CHAPTER III.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF USEFUL MINERALS.

THE GEMS--PRECIOUS METALS--VALUABLE ORES AND USEFUL MINERALS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM AGATE TO ZINC--THEIR DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS, USES AND LOCALITIES--A MINERALOGY FOR MINERS.

1.--AGATE.

This stone is a mixture of several kinds of quartz, mainly the white, red, brown and black, disposed in layers or clouds. The layers are zigzag, circular or in straight bands (onyx). Occurs in irregular rounded masses; not very translucent; not altered by heat or acids; cannot be cut with a knife nor split into plates; takes a high polish; lustre glassy; gravity 2.5.

VALUE.--Used for jewelry and ornamental work, mortars, vases, knife-handles, burnishers, etc. The colors are deepened by boiling in oil and then in sulphuric acid.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite and trap regions, generally by the shores of rivers, lakes and the sea; as, north-west shore of Lake Superior; Missouri, Columbia, Colorado and Connecticut Rivers; Crescent City, Cal.; Hancock County, Ga.; near Tampa Bay, Fla.; Fulton, Penn.; Yellowstone Lake, Wy.[3]

2.-ALUM.

Occurs in mealy or solid crusts, often fibrous; dissolves in water; tastes sweetish-astringent; melts and froths up when heated.

VALUE.--Extensively used in dyeing and calico-printing, candle-making, dressing skins, clarifying liquors and in pharmacy.

LOCALITIES.--Found incrusting and impregnating dark slaty rocks, with yellow streaks. Cape Sable, Md.; Cleveland County, N. C.; coal slates on Ohio River, and in caves in Sevier, De Kalb, Coffee and Franklin Counties, Tenn.; also Esmeralda and Storey Counties, Nev.

3.--AMETHYST.

Same as _Rock Crystal_, but colored purple or bluish violet. Generally in clustered crystals.

VALUE.--When clear and finely colored, it is a favorite gem.

LOCALITIES.--Usually found with agate. Keweenaw Point, Pic Bay and Gargontwa on Lake Superior; Bristol, R. I.; Surry, N. H.; East Bradford, Aston, Chester, Thornbury, Edgemont, Sadsbury, Birmingham, Middletown and Providence, Penn.; Greensboro, N. C.

4.--ANTHRACITE.

Occurs massive; compact; high lustre; brittle; breaks with a curved surface; will not scratch marble; burns, but not readily, with a pale blue flame and little smoke; will not form coke by roasting; gravity 1.4 to 1.8.

VALUE.--Used for fuel and sometimes cut into inkstands, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in beds between slates and sandstones, and east of the Alleghany range only, as Eastern Pennsylvania; Portsmouth, R. I.; Mansfield, Mass.; North Carolina. No workable beds will be found in New York.

The rocks in anthracite regions are tilted, bent and broken, never level to any great extent. Impressions of leaves are good indications.

5.--ANTIMONY ORE.

Occurs fibrous or granular; color lead gray, often tarnished; shining lustre, brittle; but thin pieces can be cut off with a knife; melts in a candle, at a high heat passing off in vapor; gravity 4.5.

VALUE.--The source of the antimony of commerce, containing seventy per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found associated with _Silver_, _Spathic Iron_, _Blende_, _Baryta_ and _Quartz_. Carmel, Me.; Lyme, N. H.; Soldier’s Delight, Md.; Aurora, Nev.; San Amedio Cañon and Tulare County, Cal.

6.--ASBESTUS.

Occurs finely fibrous, flax-like; flexible, not elastic; silky lustre, sometimes greenish; gravity 3.

VALUE.--Used for lining safes and steam-packing, and for making incombustible cloth, lamp-wicks, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite-regions east of the Alleghanies; often with _Serpentine_. Brighton, Dedham, Newbury, Pelham and Sheffield, Mass.; Milford, West Farms, Winchester and Wilton, Conn.; Chester, Mt. Holly and Cavendish, Vt.; Patterson, Phillipstown, Monroe and Staten Island, N. Y.; Brunswick, N. J.; East Nottingham, Goshen and Aston, Penn.; Bare Hills and Cooptown, Md.; Barnet’s Mills, Va.

7.--ASPHALTUM.

Occurs massive; brittle; breaking with high lustre like hardened tar, and with curved surface; melts and burns readily with flame and smoke; gravity 1.2, sometimes floats on water.

VALUE.--Used for cements and varnishes.

LOCALITIES.--Found generally near the surface. Near the coast of Santa Barbara, Cal.; West Virginia, twenty miles south of Parkersburg.

8.--AZURITE.

Occurs in crystals and masses with glassy lustre, or earthy and dull; brittle; crackles and blackens, and finally fuses by heat; dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.--A valuable ore of copper, containing sixty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found chiefly in lead and copper mines. Perkiomen lead mine, Cornwall, Phoenixville and Nicholson’s Gap, Pa; near New Brunswick, N. J.; near Mineral Point, Wis.; Polk County, Tenn.; Calaveras and Mariposa Counties, Cal.; near Virginia City, Mont.

9.--BARYTA, OR HEAVY SPAR.

Occurs in crystals, plates and masses; powder white; brittle; crackles when strongly heated; not dissolved in acids; easily distinguished by its weight; gravity 4.5, or twice as heavy as _Gypsum_.

VALUE.--Used extensively as white paint and in pottery.

LOCALITIES.--Found in mining districts, often with lead, copper and iron ores, and in limestone. Piermont, N. H.; Hatfield, Southampton and Leverett, Mass.; Cheshire and Berlin, Conn.; Pillar Point, Rossie, Carlisle, Scoharie, De Kalb, Gouverneur, N. Y.; Fauquier and Buckingham Counties, Va.; Union, Gaston and Orange Counties, N. C.; near Paris, and in Anderson, Fayette, Mercer and Owen Counties, Ky.; on Brown’s Creek and Haysboro, Tenn.; Bainbridge, O.; Scales Mound, Ill.; Prince Vein, Lake Superior; Mine-a-Barton, Mo.; near Fort Wallace, N. M.; Ingo County, Cal.

10.--BITUMINOUS COAL.

Occurs in masses, beds or seams; softer and duller than _Anthracite_; often a bright pitchy lustre; brittle, showing a slaty or jointed structure rather than curved surface; powder black; burns readily with yellow flame; by roasting forms coke; gravity 1.5 or less.

VALUE.--Used for fuel and the production of gas, coke, carbolic acid and aniline.

LOCALITIES.--Found west of Harrisburg, Pa., in rocks (slates and sandstones) less disturbed than in the _Anthracite_ region. Western Pennsylvania; South-east Ohio; West Virginia; Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to Tuscaloosa; North-west Kentucky; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Arkansas; Northern Texas; Central Michigan; Owyhee County, Idaho; Deer Lodge and Gallatin Counties and sixty miles north-east of Bannock, Mont.

11.--BLENDE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; waxy lustre, but not always very apparent; usual color, rosin-yellow to dark brown; brittle; the powder, which is whitish to reddish-brown, dissolves in muriatic acid giving off the odor of rotten eggs; by roasting gives off sulphur-fumes; infusible alone, but on charcoal at a high heat gives off white fumes; gravity 4.

VALUE.--An ore of zinc (containing sixty-six per cent.) and a source of white vitriol. Often worked for its _Silver_ and _Gold_.

LOCALITIES.--Found with lead and other ores. Lubec and Bingham, Me.; Eaton, Warren and Shelburne, N. H.; Sterling, Southampton and Hatfield, Mass.; Brookfield, Berlin, Roxbury and Monroe, Conn.; near Wurtzboro’, Cooper’s Falls, Mineral Point, Fowler, Ancram, Clinton and Spraker’s Basin, N. Y.; Wheatley and Perkiomen lead-mines, Schuylkill, Shannonville and Friedensville, Pa.; Austin’s lead-mine, Va.; Haysboro’, Brown’s Creek and Polk Counties, Tenn.; Prince Vein, Mich.; Dubuque, Ia.; Warsaw, Rosiclare and Galena, Ill.; Shullsburg, Wis.; Stillwater, Minn.

12.--BOG IRON ORE.

Occurs in masses or beds, looking much like hard brown earth; loose or porous and earthy, rather than compact and nodular; powder yellowish-brown; when strongly heated becomes black and magnetic; gravity nearly 4. An earthy yellow variety is called _Yellow Ochre_.

VALUE.--An important ore, yielding thirty-five per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in low, marshy grounds; widely distributed. Lebanon, N. H.; Berkshire and Plymouth Counties, Mass.; Columbia, St. Lawrence, Franklin and Jefferson Counties, N. Y.; New Limerick, Katahdin, Newfield, Shapleigh, Argyle, Clinton, Williamsburg and Lebanon, Me.; Darien and Martin Counties, Ind.; Monmouth County, N. J.; Somerset and Worcester Counties, Md.; Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, etc.

13.--BRITTLE SILVER ORE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; tarnishes yellow, gray and finally black; easily cut or broken; when heated gives off fumes of sulphur and antimony, affording a button of silver; dissolved in nitric acid, it silvers copper placed in it; gravity 6.

VALUE.--A rich ore of silver, containing over sixty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in veins with other silver ores, in Nevada and Idaho.

14.--BROWN COAL.

Occurs like _Bituminous Coal_, but usually brownish-black with less lustre, and often showing a woody or slaty structure; powder always brown; contains fossil plants; gravity between 1.2 and 1.5.

VALUE.--Inferior to No. 10. Makes no coke. Can be used in the manufacture of alum.

LOCALITIES.--Found in thin veins or elliptical masses, never in extensive layers like Pennsylvania coal. Near Richmond, Va.; Deep River, N. C.; Michigan, Missouri, Texas; Evanston, Utah; Coal Creek and Bellmonte, Col.; Boreman, Dearborn River and Greenhorn Gulch, Mont.

15.--CALAMINE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; glossy lustre; harder than marble; brittle; heated it swells up, becomes opaque and emits a green light; dissolves, when powdered, in hot sulphuric acid without effervescence; gravity 3.4.

VALUE.--An ore of zinc yielding from forty to sixty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone rock with other ores. Friedensville, Perkiomen, Phœnixville, Lancaster and Selin’s Grove, Pa.; Austin’s Mines in Wythe County, Va.; Claiborne County, Tenn.; Jefferson County, Mo.

16.--CANNEL COAL.

Occurs in compact masses; dull lustre; brittle, breaking with a curved surface; burns readily but does not melt; does not soil the fingers; gravity about 1.2.

VALUE.--Used for fuel and for making gas, oil and ornaments.

LOCALITIES.--Found in the Mississippi Valley; Kentucky; Lick, Ohio; Illinois; Moniteau County, Mo.; Kenawha County, Va.; Beaver County, Pa.

17.--CARNELIAN.

Occurs in masses or pebbles; at first grayish, but by exposure to the sun becomes uniform flesh, red or brown, never striped,--although _Carnelian_ may form one of the bands of an _Agate_; brittle, breaking with a curved surface; very hard; takes a fine polish; glassy or resinous lustre; gravity 2.6.

VALUE.--Used for jewelry. When of two layers, white and red, (properly called sardonyx,) it is used for cameos.

LOCALITIES.--Same as _Agate_.

18.--CELESTINE.

Occurs crystallized, fibrous and massive; color white, often faint bluish; glassy lustre; very brittle; under the blow-pipe crackles and melts, tinging the flame red; does not dissolve in acids; gravity 4.

VALUE.--The source of nitrate of strontia, used in fire-works.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone, gypsum and sandstone. Rossie, Schoharie, Chaumont Bay, Depauville and Stark, N. Y.; Frankstown, Pa.; Strontian and Put-in-Bay Islands, Lake Erie; near Nashville, Tenn.; Fort Dodge, Iowa.

19.--CERUSSITE.

Occurs in crystals, in powder or masses; glassy lustre; brittle; dissolves in nitric acid with effervescence; heated strongly on charcoal crackles and fuses, giving a globule of lead; gravity 6.4.

VALUE.--A rich ore of lead yielding seventy-five per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in lead mines. Southampton, Mass.; Perkiomen, Phœnixville, Charlestown and Schuylkill, Pa.; Wythe County, Va.; Washington Mine, N. C.; Valle’s Diggings, Mine-la-Motte and Mine-a-Burton, Mo.; Davies and Rock Counties, Ill.; Blue Mounds, Wis.; Ingo County, Cal.

20.--CHROMIC IRON.

Occurs in compact masses; powder dark brown; small pieces sometimes attracted by the magnet; brittle, breaking with uneven surface; with borax melts into a green globule; not acted upon by acids; little lustre; gravity 4.4.

VALUE.--Used in making the chrome pigments.

LOCALITIES.--Found in _Serpentine_. Bare Hills, Cooptown and north part of Cecil County, Md.; Nottingham, W. Goshen, Williston, Fulton, Mineral Hill, Texas and Unionville, Pa.; Jay, New Fane, Westfield and Troy, Vt.; Chester and Blanford, Mass.; Loudon County, Va.; Yancy County, N. C.; North Almaden, New Idria and Coloma, Cal.

21.--CINNABAR.

Occurs in granular or earthy masses; resembles iron-rust, but is a yellowish-red; powder scarlet; easily cut with a knife; thrown on red-hot iron, evaporates, giving off odor of sulphur; rubbed on copper, “silvers” it; gravity 9, or about as heavy as _Copper_.

VALUE.--The source of mercury (containing eighty-four per cent.) and vermilion.

LOCALITIES.--Found in slate and limestone rocks. Centreville, Coulterville, New Idria and New Almaden, and Lake and San Luis Obispo Counties, California; Idaho.

22.--COBALT PYRITES.

Occurs crystallized and massive; does not scratch glass easily; metallic lustre; tarnish, copper-red; powder, blackish-gray; brittle; heated on charcoal gives off sulphur fumes; heated with borax gives a blue glass; gravity 5.

VALUE.--An ore of cobalt, yielding twenty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Usually found in slate or granite rocks with _Copper Pyrites_. Mineral Hill, Md.; Mine-la-Motte, Mo.

23.--COPPER.

Occurs in irregular masses; metallic lustre; can be cut with a knife; malleable; ductile; fusible; gravity 8.8.

VALUE.--A source of copper and silver.

LOCALITIES.--Most abundant in the trap and “freestone” regions. New Brunswick, Somerville, Schuyler’s and Flemington, N. J.; Whately, Mass.; Cornwall and Shannonville, Pa.; Polk County, Tenn.; Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior; Calaveras, Amador and Santa Barbara Counties, Cal.; on Gila River, Ariz.

24.--COPPER GLANCE.

Occurs crystallized and massive; color, blackish lead-gray, often tarnished blue or green; nearly as hard as marble; brittle; a splinter will melt in a candle, giving off the odor of sulphur; dissolved in nitric acid, it will coat a knife-blade with copper; metallic lustre; gravity 5.5.

VALUE.--An ore of copper, yielding seventy-five per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found at copper-mines. Simsbury, Bristol and Cheshire, Conn.; Schuyler’s Mines, N. J.; Orange County, Va.; near Newmarket, Md.; Lake Superior copper-region; La Paz, Arizona; Washoe, Humboldt, Nye and Churchill Counties, Nev.

25.--COPPER NICKEL.

Occurs in masses; metallic lustre; color pale copper-red; tarnishes gray to black; powder pale brownish-black; brittle; on charcoal melts giving the odor of garlic; becomes green in nitric acid; gravity 7.5.

VALUE.--An ore of nickel (containing forty-four per cent.) and arsenic.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions. Chatham, Conn.

26.--COPPER PYRITES.

Occurs in crystals and masses; color brass-yellow; tarnishes green; metallic lustre when freshly broken; can be cut with a knife; brittle; powder greenish black; on charcoal melts giving off sulphur fumes; dissolves in nitric acid, making a green liquid; gravity 4.2.

VALUE.--If of a fine yellow hue, it is a valuable copper ore (yielding from twelve to forty per cent.) and source of blue vitriol.

LOCALITIES.--Found in mountainous or granite regions with other ores. Lubec and Dexter, Me.; Franconia, Unity, Warren, Eaton, Lyme, Haverhill and Shelburne, N. H.; Corinth, Waterbury and Strafford, Vt.; Southampton, Turner’s Falls, Hatfield and Sterling, Mass.; Bristol and Middletown, Conn.; Ancram, Rossie, Wurtzboro’ and Ellenville, N. Y.; Phœnixville and Pottstown, Pa.; Bare Hills, Catoctin Mountains, near Newmarket and Finksbury, Md.; Phœnix and Walton Mines, Va.; Greensboro, Charlotte and Phœnix Mines, N. C.; Hiwassee Mines, Tenn; Cherokee, Rabun and Habersham Counties, Ga.; Presque Island, Lake Superior; Mineral Point, Wis.; Union, Keystone, Empire and other mines, Calaveras County, La Victoire and Haskell claims in Mariposa County, Amador and Plumas Counties, Cal.; near Virginia City, Mont.

27.--DIAMOND.

Occurs in crystals and irregular angular masses; cannot be scratched by any other mineral or the file; brilliant lustre; feels cold to the touch; when rubbed on the sleeve exhibits electricity for hours; retains the breath but a short time; often tinged yellow, red, or green; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.--Used for jewelry, lenses and for cutting glass.

LOCALITIES.--Found in gold-regions, in river-washings of sand and pebbles; usually with coarse gold, but deeper down. Rutherford, Cabarras, Franklin and Lincoln Counties, N. C.; Hall County, Ga.; Manchester, Va.; Cherokee Ravine, N. San Juan, French Canal, Forrest Hill, Placerville and Fiddletown, Cal.

28.--EMERY.

Occurs in granular masses, sometimes with bluish crystals; looks like fine grained iron ore; breaks with uneven surface; scratches quartz easily; very tough; brittle; gravity 4.

VALUE.--Used extensively as a cutting and polishing material.

LOCALITIES.--Found generally in limestone or granite with _Magnetic Iron Ore_. Chester, Mass.; Newlin and Unionville, Penn.; Macon and Guilford Counties, N. C.

29.--FLUOR SPAR.

Occurs in square crystals and in masses; glassy lustre; powder white; brittle; crackles when heated and then shines in the dark; does not effervesce with acids; is not scratched by marble; gravity 3.

VALUE.--Used as flux in glass and iron works.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone, granite, slate, etc., often at lead-mines. Blue Hill Bay, Me.; Westmoreland, N. H.; Putney, Vt.; Southampton, Mass.; Trumbull, Plymouth, Middletown and Willimantic, Conn.; Muscolonge Lake, Rossie and Johnsburg, N. Y.; near Franklin, N. J.; near Woodstock and Shepardstown, Va.; Smith County, Tenn.; Mercer County, Ky.; Gallatin County, along the Ohio, Ill. Castle Dome District, Ariz.

30.--FRANKLINITE.

Occurs crystallized and in masses; generally made of coarse grains; brittle; powder dark reddish-brown; heated with soda turns bluish-green; dissolves in muriatic acid; gravity 5.

VALUE.--An ore of zinc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone with _Garnet_ and _Zincite_. Hamburg and Stirling Hill, N. J.

31.--GALENA.

Occurs in crystals and masses; brilliant lustre; brittle; easily broken; powder, when finely rubbed is black; can be cut with a knife; heated it gives off sulphur and melts; dissolves in nitric acid leaving a white powder at the bottom; gravity 7.5--or a little heavier than cast-iron.

VALUE.--The main source of lead (yielding eighty per cent), and also smelted for the silver it contains. Used also in glazing stone-ware.

LOCALITIES.--Generally found in limestone with _Iron Pyrites_, zinc-ore, etc. That found in slate is richest in silver. Abounds in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Arkansas; Rossie, Wurtzboro, Ancram, Macomb and Ellenville, N. Y.; Lubec, Blue Hill Bay, Bingham and Parsonsville, Me.; Eaton, Shelburne, Haverill, Warren and Bath, N. H.; Thetford, Vt.; Southampton, Leverett and Sterling, Mass.; Middletown and Roxbury, Conn.; Phœnixville, Charlestown, Schuylkill, Pequea Valley and Shannonville, Pa.; Austin’s and Walton’s Mines, Va.; Cabarras County, N. C.; Brown’s Creek and Haysboro, Tenn.; Chocolate River, Mich.; Ingo County, Cal.; on Walker’s River and Steamboat Springs, Nev.; Castle Dome and Eureka, Ariz.; Clear Creek County, Col.; Virginia City and Red Bluff Lode, Mont.; Cache Valley, Utah.

32.--GARNET.

Occurs in crystals with four-sided faces; often nearly round; deep red, which grows darker by heat; rarely yellow; also in brown masses; melts at a high heat; brittle; not scratched by a knife; glassy lustre; gravity 4.

VALUE.--The clear deep red and yellow varieties are used for jewelry; the massive brown is ground for “emery.”

LOCALITIES.--Found in slate and granite rocks. Bethel, Parsonsfield, Phippsburg, Windham, Brunswick and Ranford, Me.; Hanover, Franconia, Haverhill, Warren, Unity, Lisbon and Grafton, N. H.; New Fane, Cabot and Cavendish, Vt.; Carlisle, Boxborough, Brookfield, Brimfield, Newbury, Bedford, Chesterfield and Barre, Mass.; Reading, Monroe, Haddam and Middletown, Conn.; Rogers’ Rock, Crown Point, Willsboro, Middletown, Amity, and near Yonkers, N. Y.; Franklin, N. J.; Pennsbury, Warwick, Aston, Knauertown, Chester, Leiperville and Mineral Hill, Pa.; Dickson’s Quarry, Del.; Hope Valley, Cal.; near Virginia City, on Yellowstone and Madison Rivers, Mont.

33.--GOLD.

Occurs in scales, grains and nuggets, or disseminated through cellular quartz; metallic lustre; without tarnish; can be cut and hammered into thin plates; not dissolved by nitric acid; gravity 19, when pure and of a rich gold yellow color. The pale or brass yellow specimens are much lighter, the gravity being as low as 13. A grayish yellow gold, occurring in small, flat grains has a gravity of about 16.

LOCALITIES.--Found in veins of quartz running through greenish or grayish slates, the quartz at the surface being generally full of cavities and rusted, and the slates below the surface often containing little cubic crystals of _Iron Pyrites_: also in the valleys traversed by mountain-streams and in the river sands and gravel below. _Iron_ and _Copper Pyrites_, _Galena_ and _Blende_ frequently contain gold. Masses of quartz and pyrites from the gold-regions, which make no show of gold, sometimes pay well; the value of such specimens can be

determined only by an assayer. Eastern range of Appalachians, as Habersham, Rabun, Clark, Hall, Lumpkin and Lincoln Counties, Ga.; Abbeville, Chesterfield, Union, Lancaster and Pickens Counties, S. C.; Montgomery, Cabarras, Mechlenburg, Burke and Lincoln Counties, N. C.; Spotsylvania, Buckingham, Fauquier, Stafford, Culpepper, Orange, Goochland and Louisa Counties, Va.; Dedham, Mass.; Bridgewater, Vt.; Canaan and Lisbon, N. H.; on Sandy River and Madrid, Me. Numberless points along the higher Rocky Mountains and western slope of Sierra Nevada, as near Santa Fe, Cerillos and Avo, New Mex.; San Francisco, Wauba and Yuma District, Ariz; between Long’s Peak and Pike’s Peak, Col.; Comstock Lode, Nev.; Owyhee, Boise and Flint Districts and Poorman Lode, Idaho; Emigrant and Alder Gulches, Red Bluff and near Jefferson River, Mont.; Josephine District, Powder, Burnt, and John Day Rivers, western slope of Cascade Mountains, and southern coast, Oregon; Tulare, Fresno, Mariposa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, El Dorado, Placer, Nevada, Yuba, Sierra, Butte, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou Amador and Del Norte Counties, Cal. Rare in the coal-regions and Mississippi Valley.

34.--GRAPHITE.

Occurs in foliated, scaly and granular masses; can be cut into thin slices, which are flexible, but not elastic; impressible by the nail; feels greasy; leaves a shining trace on paper; metallic lustre; not altered by heat or acids; gravity 2.

VALUE.--Used for pencils, polishing, glazing, for making steel, crucibles, overcoming friction, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite, slate and limestone rocks. Sturbridge, North Brookfield, Brimfield, Hinsdale and Worthington, Mass.; Cornwall and Ashford, Conn.; Brandon, Vt.; Woodstock, Me.; Goshen, Hillsboro and Keene, N. H.; Ticonderoga, Fishkill, Roger’s Rock, Johnsburg, Fort Ann, Amity, Rossie and Alexandria, N. Y.; Franklin and Lockwood, N. J.; Southampton and Buck’s County, Penn.; on the Gunpowder, Md.; Albemarle County, Va.; Wake, N. C.; Tiger River and Spartanburgh, S. C.; Sonora, Cal. (The soft black slate, often mistaken for _Graphite_, leaves a coaly trace on paper not a shining streak.)

35.--GRAY COPPER ORE.

Occurs in crystallized or granular masses; metallic lustre; color between steel-gray and iron-black; brittle; the powder dissolved in nitric acid makes a brownish green solution; melts at a red heat; gravity 5.

VALUE.--An ore of copper, (containing thirty-three per cent.) and silver, of which Nevada specimens have sixteen per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found with gold, silver and lead. Kellogg Mines, Ark.; Mariposa and Shasta Counties, Cal.; Sheba and De Soto Mines, and near Austin, Nev.; Heintzelman and Santa Rita Mines, Arizona.

36.--GYPSUM.

Occurs in plates, fibres coarse and fine, and massive; pearly or glistening; powder white, which if heated and mixed with water, turns hard; does not dissolve in sulphuric acid; may be scratched by the nail; gravity 2.3.

VALUE.--Used for stucco, manure, glazing, statuary, manufacture of glass, etc. A variety, called _Satin Spar_, worked into necklace beads and other ornaments, is finely fibrous and compact, taking a polish (though easily scratched,) and then resembles pearl or opal.

LOCALITIES.--Found with marl or clay, limestone and salt. Camillus, Manlius, Stark and Lockport, N. Y.; on the St. Mary’s and Patuxent, Md.; Washington County and Lynchburg, Va.; Charleston, S. C.; Poland, Ottawa and Canfield, O.; Davidson and Summer Counties, Tenn.; Grand Rapids and Sagenaw Bay, Mich.; Des Moines River, Iowa; Walker Lake and Six Mile Cañon, Nev.; Fort Dodge.

37.--HORN SILVER.

Occurs in crystals, wax-like masses, or in crusts; when scratched shows a shining streak; becomes brown on exposure; quite soft, easily cut; a small piece placed on zinc and moistened, swells up, turns black and shows metallic silver on being pressed with a knife; dissolves in hartshorn; gravity 5.5.

VALUE.--An ore of silver, yielding seventy per cent.

LOCALITIES.-Found in slate with other silver ores. Lake Superior Mining Region; Austin and Comstock Lode, Nev.; Willow Springs and San Francisco districts, Eldorado Cañon, Ariz.; Poorman Mine, Idaho.

38.--IRON PYRITES.

Occurs in masses and square crystals; splendent lustre; color, bronze-yellow; brittle; strikes fire with steel; heated it gives off sulphur fumes; powder brownish; gravity 5.

VALUE.--Affords sulphur, copperas and alum. When found outside of the coal region, it often contains gold and silver.

LOCALITIES.--Found in all kinds of rocks. Bingham, Corinna, Farmington, Waterville, Brooksville, Peru and Jewett’s Island, Me.; Shelburne, Unity and Warren, N. H.; Baltimore, Hartford and Shoreham, Vt.; Heath, Hubbardston and Hawley, Mass.; Roxbury, Monroe, Orange, Milford, Middletown, Stafford, Colchester, Ashford, Tolland and Union, Conn.; Rossie, Malone, Phillips, Johnsburgh, Canton, Chester, Warwick and Franklin, Putnam and Orange Counties, N. Y.; Chester, Knauertown, Cornwall and Pottstown, Pa.; Greensboro’, N. C.; Mercer County, Ky.; Bainbridge, O.; Galena at Marsden’s Diggings, Ill.; on Sugar Creek, Ind.; mines of Colorado and California.

39.--JASPER.

Occurs in masses, either in veins or as rounded stones; dull lustre, yet takes a high polish; breaks with a curved surface; not attacked by acids; is scratched by _Rock Crystal_; gravity 2.5.

VALUE.--Used for mosaics and other ornaments when compact, fine-grained and bright color.

LOCALITIES.--Found everywhere. Sugar Loaf Mountain and Machiasport, Me.; Saugus, Mass.; Castleton and Colchester, Vt.; Bloomingrove, N. Y.; Murphy’s, Col.; Red Bluff, Mont.

40.--KAOLIN.

Occurs in beds; it is a fine, white clay, plastic when wet; when dry is scaly or compact; can be crumbled in the fingers and feels gritty; adheres to the tongue; does not dissolve in acids.

VALUE.--Used for the finest porcelain and for adulterating candy.

LOCALITIES.--Found generally with iron-ore and fire-clay. Common on the eastern slope of the Alleghanies; Branford, Vt.; Beekman, Athol, Johnsburgh and McIntyre, N. Y.; Perth Amboy, N. J.; Reading, Tamaqua and New Garden, Penn.; Mt. Savage, Md.; Richmond, Va.; Newcastle and Wilmington, Del.; Edgefield, S. C.; near Augusta, Ga.; Jacksonville, Ala.

41.--LENTICULAR IRON ORE.

Occurs in beds or masses, consisting of minute flattened grains; little lustre; generally soils the fingers; breathed upon has a clayey odor; color, brownish-red, powder more red; dissolves in strong muriatic acid with some effervescence; brittle; gravity 4.

VALUE.--An ore of iron yielding thirty-three per cent. Generally mixed with other ores at the furnace.

LOCALITIES.--Found in sandstone. Wayne, Madison, Oneida and Herkimer Counties, N. Y.; Marietta O.

42.--LIMONITE, OR BROWN HEMATITE.

Occurs in masses, with smooth rounded surfaces and fibrous structure; sometimes as hollow nodules, which are velvety-black inside; its powder when rubbed is yellowish-brown; when strongly heated turns black; scratches glass feebly; brittle; dissolves in hot aqua-regia; gravity 4.

VALUE.--A common ore of pig-iron, containing sixty per cent.; used also for polishing buttons, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in heavy beds with mica-slate, quartz, limestone, etc. Salisbury and Kent, Conn.; Amenia, Fishkill, Dover and Beekman, N. Y.; Richmond and Lenox, Mass.; Pittsfield, Putney, Bennington and Ripton, Vt.; Hamburgh, N. J.; Pikeland and White Marsh, Penn.; Marquette, Mich.; Makoquata River, Iowa; Iron Mountains, Stow and Green Counties, Mo.; Centerville, Ala.; near Raleigh and Smithfield, N. C.; on Coal Creek, Col.; and in coal areas generally.

43.--MAGNETIC IRON ORE.

Occurs in granular masses, coarse or fine; attracted by the magnet, or affecting the compass-needle; powder black; brittle; dissolves in muriatic acid; gravity 5.

VALUE.--An important ore, yielding sixty-five per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite, slate and limestone rocks. Warren, Essex, Clinton, Saratoga, Herkimer, Orange and Putnam Counties, N. Y.; Raymond and Marshall’s Island, Me.; Franconia, Jackson, Winchester, Lisbon, Swanzey and Unity, N. H.; Bridgewater, Chittenden, Marlboro, Rochester, Troy and Bethel, Vt.; Cambealon, R. I; Hawley and Bernardston, Mass.; Haddam, Conn.; Goshen, Webb’s Mine, Cornwall and White Marsh, Penn.; Hamburg, N. J.; Scott’s Mills and Deer Creek, Md.; Mitchell and Madison Counties, N. C.; Spartanburg, S. C.; Laclede and Crawford Counties, Mo.; Sierra County, (Gold Valley,) Plumas, Tulare, Mariposa, Placer and El Dorado Counties, Cal.

44.--MAGNETIC PYRITES.

Occurs massive; brittle; deep orange-yellow; powder grayish-black; metallic lustre; tarnishes easily; slightly attracts the compass-needle; melts at a high heat, giving off sulphur-fumes; gravity 4.5.

VALUE.--Affords sulphur, copperas and nickel.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions, often with copper and iron ores. Stafford, Corinth and Shrewsbury, Vt.; Trumbull and Monroe, Conn.; Port Henry, Diana and Orange County, N. Y.; Hurdstown, N. J.; Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pa.; Ducktown Mines, Tenn.

45.--MALACHITE.

Occurs in incrustations with smooth surface and fibrous; powder paler green than the mineral; brittle; by heat crackles and turns black; effervesces in acids; takes a fine polish, showing bands or rings; gravity 4.

VALUE.--Used for jewelry and inlaid work.

LOCALITIES.--Found in copper and lead mines. Cheshire, Conn.; Brunswick and Schuyler’s Mines, N. J.; Morgantown, Cornwall, near Nicholson’s Gap, Perkiomen and Phœnixville Lead Mines, Pa.; Petapsco Mines, Md.; Davidson County N. C.; Polk County, Tenn.; Left Hand River and Mineral Point, Wis.; Falls of St. Croix, Minn.; Jefferson County and Mine la Motte, Mo.; Calaveras County, Cal.; Big Williams’ Fork, Ariz.; Wild Cat Cañon and near Virginia City, Mont.

46.--MANGANESE SPAR.

Occurs in masses; glassy lustre; color flesh or rose-red; becomes black on exposure; tough; melted with borax gives a violet-blue color; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.--Used in glazing stone-ware.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions, often with iron-ore. Blue Hill Bay, Me.; Cummington, Warwick and Plainfield, Mass.; Irasburg and Coventry, Vt.; Winchester, and Hinsdale, N. H.; Cumberland, R. I.; Franklin and Hamburg, N. J.

47.--MARBLE.

Occurs coarse and fine granular; frequently veined or mottled; brittle; can be cut with a knife; takes a polish; effervesces with acids; reduced to quicklime by heat; a gray variety contains stems and joints of worm-like fossils; gravity 2.5.

LOCALITIES.--Brandon, Rutland, Dorset, Shoreham, Pittsford, Middlebury, Fairhaven, Cavendish, Lowell, Troy and Sudbury, Vt.; West Stockbridge, Egremont, Great Barrington, Lanesboro, New Ashford, Sheffield, New Marlboro, Adams, Cheshire and Stoneham, Mass.; Clinton, Essex, Dutchess, Onondaga, Putnam, St. Lawrence, Warren and Westchester, Counties, N. Y.; Smithfield, R. I.; New Haven, Milford, Conn.; near Philadelphia, N. J.; Texas and Hagerstown, Md.; Lancaster County, Pa.; Jefferson and Genevieve Counties, Mo.; Knox and Sevier Counties, Tenn.; Joliet, Ill.; Cherokee and Macon Counties, N. C.; Marquette, Mich.; near Deep River and on the Michigamig and Menominee Rivers, Wis.

48.--MICA.

Occurs in masses, which can be split into very thin, elastic leaves; pearly lustre; at a high heat becomes opaque; gravity 3.

VALUE.--Used for doors of stoves, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions. Buckfield, Freeport and Oxford, Me.; Acworth, Grafton and Alstead, N. H.; Chesterfield, Barre, Mendon, South Royalston, Brimfield, Goshen and Russell, Mass.; Monroe, Haddam and Middletown, Conn.; Warwick, Edenville, Edwards, Monroe and Greenfield, N. Y.; Pennsbury, Thornbury, Unionville, Middletown and Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Jones’ Falls, Md.

49.--MICACEOUS IRON ORE.

Resembles _Specular Iron Ore_, but consists of thin shining scales or leaves; powder dark red; a thin flake is translucent, showing red light; feels somewhat slippery.

VALUE.--Used as an ore of iron and for polishing.

LOCALITIES.--Hawley, Mass.; Piermont, N. H.; Ticonderoga, N. Y.; Warwick, Penn.; Loudon County, Va.

50.--NITRE.

Occurs in thin crusts, delicate needles, or disseminated through the loose earth in caves; glossy lustre; brittle; cool, saline taste; crackles and burns brightly on live coals; a little harder than _Gypsum_.

VALUE.--Used in the manufacture of gunpowder, fulminating powders, nitric acid, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Marion County, Ky.; White County, Tenn.; near Rosiclare, Ill.; Silver Peak, Nev.

51.--OXYD OF MANGANESE.

Occurs in masses and little columns, often with small rounded surfaces; one ore is soft enough to be impressed by the nail, and soils; the other will scratch glass faintly; heated with borax, makes a violet glass; dissolves in hot muriatic acid, giving forth a yellowish-green gas; gravity 4 to 5.

VALUE.--Used for bleaching and for obtaining oxygen.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions, often with iron-ore. Brandon, Bennington, Monkton, Irasburg and Chittenden, Vt.; Hillsdale, Westmoreland and Westchester, N. H.; Plainfield, West Stockbridge and Conway, Mass.; Salisbury and Kent, Conn.; Montgomery County, Md.; Lake Superior Mining Region; Dubuque, Iowa; Deep Diggings, Mo.; Red Island, Cal.; Martinsburg, N. Y.

52.--PLATINUM.

Occurs in grains or lumps; metallic, silvery lustre; can be hammered out; heavier and harder than silver; not dissolved in nitric acid; gravity 17.

VALUE.--Nearly equal to _Gold_. Used for making chemical and philosophical apparatus, for coating copper, brass, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in river-gravel with _Gold_. Rutherford County, N. C.; Klamath region, Cape Blanco, on Salmon River, South Fork of Trinity, Butte, Honcut, Cañon and Wood’s Creeks, and on Middle Fork of American River, Cal.; at Gold Flat, Nev.

53.--RED COPPER ORE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; cochineal-red; powder brownish-red; nearly opaque; brittle; dissolves in nitric acid; heated on charcoal yields a globule of copper; gravity 6.

VALUE.--Affords copper, (sixty per cent.,) and blue vitriol.

LOCALITIES.--Found in trap regions with other copper ores. Schuyler’s, Somerville, New Brunswick and Flemington Mines, N. J.; Cornwall, Pa.; Ladenton, N. Y.; Lake Superior Region. Not abundant.

54--RED HEMATITE.

Occurs in compact masses, with rounded surfaces or kidney-shaped; fibrous structure; color brownish-red to iron-black; but powder invariably red; when black, the lustre is somewhat metallic, otherwise dull; brittle; scratches glass with difficulty; dissolves slowly in strong muriatic acid; gravity 4.5 to 5.

VALUE.--An ore of iron, yielding from thirty-six to fifty per cent. In powder, used as pigment and for polishing metals.

LOCALITIES.--Found usually in beds with granite or limestone. Aroostook County and Hodgdon, Me.; Antwerp, Ticonderoga, Crown Point and Gouverneur, N. Y.; Vernon, N. J.; West Whiteland, Pa.; Chatham and Orange Counties, N. C.; Marquette, Mich; Shasta County, Cal. This mineral graduates into a soft, earthy variety, called _red ochre_, and into a compact, slaty variety, called _red chalk_, which has a clayey odor when breathed on.

55.--RED SILVER ORE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; brittle; powder cochineal-red; easily cut; at a high heat yields a silver globule; the powder heated with potash turns black; gravity 6.

VALUE.--An ore of silver yielding sixty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found at gold and silver mines. Washoe and Austin, Nev.; Poorman Lode, Idaho.

56.--RENSSELAERITE.

Occurs in masses; wax-like; a trifle harder than marble; when fresh can be scratched by the nail; soapy feel; takes a polish; cleavable; gravity 2.8.

VALUE.--Used as a marble and worked into inkstands, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found with _steatite_, _serpentine_, limestone, etc. Antwerp, Canton, Fowler, De Kalb, Edwards, Russell and Gouverneur, N. Y.

57.--ROCK CRYSTAL.

Occurs in crystals and masses; transparent; glassy lustre; colorless; tough; brittle; not acted upon by acids or heat; electric by friction; gravity 2.5.

VALUE.--Cut for ornaments, lenses, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Common in sandstone, limestone and iron ore. Paris, Me.; Benton and Bartlett, N. H.; Sharon and Woodstock, Vt.; Pelham and Chesterfield, Mass.; Ellenville, Little Falls, Watervliet, Fairfield, Middleville, Fowler, Antwerp, Rossie, Lake George and Palatine, N. Y.; Minnesota Mine, Lake Superior; Ouachita Spring, Ark.

58.--ROCK SALT.

Occurs in irregular beds or masses; brittle; saline taste; crackles in the fire.

LOCALITIES.--Found with _gypsum_, clay and sandstone. Washington County, Va.; Petit Anse, La.; Silver Peak, Nev.; Salmon River Mountains, Oregon.

59.--RUTILE.

Occurs in crystals generally; metallic lustre; powder pale brown; brittle; unchanged by heat or acids; if powdered and fused with potash, then dissolved in muriatic acid, the solution boiled with tinfoil assumes a beautiful violet color; gravity 4.

VALUE.--Used for coloring porcelain and artificial teeth.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite and, limestone rocks. Warren, Me.; Merrimack, and Warren, N. H.; Bristol, Putney and Waterbury, Vt.; Windsor, Shelburne, Barre, Conway and Leyden, Mass.; Monroe, Conn.; Warwick, Edenville, Amity and Kingsbridge, N. Y.; Sudsbury, West Bradford, Parksburg, Concord and Newlin, Pa.; Newton, N. J.; Crowder’s and Clubb Mountains, N. C.; Habersham and Lincoln Counties, Ga.; Magnet Cave, Ark.

60.--SERPENTINE.

Occurs in masses; feeble, resinous lustre; color oily green; powder whitish; often yellowish gray on the outside; can be cut easily; takes a fine polish; becomes reddish by heat; gravity 2.5--same as _Marble_.

VALUE.--Worked into mantels, jambs, table-tops, and many other ornaments.

LOCALITIES.--Found as a rock in large masses. Deer Isle, Me.; Baltimore, Cavendish, Jay and Troy, Vt.; Newbury, Blanford, Middlefield and Westfield, Mass.; Newport, R. I.; near New Haven and Milford, Conn.; Port Henry, Antwerp, Syracuse, Warwick, Phillipstown, Canton, Gouverneur, Johnsburg, Davenport’s Neck, New Rochelle and Rye, N. Y.; Frankford, Hoboken and Montville, N. J.; Texas, Pa.; Cooptown, Md.; Patterson, N. C.; Calaveras County, Cal.; Alder Gulch, Mont. Marble veined with serpentine is called _verd-antique_.

61.--SILICATE OF COPPER.

Occurs in incrustations and masses; color bluish-green; not fibrous; surface smooth; easily cut; does not effervesce in acid; blackens by heat; gravity 2.

VALUE.--An ore of copper, yielding thirty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found with other copper ores. Somerville and Schuyler’s, N. J.; Morgantown and Cornwall, Pa.; Wolcottville, Conn.; Big Williams’ Fork, Ariz.

62.--SILVER.

Occurs in masses, or strings and threads penetrating rocks and native copper and galena; metallic lustre; tarnishes grayish black; can be cut in slices and hammered out; dissolved in muriatic acid, it turns black on exposure; gravity 10.

LOCALITIES.--Chiefly found with copper near trap-rocks, and in fine grained _galena_ and dark brown _blende_. _Gold_ contains from one to fifteen per cent. Bridgewater, N. J.; Davidson and Stanley Counties, N. C.; Lake Superior Region; Poorman’s Lode, Idaho; Comstock Lode and Montezuma Ledge, Nev.; Alpine County and Maris Vein, Cal.; Clear Creek County, Col.

63.--SILVER GLANCE.

Occurs in small lumps, plates and threads; color dark gray; cuts like lead; melts in a candle giving off sulphur fumes; gravity 7.

VALUE.--The most important ore of silver, containing eighty-seven per cent.

LOCALITIES.--May be found almost everywhere, except in the coal regions; associated with other ores, quartz, limestone, baryta, etc. Most abundant where mineral veins cross one another. Comstock Lode, Gold Hill, Reese River, Cortez District and Silver-Sprout Vein, Nev.; Clear Creek County, Nev.

64.--SMALTINE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; color tin-white to steel-gray; powder dark gray; brittle; gives off garlic odor in a candle; melted with borax makes a deep blue glass; gravity 6.5 to 7.

VALUE.--An ore of cobalt and arsenic, containing eighteen to seventy per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in veins in granite regions with other ores, Mine la Motte, Mo.; Chatham, Conn.

65.--SMITHSONITE.

Occurs in masses, often rounded, covered with minute crystals, or honeycombed; color white, dirty yellow or stone color; glassy lustre; brittle; effervesces in nitric acid; barely scratches glass; barely translucent; gravity 4.4.

VALUE.--Yields fifty per cent. of zinc.

LOCALITIES.--Found generally in limestone with _galena_ and _blende_. Friedenville, Lancaster and Perkiomen, Pa.; Linden and Mineral Points, Wis.; Lawrence, County, Ark.; Ewing’s Diggings, Minn.

66.--SPATHIC IRON.

Occurs in crystals or plates somewhat curving; also (in coal regions) in nodules with concentric layers like an onion; brittle; color varies from white to yellowish-brown or dark-brown; strongly heated it blackens and will then attract the compass needle; the powder effervesces in nitric acid; melted with borax makes a green or yellow glass; gravity 3.8.

VALUE.--Yields thirty per cent. of iron, well adapted for steel.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite and coal-formations, often with other ores. Plymouth, Vt.; Sterling, Mass.; Roxbury, Conn.; Antwerp, Herman and Rossie, N. Y.; Fentress and Harlem Mines, N. C.; Coal Regions of Western Pa., Virginia, Eastern Ohio, etc.

67.--SPECULAR IRON ORE.

Occurs crystallized and in large masses, high metallic lustre; color steel-gray or iron-black; brittle; opaque except when very thin; the powder when very fine and rubbed on white paper shows red; the powder dissolves slowly in muriatic acid; by a strong heat yields a black mass which attracts the needle; gravity 5.

VALUE.--Yields from fifty to seventy per cent. of iron.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite regions. Marquette, Mich.; Pilot Knob and Iron Mountains, Mo.; St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Bartlett, Lisbon and Franconia, N. H.; Chittenden and Weathersfield, Vt.; Sauk County, Wis.

68.--SPINEL RUBY.

Occurs in pyramidal crystals; glassy lustre; powder white; scratches _rock-crystal_; by heat becomes black; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.--A gem; clear specimens weighing over four carats, are valued at half the price of the _diamond_.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granular limestone and clay. Amity and Gouverneur, N. Y.; Franklin and Byram, N. J.; Bolton and Boxborough, Mass.

69.--STEATITE.

Occurs in masses, consisting of minute pearly scales or grains; can be marked by the nail; hardens by heat; soapy feel; gravity 2.5.

VALUE.--Used for fire-stones, tubes, in manufacture of porcelain, etc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in beds with limestone, serpentine and slate. Orr’s Island, Me.; Francestown, Keene, Orford and Pelham, N. H.; Athens, Cavendish, Marlboro, Moreton, New Fane, Bradboro, Troy, Waterville, Westfield, Weathersfield and Windham, Vt.; Middlefield, Lenox and Westfield, Mass.; Manayunk and Chestnut Hill, Pa.; Albemarle and Loudon Counties, Va.; Staten Island and St. Lawrence County, N. Y.; Bare Hills, Md.

70.--STRONTIANITE.

Occurs in crystals and in fibrous or granular masses; glassy lustre; brittle; thin pieces melt before a blow-pipe tinging the flame red; effervesces with acids; gravity 3.6.

VALUE.--A source of nitrate of strontia used in fire-works.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone. Schoharie, Muscalonge Lake, Chaumont Bay and Theresa, N. Y.

71.--SULPHUR.

Occurs in crystals, masses and crusts; brittle; can be easily cut; burns with a blue flame and sulphur odor; gravity 2.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone and gypsum, and around geysers and sulphur springs. Springport, N. Y.; on the Potomac, twenty-five miles above Washington; Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie; Clear Lake, Cal.; Santa Barbara County, Col.; Humboldt County, Nev.

72.--TIN ORE.

Occurs in crystals, grains and masses; high lustre; powder gray or brownish; brittle; will strike fire with steel; unaltered by heat or acids; gravity 7,--being nearly as heavy as lead-ore.

VALUE.--The only ore of tin, containing seventy-nine per cent. No gold-mine ever paid such profits as the tin mines of Cornwall.

LOCALITIES.--Jackson, N. H.; Temescal, Cal.; Boonville, Idaho; near Fredericktown, Mo.

73.--TOPAZ.

Occurs in crystals; glassy lustre; brittle; scratches _rock-crystal_; not acted upon by ordinary heat or acids; gravity 3.5.

VALUE.--A gem; the most esteemed are the rose-red and white.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite. Trumbull, Willimantic and Middletown, Conn.; Crowder’s Mountain, N. C.; Thomas’s Mountains, Utah.

74.--TOURMALINE.

Occurs in crystals, usually in long, slender three-sided prisms which break easily, glassy lustre; brittle; becomes milk-white by heat; scratches _rock-crystal_ and _garnet_; gravity 3.

VALUE.--Used for jewelry.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite rocks. Paris, Albany and Hebron, Me.; Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass.; Newlin and Marple, Pa.

75.--VARIEGATED COPPER ORE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; metallic lustre; quickly tarnishes; color between copper-red and light-brown; powder pale grayish-black; dissolves in nitric acid; at a high heat melts to a copper globule; heated on charcoal gives off fumes of sulphur; gravity 5.

VALUE.--An important ore of copper yielding sixty per cent.

LOCALITIES.--Found in granite, freestone, etc., with other ores. Bristol and Cheshire, Conn.; Mahoopeny, Pa.; Copper Mines of N. J.

76.--WAD.

Occurs in masses; earthy and loose; can be broken by the fingers, and soils; no lustre; melted with borax makes a violet glass; feels very light.

VALUE.--Used in bleaching and for making smalt.

LOCALITIES.--Found in low places, generally in the vicinity of slate or iron ore beds. Warren, Vt.; Blue Hill, Hodgdon and Thomaston, Me.; Columbia and Duchess Counties, Austerlitz, Canaan Centre and Martinsburg, N. Y.; East Bradford and White Marsh, Pa.; Mine la Motte, Mo.

77.--WILLEMITE.

Occurs in crystals and masses; feeble lustre; brittle; can hardly be cut with a knife; sometimes scratches glass; makes a jelly in muriatic acid; gravity 4.

VALUE.--Contains seventy per cent. of zinc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone with _zincite_. Franklin and Sterling, N. J.

78.--ZINCITE.

Occurs in foliated masses or grains, powder orange-yellow; brittle; dissolves in acids without effervescence; gravity 5.5.

VALUE.--Yields seventy-five per cent. of zinc.

LOCALITIES.--Found in limestone with _Franklinite_, _Garnet_, etc. Sterling Hill and Mine Hill, N. J.