CHAPTER XI

Conclusion

Most of the Ukrainian folk songs are, as a rule, of ancient date. The Serbs are the nearest to the Ukrainians of all Slavs with the quantity, contents and quality of their folk songs.

The leading ideology of these songs is the constant moralization, desire for liberty, and protest against violence. This popular poetry is the true picture of a Ukrainian soul that consciously strives to better conditions of self and of all humanity. Such a nation--such songs!

One of the greatest authorities on the subject, Drahomaniv, says that Ukrainian popular poetry is more of historic than of fictitious and fabulous origin.

Ukrainian folk song naturally had a great influence on national literature. In 1819, Prince Tsertelev published a collection of Ukrainian historic songs. Michael Maksymovich, a Ukrainian professor at the Moscow University, published another compilation of songs in 1827. Among the greatest students and collectors were Ambrose Metlynsky, 1854;[1] Pantaleymon Kulish, 1856; Nicholas Kostomariv, 1859; Alexander Rusov and Paul Chubinsky, 1874; Jacob Holowatsky, Rev. Markian Shashkevich, 1837 (in East Galicia); Osyp Fedkovich, 1860 (in Bukovina).

These collections of folklore made a decisive turn in national literature. Latin and Church Slavonic were abandoned in writing, national consciousness awoke and the Ukrainian masses began the struggle for liberty and independence, both under the Russian and Austro-Hungarian governments. Ivan Kotlarevsky was the first one to introduce the pure living Ukrainian language in his works, 1798, without an admixture of Russianized and Slavonic words. It was this very source that produced the immortal poet Taras Shevchenko, 1814-1861, who is classed with the German Schiller and Goethe, the English Shakespeare, the Polish Mickiewicz and the Russian Pushkin. Among the greatest students and ethnologists of Ukraine are two Kiev professors, Volodymyr Antonovich and Michaylo Drahomaniv, who collected many volumes of Ukrainian folklore; there is a host of other men of erudition, writers and poets who devoted their lives to the investigation of the Ukrainian folklore. Among these were Potebnia, Zhytecky, Manzhura, Hrinchenko, Lesia Ukrainka, Filaret Kolessa, Ohorowych, Horlenko, Sumtsow, Malynka, Kalash, Martynovych, Slastion, Speransky, Domanytsky, Tkachenko-Petrenko, Lysenko, Yerofeew, Zelenyna, Rubets, Marko Vovchok, Franko, Lomykowsky, Tomachynsky, Iwashchenko. Excellent school books of latest date, with treatises on the subject were written by Dr. M. Pachivsky, Prof. Lukachivsky, A. Barvinsky, Serhey Ephremov, Michael Hrushevsky. To quote the German, F. M. Bodenstedt:

“In no other country did the tree of people’s poetry produce such grand fruit; nowhere else did the spirit of a nation reflect so vividly and forcefully in songs as with the Ukrainians. What a sensitive breeze of sorrow, what immaculate human feelings are expressed in these songs sung by a Cossack in a foreign land! What a subtle delicacy in part with heroic force, masculine strength pervade his love songs! A special attention should be called to the tact and purity, as the chief factors of these songs. One cannot help but admit that a nation which sings such songs and is so fond of them--must be far above a low degree of cultural development.... The Ukrainian language is the most melodious among all the Slavic tongues, having great musical properties.”[2]

A Serbian, V. Lukich has this to say: “The Ukrainian language is distinguished for its harmony and beauty, and is the most adaptable to music and singing among the Slavic tongues.”...

“The national poetry of the Ukrainians is the richest one in Europe; it is distinguished for its esthetic properties and poetic inspiration and harmony of wording; it contains something grand, uplifting, the essence of feeling, melancholic and invigorating.”

“... the celebrated Russian music is the music of the Ukraine, and it is the Ukrainian, Gogol, who has opened the way to the Russian romancers of genius.” (Charles Seignobos, Professor at the Sorbonne.)

A race that has such an inexhaustible source of inspiring poetry which denotes a great wealth of spirit, inborn intelligence and talented souls, shall never perish, but its aspirations to a united, free, independent national existence will be realized:

... No one will chain a live soul, No one will chain a live word.

* * * * *

The darkness of thraldom will disappear The light of truth will shine, And the children of bondage Shall praise God in Freedom.

Taras Shevchenko.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The years quoted refer to dates of publication of the works of these Ukrainian savants.

[2] Translation of the quotations rendered by the author of this study.

Bibliography and Sources

ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, ITALIAN, LATIN

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+Hrushevsky, Mikhailo+--_Geschichte des Ukrainischen Volkes_, Leipzig, 1906.

+III+ Kongress d. Internationalen Musikgesellschaft, Wien, 1909, p. 276-99--Uber den melodischen und rhythmischen Aufbau der Ukrainischen rezitierenden Gesänge, der sogennanten “Kosakenlieders.”

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+Kopicinsky, A.+--_Chansons populaires_, 1862 (printed in Latin and Cyrillic in parallel columns).

+Korczak-Branicki, Xavier+--_La Slavie Primitive_, Paris, 1879.

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+Rudnitsky, Stephen+--_Ukraina und die Ukrainer_, Vienna, 1914; _Ukraine, the Land and its People_, New York City, 1918.

+Russian+ sections of the Cambridge Modern History and Lavisso and Rambaud’s Histoire Universelle.

+Scherer, Jean Benoit+--_Annales de la Petite-Russie_, 1788.

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+Stahl, P. J.+--_Maroussia_ (d’après une Legende de Marko Wovcok), Paris, 1879.

+The Saturday Review+, June 5, 1875. A Review of the Historical Poems of the Little Russian People. Edited, with notes, by V. Antonovich and M. Dragomanof.

+The Saturday Review+--August and September, 1912. Various Writers.

+Tolstoi, Ivan+--_Les Antiquités de la Russie Méridionale_, 1891.

+Ukraine+--_Il Movimento Litterario Ruteno in Russia e Gallizia_, 1798-1872.

WORKS IN UKRAINIAN, RUSSIAN AND POLISH

+Andreyko, Demetrius+--_Melodies of Ukraine._ Six Hundred (600) Ukrainian Songs with Notes for One Voice and Complete Lyrics (Edited and Published by same), New York City, 1923. (Ukrainian).

+Antonovytch, Volodymyr+; +Drahomaniv, Mykhaylo+--_Istoricheskia Piesni Malorusskago Naroda_--Historic Songs of the Little Russian Nation--Kiev, Vol. I, 1874, and Vol. II, 1875.

+Barsow+--_Slovo o Polku Igorevi_, I-III, Moscow, 1887-1890.

+Barwinsky, A.+--_Vyimky z Ukrainsko-Ruskoi Ustnoi Slovestnosty Narodnoi_ (Extracts from the Spoken (oral) Ukrainian-Ruthenian Folklore), Lviv, 1903.

+Bezsonow+--_Kalieki Pierekhozhie_--The Wandering Cripples, Moscow, 1863.

+Borzhkovsky, N.+--_Lirnyky_, “Kievskaya Starina,” 1889.

+Chubinsky, Paul+--_Trudy Etnografichesko-Statisticheskoy Ekspedicii v Zapadno--Russky Kray_--Works of the Ethnographico-Statistical Expedition into Western Russia--Petersburg, 1874, V, p. 468, 847, 933; (VII Vols., 1872-1878).

+Domanytsky, B.+--_Kobzari i Lirniki Kievskoy Gubiernii_, Kiev, 1904.

+Drahomaniv, Mikhaylo+--_Novi Varianty Kobzarskykh Spiviw_--New Variants of the Songs of Kobzars,--“Zhytie i Slovo”--Life and Word, 1895, III-IV, 14-34.

+Drahomaniv+--_Politychni Pisni Ukrainskoho Naroda I, II_ (Political Songs of), Geneva, 1883-1885.

+Erofieyev, Ivan+--_Ukrainski Dumy i Ikh Redaktsii_--Ukrainian Epos and Their Arrangement (variants), “Memoirs of the Ukrainian Scientific Society”, Ukrainskoho Naukovoho Tovarystva, Vol. VI, Kiev, 1909.

+Franko, Ivan+--_Studii nad Ukrainskimy Narodnimy Pisniamy_--Study of Ukrainian National Songs, in “Scientific Society of Shevchenko,” Vols. 75, 76, 78, 83, 94, 95, 98.

+Franko+--_Zhinocha Nevola u Ruskikh Pisniakh Narodnikh_ (Woman’s Slavery in the Ruthenian National Songs), Lviv, 1884.

+Horlenko, V.+--_Banduryst Ivan Kryukovsky, “Kievskaya Starina,”_ 1882, XII, 481; _Kobzary i Lirnyky_, 1884; _Dvie Malorusskia Dumy_--Two Little Russian Epopees--“Etnograficheskoye Obozrenye” (Review), 1892, XV, 139.

+Hrinchenko, B.+--_Etnograficheskie Materialy_--Ethnographic Materials, III 692, Chernihiv, 1895-1899; _Litieratura Ukrainskago Folklora_, 1777-1900; _Chernyhiv_, 1901.

+Hnatiuk, V.+--_Lirnyky_, “Etnografichny Zbirnyk” (Collections).

+Holovatsky, J.+--_Narodni Pisny Halytskoi i Uhorskoi Rusy_--National Songs of Galician and Hungarian Ruthenia, 1863-1865.

+Ivashchenko, P. S.+--_Zapiski Yugozap. Otd. I. R. G. Obshch._ Diaries of the South-Western Division of the Russian Imperial Geographical Association, Kiev, 1874 and 1875, p. 116-29.

+Kallash, V.+--_Dvie Malorusskia Dumy_--Two Little Russian Epopees--“Etnograph. Obozr.” (Review), 1892, IV, 140-6.

+Kolberg, Oskar+--_Piesni Ludu Ruskiego_--Ruthenian Songs in “Pokucie.” (Polish).

+Kolessa, F.+--_Ohliad Ukrainsko-Ruskoi Narodnoi Poezii_ (Review of), Lviv, 1905.

+Kolessa, Filaret+--_Melodii Ukrainskikh Narodnikh Dum_--Melodies of Ukrainian National Epopees. In his “Materialy do Ukrainskoi Etnoliogii” Vol. XIII-XIV, Series I and II, Lviv, 1910-1913; _Ukrainski Narodni Dumy_ (National Epics) “Prosvita” Publishing Co., Lviv, 1920.

+Kostomariv+--_Istoricheskoye znachenye Yuzhnorusskogo Piesiennogo Tvorchestva_ (Historic significance of), 1847.

+Kostomariv, M.+; +Lomykovsky+--_Istoria Kozachestva v Pamiatnikakh Yuzhnorusskago Narodnago Piesiennogo Tvorchestva_--History of Cossackdom in the Memoirs of the South Russian National Song Production. “Russkaya Mysl”--The Russian Thought, 1880 and 1883.

+Kostomariv, N. J.+--_Sobranie Sochinieniy_--Collection of Works of--book VIII, Vol. XXI, p. 693-932, Petersburg, 1905.

+Kulish, Panteleymon+--_Zapiski o Yuzhnoy Rusy_--Diary of South Ruthenia, I, Petersburg, 1856-1867.

+Lepky, Bohdan+--_Struny--Antologia Nkrainskoi Poezii_--From Most Ancient Times to the Present Day, “Ukrainske Slovo,” Berlin, Schöneberg, Hauptstr. II (Ukrainian).

+Lukashevytch Platon+--_Malorossiyskia i Chervonorusskia Narodnya Dumy i Piesni_--Little Russian and Red Russian[1] National Epics and Songs, Petersburg, 1836.

+Lysenko, M. V.+--_Memoirs_ (Zapiski) _of the South-Western Division of the Imp. Russ. Geographic Society_, 1874; Musical Notations therein. (N. B.--He was first to write the airs of some Ukrainian Epics); _Kharaktieristika Muzykalnykh Osobiennostiey Malorusskikh Dum i Piesien Ispolniayemykh Kobzariem Veresayem_--Musical Characteristics of Little Russ. Epics and Songs sung by Kobzar Veresay; Ibidem, 1874, p. 339-66.

+Maksimovytch, M.+--_Detto_, reprinted by him, 1828; _Ukrainskia Narodnya Piesni_, Ukrainian National Songs, Moscow, 1834; _Sbornyk Ukrainskych Pisen_, A Collection of Ukrainian Songs, Kiev, 1849.

+Maksymovich+--_Kriticheskiy Rozbor_ “Slova,” in “Sobranie Sochineniy,” 1880.

+Malynka, A.+--_Prokop Chub, Perekhodniy Typ Kobzaria, “Etnograph. Obozr.”_--Prokop Chub, Transitional Type of Kobzar--“Ethnographic Review,” 1892, I and IV.

+Martynovych, Porfyr+--_Ukrainski Zapysi_--Ukrainian Memoranda--“Kievskaya Starina,” 1904, II, 257-313.

+Metlynsky, Ambrose+--_Narodnya Yuzhnorusskia Piesni_--South-Russian National Songs, Kiev, 1854.

+Nizhankowsky+--_Ukrainsko--Rusky Spiwannyk_, (Collection of Songs), Lviv, 1907.

+Novikov+--_Sbornik Piesien_, St. Petersburg, 1780.

+Novitsky+--_Malorusskia Piesni_, Kharkiw, 1894.

+Okhorovitch, K. F.+--_Kobzar Ostap Veresay_ in “Kievskaya Starina,” 1882, VIII, p. 259.

+Potebnia, O.+--_Obyasnieniya Malorusskikh i Srodnykh Narodnykh Piesien_--Explanation of the Little Russian and other songs related to them, Warsaw, 1883-1887.

+Pypin+--_Istoria Russkoy Etnografii_, St. Petersburg, 1891.

+Rozdilsky, Osyp+--_Zbirnyk Ukrainskykh Pisen_ (Collection of Ukrainian Songs).

+Rubets, A. I.+--_216 Narodnykh Ukrainskikh Napievov_--216 Ukrainian National Songs (Melodies), Moscow, 1872.

+Rudchenko+--_Chumatskia Narodnia Piesni_, Kiev, 1874.

+Rusov, Alexander+; +Chubynsky, Paul+--_Dumy i Piesni Ispolnennya Veresayem, v “Zapiskakh Yugozapadnago Otdiela Imperat. Ross. Geographicheskogo Obshchestva”_--Epic Poems and Songs performed by Veresay in the “Diaries of the South-Western Division of the Russian Imperial Geographic Association,” Vol. I, Kiev, 1874, and Vol. II, 1875.

+Shchurat+--_Z Hutzulshchiny_, in “Literaturni Nacherki,” Lviv, 1913.

+Shukhevich, V.+--_Hutzulshchina_, V Vols., Lviv, 1906-1908.

+Slastion, Opanas+--_Kobzar Mikhaylo Kravchenko i Yego Dumy_ (and His Epics)--“Kievskaya Starina,” 1902, V.

+Sobolewsky+--_K Slovu o Polku Igorevi_, 1916.

+Sosenko, Xenofont+--_Pro Mistyku Hailok, Studia z Ukrainskoi Hlybyny_ (About the Mystics of Hahilky--Spring Songs--A study of Ukrainian Antiquity), Lviv, 1922.

+Speransky, M.+--_Yuzhnorusskaya Piesnia i Sovremiennyye Yeya Nositeli_--South-Russian Song and Her Contemporary Inheritors, Kiev, 1904.

+Sreznevsky, J.+--_Zaporozhska Starina_--The Zaporozhian Antiquity, Kharkiv, 1833-8.

+Sumtsow, M.+--_Kolomiyki_, “Kievskaya Starina,” 1886.

+Sumtsow, M.+--_Sovremennaya Malorusskaya Ethnografia_ (Contemporary Little Russian Ethnography), Kiev, 1893-1897.

+Sumtsow, M.+--_Noviy Variant Dumy ob Aleksieye Popovitchie_--“Kievskaya Starina,” 1885, I, 186-91.

+Svientsitsky, Ilar+--_Pokhoronne Holosinnie i Tserkovno Religiyna Poeziya_--Funeral Dirges and Church-Religious Poetry, in “Memoirs of Ukr. Scientific Society of Shevchenko,” XCIII-IV, 1910.

+Tkachenko-Petrenko, E.+--_Dumy v Izdaniyakh i Izsliedyvaniakh_--Epics--those published and searched for, “Ukraina,” 1907, p. 144-185.

+Tomachynsky, V.+--Kievsky Telegraf, No. 59, 1872.

+Trutowsky+--_Sobranie Russkikh Piesien s Notami_ (Collection with Music), St. Petersburg, 1776.

+Tsertelev, M. A.+--_Malorossiyskia Piesni_--Little Russian Songs, Moscow, 1827.

+Tsertelev, M. A.+--_Opyt Sobrania Starynnykh Malorossiyskikh Piesniey_, (Review of Collection of Ancient Little Russian Songs), 1819.

+Tykhovsky, Jul.+--_Prozoyu ili Stikhami Napisano “Slovo o Polku Igorievie?”_--Was the “Word of the Armament of Igor” Written in Prose or in Verses? “Kievskaya Starina,” X, 1893.

+Ukrainian Scientific Society+ of Shevchenko, Literary Review of--_Variyanty Melodiy Ukrainskykh Narodnykh Dum, Ikh Kharakterystyka i Grupovannye_, CXVI, Liviv, 1913. (Melodies, Characteristics and Arrangement of); Also Epics in comparison to Songs, Verses and Funeral Dirges, CXXX, CXXXI, CXXXIV.

+Viesielovsky, A.+--_Tri Glavy iz Istorii Poetiki_--Three Chapters on History of Poetry, p. 137, Petersburg, 1899.

+Vladymirov+--_Istoria Literary Kiivskoho Periodu_--Phototypic reprint of the first edition of the “Slovo o Polku Ihorevi,” St. Petersburg, 1914.

+Waclaw z Oleska+--_Piesni Polskie i Ruskie Ludu Galicyiskiego_, Lviv, 1843.

+Zakrewsky+--_Starosvyetski Bandurist_ (The Bandurist of Old), 1861-1862.

+Zegota, Pauli+--_Piesni Ludu Ruskiego w Galicyi_ (Polish)--Songs of the Ruthenian People of Galicia, Lviv, 1839.

+Zelenyna, D. K.+--_Bibliografichieskiy Ukazatiel Russkoy Etnografichieskoy Literatury o Vnieshniem Bytie Narodov Rossii._ The Bibliographic Guide to Russian Ethnographic Literature concerning the External State of the Peoples of Russia in the (Zapiski) Memoirs of the Imperial Russian Geographic Association, Vol. XL, I edition, 1913, p. 255-82.

+Zhdanow+--_Literatura Slova o Polku Igorevi_, “Sochinenya,” I, St. Petersburg, 1904.

+Zhytetsky, Paul+; +Kotlarevsky, A. A.+; +Lomykovsky+--_Mysli o Narodnikh Malorusskikh Dumakh_--Thoughts about the Little Russian National Epics, 1893.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Little Russian and Red Russian (Galician) names for the Ruthenians or Ukrainians according to the Russian and Polish State ideology, which appellations every conscious Ukrainian resents, because they are used for purpose of dividing the Ukrainian nation.

Transcriber’s Notes

Possible printer’s errors in punctuation, hyphenation, spelling, and spacing were generally retained, except for changes listed below.

_Italics_ and +Small Caps+ were converted as so.

Cyrillic and Greek script were transcribed as printed.

Footnotes were reindexed and moved to the end of their respective chapters. Some footnote links within the text were silently moved due to odd punctuation.

On songs

Where the line spacing between close songs could cause confusion about whether or not they were different, spacing was added.

Some punctuation was altered or added to, or to near, the songs.

Thought break formatting indicates ellipsed text, as do ellipses within the songs.

On page 17, “St” was changed to “St.”.

Notably, on page 29, “row” was corrected to “raw”.

Other retentions

Variable diacritics, as with “Bohdan” and “Bohdàn”, were retained.

The author’s romanization/transliteration of Cyrillic script was retained as is; there are many variations in names and places.

Here are some illustrative examples of the many retained variations in names: “Drahomanov”, “Drahomaniv”, “Dragomanof”, “Drahomaniw”, and “Drahomanow”. “Chmielnitsky”, “Chmelnitsky”, and “Chmeilnitsky”. “Antonovich”, “Antonovitch”, “Antonovytch”, and “Antonowitch”.

Other changes

“Moskow” and “Moscou” were silently standardized to “Moscow”.

“Moskovite” was standardized to “Moscovite”.

The words “vol.” and “vols.” were standardized to “Vol.” and “Vols.”.

Volume number was standardized to uppercase, i.e., “Vol. i” to “Vol. I”.

Periods and spaces were added to “ff”, “p”, “pp”, “vol”, and “vols” where missing and appropriate.

On page iv, “somtimes” was corrected to “sometimes”.

Chapters IV through X have letter section headings to organize and divide the poems. The higher division is in the form of “A.” and is always at a chapter division. The lower division is of the form “(a)”. The heading of Chapter VI was changed from “D.” to “(d)” to better reflect that division.

On page 35, the sentence that begins with “Terribly” was reformatted as a normal paragraph.

In the 9th footnote of Chapter VI, an aberrant quotation mark was removed.

In the 14th footnote of Chapter VI, “Drahomaow” was corrected to “Drahomanow”.

“Conclusion” was added to the chapter heading of Chapter XI to match the Table of Contents.

On page 65, the quotation that begins with “In” and ends with “properties” was presumed to be a single quotation, so some punctuation was removed. In the book, the punctuation was along a line break.

The Bibliography was partially standardized while maintaining its variable formatting style. Primarily, some of the punctuation was standardized; italicization was added to a title if partially missing, due to a line break or other cause; and italicization was removed, mainly from the English translation of a title whose transcription was already italicized.

On page 71, “Wondering” was corrected to “Wandering”.

On page 71, under “Chubinsky, Paul”, the page numbers “847” and “933” were exchanged so that the page numbers would increase in the list. The 3 numbers in the list should be accurate since their unifying feature in the referenced work is that they are folk songs collected by N. I. Kostomarov.

In the bibliography’s footnote, “appelations” was corrected to “appellations”.