | |1898 to 1902.| 1907. | 1908. --------------------+-------------+-------------+----------- Germany | $3,401,642 | $4,647,866 | $5,454,661 England | 2,592,613 | 2,954,529 | 2,987,759 Argentina | 5,194,663 | 7,295,195 | 8,143,029 Australia | -- | 12,750 | 4,400 Austria | -- | 116,880 | 528,568 Belgium | 5,084,554 | 5,551,763 | 6,138,059 Brazil | 6,908,427 | 2,759,863 | 3,467,283 Cuba | 439,040 | 1,092,966 | 848,858 Chile | 282,015 | 289,239 | 170,924 Scotland | -- | 38,625 | 58,846 Spain | 531,793 | 533,674 | 524,066 United States | 1,886,372 | 1,603,330 | 2,336,201 France | 5,137,192 | 6,441,631 | 7,699,927 Italy | 663,097 | 1,155,704 | 1,310,811 Holland | 34,977 | 11,910 | 6,071 Paraguay | 192,024 | 9,343 | 21,618 Peru | 106 | -- | -- Porto Rico | -- | -- | 51,070 Portugal | -- | 101,784 | 133,170 Prussia | 18,911 | -- | 100,002 Barbadoes | 816 | 330 | 1,570 Canary Islands | 14,234 | 5,971 | 2,475 Falkland Islands | 3,739 | 1,483 | 511 Trinidad | 2,051 | 3,794 | 1,541 South Africa | 2,760 | -- | 12,195 Provisions for | | | vessels | 164,400 | 293,502 | 291,150 |-------------+-------------+----------- Total | $31,555,422 | $34,912,072 |$40,296,347 --------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------
VALUES OF GOODS HANDLED BY THE VARIOUS PORTS DURING 1909
--------------+-------------+------------ | Imports. | Exports. --------------+-------------+------------ Montevideo | $34,251,069 | $32,685,267 Paysandú | 924,112 | 2,933,884 Salto | 571,371 | 2,000,038 Fray Bentos | 272,535 | 2,538,870 Colonia | 513,684 | 2,770,862 Mercedes | 226,789 | 1,547,081 Maldonado | 21,404 | -- Rocha | 45,800 | -- Cerro Largo | 155,000 | 780,000 Various | 175,000 | 533,700 |-------------+------------ Total | $37,156,764 | $45,789,703 --------------+-------------+------------
PROPORTION OF CULTIVATED SOIL COMPARED WITH THE AREA OF DEPARTMENTS
---------------+-----------+------------+----------- | | | Portion of | Area in | Cultivated | Cultivated Departments. |Kilometres.| Area | Area to | | Hectares. | the whole. ---------------+-----------+------------+----------- Montevideo | 664 | 1,074 | 1·61 Artigas | 11,378 | 1,321 | 0·11 Canelones | 4,751 | 139,721 | 29·40 Cerro Largo | 14,928 | 11,129 | 0·74 Colonia | 5,681 | 107,815 | 18·98 Durazno | 14,314 | 5,100 | 0·35 Flores | 4,518 | 3,842 | 0·85 Florida | 12,107 | 33,382 | 2·75 Maldonado | 4,111 | 11,530 | 2·80 Minas | 12,484 | 31,079 | 2·49 Paysandú | 13,252 | 5,707 | 0·43 Rio Negro | 8,470 | 1,727 | 0·20 Rivera | 9,828 | 3,986 | 0·40 Rocha | 11,088 | 7,662 | 0·69 Salto | 12,603 | 2,202 | 0·17 San José | 6,962 | 102,866 | 14·77 Soriano | 9,223 | 21,487 | 2·33 Tacuarembó | 21,015 | 2,385 | 0·11 Treinta y Tres | 9,539 | 6,329 | 0·66 |-----------+------------+----------- Total | 186,929 | 500,347 | 2·67 ---------------+-----------+------------+-----------
LIVE STOCK CENSUS OF THE REPUBLIC IN 1900, SHOWING THE AMOUNTS OWNED BY URUGUAYAN AND FOREIGN PROPRIETORS
-----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+---------- | Cattle. |Horses.| Sheep. | Mules.| Goats.| Pigs.| Total. -----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+---------- Uruguayans |3,135,152|304,381|10,782,057| 8,952| 15,059|54,877|14,301,378 Argentines | 126,796| 10,963| 347,271| 168| 219| 508| 485,925 Brazilians |1,968,188|131,733| 2,370,920| 7,812| 2,522|10,755| 4,492,230 Paraguayans| 609| 112| 4,887| -- | 4| 54| 5,656 Chilians | 11,338| 140| 3,550| -- | -- | 13| 16,041 Mexicans | 65| 13| -- | -- | 2| -- | 80 North | | | | | | | Americans| 6,990| 337| 5,989| -- | 2| 27| 13,345 Spaniards | 823,226| 58,905| 2,769,364| 4,080| 1,276|15,351| 8,672,242 Portuguese | 23,122| 1,434| 36,848| 43| 6| 159| 16,612 French | 240,494| 17,223| 1,141,881| 564| 382| 2,339| 1,402,883 English | 275,183| 15,055| 514,835| 410| 119| 257| 806,859 German | 39,544| 3,488| 121,747| 90| 54| 297| 165,220 Swiss | 15,033| 1,146| 23,181| 12| 12| 555| 39,939 Italians | 158,310| 16,226| 479,122| 836| 771| 8,631| 663,896 Austrians | 1,955| 203| 4,445| 21| -- | 89| 6,713 Dutch | 25| 13| 550| -- | -- | -- | 586 Danes | 15| 12| -- | 4| -- | 6| 37 Belgians | 10| 3| -- | -- | -- | 5| 18 Norwegians | 25| 8| 180| -- | -- | -- | 213 Russians | 6| 4| -- | -- | -- | -- | 10 Arabs | 2| 9| -- | -- | -- | -- | 11 |---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+---------- Total |6,827,428|561,408|18,618,717| 22,992| 20,428|93,923|26,134,896 -----------+---------+-------+----------+-------+-------+------+----------
THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE STOCK IN THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS
------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+---------- Departments.| Cattle. |Horses.| Sheep. |Mules.| Goats.| Pigs. | Total. ------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+---------- Artigas | 514,328| 43,489| 791,969| 6,060| 1,296| 1,501| 1,358,643 Salto | 614,806| 45,819| 1,076,878| 3,234| 1,622| 2,957| 1,746,316 Paysandú | 686,159| 44,685| 1,071,382| 1,881| 330| 1,734| 1,806,171 Rio Negro | 525,086| 22,346| 1,060,344| 769| 419| 934| 1,609,898 Tacuarembó | 560,406| 38,468| 922,081| 1,683| 874| 4,406| 1,527,918 Rivera | 292,704| 28,993| 207,236| 1,063| 983| 3,234| 534,213 Treinta y | | | | | | | Tres | 382,803| 29,160| 892,815| 384| 265| 4,158| 1,309,585 Cerro Largo | 591,007| 30,999| 662,184| 629| 67| 5,247| 1,290,133 Minas | 369,172| 34,074| 1,334,916| 290| 3,184| 6,314| 1,847,950 Rocha | 336,426| 36,735| 1,257,495| 314| 918| 8,483| 1,640,371 Maldinado | 121,176| 17,894| 695,833| 182| 1,629| 5,472| 842,186 Durazno | 429,451| 31,762| 1,978,391| 950| 140| 2,217| 2,442,911 Flores | 154,776| 16,719| 1,474,664| 154| 104| 1,346| 1,647,763 San José | 142,130| 12,518| 482,436| 517| 158| 1,799| 639,558 Florida | 338,012| 25,037| 1,654,940| 536| 186| 2,723| 2,021,434 Soriano | 407,037| 35,968| 2,056,795| 688| 229| 1,170| 2,501,887 Colonia | 225,475| 28,868| 785,697| 1,039| 422| 4,499| 1,043,209 Canelones | 112,651| 20,808| 99,152| 917| 1,935| 29,355| 264,818 |---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+---------- Total |6,827,428|561,408|18,608,717|22,992| 20,428| 93,923|26,134,896 ------------+---------+-------+----------+------+-------+-------+----------
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM URUGUAY TO THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1909
Meat (chilled, frozen, extracts), &c. 732,125 Wool 173,738 Hides and skins (including sealskins, £8,440) 62,703 Bones 10,089 Tallow 76,688 Wheat 20,054 Maize 7,160 Flax seed 26,721
PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM TO URUGUAY IN 1909
Coal 699,260 Coke 11,339 Woollens, Manchester and Bradford goods 712,067 Galvanised iron 141,184 Drugs, &c. 70,460 Machinery 337,304 Hardware 26,614 Glass and china 39,105 Jute goods 63,209 Cement 16,000 Stationery 14,000 Paints, &c. 19,140 Metals (excluding iron and steel) 23,675 Hats and millinery 11,335 Woollen articles 29,737
URUGUAY'S BUDGET. DISTRIBUTION OF EXPENDITURE AMONG THE VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS
----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+--------- | Budget of | | Budget of | | 1908-9. | | 1910-11. | ----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+--------- |Dollars. Cents.| £ |Dollars. Cents.| £ Legislature | 541,476 61 | 115,208| 558,864 33 | 118,907 Presidency of the | | | | Republic | 77,938 21 | 16,582| 76,471 40 | 16,270 Ministry of Foreign | | | | Affairs | 473,280 50 | 100,698| 534,898 37 | 113,808 Ministry of Interior | 2,997,013 36 | 637,662| 3,412,250 88 | 726,011 Ministry of Finance | 1,371,455 84 | 291,799| 1,523,842 57 | 324,222 Industry, labour, and | | | | public construction | 1,572,257 46 | 334,523| 2,308,793 75 | 491,232 Ministry of Public | | | | Works | 283,887 20 | 60,401| 374,321 91 | 79,643 Ministry of War | | | | and Marine | 3,057,377 67 | 650,506| 3,580,739 89 | 761,859 Administration | | | | of justice | 445,286 54 | 94,742| 323,353 80 | 68,800 National obligations |10,255,357 35 |2,181,991|10,639,723 80 |2,263,771 |---------------+---------+---------------+--------- Total |21,075,330 74 |4,484,113|23,333,260 70 |4,964,523 ----------------------+---------------+---------+---------------+---------
SERVICES PROVIDED FOR BY SPECIAL REVENUES $ Municipal Budget } 1,520,000 Montevideo } Interior 930,000 National Commission of Charity 1,850,000 University, application of special revenue 140,000 Port works, application of additional duty 1,400,000 National Council of Hygiene 33,000 Miscellaneous 1,200,000 ---------- Total 7,073,000
PRINCIPAL SOURCES FROM WHICH THE REVENUES ARE DERIVED
-------------------------------------+------------+---------- | $ | £ -------------------------------------+------------+---------- Customs Revenue | 13,620,000 | 2,897,872 Property tax-- | | Montevideo | 1,090,000 | 231,915 Provinces | 1,720,000 | 365,957 Licensing taxes-- | | Montevideo | 783,000 | 166,595 Provinces | 571,000 | 121,489 Profits of the Bank of the Republic | 770,000 | 163,829 Internal taxes on home | | manufactures--_i.e._, alcohol, | | matches, beer, artificial wines, | | tobacco, &c. | 1,408,000 | 299,574 Stamps and stamped paper | 830,000 | 176,596 Post and telegraphs | 570,000 | 121,276 Consumption tax on imported produce | 380,000 | 80,851 Consular fees | 233,000 | 47,449 Lighthouse dues | 85,000 | 18,085 -------------------------------------+------------+----------
TABLE SHOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE BANK DURING THE YEARS 1897-1909
-----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+--------- | | Notes | | | |Reserve| Year.| Cash. | in |Deposits.|Advances. |Capital. | Fund. |Dividend. | |Circulation.| | | | | -----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+--------- | $ | | $ | $ | $ | $ | 1897 | 1,659,098| 892,430 | 524,982| 2,849,586|5,000,000| -- | 2·649 1898 | 3,095,343| 2,691,652 | 834,339| 3,418,435|5,020,303| 20,303| 2·762 1899 | 4,431,313| 4,551,419 |1,604,669| 4,527,312|5,037,633| 37,633| 3·273 1900 | 4,739.788| 5,010,388 |2,427,891| 5,936,920|5,058,243| 58,243| 4·030 1901 | 4,633,957| 5,223,569 |2,704,441| 6,353,506|5,083,713| 80,713| 5·504 1902 | 6,541,015| 6,008,603 |3,345,939| 7,012,434|5,118,692|118,692| 5·410 1903 | 7,616,593| 6,862,538 |4,111,762| 7,352,943|5,153,302|153,302| 5·596 1904 | 6,120,185| 5,256,811 |2,472,016| 5,460,727|5,223,118|223,118| 7·044 1905 | 9,382,287| 8,195,477 |4,109,257| 6,608,587|5,255,118|255,118| 7·107 1906 |10,339,651| 10,396,740 |4,730,672| 8,971,758|5,281,626|281,626| 6·736 1907 |11,362,879| 12,323,869 |5,032,657|12,483,812|6,326,600|326,600| 9·209 1908 |13,080,825| 13,773,633 |5,455,804|15,345,513|6,399,425|399,425| 12·754 1909 |17,598,920| 15,936,961 |8,001,301|16,223,624|6,857,901|501,446| 11·217 -----+----------+------------+---------+----------+---------+-------+--------- NOTE.--Rate of Exchange: $4.70 = £1.
The following is the balance-sheet of December 31, 1909:
ASSETS.
$ Cash 20,036,564 Advances 18,921,606 Foreign correspondents 2,927,139 Capital not realised 5,045,947 Sundry stocks and discounts 940,007 National savings bank 400,000 Stocks, &c., for guarantees of judicial and administrative deposits 842,671 Properties 540,596 Branches 4,657,167 Stocks and shares deposited 22,798,736 ---------- Total 77,110,433
£ Equivalent in sterling 16,406,475 ----------
LIABILITIES.
$ Authorised capital 12,000,000 Judicial and administrative deposits 703,641 Notes in circulation 16,692,413 Deposit certificates and silver cheque "conformes" 1,633,000 Reserve Fund 597,599 Deposits 11,000,423 Supreme Government 6,047,270 Dividends (payable to State) 769,221 Branches 4,807,854 Sundries 60,276 Depositors of stocks and shares 22,798,736 ----------- Total 77,110,433
£ Equivalent in sterling 16,406,475 ----------
CEREAL PRODUCTION IN TONS
-----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+-------- Year.| Wheat. |Linseed.| Oats. |Barley.|Birdseed.| Maize. -----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+-------- | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | | | | | | 1900 | 187,553 | 1,009 | 33 | 424 | 518 | 77,093 1901 | 99,719 | 2,313 | 68 | 438 | 709 | 141,647 1902 | 206,936 | 8,757 | 115 | 1,016 | 1,103 | 128,539 1903 | 142,611 | 20,767 | 149 | 658 | 323 | 134,335 1905 | 205,888 | 14,046 | 525 | 588 | 1,745 | 121,862 1906 | 124,344 | 10,782 | 543 | 786 | 1,908 | 81,956 1907 | 186,884 | 21,930 | 1,752 | 1,576 | 1,638 | 13,613 1908 | 202,208 | 18,372 | 3,467 | 1,889 | 223 | -- 1909 | 233,910 | 13,259 | 6,710 | 3,072 | 119 | 169,464 -----+---------+--------+-------+-------+---------+--------
CEREAL HARVEST FOR THE YEAR 1908-9
------------+------------+-----------+------------ |Amount Sown.| Area |Total Yield. | |Cultivated.| ------------+------------+-----------+------------ | Kilos. | Hectares. | Kilos. | | | Wheat | 18,915,529 | 276,787 | 233,910,034 Linseed | 592,959 | 18,341 | 13,259,821 Oats | 458,156 | 6,891 | 6,710,645 Barley | 238,089 | 3,487 | 3,072,202 Canary seed | 5,319 | 141 | 119,130 Maize | 2,534,739 | 203,268 | 169,464,099 ------------+------------+-----------+------------
CABLE, TELEGRAPH, AND TELEPHONE SYSTEMS IN URUGUAY
CABLES.
MILES. Western Telegraph Company 470 River Plate Telegraph Company 180 Telegraph and Telephone Company of the River Plate 205 National Government cable 10 ------ Total 865
TELEGRAPHS.
MILES. National Government Telegraphs 1,740 Oriental Telegraph Company 1,030 River Plate Telegraph Company 328 Telegraph and Telephone Company of the River Plate 300 ------ Total 3,398
TELEGRAPHS (RAILWAY SYSTEM).
MILES. Central Uruguay Railway Company 2,138 Midland Railway Company 198 Northern Railway Company 71 North Western Railway Company 112 Eastern Railway Company 32 Local companies 39 ------ Total 2,590
TELEPHONES.
MILES. Montevideo Telephone Company (British) 10,845 The Co-operative Telephone Company (Uruguayan) 4,375 National Government lines for police service 2,188 ------ Total 17,408
SUMMARY
MILES. Cables (Telegraphs) 865 Public service 3,398 Railway service 2,590 Telephones 17,408 ------ Total 24,261
POSTAL SERVICE
The Revenue from the Postal Services for the year 1909 amounts to £132,307, and the expenditure as authorised by the Government £106,085.
INDEX
A
Aborigines (138-150); various tribes, 138; character of, 139; ethics, 140; marriage, 141; warfare, 142; weapons, 143; burial, 143-4; superstitions, 144-5; question of cannibalism, 145-6; introduction of horses to, 147; hostility to whites, 147
Administration, 312-3.
_Agnes C. Donohoe_, Canadian sealing-schooner, seized, 295
Agricultural societies, 259
Agriculture (_See Estancias_, _Industries_, _Cereals_); proportion of soil in cultivation, 331
Alfalfa, 205
Alvear, defeats Otorgues, 70; deposed by Thomas, 72
Amethysts, 235, 289
Aguirre, President, 121
Arachanes Indians, 150
Architecture, 193-4, 201, 208, 216
Argentina, provinces, occupied by Lopes, 122
Argentine, the, relations with Uruguay, 30, 63-4. See _Buenos Aires_, _Rosas_
Artigas (78-96), central figure of the Revolution, 57; joins patriots, 58; defeats Spaniards at Las Piedras, 59; besieges Montevideo, 60; superseded in command, 61; heads exodus to Argentine, 63; insists on Uruguayan autonomy, 64; separates from Argentine, 65; elected President, 67; raises siege of Montevideo, is outlawed by Argentina, but raises revolt in provinces, 68; demands surrender of Montevideo, 69; ruler of Uruguay, 71; returns hostages to Thomas, 72; defeated by Brazilians, 75; declares war upon Buenos Aires, 75; deserted by leaders, 76; escapes to Paraguay, 77; history of, 78-96; character, 79-80; early life, 81-3; ruler of Uruguay, 88; expels Spaniards, 89; horrors committed in camp, 91; simplicity of manners, 91-4
B
Banda Oriental, 27; subject to Artigas, 90
Barley, 285
Bathing-places, 167
Batlle, President, 123, 126
Beef Trust of United States, 280-1; attempt to capture South American refrigerating industry, 282
Belgrano, makes treaty with Portuguese, 64
"Blancos," or Whites, the, a political clan, 32; assassinate Flores, 123; assassinate Borda, 125; origin of term, 313, 314-5, 321-3
Bohanes Indians, 148
Borda, President, assassinated, 125
Brazil, relations with, 30-1; invades Uruguay in 1817, 75; annexes Uruguay, 77; alliance with Uruguay against Rosas, 117; sends troops to assist Flores, 120; alliance with Uruguay in Paraguayan War, 122
British: capital, 276; popularity of, 33; enterprise, 296-7; invade Uruguay and evacuate it, 55. _See England._
Brown, Admiral, destroys Spanish fleet, 68; destroys Uruguayan fleet, 114
Budget, the, 335
Buenos Aires, taken by British, 55; Junta of, 56; action of Government during revolution, 62, 64; refuses to recognise Congress of Uruguay, 67; evacuates Montevideo, 70, 71; sends forces against Artigas which revolt and depose Alvear, 72; offers to acknowledge Uruguayan independence in return for Transplatine provinces, 73
Bull-fighting, 133-4, 223-4
Burnett, Mr. Henry, British Vice-Consul, 203
Bustamente, President, 120
C
Cabildo, official, 73
Cabot founds San Sebastian, 38
Campo, the, 72, 114, 175-7, 137, 237-45
Canaries, immigrants from, 48-9, 53
Canelones, 265
_Caudillo_, severity of, 74
Carlos II. of Spain, surrenders Colonia to Portugal, 42
Carlota, Queen of Portugal, 61
Casas, Padre de las, recommends introduction of negro slaves, 44
Cattle, introduced by Hernandarias, 40; superabundance of, 153, 247-8, 250, 254-264; census, 332; distribution of, 333
Cereals, 284-5
_Changadores_, or early buccaneers, 40
Charity, Commission of, 313
Charrúa Indians, kill de Solis, 37; destroy S. Sebastian, 38; attempt to sack Montevideo, 49; practically exterminated, 110, 139-47
Cheese, 175
Chilled meat. See _Refrigerating Industry_
Cholera, 124
Civil War, 28; after War of Independence, 108; Rosas intervenes, 112; the French intervene, 113. _See Revolution_, _Revolutions_
Climate, 272
Clubs, 158-9
Colón, 166
Colonia, foundation of, 42; in hands of Portuguese, 43; captured by Spanish, 44; given back to Portugal by Philip V., 44; besieged by Salcedo, 49; exchanged for Jesuit missions, 50; again becomes Portuguese, is retaken, and again falls to Portuguese, 51; captured by Ceballos, 53; siege of, during Revolution, 60
Colonia, department, 267
Colonia Suiza, 211-5
Colonies, 212-3, 220-244
"Colorados" or Reds, a political clan, 32; formation of, 120; origin of, 313, 314-5, 321-3
Communications, 296-308. _See Railways_, _Shipping_
"Conciliation Ministry," the, 125
Constitution of Uruguay, 109, 311
Coronilla, seal islands, 294
Corrales, goldfields, 287
Costume, 180
Cuestas, 125
Culta, besieges Montevideo, 65
Customs revenue, 336
Customs service, 83
D
Dairies, 214, 261
Darwin, discovers fulgurites at Maldonado, 203
Departments, 265; budgets of, 335
Diamonds, 288
Diaz, General, revolt of, 119; policy of, 120; second revolt and execution, 121
Dolores, taken by the Thirty-Three, 101
Domestics, 180-1
Durazno, department, 266
E
Eden, 185
Education, 32, 165
Elio, appeals to Queen Carlota for help during siege of Montevideo, 61, 88
England, intervenes during Rosas' invasion, 116; exports to, 334; exports from, 334. _See British._
English colony, the, 159
Estancias, 246-53
Exports, 277, 329; general, 330; to England, 334
F
_Faeneros_, early trafficking in hides by, 40
Fauna of Uruguay, 273-5
Ferdinand VI. of Spain, cedes northern Uruguay and the Missions to Portugal in return for Colonia, 50
Feuds, 137. _See Politics_, _Revolutions_
Finance, a crisis, 124; increased cost of living, 131-2; English capital, 276; imports and exports, 277; the Budget, 335; special revenue, 336; principal sources of revenue, 336
Flores, Dictator, 120-1; assassinated, 123
Florida, department, 205
Football, 133
Foreigners, position of, 32
France, blockades Buenos Aires, 113; forms armistice with Rosas, 114; intervenes during invasion by Rosas, 116
Francia, Dictator of Paraguay, 77
Fray Bentos, 229
Frigorifica Uruguaya, 263
Frozen Meat trade, 263, 280-2
Fulgurites, 203
G
Garay, Juan de, defeats Zapicán, 39
Garibaldi, as privateer, 114
Garro, de, Governor of Buenos Aires, expels Portuguese from Colonia, 42; removed from post and promoted, 43
Gauchos, 240-2, 251-3
Gems, 288-9
Giro, fourth President, 119
Gold, 287
Government, policy of, 35; established by Lavalleja, 104
Guarani Indians, 149
Guenoa Indians, 149
H
Hares, 207
Herán, Padre, Jesuit, 49
Hernandarias, defeated by Charrúa Indians, 39; ships cattle and horses to Colonia to breed in wild state, 40
Hervidero, headquarters of Artigas, 90
Highways, 195-6
History, 37-127
Horses, introduced by Hernandarias, 40, 256, 258
Hotels, 159-60
I
Immigration, modern methods in use in eighteenth century, 48
Imports, 277; commercial, 327; industrial, 328; value of, 329
Independence, War of, 28. _See History_, _Revolutions_
Indians, Charrúas, 37; become carnivorous and equestrians, 42; campaign against, 43; rising crushed, 50; they resist treaty of 1750, 50. _See Aborigines_
International troubles, 28
Irala orders Romero to settle Uruguay, 38
J
Jesuits, in Uruguay, 50; expelled by Carlos III., 51
K
Kennedy, Mr. R. J., British Minister Plenipotentiary, 34
L
Landscape, of Uruguay, 173-5, 184-7, 197, 206-7, 222; of the Campo, 238-45, 251
Latorre, dictator, 124
Lavalleja, Juan Antonio, liberator of Uruguay, 98; head of the Thirty-Three, 99; takes Dolores, 100-2; besieges Montevideo with 100 men, 102; sets up Government, 103; General-in-Chief of Army of Liberation, 104; deposes Junta, 105; character as ruler, 108; turns upon Rivera, 109-110; enters Montevideo but is forced to retire; appointed President, the appointment is refused by Assembly, 110; takes refuge in Brazil, 111; supports Oribe, 112; death of, 117
Law, 312
Lemco, 229, 283
Liebig. _See Lemco_
Livestock, census of, 255; cattle census, 332; distribution, 333;
Lopes, Dictator of Paraguay, declares war upon Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, 123
Lottery, 313
Luxury, Uruguayan free from common South American habit, 133
M
Magellan, 38
Maldonado department, fulgurites in dunes of, 203, 270-1; mines and mineral products of, 288
Manners and customs, 128-137
Marriage, laws of, 312
Meat, dried, 261-2, 278-9. _See Tasajo_
Meat, frozen. _See Refrigerating_
Meat trade, the, 261-2, 278, 279, 280-2. _See Beef Trust_
Mercedes, captured by Gauchos, 58, 205, 208-9; port of, 210
Minas, department, 271
Minuanes, Indians, 150
Monte Caseros, battle of, 117
Montevideo, city of, 46, 48-9; a Governor appointed, 50; seat of Viceroy after the revolution of Buenos Aires, 56; siege during revolution, 60, 62; a fresh siege 64-5; capitulation, 68; occupied by Alvear, 70; evacuated, 70; entered by Otorgues, 71; captured by Brazilians, 75; besieged by the Thirty-Three, 103; entered by provisional Government, 106; in revolt, 110; the Nine Years' Siege, 114-5; revolution of 1851, 120; seized by the Colorados, 121; population of, 151; description of, 152-60; surroundings of, 161-2; port works, 304
Montevideo, department, 271
Moreau, French adventurer, 45
Museum at Montevideo, 157
Mutton, despised, 156
N
National Assembly, confirms and then vetoes appointment of Lavalleja, 111
Negroes, first introduced into Uruguay, 44, 243; troops, 243; treatment of, in slavery, 245
O
Oats, 285
Oribe, General, 108; second President, 111; deprives Rivera of command, 112; resigns upon intervention of France, 113; joins Rosas, 114, 120, 314
Ostentation, common South American failing, not found in Uruguay, 133
Ostrich, the, 275-6
Otorgues, enters Montevideo, 71; captured, 75
P
Palomas, seal islands, 295
Pan de Azucar, 201
Pando, agricultural centre, 197-8
Paraguay, 28; appealed to during Revolution, 64; the Paraguayan War, 122-3
Paysandú, centre of meat industry, 32, 58, 321-2
Paysandú, department, 268
Pelota, 223
Pereira, President, 120-1
Philip V. cedes Colonia to Portuguese, 44
Pines, 203
Piracy in eighteenth century, 45
Piria, Señor, 199-200, 202
Piriapolis, 197
Plata, La, River Plate, delineation of boundaries, 34, 45
Police, 136-7
Politics, 311-23; conduct of revolutions, 316-17
Portuguese, rivalry of, with Spain, 38; founders of Colonia, 42; attempt to obtain Uruguay, 46; invade Rio Grande, 49; trouble with, 50-55; invade Uruguay during Revolution, 61; again invade Uruguay, 73. _See Brazil_
Posts, Telegraphs, Telephones, 340-1
Prado, the, 162
Privateering, 45; Uruguayan privateers in European waters, 75; Garibaldi, 114
Progress, 36
R
Race-meetings, 131
Railways, 176-80, 206-7, 297-308; companies and stock, 302, 308
Ramirez, deserts and defeats Artigas, 76
Ranchos, primitive, 177, 211
Rats, in Montevideo, 155
Real de San Carlo, 223
Refrigerating industry, 263, 280-2
Republican Constitution, the, 312
Revenue, tables of, 335-6
Revolutions: the War of Independence commences at Paysandú, 58; Portuguese intervention, 64; independence proclaimed, 71; independence recognised after expulsion of the Brazilians, 103; revolution of 1853, 119; military revolution of 1875, 124; lesser revolutions, 311-23
Rhodesia, 283
Rio Negro, department, 267
Rivera, department, 269; goldfields, 287-8
Rivera, General, joins the Thirty-Three, 102; jealousy of Lavalleja, 104; accused of treason and imprisoned, 105; attacked by Lavalleja, 109; elected President, 109; escapes from Lavalleja's attempt at capture, 110; chases Lavalleja into Brazil, 110; deprived of rank by Oribe, 112; returns to power assisted by French, 113; attacked by Oribe and defeated, 114; further defeat, 115; appointed as Minister to Paraguay, 116; return to power, 116; death, 117
Rivera, town, 193
Rondeau, defeats Portuguese, 55; at siege of Montevideo, 61, 65; made Governor, 108, 314
Rosario, 53
Rosas, Dictator of Argentina, 110; supports Lavalleja, 111-2; invades Uruguay, 113; armistice with French, 114; nine years' siege of Montevideo, 114; final defeat and flight, 117
S
_Saladeros_, dried meat factories, 261
Salto, department, 268
Salto, town, 234
San José, 207
San Juan, department, 266
San Juan, estancia, 248-9
Santa Ana, 193-4
Santa Lucia, 207
Santos, 125
Seal fisheries, 291-5
Sheep, 258
Shipping, 308-9
Sierra de Mal Abrigo, 207
Slaves, introduction of, 44, 243, 245. _See Negroes_
Solis, Juan Dias de, discoverer of Uruguay, killed by Indians, 37-8
Soriano, department, 267
Spain, turns attention to Uruguay, 38; during Revolution, 38-68; fall of Spanish power in Uruguay, 68; fall of Spanish power in America, 72; State Bank, 337-8
Steamer traffic. _See Shipping._
Suárez, 115
Swine, 258
Swiss Colony, 212
T
Tacuarembo, department, 269
Tacuarembo, town, 187
Tajes, President, 125
Tambores, 178-9
_Tasajo_, dried meat, 261-2, 278-9
Tea-Garden Restaurant, 166-7
Theatres, 131
Thomas, General Alvarez, deposes Alvear and becomes Director of Buenos Aires, 72
Topaz, 235, 289
Trade, 277; exports, 277, 329; general, 330; to England, 334; table of increase, 326; comparative trade in 1908, table, 327; table of commercial imports, 327; value of, 331
_Treinta y Tres_, the "Thirty-Three," set out from Buenos Aires, 99; capture Dolores, 101; win over Rivera, 102; besiege Montevideo, 102; obtain general support, 103
Treinta y Tres, department, 270
Triumvirate, the abortive, 119
Tunnel, Bañada de Rocha, 191
U
Urquiza, General, defeats Rivera, 115; defeats Rosas, 117
Uruguay: general description of, 27-36; history of, 37-127; manners and customs, 128-137; continued warfare in the past, 29; present conditions, 34; War of Independence, 38, _et seq._; independence proclaimed, 71; evils of new regime, 71; partitioned, 73; invaded by Portuguese, 73; annexed to Brazil, 77; Lavalleja sets up National Government, 104; independence recognised, 105; alliance with France, 113; at mercy of Rosas, 116; alliance with Brazil and defeat of Rosas, 117; warlike history of, 126; life in, 138; landscape, 174-5; the Campo, 237-246; departments of, 265
Uruguayans, heroism of, 29; fighting qualities, 31; character as troops, 94-5; character of people, 128; hospitality and democratic feeling, 115, 130-3; physique of, 133; honesty, 136; sobriety, 137; types of, 181-90; a Paladin of the Campo, 190
V
Varela, Dictator, 124
Vidal, President, 124-5
Vigodet, 65
Villa del Cerro, 168
Viticulture, 289-91
W
War of Independence, 58. _See Revolutions_
Water-stone, 235
Whale fishery, 54
Wheat, 278
Whitelocke, General, incapacity of, 55
Wild, A., dealer in gems, 289
Williman, President, 126
Wines, 289-291
Women, Uruguayan, 135, 180
Y
Yaros Indians, 148
Z
Zapicán, famous Indian chief, defeats Zarate, is defeated and killed by J. de Garay, 39
Zarate, founds a settlement, and is defeated by Zapicán, 39
Zavala, captures Montevideo, 47
The Gresham Press.
UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED
WOKING AND LONDON
_THE SOUTH AMERICAN SERIES._
Demy 8vo, Cloth.
VOL. I.--CHILE.
BY G. F. SCOTT ELLIOT, M.A., F.R.G.S., Author of "A NATURALIST IN MID-AFRICA." With an Introduction by MARTIN HUME, a Map and 39 Illustrations.
"An exhaustive and interesting account, not only of the turbulent history of this country, but of the present conditions and seeming prospects, ... and the characters of the Chileno and English and German colonists there."--_Westminster Gazette._
VOL. II.--PERU.
By C. REGINALD ENOCK, F.R.G.S., Author of "THE ANDES AND THE AMAZON." With an Introduction by MARTIN HUME, a Map and 72 Illustrations.
"An important work.... The writer possesses a quick eye and a keen intelligence, is many-sided in his interests, and on certain subjects speaks as an expert. The volume deals fully with the development of the country.... Illustrated by a large number of excellent photographs."--_Times._
VOL. III.--MEXICO.
By C. REGINALD ENOCK, F.R.G.S. With an Introduction by MARTIN HUME, a Map and 64 full-page Illustrations.
"Mr Enock unites to a terse and vivid literary style the commercial instinct and trained observation of a shrewd man of affairs."--_Aberdeen Free Press._
"Mr Enock transmutes the hard material of ancient chronicles into gleaming romance; he describes scenery with a poet's skill. Full of charm he makes his pages, alluring as a fairy tale, an epic stirring and virile."--_Manchester City News._
VOL. IV.--ARGENTINA.
By W. A. HIRST. With an Introduction by MARTIN HUME, a Map and 64 Illustrations.
"The best and most comprehensive of recent works on the greatest and most progressive of the Republics of South America."--_Manchester Guardian._
"In the treatment of both the main divisions of a complex theme, the historical and descriptive, Mr Hirst shows judgment and skill that are decidedly rare.... Mr Hirst's exceedingly able and interesting book."--_Westminster Gazette._
"A very interesting and trustworthy survey of the present conditions and prospects of the country."--_Times._
VOL. V.--BRAZIL.
By PIERRE DENIS. With a Map and 36 Illustrations.
"It is a mine of information, arranged with all the lucidity of a Frenchman; and in one case, in the long chapter devoted to the valorisation of coffee, the treatment deserves to be called masterly."--_Globe._
VOL. VI.--URUGUAY.
By W. H. KOEBEL. With a Map and 55 Illustrations.
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.
=M= indicates a bold letter "M".
Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been retained except in obvious cases of typographical error.
The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
The ad page has been moved from the beginning to the end of the book.
The images on pages 38 and 192 were rearranged to match the list of illustrations.